CN115005043A

CN115005043A - High-yield cut chrysanthemum greenhouse planting method

Info

Publication number: CN115005043A
Application number: CN202210792119.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 焦有太; 李琳; 和俊东; 刘军; 贾朝亮; 李斌斌; 杨龙; 栗明霞; 赖磊
Original assignee: Jiaozuo People's Park
Current assignee: Jiaozuo People's Park
Priority date: 2022-07-07
Filing date: 2022-07-07
Publication date: 2022-09-06

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a greenhouse planting method for high-yield cut chrysanthemum, which sequentially comprises the following steps: cutting seedlings, namely cutting the seedlings once in spring and autumn respectively, wherein the cutting mode is a diagonal cutting mode in a plastic grid or a layout mode of 'one grid with three seedlings'; covering an agricultural film, covering the agricultural film on the plastic grid, and keeping a gap between the agricultural film and the top of the seedling. The invention has the beneficial effects that: good economic and social benefits are obtained through two harvests in one year, two seedlings in one case or three seedlings in one case; by the novel method of covering the agricultural film, the formation time of the root system of the cutting seedling is shortened.

Description

High-yield cut chrysanthemum greenhouse planting method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a greenhouse planting method for high-yield cut chrysanthemum.

Background

The chrysanthemum is the flower with the widest global use and the largest consumption, and the sales volume of the chrysanthemum accounts for 70 percent of the market share of the whole flower among ten flowers in China, so the chrysanthemum is an agricultural economic crop with large planting area, higher added value and good prospect. In recent 20 years, the mode of planting greenhouse cut chrysanthemum by flower growers is too stiff, so that the annual yield of the cut chrysanthemum is always low and wandering. The limit of the layer can not be broken all the time due to the influence of comprehensive factors such as environment, technology, experience and the like.

Therefore, a high-yield greenhouse planting method of cut chrysanthemum is needed to solve the above problems.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to solve the problems, namely to solve the problems, a bold technical innovation is carried out on a traditional rigidized planting mode, a new greenhouse cut chrysanthemum planting mode of one grid with two plants and two harvests every year is provided, the yield of greenhouse cut chrysanthemum per mu can be increased by 3 times without increasing the land area and adding any facility, the annual economic benefit is doubled, and the yield increase potential of greenhouse cut chrysanthemum 'superposition effect' is fully displayed, the invention provides a greenhouse planting method for high-yield cut chrysanthemum, which sequentially comprises the following steps:

cutting seedlings, namely cutting the seedlings once in spring and autumn respectively, wherein the cutting mode is a diagonal cutting mode in a plastic grid or a layout mode of 'one grid with three seedlings';

covering an agricultural film, covering the agricultural film on the plastic grid, and keeping a gap between the agricultural film and the top of the seedling.

Further, a land preparation step is further arranged before cuttage, and the land preparation step comprises the following steps:

applying enough base fertilizer according to the standard of 3-4 cubic meters per mu of greenhouse;

mixing the pesticide for preventing and treating bacterial diseases and insect pests into the fertilizer, and uniformly spreading the fertilizer on the ground;

ploughing according to the depth of 30-35 cm, removing high pads and low pads, and fully and finely harrowing the field;

the north is high, the south is low, and flower beds with the bed width of 1 meter and the ridge width of 0.5 meter are made, and the bed beds and the ridges are arranged in a staggered mode.

Further, for the seedlings that are cut in spring,

reducing humidity, namely pulling open an air inlet of the greenhouse when the illumination is strong and the temperature is high, and reducing the humidity in the greenhouse through ventilation;

preventing bacteria, namely, when the root system of the seedling in the seedling cultivation growth period is formed, rapidly uncovering the agricultural film, and spraying a mixture agent of at least two of hymexazol, chlorothalonil, mancozeb and monopotassium phosphate for preventing epidemic bacteria;

promoting growth, applying urea to promote the stem to grow rapidly;

the epidemic prevention is carried out regularly, and the bacteria disease prevention and treatment medicines are taken once every 10 to 15 days.

