CN1190198C - 激活的T淋巴细胞中Ribavirin 和Ribavirin类似物对TH1/TH2细胞因子表达的调控 - Google Patents
激活的T淋巴细胞中Ribavirin 和Ribavirin类似物对TH1/TH2细胞因子表达的调控 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Ribavirin以在激活的T细胞中有效调节淋巴因子表达的剂量范围用于病人。特别,Ribavirin用于抑制Th2-介导的T细胞反应并促进Th1-介导的T细胞反应。在本发明的其他方面,一种或多种Ribavirin的类似物以在激活的T细胞中有效调节淋巴因子表达的剂量范围用于病人。Ribavirin类似物可用于抑制或增强Th1或Th2-介导的T细胞反应。
Description
发明领域
本发明领域为免疫学。
发明背景
淋巴因子是一组属于细胞因子家族的多肽,即能影响多种细胞功能和能够进行异种细胞通讯的激素样分子。最新进展有助于解释淋巴因子在免疫反应中的作用。在鼠类和人类系统中,由CD4+(且CD8+)辅助T细胞产生的淋巴因子通常归入两种表型之一,Th1和Th2,(Romagnani.1991,免疫学现状12:256-257,Mosmann,1989,免疫学年鉴,7:145-173)。Th1细胞产生白细胞介素2(IL-2),肿瘤坏死因子(TNFα)干扰素(IFNγ)且它们主要在细胞介导的免疫反应如迟发性过敏反应中起作用。Th2细胞产生白细胞介素,IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-10和IL-13且主要涉及为体液免疫反应如IgE和IgG4抗体的同型转换提供最佳帮助。
强烈极化的Th1和Th2反应不仅在保护中扮演不同的角色,它们还能促进不同的免疫病理反应。Th1型反应涉及器官特异的自身免疫如实验性自身免疫眼色素层视网膜炎(Dubey等,1991,欧洲细胞因子网络2:147-152),实验性自身免疫脑炎(EAE)(Beraud等,1991,细胞免疫133:379-389)胰岛素依赖型糖尿病的糖尿(Hahn等1987,欧洲免疫学杂志18:2037-2042),接触性皮炎(Kapsenberg等,免疫学现状12:392-395),和一些慢性炎症性病变。相反,Th2-型反应在启动特异变态反应性疾病时起作用(相对于一般的环境过敏原)如变应性哮喘(Walker等,1992,美国呼吸系统疾病综述148:109-115)和变应性皮炎(Van der Heijden等1991,皮肤调查杂志97:389-384),被认为加剧组织居留原虫的感染如蠕虫(Finkelman等1991,寄生虫免疫进展12:A62-660)利氏曼原虫(Caceres-Dittmar等1993,临床免疫学实验91:500-505),在一些原发性免疫缺陷中优先诱导如高IgE综合症(DelPrete等1989,临床调查杂志84:1830-1835)和奥曼综合症(Schandene等1993,欧洲免疫学杂志23:56-60),和高IgE综合症(Del Prete等1989,临床调查杂志84:1830-1835)和奥曼综合症(Schandene等1993,欧洲免疫学杂志23:56-60)减弱有关,和抑制HIV复制能力减弱有关(Baker等,1995,美国国家科学院院刊92:11135-11139)。
因此,很清楚以上提到的疾病状态下淋巴因子形貌(profile)的调节将是有治疗意义的。促进Th1反应将很可能导致Th2表型的逆转,反之亦然。已显示淋巴因子的单克隆抗体(mAb),淋巴因子本身,及其它药物如巯基抗氧化剂(Jeannin等1995,实验医学杂志182:1785-1792)通过抑制疾病引发的细胞因子方式,或Th1或Th2,可逆转某些疾病的发病机制。例如,细胞外原虫的感染可被IFNγ限制而IL-4可加重病情,而线虫感染可被IL-4控制而IFNγ可加重病情(Heinzel等1989,实验医学杂志162:58-72,Else等1994,实验医学杂志179:347-351)。NOD小鼠中胰岛素依赖糖尿病的糖尿及小鼠和大鼠中的EAE可在疾病发生前用IL-4或抗IFNγmAb治疗来改善(Rapoprot等1993,实验医学杂志178:87-99,Racke等,1994,实验医学杂志180:1961-1966,Campbell等,1991,临床调查杂志87:739-742)。此外,对宿主的移植自身免疫病(GVHD)以系统性红斑狼疮样症候群为特点,和Th2淋巴因子的产生有关并可被抗IL-4的抗体抑制(Umland等1992,临床免疫免疫病理学63:66-73)。另一方面,Th1细胞因子在急性GVHD产生,其中供体的CD8+T细胞发育成CTL并破坏宿主的免疫系统。用抗IFNγ或TNFαmAb治疗可改善疾病,且用抗IL-2的mAb可使急性GVHD转变为自身免疫GVHD(Via和Finklman,1993,免疫学现状5:565-572)。
