CN114938751B - High-survival-rate short-period intensive seedling raising method for quercus variabilis - Google Patents
High-survival-rate short-period intensive seedling raising method for quercus variabilis Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/02—Germinating apparatus; Determining germination capacity of seeds or the like
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/08—Immunising seed
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of plant propagation and cultivation, in particular to a high-survival-rate short-period intensive seedling raising method for quercus variabilis, which comprises the following steps: s1: building a seedling raising facility; s2: selecting a seedling stage; s3: sorting and treating seeds; s4: carrying out seed germination acceleration on the selected excellent seeds; s5: preparing a seedling culture formula substrate; s6: intensively preparing a non-woven fabric light substrate container; s7: planting seeds after germination acceleration; s8: and (5) managing after planting. 15 ten thousand plants can be cultivated per mu by the method, the seedling amount which is 10 times of that of the traditional seedling method can be realized when the method is used for cultivating the seedlings per mu, the land use space is greatly saved by the intensive seedling operation method, and the intensive industrial seedling is realized. The non-woven fabrics are not required to be taken off the bag when the non-woven fabrics are used for seedling cultivation, the secondary damage to seedling cultivation root systems caused by secondary operation is avoided, the transportation damage rate is greatly reduced, and the planting efficiency and the survival rate are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of plant propagation and cultivation, in particular to a high-survival-rate short-period intensive seedling raising method for quercus variabilis.
Background
Quercus suber is an important multipurpose industrial tree in China, and organ tissues such as roots, leaves, shells, seeds, barks and trunks of the oak can provide production raw materials for industries such as food, medical treatment, chemical industry, furniture, construction, cosmetics, national defense and the like. The fertilizer is widely applied to precious native trees, color leaf landscape trees, carbon-fixing dust-retention trees, strategic material trees, ecological restoration trees, water source conservation trees, water and soil conservation trees, fire and wind prevention trees, soil improvement trees, drought and stress resistant trees, industrial material trees, woody and food source trees, tussah raw material trees, fungus matrix trees, major scientific trees and other trees.
Quercus variabilis (lour.) Merr is an indispensable natural resource in production and life of people, is closely related to human clothes, food and housing, environmental improvement, ecological safety, economic prosperity and aerospace industry, and plays a very important role in national economic development.
The quercus variabilis belongs to tree species with developed main roots, the main roots are thick and long, the lateral roots are not developed, the fibrous roots are few in the natural growth state, the transplanting survival rate is low and is less than 50%, the traditional field seedling raising technology period is long (2 years are needed for raising forestation seedlings with the height of 60 cm), and the industrialized popularization of the quercus variabilis is severely limited.
In addition, the cultivation method of quercus variabilis in the prior art is generally only a method improvement aiming at the survival rate, for example, a cultivation method of quercus variabilis mycorrhizal seedlings disclosed in the patent document with the patent application number of CN202010217523.7 is only an improvement from the direction of improving the survival rate of quercus variabilis forestation and saving water and fertilizer resources, but cannot effectively realize short-period intensive seedling cultivation and still cannot be applied to the industrial popularization of quercus variabilis.
Therefore, after long-time research and development experiments, the company summarizes a new high-survival-rate short-period intensive seedling raising method for quercus variabilis bunge, and is used for better solving the problems in the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a high-survival-rate short-period intensive seedling culture method for cork oak, which aims at overcoming the defects of the existing cork oak seedling culture technology, has the advantages of industrialized intensive short period, air root repair, developed lateral fibrous roots, full-root and full-seedling, quick field planting and root opening, no seedling revival period, quick growth, convenient transportation, capability of being planted all the year round and more than 97 percent of survival rate, and the adopted technical scheme is as follows: the method for the high-survival-rate short-period intensive seedling raising of the quercus variabilis bunge comprises the following steps:
s1: building a seedling raising facility;
s2: selecting a seedling stage;
the seedlings are grown from 3 to 5 ten days in the middle of the month each year, and can grow to more than 50cm after about 5 months of cultivation;
the temperature gradually rises in 3 months every year, the ground temperature also rises, all things grow hair, the vitality of seeds is vigorous, the vitality is strong, and the growth can be accelerated by planting at the moment. The seedlings reach the standard of coming out of the nursery for 10 months, can be directly used for forestation in autumn and winter, and come out of the nursery for sale one year earlier than the seedlings in the field, so that the benefits of current year breeding, current year planting and current year are achieved.