Further, boric acid and monopotassium phosphate are added into the bacteria disease prevention and treatment medicine in the regular epidemic prevention to promote large flower heads and good flower colors.

Further, the dosage and the times in the sterilization step and the regular epidemic prevention step are reduced after 6 months.

Further, in order to promote the rooting of the autumn chrysanthemum seedlings cut in the 6 months, after the cuttage of the autumn chrysanthemum seedlings is finished, a sun-shading net is laid on a plastic film of a greenhouse, and water is sprayed to the leaf surfaces of the autumn chrysanthemum seedlings to keep the autumn chrysanthemum seedlings moist;

and (4) removing the sunshade net 20 days after the cuttage of the autumn chrysanthemum seedlings is finished, and stopping spraying water to the leaf surfaces of the autumn chrysanthemum seedlings.

Furthermore, after land preparation and before cutting seedlings,

spraying herbicide in each ridge;

covering the ridge with an agricultural film.

Furthermore, in the vegetative growth period of the cut chrysanthemum, in order to ventilate the ground at the root of the plant, when the plant grows to 50 cm high, all leaves which are 15 cm below the ground are removed, so that the occurrence of various bacteria and plant diseases and insect pests is reduced; in the vegetative growth period of the cut chrysanthemum, the spraying of a foliar fertilizer is added, which is beneficial to the expansion of buds and buds.

Furthermore, in the mature flowering period of the early spring chrysanthemum, the bactericide such as tebuconazole, pyribenzoxad and the like is mixed and prepared to treat the white rust.

Further, a drug for treating thrips was used.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

good economic and social benefits are obtained through two harvests in one year, two seedlings in one case or three seedlings in one case;

by a new method of covering the agricultural film, the formation time of the root system of the cutting seedling is shortened;

through soil preparation, the densely planted cut chrysanthemum can absorb sufficient nutrition;

can prevent powdery mildew, brown spot, downy mildew, white rust and other fungus diseases in the environment of low temperature and high humidity at 12-1 month of early spring chrysanthemum planting, and further ensure the yield and quality.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a layout diagram of a plastic grid for planting one-grid double plants;

fig. 2 is a layout diagram of a plastic grid for planting three plants in one grid.

In the figure:

1. plastic grids; 2. grid; 3. and (5) plant growing.

Detailed Description

Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that these embodiments are only for explaining the technical principle of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

First, the precondition of 'two harvests per year' is realized. In the season alternation period of four seasons throughout the year, the cut chrysanthemum in the greenhouse is planted under the influence of various conditions such as chrysanthemum variety, physiological characteristics, sunshine length, air temperature and the like, so that the greenhouse with high manufacturing cost can only produce flowers once a year. The old planting mode used up to now causes waste of land resources, and the flower grower has tested the old planting mode, but the old planting mode fails to report the old planting mode because the technology is immature and the selected variety is not right, and the remaining teaching is as follows: the whole greenhouse is full of fresh flowers, the cut chrysanthemum has luxuriant branches and leaves, and the flower can be opened without flowers, which causes great damage to flower farmers. In this respect, we have determined, through long-term observation, to start with the three aspects of biological characteristics, physiological characteristics and growth cycle of cut chrysanthemum, to find a method capable of realizing 'two harvests per year'. Firstly, the variety is selected according to the biological characteristics of the cut chrysanthemum, the chrysanthemum is divided into four categories of spring chrysanthemum, summer chrysanthemum, autumn chrysanthemum and winter chrysanthemum according to seasons, and the variety selection range for realizing two harvests per year is expanded. And secondly, the chrysanthemum flowers are selected from the natural florescence sequence of the cut chrysanthemum flowers, the flowering time of the spring chrysanthemum is 3-4 months, the flowering time of the summer chrysanthemum is 5-7 months, the flowering time of the autumn chrysanthemum is 9-11 months, and the flowering time of the winter chrysanthemum is about 12 months, so that the winning is increased for realizing 'two harvests in one year'. Thirdly, calculating according to the growth cycle time of the cut chrysanthemum, the whole growth process needs 120-150 days from seedling cultivation to mature flowering, and the time requirement of two harvests in one year is met. According to the three conditions, spring chrysanthemum and autumn chrysanthemum are selected as female parents for greenhouse planting, and the possibility that the greenhouse cannot harvest for two seasons is changed into a possibility. Through 3 years of planting tests, four varieties of early spring white and early spring yellow in spring chrysanthemum, yellow light jade and white horse in autumn chrysanthemum are selected for planting, two good business opportunities with the largest usage amount and the highest selling price of the cut chrysanthemum are achieved year by year, for example, the early spring white and the early spring yellow planted by us can be driven to bloom before and after the Ming festival of the lunar calendar every year, and the planted yellow light jade and white horse can be driven to bloom in one solar term of the lunar calendar every month, so that the economic benefit is increased by times.