用天然和重组IL-2治疗HIV感染的病人的临床实验自1983年来已有进展(Volberding等,1987,AIDS研究人类逆转录病毒,3:115-124)。此处,关联来自如下事实,AIDS的进展已报告和淋巴因子产生方式的改变有关联(Clerici和Shearer,1994,免疫学进展15:575-581)。在感染个体的疾病进程中,发生Th1淋巴因子如IL2的表达降低(Maggi等,1987,欧洲免疫学杂志91:759-765),伴随着Th2淋巴因子如IL-4和IL-10的产生增加(Clerici等,1994,临床调查杂志93:768-775,Hoffman等,病毒学147:326-335)。用IL-2处理可增强来自无症状或长期存活者的T细胞的抗HIV活性,而暴露于IL-4或IL-10则减少其抑制HIV复制或产生IL-2的能力(Barker等,1995,美国国家科学院院刊,92:11135-11139)。
这些现有的免疫调节治疗(mAbs和重组细胞因子)并非没有缺陷。例如,长期用单克隆抗体治疗,宿主动物可产生针对单克隆抗体的抗体,因此限制了其用途。已开发了‘人源化’的单克隆抗体可降低对此单抗的诱导的免疫反应的风险。然而,它们仍需完善,另外,这些新的单抗仍是大蛋白,因此难于抵达靶部位。基于细胞因子的治疗也有局限性。
例如,IL-12治疗自身免疫GVHD导致小鼠中急性GVHD的发展。
Ribavirin(1-β-D-呋喃核糖基-1,2,4,-三唑-3-羧酰胺(carboxamide))是一能够抑制RNA和DNA病毒复制的合成核苷酸(Huffman等,1973,抗微生物制剂化疗3:235,Sidwell等,1972,科学,177:705)。我们已证实了那些提示Ribavirin不但具有抗病毒活性还对某种免疫反应(由Jolley和Suchil综述,1984,Ribavirin的临床应用:93-96页)有影响的人的结论。我们也已证实其它人的结论,Ribavirin影响有丝分裂原和抗原激活的T和B淋巴细胞的增生,(Tam等,1995(数据未显示)Peavy等,1980,感染和免疫,29:583-589)及当和环孢菌素结合时,Ribavirin在同种移植长期生存中显示作用(Jolley等,1988,移植期刊20:703-706)。
此外,我们已通过显示Ribavirin至少部分通过促进Th1反应和抑制Th2反应来调节免疫反应的细胞因子形貌,这显著推进了过去的研究。迄今,此发现和以前的研究并非不一致。首先,已知Ribavirin能抑制功能性体液免疫反应,(Peavy等,1981,免疫学杂志126:861-864,Powers等,1982,抗微生物制剂化疗22:108-114)和IgE介导的肥大细胞分泌调节(Marquardt等,1987,药物学实验治疗杂志,240:145-149(包括Th2淋巴因子介导的情况))。其次,Ribavirin在来自HIV病人的外周血淋巴细胞中对抗叠氮胸苷(AZT)的抗病毒作用(Vogt等,1987,科学235:1376-1379)。这一发现由于AZT降低IL-2受体(IL-2R)而非IL-2表达而具有意义(Viora和Camponeschi,1995,细胞免疫163:289-295)。因此可能Ribavirin通过调节IL-2表达和提高IL-2R被抑制的水平来拮抗AZT。第三,Ribavirin对慢性GVHD(一种Th2介导的疾病)无免疫应答病人的治疗导致这种疾病的显著解决,产生了用常规免疫抑制疗法如环孢菌素和糖皮质激素所不能产生的结果(Cassano,1991,骨髓移植7:每247-248)。最后,发现Ribavirin治疗(一年)C型肝炎病人(HCV)比安慰剂对照有更少的淋巴细胞聚集和少得多的肝损伤(Dussheiku等1994,肝病学20:206A)。这个发现可能反映了以下事实,尽管对C型肝炎的显著免疫反应是由Th1淋巴因子介导的,Th0/Th2表型T细胞可被HCV(Zignego等,1994,资料未发表)感染而且这种感染可进一步推进抗体介导的肝细胞损伤。