S3: sorting and treating seeds;
s4: carrying out seed germination acceleration on the selected excellent seeds;
firstly, laying a layer of grass-proof cloth in a germination accelerating area in a seedling raising greenhouse shed of a seedling raising facility;
a layer of sand with the thickness of 10cm is laid on the upper surface, and 5 percent potassium permanganate is used for disinfecting the sand;
putting the soaked excellent seeds on sand and uniformly spreading the seeds;
paving a layer of sand with the thickness of about 2cm on the sand, and keeping the humidity of the sand at about 30-40%;
and finally covering with a mulching film until sprouting.
Germination acceleration in a seedling raising greenhouse shed of a seedling raising facility generally reaches the germination rate of more than 80 percent within about 10-15 days; the germination acceleration can improve the uniformity of the nursery stock and shorten the growth period.
S5: preparing a seedling culture formula substrate;
peat 60% and perlite 40% by volume ratio are uniformly mixed and used according to the proportion of 2kg/m 3 -2.5kg/m 3 Adding controlled release fertilizer, or applying 4kg/m 3 ～5kg/m 3 The compound fertilizer or the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is prepared into seedling substrate soil;
s6: intensively preparing a non-woven fabric light substrate container;
s7: planting seeds after germination acceleration;
the specific steps of planting the seeds after pregermination comprise:
binding the prepared non-woven fabric light matrix into a hole by using a tool, then cutting off quercus variabilis seeds growing radicles after germination accelerating, putting the treated seeds into the hole, flatly placing the seeds to be exposed outside, burying the gap after placing the seeds, and completely watering;
the method of simultaneously cutting off multiple radicles is adopted during the chopping treatment, and 30-50% of the length of the radicles of the quercus variabilis seeds is cut off during the operation;
the quercus variabilis seeds are subjected to germination accelerating and radicle chopping treatment, so that lateral roots and fibrous roots can grow rapidly while main roots grow, the problems of developed main roots, few lateral roots and fibrous roots and low transplanting survival rate in a natural state are effectively solved, and high survival rate is realized.
S8: and (5) managing after planting.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the step of building a seedling raising facility in the step S1 includes: building a seedling raising greenhouse; set up the big-arch shelter of growing seedlings into north-south orientation or east-west orientation, at the circulating aeration cooling equipment of preinstallation in the inner space of big-arch shelter of growing seedlings to automatic equipment of hiding of the externally mounted of big-arch shelter of growing seedlings, still install liquid manure integration sprinkling irrigation spraying equipment in the big-arch shelter of growing seedlings simultaneously.
The built seedling raising greenhouse is favorable for adjusting the temperature, humidity and fertility required by the growth of the quercus variabilis seedlings, is convenient to manage, saves manpower, and improves the growth speed of the seedlings.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the seedling raising greenhouse adopts a common greenhouse or an arched greenhouse structure.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the specific steps of sorting and treating the seeds in S3 include: soaking seeds about 10-15 days before sowing, adding 5% carbendazim into water for sterilization during soaking, soaking for 24 hours, and then quickly separating floating inferior seeds and superior seeds with high germination rate by utilizing separation equipment.
Quercus suber seeds are easily eaten by weevil larvae, have no dormant period and are easy to mildew due to high starch content, and after being soaked in water added with a bactericide, the weevil or mildewed seeds can float, so that inferior seeds and good seeds can be distinguished.
In any of the above embodiments, the step S6 of intensively preparing the non-woven fabric light substrate container preferably includes: the prepared seedling substrate soil is filled by a non-woven fabric bagging machine and prepared into light substrate non-woven fabric container soil with the diameter of 4.5cm or 5.5cm and the height of 10-15cm, then the light substrate non-woven fabric container soil is placed into a root-control breathable hole tray with the depth of 3-7cm to prepare a light substrate non-woven fabric seedling tray, and the seedling number of each mu of seedlings in the light substrate non-woven fabric seedling tray is 8-15 times of the seedling number of the field;
wherein, the selected non-woven fabrics have degradability, the gram number of the non-woven fabrics on each light-matrix non-woven fabric container is between 20 and 80 grams, and the non-woven fabrics which are light and thin and have good air permeability are selected to shorten the degradation period of the non-woven fabrics.
According to the method, the seedling amount which is 10 times of that of the traditional seedling method can be realized when the seedlings are grown in each mu of land, the intensive seedling operation method greatly saves the land use space, and intensive industrial seedling is realized; meanwhile, the non-woven fabrics do not need to be taken off the bag when the seedlings are planted out of the nursery, so that the secondary damage to the seedling root system caused by secondary operation is avoided, the transportation damage rate is greatly reduced, and the planting efficiency and the survival rate are improved.
In any of the above embodiments, it is preferred that the peat in step S5 has a particle size of 0 to 6mm and the perlite has a particle size of 24mm.
