CN1186267C - 锂离子电池正极活性材料钴酸锂的制备方法 - Google Patents

锂离子电池正极活性材料钴酸锂的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN1186267C
CN1186267C CNB021556598A CN02155659A CN1186267C CN 1186267 C CN1186267 C CN 1186267C CN B021556598 A CNB021556598 A CN B021556598A CN 02155659 A CN02155659 A CN 02155659A CN 1186267 C CN1186267 C CN 1186267C
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CN1412121A (zh
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周恒辉
杨正
任献举
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Qinghai Taifeng Pulead Lithium Energy Technology Co ltd
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Xianxing Science-Technology-Industry Co Ltd Beijing Univ
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种锂离子电池正极活性材料钴酸锂的制备方法。本发明的钴酸锂的制备方法是将锂、钴按化学计量比混合均匀的原料分阶段热处理,经粉碎筛分后的钴酸锂用含沉淀剂的水洗涤,固液分离后的固相经干燥后得到所需样品。用本发明方法在洗涤过程中使钴酸锂表面覆盖一层碳酸镁、碳酸钙、碳酸锶或它们的混合物,可以迅速降低钴酸锂的碱性,并能调节钴酸锂一次粒子大小,降低钴酸锂粉末的比表面,增大钴酸锂的比容量,从而改善钴酸锂的加工性能,所得钴酸锂具有良好的电化学循环性能。方法简单、经济、效率高。所制备的LiCoO2可广泛应用在各种用途的锂离子电池中作为正极材料。