附图简述
表1代表在48及72小时测量的静息状态和PMA/离子霉素激活状态下人T细胞胞外上清中IL-2,IL-4,TNFα和IFNγ(pg/ml)及细胞表面表达的IL-2(IL-2R)和IL-4(IL-4R)受体(平均通道荧光强度)的水平。
图1是Ribavirin和干扰素α对PMA/离子霉素激活的T淋巴细胞胞外表达IL-2,IL-4,TNFα和IFNγ的作用的图示。结果用PMA/离子霉素单独作用后淋巴因子表达增加的百分数表示。
图2是2,10或50mM Ribavirin在2000U/ml干扰素α存在时(左边)和500,1000或2000U/ml干扰素α在10mM Ribavirin存在下(右边)对PMA/离子霉素激活的T淋巴细胞胞外表达IL-2(A和C)及IL-4(B和D)作用的图示。
图3是Ribavirin和干扰素α对PMA/离子霉素激活的T淋巴细胞IL-2,IL-4,TNFα和IFNγmRNA表达的作用的图示。
图4是Ribavirin和干扰素α对PMA/离子霉素激活的T淋巴细胞细胞表面表达IL-2,IL-4受体的作用的图示。结果用PMA/离子霉素单独作用后淋巴因子受体表达增加的百分数表示。
图5是用PMA/离子霉素单独作用(B和F)或在10mM Ribavirin(C和G)或5000U干扰素α(D和H)存在时静息(A和E)或激活的CD4+(上部)或CD8+(下部)T细胞IL-2的胞外表达的图示。显示从一个实验得到的数据并表示为IL-2和CD4和CD8染色双阳性的细胞的百分数。
图6是经过考虑的Ribavirin类似物的图示。
图7是不同浓度的Ribavirin类似物对IL-2,TNFα,IFNγ,IL-4和IL-5的作用结果的图示集。
发明概述
本发明的一个方面,涉及利巴韦林在制备药物中的用途,所述药物在人类T细胞中,相对于Th2细胞因子,提高了Th1细胞因子,优选地,其中利巴韦林防止因病毒感染引致人类T细胞中Th1细胞因子相对于Th2细胞因子的提高,优选地,其中病毒感染是HIV感染或HCV感染。
或者优选地,其中利巴韦林防止因病毒感染之外的其它原因引致的人类T细胞中Th1细胞因子相对于Th2细胞因子的提高。
或者优选地,其中利巴韦林防止因变态反应引致人类T细胞中Th1细胞因子相对于Th2细胞因子的提高。
或者优选地,其中利巴韦林防止因自身免疫病引致人类T细胞中Th1细胞因子相对于Th2细胞因子的提高。
和本发明的一个方面一致,核苷酸,利巴韦林以有效调节激活的T细胞中淋巴因子表达的剂量范围给病人用药。特别是,利巴韦林用于抑制Th2介导的T细胞反应并促进Th1介导的T细胞反应。
这样,不是利用利巴韦林已广泛认识的抗病毒药物作用,利巴韦林此处用作淋巴因子表达不平衡的治疗。这样的不平衡可被发现伴随着特异变应性疾病如变应性哮喘和特异性皮炎,线虫感染和利氏曼病,和各种原发和继发的免疫缺陷,这些可以和也可以不和病毒感染关联。
和本发明的其它方面一致,利巴韦林的一种或多种类似物以有效调节激活的T细胞中淋巴因子的表达的剂量范围对病人给药。利巴韦林的类似物可用于抑制或增强Th1或Th2介导的T细胞反应。
具体实施方案详述
在优选方案中,利巴韦林以获得血清药浓度平均0.25-12.5mg/ml,更优选大约2.5mg/ml的剂量口服给予病人。典型个体中,最适血清水平大约为4.5mg/kg/天体重,这可以200-1200mg的剂量给药。优选将剂量分成若干小份可一天持续给药。
由于利巴韦林已上市几年,已有了许多剂型和给药途径,所有合适的剂型和给药途径都可应用。例如,除口服给药外,利巴韦林可从静脉,肌肉,会阴,局部等此类已知的途径给药。含有利巴韦林的药物制剂也可包含一种或多种可药用的载体,其中可能包括赋形剂如稳定剂(促进长时间储存),乳化剂,粘合剂,增稠剂,盐,防腐剂,溶剂,分散介质,包衣,抗菌和抗霉菌剂,等渗和延缓吸收试剂等等。这些介质和试剂用于可药用活性物质是本领域所熟知的。除此外,任何传统的介质或试剂均不可与利巴韦林相容,对其用于治疗组合物和制剂应予以考虑。其它的活性成分亦可插入组合物和制剂中。
除了此处所述利巴韦林的治疗用途,利巴韦林还可用作实验工具以研究吸收,分布,细胞摄取,和功效。