Secondly, the difficult breakthrough of the new planting mode of one-grid double-plant is realized. In order to prevent the phenomenon that flowers are high in diameter and heavy in head and prone to lodging during planting of greenhouse chrysanthemum cut-flower, a square plastic grid 1 is laid as a support, and the laid plastic grid is determined according to the width of a greenhouse, if the width of the greenhouse is 6 meters, the length of the plastic grid is 6 meters. The width of the plastic grid is 1 meter, 10 squares 2 are provided, 3 pairs of symmetrical wooden piles or galvanized pipes are buried in each bed as a support, then the plastic net is sleeved on the plastic grid, the height of the plastic net is raised at any time along with the length of the plant, and the plastic net is used for measuring and calculating the plant row spacing of the top planting of the seedling. The specific using method comprises the following steps: the plastic net is laid on the ground in the mat, the original planting old mode of 'one lattice one seedling' is changed into a 'one lattice two seedlings' new mode of diagonal planting, and after comprehensive techniques such as bacterial disease epidemic prevention, dry and wet regulation, cold and hot air temperature control and the like in a shed are comprehensively mastered, the 'one lattice two plants' (two plants 3 are diagonally arranged in a rectangular grid as shown in figure 1) 'can be improved into a' one lattice three plants '(three plants in each lattice are arranged in an equilateral triangle and one base is parallel to the length direction of the plastic net as shown in figure 2)' planting new mode to achieve greater profit.

In order to promote the cuttage seedling to rapidly take root in a short period, a new method of covering an agricultural film is adopted, and the time for forming the root system of the seedling is shortened through heat preservation and moisture preservation. The specific operation procedures are as follows: after the seedlings are cut, quickly laying an agricultural film layer with the width of 1.5 m, wherein the requirement of laying the agricultural film layer is that the distance between the film and the seedlings should be kept in a state of being close to each other, not close to each other, or in a state of being indistinct. Because the film is too high and cannot absorb water drops generated on the film, the film is attached to the leaf surface, and the leaf surface is easily scalded under the strong light irradiation. If rain falls in cloudy days or the humidity in the shed is too high, accumulated water can be formed on the agricultural film to roll seedlings, and at the moment, the film surface can be penetrated by fine aluminum wires to allow the accumulated water to flow into the ridge. After 10-15 days, the root system of the cutting seedling can be completely formed. Compared with the cutting seedling without covering agricultural film, the rooting time can be advanced by 10-20 days by using the new method, and after the root system of the cutting seedling is formed, the film is required to be removed, so that the cutting seedling can freely grow in the natural environment. Practice proves that after the novel seedling film covering technology is adopted, the survival rate of the cutting seedlings of the cut chrysanthemum is improved to more than 98 percent from 65 percent of the cutting seedlings without film covering.