The peat with the thickness of 0-6mm and the perlite with the thickness of 2-4mm are selected to be matched and then evenly mixed for use, the ingredients are light in weight and good in moisture retention and air permeability, and not only can provide required nutrition for seedlings, but also can improve the carrying efficiency.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the post-planting management in S8 mainly includes three aspects of water and fertilizer control, light control, and temperature control.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, when the water and fertilizer control is performed in the post-planting management in S8, water is sprayed or sprayed in due time according to the moisture condition of the light medium or the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse, and the time is not too long; spraying carbendazim with the weight concentration of 2-5% for 1 time every 7-10 days to prevent pest and disease infection; in the middle ten days of 5 months, the top dressing is started, the nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used, the top dressing is carried out in combination with watering, the concentration is preferably controlled to be 0.1-0.2%, and amino acid foliar fertilizer can be sprayed once every half month in 5-6 months; in 9 months, the use of nitrogen fertilizer is stopped, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are properly added to promote the lignification of the nursery stocks.
In any of the above aspects, preferably, the post-planting management in S8 is, when the light control is performed: preparing 60% -70% of shading net; when the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse is too high due to strong sunlight, sun shading treatment needs to be carried out in time;
in any of the above aspects, preferably, the post-planting management in S8 is, when performing temperature control: controlling the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse to be about 25-37 ℃; when the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse is too high or the humidity is large, ventilation is carried out, attention is paid to progressive ventilation, and the ventilation opening is gradually enlarged.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the traditional field seedling culture method can culture about 1.5 ten thousand plants per mu, and 15 ten thousand plants per mu can be cultured by the method provided by the invention, so that the seedling culture quantity which is close to 10 times of that of the traditional seedling culture method can be realized during seedling culture in each mu, the intensive seedling culture operation method greatly saves the land use space, and intensive industrial seedling culture is realized.
2. The non-woven fabric light medium container in the cultivation method is utilized for seedling cultivation, the non-woven fabric does not need to be taken off the bag when the seedlings are planted out of the nursery, secondary damage to seedling roots caused by secondary operation is avoided, the transportation damage rate is greatly reduced, and the planting efficiency and the survival rate are improved.
3. The method of simultaneously cutting off multiple radicles is adopted during the chopping treatment, and the length of the radicles of the quercus variabilis seeds is cut off by 30-50% during the operation; the multiple radicles are simultaneously intercepted, so that the main roots and the existing lateral roots can grow and simultaneously and rapidly grow the lateral roots, the fibrous roots and the like, the problems of developed main roots, few lateral roots and fibrous roots, low transplanting survival rate and the like in a natural state are effectively solved, and high survival rate is realized.
4. By the seedling raising method, the growth speed of the seedling raising method can be accelerated by accurately controlling growth factors such as water, fertilizer, temperature, light and the like, the seedling can grow to the height of more than 50cm after about 5 months of cultivation, and the seedling can grow to the height of 50cm in a field for about 24 months if the seedling is grown to the height of 50cm, so that the cultivation period is greatly shortened.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the detailed description of the invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings that are needed in the detailed description of the invention or the prior art will be briefly described below. Throughout the drawings, like elements or components are generally identified by like reference numerals. In the drawings, elements or components are not necessarily drawn to scale.
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of a sorting apparatus used in the present invention.
In the figure, 1, a seed feeding box; 2. an inverted cone mesh cylinder; 3. water filtering meshes; 4. a discharging blocking cover; 5. a liquid storage tank; 6. draining pump; 7. an outer discharge pipeline; 8. a water return pump; 9. and (5) a back-supplementing pipeline.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following examples are only for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention more clearly, and therefore are only examples, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereby. The specific structure of the invention is shown in figure 1.
Example 1:
the short-period intensive seedling raising method with high survival rate for quercus variabilis oak trees comprises the following steps:
s1: building a seedling raising facility;
s2: selecting a seedling stage;
the seedlings are grown from 3 to 5 ten days in the middle of the month each year, and can grow to more than 50cm after about 5 months of cultivation;
the temperature gradually rises in 3 months every year, the ground temperature also rises, all things grow hair, the vitality of seeds is vigorous, the vitality is strong, and the growth can be accelerated by planting at the moment. The seedlings reach the standard of coming out of the nursery for 10 months, can be directly used for forestation in autumn and winter, and come out of the nursery for sale one year earlier than the seedlings in the field, so that the benefits of current year breeding, current year planting and current year are achieved.