已发现原先只有极小活性而被拒用的几种Virazole类似物(已知或未知)也有显著的细胞因子活性。我们的研究显示有几类VirazoleVirazole可被修饰具有激活基团的特定位置,且此发现并不局限于已显示的特定修饰。可进一步考虑这些修饰可用于Virazoled的标准D型,也可用于Virazoled的L型。
实施例
细胞株和T细胞纯化
外周血单核细胞(PBMCs)经过Ficoll-Hypaque密度梯度离心健康供者的60ml血液后从缓冲层分离到。T细胞用T细胞特异的淋巴细胞分离剂Lymphokwik(LK-25T,OneLamda,CanogaParkCA)从PBMCs中纯化。平均提供的40-60×106T细胞接着过夜孵育,37℃20-30ml RPMI-AP5(RPMI-1640培养基(ICN,Costa Mesa,Ca)含20mM Hepes缓冲液,PH7.4,4.5%自体血清,1%L-谷氨酰胺,1%青/链霉素,0.05%2-巯基乙醇)中以除去残存的粘附细胞。所有实验中T细胞用RPMI-AP5洗过后按1×106细胞/ml的细胞浓度铺于96孔微滴定板中。
T细胞激活和Ribavirin处理
加500ng离子霉素和10ng佛波醇12-肉豆蔻酸酯13-乙酸酯(phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate)(PMA)(Calbiochem,LaJolla,CA)37℃孵育48-72小时以激活T细胞。PMA/离子霉素激活的T细胞在激活后立即用0.5-50mM Ribavirin或250-10000U/ml对照抗病毒剂,干扰素α处理并在24小时后再处理。每板中的T细胞用于免疫荧光检测且上清用作细胞外因子检测。激活后每微板中900ml细胞上清被转移到另一微板用于分析源自细胞的因子产生。细胞接着可用于免疫荧光分析胞外细胞因子水平和细胞因子受体表达。
细胞外细胞因子分析
测定每微板细胞上清中的细胞来源的人类细胞因子浓度。激活引起的白细胞介素2水平的变化用商业可获得的ELISA试剂盒(R&DsystemsQuantikine kit,Minheapolis,MN)测定或用IL-2依赖的细胞株CTLL-2(ATCC,Rockville,MD)生物测定.激活引起的白细胞介素4(IL-4),肿瘤坏死因子(TNFα),白细胞介素8(IL-8)(R&Dsystems(Quantikine kit,Minneapolis,MN)和干扰素γ(IFNγ)(Endogen(Cambridge,MA)水平变化用ELISA试剂盒测定。所有ELISA结果用pg/ml表示且CTLL-2生物测定用CTLL-2细胞每分钟IL-2依赖细胞3H-胸腺嘧啶(ICN,Costa Mesa,CA)掺入数表示。
直接免疫荧光测定(细胞因子受体)
为了用针对细胞表面抗原的与荧光素偶联的抗体直接染色,细胞用等渗的盐溶液洗二次,PH 7.4(Becton Dickinson,Mansfield,MA)并重悬于50毫升等渗盐溶液,并分为两份,一份用PE-抗CD25/FITC-抗CD4或PE-大鼠抗小鼠IgG+抗-CDw124/FITC-抗CD4mAb共染色,非特异荧光通过将第二份液体用PE/FITC-标记的同型匹配单克隆抗体染色来测定。除抗-CDw124来自Pharmingen,San Diego,CA外,所有荧光标记的单克隆抗体均获自Becton Dickinson(Sanjose,CA)。用饱和mAb浓度在暗处4℃孵育45分钟。在用FAC Scan流式细胞计(BectonDickinson)分析前,用PBS洗去未结合标记。
筛得的存活CD4+T细胞中的抗原密度可间接测定并表示为平均荧光通道(MCF)。表面表达的特殊抗原(Cdw124,CD25)表示为平均通道迁移(MCS),MCS可通过从FITC-或PE-标记的抗原特异mAb染色细胞的MCF中减去FITC-或TE-标记的同型匹配(IgG1)对照mAb染色细胞的MCF得到。另外,CD28mAb染色的细胞表面表达的CD4+亚类可通过从CD28-CD4-细胞的MCF中减去CD28+CD4+的MCF得到。
多个供者中每一批的寡核苷酸未处理对照和Ribavirin及干扰素处理的细胞的可用性通过用碘化丙啶(5毫克/毫升终浓度)活体染色来确定。排除碘化丙啶的活细胞百分比可用流式细胞计测定,以所用浓度处理后,均>90%(90%-99%)。
细胞内细胞因子表达的免疫荧光分析