Description

锂离子电池正极活性材料钴酸锂的制备方法
所属技术领域:
本发明涉及一种锂离子电池正极活性材料的制备,特别涉及一种钴酸锂的方法。
背景技术:
钴酸锂(LiCoO2)作为锂离子电池的正极材料,因其比容量高,性能稳定和制备工艺简单而已被广泛地作为锂离子电池的正极活性物质。在合成LiCoO2的过程中,为了使固相反应顺利进行及补偿一部分锂盐在高温下的挥发损失,往往会加入大于化学计量的碳酸锂(Li2CO3),这样可以提高钴酸锂的振实密度和流动性,形成较大的一次粒子,增加在实际电池中的体积比容量,并能增加电池的过充安全性能。一般来说,过量加入的Li2CO3仅小部分能在后续的高温处理过程中挥发,而大部分的Li2CO3会以Li2O的形式残留在钴酸锂中,后者与空气接触后再形成Li2CO3或LiOH,这会使LiCoO2的碱性增大。这样,在钴酸锂粉末与导电剂碳黑或石墨及粘合剂聚偏氟乙烯等的混合物于有机溶剂中混合调浆时,往往会出现浆料呈果冻状而丧失了流动性,使其难以涂布成极片。为了减低钴酸锂的碱性,文献【1.T.Nakamura,A.Kajiyama,Solid State Ionics 123(1999)95~101;2.N.Imanishi,M.Fujii,A.Hirano,et al.,Solid State Ionics 140(2001)45~53;3.Glenn G.Amatucci,Jean-Marie Tarascon,US005693435A Dec.2,1997】中通用的方法是用去离子水来洗涤,去除过量的Li2CO3和LiOH。由于Li2CO3和LiOH是微溶于水,所以在洗涤时需要大量的去离子水,一般会超过所洗涤钴酸锂重量的100倍。这将造成工序繁杂,产成率降低,加工成本增大,并造成废水增加;同时,因需要钴酸锂在去离子水中浸泡较长的时间,会使钴酸锂发生水解而降低了放电容量,并进一步使碱度增大。另一方面,M.Mladenov等报道用MgO包覆钴酸锂可以改善其在锂离子电池中的循环性能【M.Mladenov,R.Stoyanova,E.Zhecheva,S.Vassilev,Electrochemistry Communication,3(2001)410】,但其采用表面浸渍法制备这种表面改性的钴酸锂需二次高温处理,生产成本提高,批次一致性难已保证,实用价值不高。
发明内容:
本发明的目的在于提供一种用含沉淀剂的水来洗涤钴酸锂的方法,从而迅速降低钴酸锂的碱性,降低处理成本,并改善钴酸锂的加工性能;同时使钴酸锂在洗涤过程中表面覆盖一层碳酸镁、碳酸钙、碳酸锶或它们的混合物,使其具有良好的电化学循环性能。
本发明的钴酸锂的制备方法,其步骤包括:
(1)将锂盐、钴的氧化物或钴盐按比例混合,其中Li∶Co的摩尔比为(0.98-1.2)∶1;
(2)将混合物混磨均匀后放入加热炉中,热处理气氛为空气或氧气,升温速率为1~20℃/分钟,至500~750℃预处理,预处理时间在1-6小时;然后升温至800-950℃,热处理时间为2~10小时,然后降至室温,并将合成物料粉碎筛分;
(3)将筛分好的钴酸锂按固液比1∶2~12加入到含沉淀剂的水溶液中,搅拌、澄清,至上层清液达设定的碱度pH=7~10后,固液分离;
所述含沉淀剂的水溶液为使用钙、镁、锶的乙酸盐、丙烯酸盐、碳酸氢盐或它们的含二氧化碳的碳酸盐溶液单独或混合调配而成的水溶液,其中金属离子浓度为0.3-10mmol/L;
(4)将分离后的固相干处理后即得钴酸锂。
在所述2)中将混合物混磨1~10小时后,混合均匀后放入加热炉中。
在所述3)中搅拌2~10分钟,澄清后固液分离,重复以上洗涤操作,至上层清液达设定的碱度后,固液分离。
在所述4)中在50~110℃低温烘干后,再在180~350℃干燥2~4小时得到钴酸锂。
锂盐选自Li2CO3,LiOH,草酸锂,醋酸锂;钴的氧化物或钴盐选自三氧化二钴、四氧化三钴、碳酸钴或草酸钴。
本发明用含沉淀剂的水来洗涤钴酸锂,使其表面在洗涤过程中表面覆盖一层碳酸镁、碳酸钙、碳酸锶或它们的混合包覆物,其优点是:1)能调节钴酸锂一次粒子大小、降低钴酸锂粉未的比表面,增大钴酸锂的体积比容量;2)能迅速降低钴酸锂的碱性;降低处理成本,并改善钴酸锂的加工性能;3)能在洗涤过程中使钴酸锂表面覆盖一层碳酸镁、碳酸钙、碳酸锶或它们的混合包覆物,经表面包覆处理的钴酸锂具有良好的电化学循环性能。可用于各种用途的锂离子电池中作为正极材料。
附图说明:
图1按实施例1所制备的样品A经不同方法洗涤后的样品按通用方法组装成电池后的循环曲线图。
1---本发明沉淀剂处理样的循环曲线;
2---去离子水处理样的循环曲线;
3---未处理样的循环曲线。
其中粘合剂采用聚偏氟乙烯,隔膜采用聚丙烯微孔薄膜,电解液为1.0mol/LLiPF6,溶剂为EC-DEC-DMC(1∶1∶1,体积比)。负极采用人造石墨,电压范围为2.75V~4.2V,恒流充放电电流均为1C,每次充电时用1C充至4.2V后,在4.2V恒压充电1小时。
具体实施方式:
为说明本发明所制备的钴酸锂应用于锂离子电池的特点,按通用方法组装电池,其中粘合剂采用聚偏氟乙烯,隔膜采用聚丙烯微孔薄膜,电解液为1.0mol/LLiPF6,溶剂为EC-DEC-DMC(1∶1∶1,体积比)。测可逆嵌锂容量时负极采用金属锂片,电压范围为3.0V~4.25V,充放电电流均为0.2C;测循环性能时负极采用人造石墨,电压范围为2.75V~4.2V,恒流充放电电流均为1C,每次充电时用1C充至4.2V后,在4.2V恒压充电1小时。
为了更清楚地说明本发明,列举以下实施例,但其对本发明无任何限制。
实施例1
将碳酸锂与四氧化三钴按化学计量比Li∶Co=1.02∶1(样品A)和Li∶Co=1.08∶1(样品B)在球磨机中混磨3小时后,然后将混合均匀的材料放入加热炉中,热处理气氛为空气,升温速率为5℃/分钟至700℃,保温2小时后以5℃/分钟升温至800℃,热处理时间为5小时,然后降至室温,并将合成物料粉碎后经300目筛筛分。
将样品A及样品B分别按固液比1∶8加入到含5mmol/LMg2+沉淀剂(含二氧化碳的碳酸镁溶液)的水中,搅拌5分钟,澄清后固液分离,重复以上洗涤操作,至上层清液pH小于8后(10%(W/V)的LiCoO2水溶液所测pH值),固液分离。将分离后的固相在80℃低温烘干后,再在300℃干燥4小时。同时,将样品A及样品B分别按固液比1∶8加入到不含沉淀剂的去离子水中,重复上述操作。
表一列出了不同配比、不同处理方式得到的样品的一些工艺参数的对比。用本发明的方法处理钴酸锂时,澄清时间仅2~3分钟,洗涤次数也明显少于用去离子水洗涤所需次数,所得钴酸锂碱性低,粒子尺寸较大,振实密度大,比表面积小,加工性能得到改善,电化学嵌锂容量同比高于用其他方法处理的样品的嵌锂容量。
图一为样品A经不同方法洗涤后的样品按通用方法组装成电池后的循环情况。同比条件下用沉淀剂处理的样品的容量发挥与循环性能优于用去离子水处理的样品或不处理的样品。
   样品                样品A                样品B
   洗涤剂     沉淀剂   去离子水   不洗涤     沉淀剂   去离子水   不洗涤
   第一次澄清时间(分钟)     3   30   ---     2   40   ---
   达到pH8需洗涤次数(次)     2   5   ---     3   5   ---
   所得样品pH值     9.5   10.2   11.3     9.8   10.4   12.2
   调浆后放置24小时情况     正常   正常   易结块     正常   正常   结块
   可逆嵌锂容量(mAh/g)     147   146   140     145   144   139
   比表面积(m2/g)     0.48   0.52   0.60     0.40   0.48   0.59
   D50(μm)     8.2   7.8   7.9     11.1   10.5   9.8
   振实密度(g/cm3)     2.61   2.56   2.54     2.81   2.68   2.60
                  表一、几种样品的对比
实施例2
将碳酸锂与碳酸钴按化学计量比Li∶Co=1.02∶1(样品C)和Li∶Co=1.08∶1(样品D)在球磨机中混磨3小时后,然后将混合均匀的材料放入加热炉中,热处理气氛为氧气,升温速率为5℃/分钟至600℃,保温4小时后,以5℃/分钟升温至800℃,热处理时间为8小时,然后降至室温,并将合成物料粉碎后经300目筛筛分。后续处理同实施例一。
表二列出了不同配比、不同处理方式得到的样品的一些工艺参数的对比。
   样品                样品C               样品D
   洗涤剂     沉淀剂   去离子水 不洗涤     沉淀剂   去离子水   不洗涤
   第一次澄清时间(分钟)     3   50 ---     5   120   ---
   达到pH8需洗涤次数(次)     2   5 ---     3   7   ---
   所得样品pH值     9.0   10.1 11.5     9.8   10.3   12.8
   调浆后放置24小时情况     正常   正常 有结块     正常   正常   结块
   可逆嵌锂容量(mAh/g)     145   144 139     146   143   137
                          表二、几种样品的对比
实施例3
按实施例一所得样品B,用含Ca2+、Mg2+的浓度均为3mmol/L的溶液(含二氧化碳的碳酸钙及碳酸镁溶液)处理,固液比为1∶8。经2次洗涤后上层溶液pH为7.8,钴酸锂经干燥后的pH值为9.3;钴酸锂的放电容量为149mAh/g,振实密度2.82g/cm3,比表面积0.37m2/g,D50为11.5μm。
实施例4
按实施例一所得样品B,用含4mmol/L Mg2+的溶液(醋酸镁溶液)处理,固液比为1∶7。经2次洗涤后上层溶液pH为8.0,钴酸锂经干燥后的pH值为9.8。钴酸锂的放电容量为147mAh/g,振实密度2.80g/cm3,比表面积0.39m2/g,D50为11.0μm。
实施例5
按实施例二所得样品C,用含4mmol/L Mg2+的溶液(醋酸镁溶液)处理,固液比为1∶10。经2次洗涤后上层溶液pH为7.7,钴酸锂经干燥后的pH值为9.5。钴酸锂的放电容量为146mAh/g,振实密度2.48g/cm3,比表面积0.45m2/g,D50为8.3μm。