S3: sorting and treating seeds;
s4: carrying out seed germination acceleration on the selected excellent seeds;
firstly, laying a layer of grass-proof cloth in a germination accelerating area in a seedling raising greenhouse shed of a seedling raising facility;
a layer of sand with the thickness of 10cm is laid on the upper surface, and 5 percent potassium permanganate is used for disinfecting the sand;
putting the soaked excellent seeds on sand and uniformly spreading the seeds;
paving a layer of sand with the thickness of about 2cm on the sand, and keeping the humidity of the sand at about 30-40%;
finally covering with a mulching film until budding.
Germination acceleration in a seedling raising greenhouse shed of a seedling raising facility generally reaches the germination rate of more than 80 percent within about 10-15 days; the germination acceleration can improve the uniformity of the nursery stock and shorten the growth period.
S5: preparing a seedling culture formula substrate;
peat 60% and perlite 40% in volume ratio are uniformly mixed and used according to the proportion of 2kg/m 3 -2.5kg/m 3 Adding controlled release fertilizer, or applying 4kg/m 3 ～5kg/m 3 The compound fertilizer or the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is prepared into seedling substrate soil;
s6: intensively preparing a non-woven fabric light substrate container;
s7: planting seeds after germination acceleration;
the specific steps of planting the seeds after pregermination comprise:
binding the prepared non-woven fabric light matrix into a hole by using a tool, then cutting off quercus variabilis seeds growing radicles after germination accelerating, putting the treated seeds into the hole, flatly placing the seeds to be exposed outside, burying the gap after placing the seeds, and completely watering;
the method of simultaneously cutting off multiple radicles is adopted during the chopping treatment, and 30-50% of the length of the radicles of the quercus variabilis seeds is cut off during the operation;
the quercus variabilis seeds are subjected to germination accelerating and radicle chopping treatment, so that lateral roots and fibrous roots can grow rapidly while main roots grow, the problems of developed main roots, few lateral roots and fibrous roots and low transplanting survival rate in a natural state are effectively solved, and high survival rate is realized.
S8: and (5) managing after planting.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the step of building a seedling raising facility in the step S1 includes: building a seedling raising greenhouse; set up the big-arch shelter of growing seedlings into north-south orientation or east-west orientation, at the circulating aeration cooling equipment of preinstallation in the inner space of big-arch shelter of growing seedlings to automatic equipment of hiding of the externally mounted of big-arch shelter of growing seedlings, still install liquid manure integration sprinkling irrigation spraying equipment in the big-arch shelter of growing seedlings simultaneously.
The built seedling raising greenhouse is favorable for adjusting the temperature, humidity and fertility required by the growth of the cork oak seedlings, is convenient to manage, saves manpower and improves the growth speed of the seedlings.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the seedling raising greenhouse adopts a common greenhouse or an arched greenhouse structure.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the specific steps of sorting and treating the seeds in S3 include: soaking seeds about 10-15 days before sowing, adding 5% carbendazim into water for sterilization during soaking, soaking for 24 hours, and then quickly separating floating inferior seeds and superior seeds with high germination rate by utilizing separation equipment.
Quercus suber seeds are easily eaten by weevil larvae, have no dormant period and are easy to mildew due to high starch content, and after being soaked in water added with a bactericide, the weevil or mildewed seeds can float, so that inferior seeds and good seeds can be distinguished.
In any of the above embodiments, it is preferred that the peat in step S5 has a particle size of 0 to 6mm and the perlite has a particle size of 24mm.
The peat with the thickness of 0-6mm and the perlite with the thickness of 2-4mm are selected to be matched and then evenly mixed for use, the ingredients are light in weight and good in moisture retention and air permeability, and not only can provide required nutrition for seedlings, but also can improve the carrying efficiency.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the post-planting management in S8 mainly includes three aspects of water and fertilizer control, light control, and temperature control.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, when the water and fertilizer control is performed in the post-planting management in S8, water is sprayed or sprayed in due time according to the moisture condition of the light medium or the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse, and the time is not too long; spraying carbendazim with the weight concentration of 2-5% for 1 time every 7-10 days to prevent pest and disease infection; in the middle ten days of 5 months, the top dressing is started, the nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used, the top dressing is carried out in combination with watering, the concentration is preferably controlled to be 0.1-0.2%, and amino acid foliar fertilizer can be sprayed once every half month in 5-6 months; in 9 months, the use of nitrogen fertilizer is stopped, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are properly added to promote the lignification of the nursery stocks.