Thirdly, in order to enable the new planting technology of 'one-lattice two-seedling and one-year two-harvest' to be simple and easy to learn and convenient to operate, the characteristics of the cut chrysanthemum in four stages of a seedling cultivation stage, a vegetative growth stage and a mature flowering stage are combined, problems which are easy to appear in each stage are arranged according to a programmed management flow by respectively carrying out seat checking on numbers, and therefore the situation that people walk on a curved road is avoided.

A first programmed management process: preparing the working items of the land preparation. In each work of preparing soil before seedlings, the labor and the material can not be stolen. In order to ensure that the densely planted cut chrysanthemum can absorb sufficient nutrition, enough base fertilizer is applied, the enough standard is that 3-4 cubic meters are needed for about 1 mu of greenhouse, the weight is about 3-4 tons, the plastic net is generally 1 meter wide, the grid is 10 multiplied by 10 centimeters, the width direction has 10 grids in total, the length can be determined according to the width of the greenhouse, so that the plastic net is cut to the required length (equal to the width of the greenhouse), the best cooked chicken manure and quail manure is used, and the fertility of the land can be kept for two years. Meanwhile, the pesticide for preventing and treating the bacterial diseases and the insect pests is mixed into the fertilizer and evenly spread on the ground. Deep ploughing and fine ploughing are needed in field preparation, the ploughing depth is 30-35 cm, and the high mat and the low mat are removed to fully refine and level the field. In the whole ridge, the north, the south and the low are noticed, and the flower ridges with the ridge width of 1 meter and the ridge width of 0.5 meter are made for the use in the process of waiting for the seedlings.

A second programmed management process: the working key point of the cut chrysanthemum seedling culture period is. Every 12-1 month is the best time for planting early spring chrysanthemum, and because the early spring chrysanthemum is in cold winter at this stage, people usually seal the greenhouse to be airtight for cold prevention and warm keeping. If the greenhouse is in a low-temperature and high-humidity state with no flowing air for a long time, powdery mildew, brown spots, downy mildew, white rust and other fungus diseases can erupt on a large scale, if the fungus diseases are light, leaves are mildewed and fall off, and if the fungus diseases are heavy, plants die. To prevent these bacterial damage from occurring, we take two measures: firstly, pull open the last wind gap of big-arch shelter when illumination is strong, temperature is high, let in the big-arch shelter through ventilative humidity reduction that comes of ventilating. And secondly, when the root system of the seedling in the seedling cultivation growth period is formed, the agricultural film is quickly uncovered, and a mixture agent of hymexazol, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, monopotassium phosphate and the like is sprayed for one time to prevent epidemic disease. In addition, some urea is also required to be sprinkled in small quantities to promote rapid stem growth. After the two measures are adopted, if no accident occurs, regular epidemic prevention can be carried out, the bacteria disease prevention and control medicines are taken every 10 to 15 days, in the later regular insecticide-spraying epidemic prevention, two additives, namely boric acid and monopotassium phosphate, which can promote large flower heads and good flower colors are added, and the quantity of the additives is not small once in the whole growth period of the cut-flower chrysanthemum.

After 6 months, the fungus damage caused by low temperature and high humidity in the greenhouse is gradually reduced and even disappears. In this stage, the dosage and frequency of the bacterial diseases can be reduced, and the control emphasis is transferred from the bacterial diseases to insect pests. When autumn chrysanthemum is planted in 6 months, due to hot weather and small day-night temperature difference, in the south of the Henan, agricultural films cannot be covered to prevent seedlings from being burnt by sunlight, but the problem is that the seedlings obtained by asexual propagation have no root system and are difficult to survive in the high-temperature and dry weather and the moisture can not be preserved. How to promote the rooting formation of the cutting seedlings, a method for solving the problem is as follows: firstly, lay the shading net that the shading degree is 80 meshes on big-arch shelter plastic film to spout 2-3 times water with the spraying kettle every day, let the seedling leaf surface remain moist throughout, alright gain the same effect with seedling tectorial membrane like this. After about 20 days, the root system of the cutting seedling is formed, the sunshade net can be removed, the water spraying is stopped, and the survival rate of the seedling can still be kept above 95 percent.