Claims (5)

1、一种锂离子电池正极活性材料钴酸锂的制备方法,其步骤包括:
(1)将锂盐、钴的氧化物或钴盐按比例混合,其中Li∶Co的摩尔比为(0.98-1.2)∶1;
(2)将混合物混磨均匀后放入加热炉中,热处理气氛为空气或氧气,升温速率为1~20℃/分钟,至500~750℃预处理,预处理时间在1-6小时;然后升温至800-950℃,热处理时间为2~10小时,然后降至室温,并将合成物料粉碎筛分;
(3)将筛分好的钴酸锂按固液比1∶2~12加入到含沉淀剂的水溶液中,搅拌、澄清,至上层清液达设定的碱度pH=7~10后,固液分离;
所述含沉淀剂的水溶液为使用钙、镁、锶的乙酸盐、丙烯酸盐、碳酸氢盐或它们的含二氧化碳的碳酸盐溶液单独或混合调配而成的水溶液,其中金属离子浓度为0.3-10mmol/L;
(4)将分离后的固相干处理后即得钴酸锂。
2、如权利要求1所述的锂离子电池正极活性材料钴酸锂的制备方法,其特征在于在所述2)中将混合物混磨1~10小时后,混合均匀后放入加热炉中。
3、如权利要求1所述的锂离子电池正极活性材料钴酸锂的制备方法,其特征在于在所述3)中搅拌2~10分钟,澄清后固液分离,重复以上洗涤操作,至上层清液达设定的碱度后,固液分离。
4、如权利要求1所述的锂离子电池正极活性材料钴酸锂的制备方法,其特征在于在所述4)中在50~110℃低温烘干后,再在180~350℃干燥2~4小时得到钴酸锂。
5、如权利要求1或2或3或4所述的锂离子电池正极活性材料钴酸锂的制备方法,其特征在于锂盐选自Li2CO3,LiOH,草酸锂,醋酸锂;钴的氧化物或钴盐选自三氧化二钴、四氧化三钴、碳酸钴或草酸钴。
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CN104393278B (zh) * 2014-10-29 2017-01-18 新乡天力锂能股份有限公司 一种镍钴锰酸锂三元材料的制备方法
CN106169578A (zh) * 2016-08-23 2016-11-30 金川集团股份有限公司 一种大粒度钴酸锂正极材料的制备方法
CN109904387B (zh) * 2019-02-25 2021-07-13 天津艾克凯胜石墨烯科技有限公司 一种高性能锂电池正极片制备方法

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