Example 2:
the short-period intensive seedling raising method with high survival rate for quercus variabilis oak trees comprises the following steps:
s1: building a seedling raising facility;
s2: selecting a seedling stage;
the seedlings are grown from 3 to 5 ten days in the middle of the month each year, and can grow to more than 50cm after about 5 months of cultivation;
the temperature gradually rises in 3 months every year, the ground temperature also rises, all things grow hair, the vitality of seeds is vigorous, the vitality is strong, and the growth can be accelerated by planting at the moment. The seedlings reach the standard of coming out of the nursery for 10 months, can be directly used for forestation in autumn and winter, and come out of the nursery for sale one year earlier than the seedlings in the field, so that the benefits of current year breeding, current year planting and current year are achieved.
S3: sorting and treating seeds;
s4: carrying out seed germination acceleration on the selected excellent seeds;
firstly, laying a layer of grass-proof cloth in a germination accelerating area in a seedling raising greenhouse shed of a seedling raising facility;
a layer of sand with the thickness of 10cm is laid on the upper surface, and 5 percent potassium permanganate is used for disinfecting the sand;
putting the soaked excellent seeds on sand and uniformly spreading the seeds;
paving a layer of sand with the thickness of about 2cm on the sand, and keeping the humidity of the sand at about 30-40%;
and finally covering with a mulching film until sprouting.
Germination acceleration in a seedling raising greenhouse shed of a seedling raising facility generally reaches the germination rate of more than 80 percent within about 10-15 days; the germination acceleration can improve the uniformity of the nursery stock and shorten the growth period.
S5: preparing a seedling culture formula substrate;
peat 60% and perlite 40% by volume ratio are uniformly mixed and used according to the proportion of 2kg/m 3 -2.5kg/m 3 Adding controlled release fertilizer, or applying 4kg/m 3 ～5kg/m 3 The compound fertilizer or the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is prepared into seedling substrate soil;
s6: intensively preparing a non-woven fabric light substrate container;
s7: planting seeds after germination acceleration;
the specific steps of planting the seeds after pregermination comprise:
binding the prepared non-woven fabric light matrix into a hole by using a tool, then cutting off quercus variabilis seeds growing radicles after germination accelerating, putting the treated seeds into the hole, flatly placing the seeds to be exposed outside, burying the gap after placing the seeds, and completely watering;
the method of simultaneously cutting off multiple radicles is adopted during the chopping treatment, and 30-50% of the length of the radicles of the quercus variabilis seeds is cut off during the operation;
the quercus variabilis seeds are subjected to germination accelerating and radicle chopping treatment, so that lateral roots and fibrous roots can grow rapidly while main roots grow, the problems of developed main roots, few lateral roots and fibrous roots and low transplanting survival rate in a natural state are effectively solved, and high survival rate is realized.
S8: and (5) managing after planting.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the step of building a seedling raising facility in the step S1 includes: building a seedling raising greenhouse; set up the big-arch shelter of growing seedlings into north-south orientation or east-west orientation, at the circulating aeration cooling equipment of preinstallation in the inner space of big-arch shelter of growing seedlings to automatic equipment of hiding of the externally mounted of big-arch shelter of growing seedlings, still install liquid manure integration sprinkling irrigation spraying equipment in the big-arch shelter of growing seedlings simultaneously.
The built seedling raising greenhouse is favorable for adjusting the temperature, humidity and fertility required by the growth of the quercus variabilis seedlings, is convenient to manage, saves manpower, and improves the growth speed of the seedlings.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the seedling raising greenhouse adopts a common greenhouse or an arched greenhouse structure.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the specific steps of sorting and treating the seeds in S3 include: soaking seeds about 10-15 days before sowing, adding 5% carbendazim into water for sterilization during soaking, soaking for 24 hours, and then quickly separating floating inferior seeds and superior seeds with high germination rate by utilizing separation equipment.
Quercus suber seeds are easily eaten by weevil larvae, have no dormant period and are easy to mildew due to high starch content, and after being soaked in water added with a bactericide, the weevil or mildewed seeds can float, so that inferior seeds and good seeds can be distinguished.
In any of the above embodiments, the step S6 of intensively preparing the non-woven fabric light substrate container preferably includes: the prepared seedling substrate soil is filled by a non-woven fabric bagging machine and prepared into light substrate non-woven fabric container soil with the diameter of 4.5cm or 5.5cm and the height of 10-15cm, then the light substrate non-woven fabric container soil is placed into a root-control breathable hole tray with the depth of 3-7cm to prepare a light substrate non-woven fabric seedling tray, and the seedling number of each mu of seedlings in the light substrate non-woven fabric seedling tray is 8-15 times of the seedling number of the field;
wherein, the selected non-woven fabrics have degradability, the gram number of the non-woven fabrics on each light-matrix non-woven fabric container is between 20 and 80 grams, and the non-woven fabrics which are light and thin and have good air permeability are selected to shorten the degradation period of the non-woven fabrics.