为测定IL-2在CD8+和CD4+T细胞亚类中的细胞外表达,T细胞在48-72小时激活的最后4小时先用10mg布雷非德菌素A(GibcoBRL,Gaithersburg,MD)处理以使新合成的IL-2分泌到细胞外环境最少化。激活后,来自每一微板的900ml细胞上清被转移到另一微板用于来自细胞的细胞因子产量测定。用针对细胞表面抗原,CD4和CD8,的FITC偶联的抗体直接染色(30分钟,4℃,暗处)前,细胞用等渗盐溶液,pH7.4洗两次,重悬于100-150ml染色缓冲液(磷酸缓冲盐溶液,pH7.4含1%胎牛血清(FCS)(Hyclone,Logan,UT)和0.1%叠氮钠),并分为两份。染色后细胞在1ml染色缓冲液中清洗且吸去上清后细胞沉淀重悬于100ml固定缓冲液中(PBS中含4%聚甲醛)。固定后的细胞在4℃保持20分钟,然后用1ml染色液清洗,细胞沉淀重悬混合于50ml渗透缓冲液中(PBS中含0.1%皂草甙(ICN,Costa Mesa,CA)).固定后细胞用PE-标记的抗体在4℃暗处染色30分钟然后在1ml固定缓冲液中清洗,FACs分析前重悬于250ml染色缓冲液中。
细胞因子mRNA分析
用硫氰酸胍/酚抽提技术(Trizol试剂(GIBCO/BRL))的商业变种从静息T细胞和用Ribavirin和干扰素前处理和未处理的激活的T细胞中提取总RNA.RNA用70%乙醇清洗最后重悬于10μl经DEPC处理的水中。依照厂家说明进行cDNA合成反应(Promega,Madion,WI)。简略地说,与2微升10×逆转录酶缓冲液(100mM TrisHCl(PH8.8),500mM KCl,1%Triton X-100),5mM MgCl,2微升10mM dNTPs(1mM每种dNTP),0.5μl RNA酶抑制剂,1μl oligo(dT)15引物(0.5微克/微克RNA)及0.65微升AMV逆转录酶(H.C)混合前,1μg总RNA加热65℃10分钟,并在冰上冷却。反应在42℃孵育1小时,然后95℃10分钟,冰上5分钟。
PCR反应利用GeneAMP PCR试剂盒进行(Perkin-Elmer Cetus,Foster City,CA)。在一个新试管中,RT反应混合物(3微升)和5微升10×PCR缓冲液(500mM KCl,100mM Tris-Hcl,PH8.3,15mM MgCl2和0.01%(W/V)凝胶),1微升10mM dNTPs及1UTaqDNA聚合酶混合。所用引物如下:IL-2,IL-4,干扰素γ(人)引物(Stratagene,La Jolla,CA)和pHE7核蛋白体基因。扩增条件为94℃45秒,57℃1分钟,72℃2分钟,共35循环,接着72℃8分钟。PCR产物在含溴化乙锭的2%琼脂糖凝胶上分析。电泳后PCR产物在20×SSC中过夜,转移至Hybond N+膜上(Amersham,Arlington Heights,IL),并且用0.4MNaOH固定。斑点用31P-γATP标记的寡核苷酸探针在Rapid-hyb缓冲液中(Amersham)杂交42℃1小时。每一细胞因子引物混合物用作放射性标记探针(按说明)。等量上样,用来自pHE7正义引物杂交后测定。清洗后的斑点用PhosphorImager分析。
激活T细胞中Ribavirin对细胞外细胞因子水平的作用
PMA/离子霉素处理(48-72小时)人类T细胞,确实使所分析的细胞因子水平增加,即IL-2,IL-4,TNFα,IFNγ(表2)。每一格中的第一个数表示算术平均值,括弧中的数字表示相关范围。N=4。在图1所示的代表性试验中,以剂量范围0.5-50mM加入Ribavirin,增大的Th1细胞因子RL-2和TNFα激活水平最大分别是5mM(30%)和20mM(36%)。与未处理的激活T细胞水平相比,作为对照,干扰素a以剂量依赖的方式(范围250-10000u/毫升,最大抑制分别为33%和38%)抑制IL-2和TNFα表达。另外,Ribavirin介导Th2细胞因子激活水平的伴随降低,IL-4(2mM时,峰抑制74%)而干扰素a最大使细胞外IL-4增加46%(10000u/毫升)。结合使用Ribavirin和干扰素α,图2显示恒定的2000u/毫升干扰素α抑制激活的IL-2水平对Ribavirin的剂量依赖增大(A)且逆转激活的IL-4水平的抑制(C)。类似地,恒定的10mM Ribavirin逆转干扰素α介导的激活的IL-2水平的剂量依赖抑制(B)且抑制激活的IL-4水平的增加(D)。