A third programmed management process: the key points of the growth period of cut chrysanthemum in vegetative growth and the growth period of reproductive growth. Weeds and plants in the greenhouse are symbiotic, nutrition and moisture are strived for, and harm to the plants is great. If manual weeding is adopted, time, labor and money are wasted, the effect is not good, and weeding is required to be carried out again for about 20 days, which becomes a main project of expense. In order to solve the problem, firstly, the method starts early, and before seedlings are planted, 30-40 ml of pendimethalin liquid medicine is sprayed in each ridge in proportion; and secondly, agricultural films are covered on the ridges, so that grass trouble in the cut chrysanthemum is thoroughly solved, and the expenditure is saved. In the vegetative growth period of the cut chrysanthemum, in order to ventilate the ground at the root of the plant, when the plant grows to be about 50 cm high, all leaves which are 15 cm below the ground are removed, so that the occurrence of various bacteria and insect pests is reduced. In the vegetative growth period of the cut chrysanthemum, special attention should be paid to the spraying of the boron, phosphorus and potassium foliar fertilizer, and as the foliar fertilizer is used for directly and rapidly absorbing nutrition, the effect is particularly obvious, and the expansion of buds and buds is facilitated.

A fourth programmed management process: the working key point of the mature flowering period of the cut chrysanthemum. After a new greenhouse cut chrysanthemum planting mode is adopted, 4 or 11 months per year are the time for spring chrysanthemum and autumn chrysanthemum to bloom and come into the market, and are the harvest seasons for flower farmers to harvest in hopes, and the current cut notes cannot fall off with light mind. In all ages, fungi are prevented in spring and winter, and insects are prevented in summer and autumn. Around 4 months each year, the early spring chrysanthemum is in a mature flowering phase and also in a peak period when various mycoses frequently occur in a low-temperature and high-humidity environment. Among all the bacterial damages, the white rust disease belongs to the genus chamomile, which can cause fatal injury. The propagation speed of the fungus is very rapid, about 15 days, all plant leaves infected with the fungus present brown yellow spots similar to the skin of the < i > Chinese forest frog </i > from bottom to top, are hung on the stem of each plant, and are very terrorist. The mycosis can only be prevented and cured. Thus, it is called "cancer" of cut chrysanthemum. After repeated tests on 50 bactericides, the effect is very slight, finally, after more than one hundred times of screening, 10 ml of tebuconazole and 10 ml of pyribenzoxad are mixed with 1.5 kg of water and sprayed on plant leaf surfaces by a sprayer, germs can be killed after 24 hours, the effect is obvious, and if the germs are seriously damaged, the bactericides are continuously sprayed for 3 days, so that the bactericides can thoroughly and radically cure.

After 6 months, the bacterial diseases gradually decrease or disappear, but the bacterial diseases reach the high-incidence stage of various insect pests, and at the moment, aphids, green insects and thrips are generated in large quantity. The thrips like the tip of a needle is the most harmful, and a lot of brown spots with the size of rice grains appear on petals which are sucked by the needle, so that the quality of the flower head is seriously influenced. Insect pests have a smaller harm range than bacterial pests, and the harm can be eliminated by using the special thrips treating drug and spraying the drug for 2 to 3 times. The drug specially used for treating thrips selects 5 percent acetamiprid missible oil (4000-.