According to the method, the seedling amount which is 10 times of that of the traditional seedling method can be realized when the seedlings are grown in each mu of land, the intensive seedling operation method greatly saves the land use space, and intensive industrial seedling is realized; meanwhile, the non-woven fabrics do not need to be taken off the bag when the seedlings are planted, so that the secondary damage to the seedling root system caused by secondary operation is avoided, the transportation damage rate is greatly reduced, and the planting efficiency and the survival rate are improved.
In any of the above embodiments, it is preferred that the peat in step S5 has a particle size of 0 to 6mm and the perlite has a particle size of 24mm.
The peat with the particle size of 0-6mm and the perlite with the particle size of 2-4mm are selected to be proportioned and uniformly mixed for use, the ingredients are light in weight and good in moisture retention and air permeability, and not only can provide required nutrition for seedlings, but also can improve the carrying efficiency.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the post-planting management in S8 mainly includes three aspects of water and fertilizer control, light control, and temperature control.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, when the water and fertilizer control is performed in the post-planting management in S8, water is sprayed or sprayed in due time according to the moisture condition of the light medium or the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse, and the time is not too long; spraying carbendazim with the weight concentration of 2-5% for 1 time every 7-10 days to prevent pest infection; in the middle ten days of 5 months, the top dressing is started, the nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used, the top dressing is carried out in combination with watering, the concentration is preferably controlled to be 0.1-0.2%, and amino acid foliar fertilizer can be sprayed once every half month in 5-6 months; and in 9 months, the use of nitrogen fertilizer is stopped, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are properly added to promote the lignification of the nursery stock.
In any of the above aspects, preferably, the post-planting management in S8 is, when the light control is performed: preparing 60% -70% of shading net; when the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse is too high due to strong sunlight, sun shading treatment needs to be carried out in time;
in any of the above aspects, preferably, the post-planting management in S8 is, when performing temperature control: controlling the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse to be about 25-37 ℃; when the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse is too high or the humidity is large, ventilation is carried out, attention is paid to progressive ventilation, and the ventilation opening is gradually enlarged.
The quercus variabilis seedling is temperature-resistant, moisture-resistant, water-loving and yin-loving, the growth speed of the quercus variabilis seedling can be accelerated by accurately controlling growth factors such as water fertilizer, temperature, light and the like by the seedling culture method, the quercus variabilis seedling can grow to the height of more than 50cm after being cultured for about 5 months, and if the quercus variabilis seedling grows to the height of 50cm in a large field, the quercus variabilis seedling needs about 24 months, so that the culture period is greatly shortened.
Example 3:
example 2:
the short-period intensive seedling raising method with high survival rate for quercus variabilis oak trees comprises the following steps:
s1: building a seedling raising facility;
s2: selecting a seedling stage;
the seedlings are grown from 3 to 5 ten days in the middle of the month each year, and can grow to more than 50cm after about 5 months of cultivation;
the temperature gradually rises in 3 months every year, the ground temperature also rises, all things grow hair, the vitality of seeds is vigorous, the vitality is strong, and the growth can be accelerated by planting at the moment. The seedlings reach the standard of coming out of the nursery for 10 months, can be directly used for forestation in autumn and winter, and come out of the nursery for sale one year earlier than the seedlings in the field, so that the benefits of current year breeding, current year planting and current year are achieved.
S3: sorting and treating seeds;
s4: carrying out seed germination acceleration on the selected excellent seeds;
firstly, laying a layer of grass-proof cloth in a germination accelerating area in a seedling raising greenhouse shed of a seedling raising facility;
a layer of sand with the thickness of 10cm is laid on the upper surface, and 5 percent potassium permanganate is used for disinfecting the sand;
putting the soaked excellent seeds on sand to be uniformly spread;
paving a layer of sand with the thickness of about 2cm on the sand, and keeping the humidity of the sand at about 30-40%;
and finally covering with a mulching film until sprouting.
Germination acceleration in a seedling raising greenhouse shed of a seedling raising facility generally reaches the germination rate of more than 80 percent within about 10-15 days; the germination acceleration can improve the uniformity of the nursery stock and shorten the growth period.