在激活的T细胞中Ribavirin对细胞因子mRNA水平的作用Ribavirin和干扰素α对激活的细胞外细胞因子水平的相反作用也可在转录水平观察到。图3显示PMA-离子霉素处理人类T细胞确实可增加IL-2,IL-4和IFNγmRNA水平。T细胞激活后用Ribavirin处理(Ribavirin,5和10mM),增加IL-2,降低IL-4mRNA且对IFNγ无效。作为对照,干扰素a在1000,2000和5000u/毫升时,降低IL-2,增加IL-4且降低IFNγmRNA。因此,Ribavirin和干扰素α对IL-2,TNFα和IL-4mRNA表达各自的剂量依赖作用平行于ELISA分析。这些数据提示Ribavirin在激活的人类T细胞中促进Th1细胞因子IL-2和TNFα的合成,且抑制Th2细胞因子IL-4的表达。
在激活的T细胞中Ribavirin对IL-2和IL-4受体水平的作用用FACS分析,我们比较了激活T细胞中Ribavirin和干扰素a对IL-2(CD25)和IL-4受体(CDW124)表达的作用。PMA/离子霉素处理,可使CD25和CDW124表达从静息水平50.16±0.45和62.31±1.46分别增加到激活水平162.48±2.89和87.53±3.98(n=4)。在3个试验的代表中,图4显示与对照激活T细胞的受体水平比较,Ribavirin(1-50mM)对激活水平的IL-2和IL-4受体几乎无作用而干扰素a,在250-10000U/ml的剂量范围内,以剂量依赖的方式降低IL-2受体且增加IL-4受体表达。因此,这些数据显示Ribavirin对细胞因子合成的作用与细胞因子受体表达无关。相对的,干扰素a处理对IL-2和IL-4受体的作用与观察到的对激活的IL-2和IL-4表达的作用有关联。
在激活T细胞的CD4和CD8+亚类中Ribavirin对细胞外IL-2水平的作用
我们检查了Ribavirin对IL-2表达的作用是否是CD4+或CD8+特异的。已固定和渗透的激活T细胞中细胞外IL-2的表达通过双色流式细胞计用针对CD4或CD8和IL-2的荧光标记的抗体来测定。图5显示用Ribavirin 10mM处理后,CD4+的T细胞表达IL-2的百分数从82%升至91%,同时,CD8+表达IL-2的百分数从81%升至91%。作为对照,用干扰素a处理后(5000u/毫升),CD4+和CD8+细胞IL-2表达的百分数分别是81%和71%。这些数据表明Ribavirin具有对细胞外IL-2表达的作用,在CD4+或CD8+T细胞亚类间没有区别。作为对照干扰素a处理对CD4+T细胞几乎没有作用且减少CD8+T细胞亚类中IL-2的表达。
Ribavirin的类似物
有几类Ribavirin的类似物被认为临床上对调控Th1或Th2-介导的T细胞应答有效。这些包括具有图6通式的分子,其中X为O,S,CH2,CHOH或N-CO-R11;A,B,及C分别独立地为N,P,CH,C-OH,C-CH3,C-烷基,C-烷烯基,C-CH2,-CN,C-卤素,C-CN,C-COOCH3,C-NH2,C-SNH2,C-SO2-NH2,C-CONH2,C-CS-NH2,C-C(NH)NH2,CPO2-NH2,或C-杂环系统;D是S,Se,Te,PH,NH,或NR12;R1是H,(CH2)p(OH),卤素,CN,(CH2)pONH2,(CH2)pNH2,CH3,CH2SPH,或(CH2)-杂环系统;R2是H,OH,OCH3,SH,SCH3,卤素,CN,NH2,ONH2,NHCH3,(CH2)OH(CH2)pNH2,CH3,或COOMe;R3,R4,R5,R6,R7及R8分别独立地为H,OH,OCH3,SH,SCH3,卤素,CN,NH2,ONH2,NHCH3,(CH2)OH,(CH2)pNH2,CH3,COOMe或苯基;R9为H,卤素,NH2,CH3,CONH,CSNH2,COOMe,SNH2,SO2NH2,PO2NH2,(CH2)p,(CH2)p-杂环系统或(CH2)p-葡萄糖;R10为H,卤素,NH2,CH3,CONH,CSNH2,COOMe,SNH2,SO2NH2,PO2NH2,(CH2)p,(CH2)p-杂环系统,(CH2)p-葡萄糖,O-CH3,O-CH2CH3或氨基酸;Y为O,S,NH·HCl,NOH,NOCH3或NOCH2PH;R10&Y联合为一杂环系统如噻唑,咪唑等,R11为CH3(CH2)pNH2,(CH2)p-杂环系统,(CH2)p-氨基酸或(CH2)p-糖(葡萄糖等);p为介于0至8间的整数;上述均包括L和D核苷。
这些分子可按照以下示范方案中的一或多种进行制备。