After the technical innovation of a planting mode of 'one-grid double-plant and one-year double-harvest' in 2018, good economic benefits and social benefits are obtained. One account is calculated, if greenhouse cut chrysanthemum is planted according to an old mode, 3 ten thousand branches are produced in one year in each mu of greenhouse, the 'one-grid two-branch' or 'one-grid three-branch' is adopted, and the superposition effect of 'two harvests in one year' is added, so that the yield of the cut chrysanthemum in one mu of greenhouse can be increased to 12 ten thousand branches from the last 3 ten thousand branches every year, and if the 'one-grid three-branch' mode is adopted, the yield can be increased to 18 ten thousand branches. If the wholesale price of the cut chrysanthemum in 2021 is calculated according to 0.7 yuan per branch, 10.5 ten thousand yuan of sales income can be increased each year.

So far, the technical solutions of the present invention have been described in connection with the preferred embodiments shown in the drawings, but it is easily understood by those skilled in the art that the scope of the present invention is obviously not limited to these specific embodiments. Equivalent changes or substitutions of related technical features can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principle of the invention, and the technical scheme after the changes or substitutions can fall into the protection scope of the invention.

Claims

1. The greenhouse planting method for the high-yield cut chrysanthemum is characterized by sequentially comprising the following steps of:

cutting seedlings, namely cutting the seedlings once in spring and autumn respectively, wherein the cutting mode is a diagonal cutting or triangular cutting layout mode in a plastic grid;

2. The greenhouse planting method for high-yield cut-flower chrysanthemum according to claim 1, wherein a soil preparation step is further provided before the cuttage, and the soil preparation step comprises:

mixing the pesticide for preventing and controlling bacterial diseases and insect pests into the fertilizer, and uniformly spreading the mixture on the ground;

3. The greenhouse planting method of high-yield cut-flower chrysanthemum according to claim 2, wherein for seedlings cuttage in spring,

reducing humidity, namely pulling open an upper air inlet of the greenhouse when the illumination is strong and the temperature is high, and reducing the humidity in the greenhouse through ventilation;

promoting growth, applying urea to promote the stem to grow rapidly;

4. The greenhouse planting method for high-yield cut-flower chrysanthemum according to claim 3, wherein boric acid and monopotassium phosphate are added to the bacteria disease prevention and treatment medicine in the periodic epidemic prevention to promote large flower heads and good flower colors.

5. The greenhouse planting method of high-yield cut-flower chrysanthemum according to claim 4, wherein the dosage and times of the sterilization step and the regular epidemic prevention step are reduced after 6 months.

6. The greenhouse planting method of high-yield cut-flower chrysanthemum according to claim 5, wherein after the cuttage of the autumn chrysanthemum seedlings is finished, a sunshade net is laid on a greenhouse plastic film, and water is sprayed to the leaf surfaces of the autumn chrysanthemum seedlings to keep the autumn chrysanthemum seedlings moist;

7. The greenhouse planting method of high-yield cut-flower chrysanthemum according to claim 6, wherein after land preparation and before cutting seedlings,

spraying herbicide in each ridge;

covering the ridge with an agricultural film.

8. The greenhouse planting method for the high-yield cut-flower chrysanthemum, as claimed in claim 7, is characterized in that in the vegetative growth period of the cut-flower chrysanthemum, in order to ventilate the ground at the root of the plant, when the plant grows to 50 cm high, all leaves 15 cm away from the ground are removed, so as to reduce the occurrence of various bacterial and insect pests; in the vegetative growth period of the cut chrysanthemum, the spraying of a foliar fertilizer is added, which is beneficial to the expansion of buds and buds.

9. The greenhouse planting method for high-yield cut-flower chrysanthemum according to claim 8, wherein tebuconazole and pyrimethanil are used for preparing bactericide according to the volume ratio of 10:1500-10:1200 in the mature flowering period of early spring chrysanthemum to treat white rust.

10. The greenhouse planting method of high-yield cut-flower chrysanthemum according to claim 9, wherein a drug special for treating thrips is sprayed, wherein the volume ratio of thrips to water is 20: 15000.