S5: preparing a seedling culture formula substrate;
peat 60% and perlite 40% in volume ratio are uniformly mixed and used according to the proportion of 2kg/m 3 -2.5kg/m 3 Adding controlled release fertilizer, or applying 4kg/m 3 ～5kg/m 3 The compound fertilizer or the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is prepared into seedling substrate soil;
s6: intensively preparing a non-woven fabric light substrate container;
s7: planting seeds after germination acceleration;
the specific steps of planting the seeds after pregermination comprise:
binding the prepared non-woven fabric light matrix into a hole by using a tool, then cutting off quercus variabilis seeds growing radicles after germination accelerating, putting the treated seeds into the hole, flatly placing the seeds to be exposed outside, burying the gap after placing the seeds, and completely watering;
the method of simultaneously cutting off multiple radicles is adopted during the chopping treatment, and 30-50% of the length of the radicles of the quercus variabilis seeds is cut off during the operation;
the quercus variabilis seeds are subjected to germination accelerating and radicle chopping treatment, so that lateral roots and fibrous roots can grow rapidly while main roots grow, the problems of developed main roots, few lateral roots and fibrous roots and low transplanting survival rate in a natural state are effectively solved, and high survival rate is realized.
S8: and (5) managing after planting.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the step of building a seedling raising facility in the step S1 includes: building a seedling raising greenhouse; set up the big-arch shelter of growing seedlings into north-south orientation or east-west orientation, at the circulating aeration cooling equipment of preinstallation in the inner space of big-arch shelter of growing seedlings to automatic equipment of hiding of the externally mounted of big-arch shelter of growing seedlings, still install liquid manure integration sprinkling irrigation spraying equipment in the big-arch shelter of growing seedlings simultaneously.
The built seedling raising greenhouse is favorable for adjusting the temperature, humidity and fertility required by the growth of the quercus variabilis seedlings, is convenient to manage, saves manpower, and improves the growth speed of the seedlings.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the seedling raising greenhouse adopts a common greenhouse or an arched greenhouse structure.
In any of the above embodiments, the step S6 of intensively preparing the non-woven fabric light substrate container preferably includes: the prepared seedling substrate soil is filled by a non-woven fabric bagging machine and prepared into light substrate non-woven fabric container soil with the diameter of 4.5cm or 5.5cm and the height of 10-15cm, then the light substrate non-woven fabric container soil is placed into a root-control breathable hole tray with the depth of 3-7cm to prepare a light substrate non-woven fabric seedling tray, and the seedling number of each mu of seedlings in the light substrate non-woven fabric seedling tray is 8-15 times of the seedling number of the field;
wherein, the selected non-woven fabrics have degradability, the gram number of the non-woven fabrics on each light-matrix non-woven fabric container is between 20 and 80 grams, and the non-woven fabrics which are light and thin and have good air permeability are selected to shorten the degradation period of the non-woven fabrics.
According to the method, the seedling amount which is 10 times of that of the traditional seedling method can be realized when the seedlings are grown in each mu of land, the intensive seedling operation method greatly saves the land use space, and intensive industrial seedling is realized; meanwhile, the non-woven fabrics do not need to be taken off the bag when the seedlings are planted out of the nursery, so that the secondary damage to the seedling root system caused by secondary operation is avoided, the transportation damage rate is greatly reduced, and the planting efficiency and the survival rate are improved.
In any of the above embodiments, it is preferred that the peat in step S5 has a particle size of 0 to 6mm and the perlite has a particle size of 24mm.
The peat with the thickness of 0-6mm and the perlite with the thickness of 2-4mm are selected to be matched and then evenly mixed for use, the ingredients are light in weight and good in moisture retention and air permeability, and not only can provide required nutrition for seedlings, but also can improve the carrying efficiency.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the post-planting management in S8 mainly includes three aspects of water and fertilizer control, light control, and temperature control.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, the specific steps of sorting and treating the seeds in S3 include: soaking seeds about 10-15 days before sowing, adding 5% carbendazim into water for sterilization during soaking, soaking for 24 hours, and then quickly separating floating inferior seeds and superior seeds with high germination rate by utilizing separation equipment.
The quercus suber seeds are easily eaten by weevil larvae, the seeds have no dormant period and are easy to mildew due to high starch content, and after being soaked in water added with a bactericide, the weevil or the mildewed seeds can float, so that inferior seeds and superior seeds can be distinguished.
In any of the above schemes, preferably, foretell sorting equipment includes a seed feeding box 1, the open setting in top of seed feeding box 1, the lower part middle section fixed mounting of seed feeding box 1 has a back taper net section of thick bamboo 2, the surface of back taper net section of thick bamboo 2 is provided with drainage mesh 3, and drainage mesh 3 is used for blockking the seed and passes through, the bottom of back taper net section of thick bamboo 2 extends seed feeding box 1's below and sealed close soon installs a row of material shutoff lid 4 a liquid reserve tank 5 is installed to one side of seed feeding box 1, the upper portion and the lower part of liquid reserve tank 5 respectively through have the outer discharge pipe way 7 of drain pump 6 and have the benefit pipeline 9 of return pump 8 with the lower part and the upper portion intercommunication of seed feeding box 1.