1. 1CN1369的合成((Pyrazomycin):该化合物的合成方法在下述参考文献中描述:(a)J.Farkas,Z.Flegelova和F.Sorm,四面体通讯,22,2279(1972);(b)S.De Bernardo和M.Weigele,有机化学杂志,41,287(1976);(c)J.G.Buchanan,A.Stobie和R.H.Wightrnan,化学会会刊,化学快报,916(1980);N.Karagiri,K.Takashirna,T.Haneda和T.Kato,化学会会刊,Perkin Tran.1,553(1984).
2. 1CN3438(1-β-D-呋喃木糖基-1,2,4,-三唑-3-酰胺):该化合物的合成通过按照J.T.Witkowski,M.Fuertes,P.D.Cook和R.K.Robins,碳水化合物,核苷,核苷酸杂志2(1),1(1975))中所述方法完成。
3. 1CN3844(1(5-O-氨磺酰-β-D-呋喃核糖基-1,2,4,-三唑-3-酰胺)的合成:该化合物的合成通过按照G.D.Kini,B.M.Henry,R.K.Robins,S.B.Larson,J.J.Marr,R.L.Berens,C.J.Bacchi,H.C.Nathan和3.S.keithly,药物化学杂志,33,44(1990)中所述方法完成。
4. 1CN4625(1(3-脱氧-β-D-赤式呋喃戊糖基)-1,2,4,-三唑-3-酰胺):本化合物按照以下合成方法制备。
5. 1CN5531(5-氨基-1-β-D-呋喃核糖基吡唑-4-酰胺):用B.K.Bhattacharya,R.K.Robins和G.R.Revankar.杂环化学杂志,21,795(1990)中所报道的合成方法来制备标题化合物。
6. 1CN5676(1-β-D-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-1,2,4,-三唑-3-酰胺):该化合物的合成按照J.T.Witkowski,M.Fuefles,P.D.Cook和R.K.Robins,碳水化合物,核苷,核苷酸杂志,2(1),1(1975))中报道的方法完成。
7. 1CN5839(1(3-脱氧-β-D-赤式呋喃糖基)-1,2,4-3-酰胺):本化合物按照以下合成方法制备:
8. 1CN6242(2-溴-1-β-D-呋喃核糖咪唑-4-酰胺):化合物1CN6242按照下列合成方法制备。
9. 1CN11808(1-β-D-呋喃核糖基-吡唑-3,4-二酰胺):此化合物的合成在Y.S.Sanghvi,B.k.Bhattacharya,G.D.Kini,S.S.Matsmoto,S.B.Larson,W.J,Jolly,R.K.Robins和G.R.Revankar,药物化学杂志,33,336(1990)中描述,并按其制备。
10. 1CN12204(2-(β-D-呋喃核糖基)咪唑-5-酰胺):该化合物的合成按照下述报道的方法完成,ii’J.igoleo,T.H.Dinh,A.Keib和C.Perreur,化学治疗,207(1972)。
对于Ribavirin类似物的碳环4’-硫代糖和4’-氮杂糖衍生物,可将下列糖与适当的氮和氧环化合物缩合,再按上述方案和参考文献中所述衍生即可。
碳环糖 4’-硫代糖
4’-氮杂糖
1.碳环糖可按照下述文献报道的方法制备:M.Yoshikawa,Y.Inoue,S.yamaguchi和N.Murakami,四面体,50,9961(1994);L.Agrofoglio,E.Suhas,A.Parese,R.Condom,S.R.Challand,R.A.Earl和R.Guedj,四面体,50,10611(1994)。
2. 4-氮杂糖通过文献报道的方法制备:E.J.Reist,D.E.Gueffroy和L.Goodman,美国化学会会刊,87,677(1965)。
3. 4-硫代-D-呋喃核糖通过按照文献的方法制备:M.Hobek和R.L. Whistler“糖化学方法”,第一卷,292(1962)。
Ribavirin类似物在调控Th1和Th2细胞因子中有效的证据列于图7及下表中。此处报道的试验包括所测试的35个Ribavirin类似物列单,所有试验均重复了3次。总的来说,可以看出所测试的化合物分为3个主要类型:(1)抑制IFNγ,IL-2,IL-4,IL-S及TNFα的化合物如ICN1369和ICN3844;(2)增强IL-2和TNFα并抑制ILA及IL-5的化合物如Ribavirin;和(3)增强IL-2和IFNγ并抑制IL-4及IL-5的化合物如ICN6242,ICN3839和ICN3531。上述所列的这些活性暗示对细胞因子的调控将影响某种免疫应答有潜在意义。
表2
每孔细胞浓度=2×10°×24=48×10°in 48ml(每孔总体积=2000μl)
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
A | Media | PMAICN | PMAICN | PMAICN10μM 1369 | PMAICN5μM 1369 | PMAICN2μM 1369 |
B | PMAICN10μ 3438 | PMAICN5μM 3438 | PMAICN2μM 3438 | PMAICN10μM 3844 | PMAICN5μM 3844 | PMAICN2μ3844 |
C | PMAICN10μ 4625 | PMAICN5μM 4625 | PMAICN2μM 4625 | PMAICN10μM 5531 | PMAICN5μM 5531 | PMAICN2μM 5531 |
D | PMAICN10μM 5676 | PMAICN5μM 5676 | PMAICN2μM 5676 | PMAICN10μM 5839 | PMAICN5μM 5839 | PMAICN2μM 5839 |
每孔细胞浓度=2×106×24=48×106in 48ml(每孔总体积=2000μl)
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
A | PMAICN10μM 6242 | PMAICN5μM 6242 | PMAICN2μM 6242 | PMAICN10μM 11808 | PMAICN5μM 11808 | PMAICN2μM 11808 |
A | PMAICN10μM 12204 | PMAICN5μM 12204 | PMAICN2μM 12204 | PMAICN10μM RIB | PMAICN5μM RIB | PMAICN2μM RIB |
因此表明Ribavirin及Ribavirin类似物在激活的T细胞中对改变淋巴因子表达有效。尽管已阐述了特殊方案及应用,很明显对本领域技术熟练人员来说,不偏离本文概念还可能有其它更多的改进。因此,本发明,除附加权利要求书的精髓外无限制性。
Table 1
48h静息 | 48h激活的 | 72h静息 | 72h激活的 | |
IL-2 | 6.7(5-9.3) | 1652(848-2148) | 5.8(5-9.3) | 1462(918-1866) |
IL-4 | 7.5(7.1-8.2) | 209(81-363) | 8.5(7.2-9.2) | 131(121-148) |
TNFα | 11.5(5-18) | 1573(1474-1672) | 8.3(5-12) | 1894(1240-2548) |
IFNγ | 8.9(8.3-9.5) | 1285(807-1765) | 9.3(9.1-9.4) | 2229(1230-3228) |
IL-2R | 50.1(40.6-59.7) | 163(160.9-166.5) | 60.1(49.8-70.4) | 163(160.1-165.5) |
IL-4R | 52.3(42.6-59.2) | 77.7(73.5-82.1) |
Claims (7)
1.利巴韦林在制备药物中的用途,所述药物在人类T细胞中,相对于Th2细胞因子,提高了Th1细胞因子。
2.权利要求1的用途,其中利巴韦林防止因病毒感染引致人类T细胞中Th1细胞因子相对于Th2细胞因子的提高。
3.权利要求2的用途,其中病毒感染是HIV感染。
4.权利要求2的用途,其中病毒感染是HCV感染。
5.权利要求1的用途,其中利巴韦林防止因病毒感染之外的其它原因引致的人类T细胞中Th1细胞因子相对于Th2细胞因子的提高。
6.权利要求1的用途,其中利巴韦林防止因变态反应引致人类T细胞中Th1细胞因子相对于Th2细胞因子的提高。
7.权利要求1的用途,其中利巴韦林防止因自身免疫病引致人类T细胞中Th1细胞因子相对于Th2细胞因子的提高。
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