In any of the above embodiments, it is preferable that a collecting device for automatically collecting the inferior seeds in a floating state is further disposed above the seed hopper 1.
When the specific steps of seed sorting and treatment are carried out, 5% of configured carbendazim sterilization solution is required to be put into a seed feeding box 1, a large amount of seeds are fed into the seed feeding box to be soaked for a period of time to screen good and bad seeds, the bad seeds directly float on the seeds, the good seeds directly sink into an inverted cone net cylinder 2 at the bottom of the water, and the floating bad seeds are quickly fished out and collected through mechanical operation or manual operation after the seeds continue for a period of time; only good seeds settled at the bottom are remained; through opening the outer discharge pipe way 7 of drain pump 6, can realize the quick transfer of the inside solution of seed batch box 1 to liquid reserve tank 5 inside and temporarily store, at this moment because the inside water liquid of seed batch box 1 is whole to be discharged, consequently only leave the good seed of piling up in back taper net section of thick bamboo 2 below, place good seed collecting box through the below of the row material shutoff lid 4 of seed batch box 1 in advance, and open row material shutoff lid 4 and can collect after good seed dewatering, it is more convenient to operate, will arrange material shutoff lid 4 and close the fastening soon after the collection is accomplished, then close the outer discharge pipe way 7 of drain pump 6, open the benefit pipeline 9 that returns with return pump 8 again, just can be again with the inside carbendazim bactericidal solution of liquid reserve tank 5 transfer back to seed batch box 1 inside again for use, whole seed is selected separately and the processing method is more convenient, high efficiency.
The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and not to limit the same; while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some or all of the technical features may be equivalently replaced; the modifications or the substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to depart from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, and the technical solutions are all covered in the scope of the claims and the specification of the present invention; it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that any alternative modifications or variations to the embodiments of the present invention may be made within the scope of the present invention.
The present invention is not described in detail, but is known to those skilled in the art.
Claims (3)
1. The high-survival-rate short-period intensive seedling raising method for the quercus variabilis oak trees is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method comprises the following steps:
s1: building a seedling raising facility; s2: selecting a seedling stage; seedling culture is started in 3-5 middle of the month every year, and the seedlings grow to be more than 50cm after 5 months of culture; the temperature gradually rises in 3 months every year, the ground temperature also rises, all things grow hair, the seeds are vigorous, the vitality is strong, and the growth can be accelerated by planting at this time; the seedlings reach the standard of coming out of the nursery for 10 months, are directly used for forestation in autumn and winter, are sold out of the nursery one year earlier than the seedlings in the field, and realize current-year breeding, current-year planting and current-year benefit; s3: the seed sorting and processing method comprises the following specific steps: soaking seeds 10-15 days before sowing, adding 5% carbendazim into water for sterilization during soaking, soaking for 24 hours, and then quickly separating floating inferior seeds and superior seeds with high germination rate by utilizing separation equipment; the quercus suber seeds are easily eaten by weevil larvae, the seeds have no dormant period and are high in starch content and easy to mildew, and after being soaked in water added with a bactericide, the weevil or mildewed seeds can float, so that inferior seeds and good seeds are distinguished; s4: carrying out seed germination acceleration on the selected excellent seeds; firstly, laying a layer of grass prevention cloth in a germination accelerating area in a seedling raising greenhouse shed of a seedling raising facility, laying a layer of sand with the thickness of 10cm on the grass prevention cloth, and disinfecting the sand by using 5% potassium permanganate; putting the soaked good seeds on sand and uniformly spreading the seeds; paving a layer of sand with the thickness of 2cm on the sand, and keeping the humidity of the sand between 30 and 40 percent; finally, covering with a plastic film until budding; the germination accelerating rate in a seedling raising greenhouse shed of the seedling raising facility reaches more than 80 percent after 10 to 15 days of germination accelerating; accelerating germination to improve the uniformity of the nursery stock and shorten the growth period; s5: preparing a seedling culture formula substrate: peat 60% and perlite 40% are mixed uniformly according to the volume ratio and are used according to the ratio of 2kg/m 3 -2.5kg/m 3 Adding controlled release fertilizer, or applying 4kg/m 3 -5kg/m 3 Of a compound fertilizer orPreparing the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer into seedling culture substrate soil; s6: intensively preparing a non-woven fabric light substrate container; s7: after germination accelerating, the seeds are planted, and the specific steps comprise: pricking a hole in the prepared non-woven fabric light substrate container by using a tool, then cutting short quercus variabilis seeds growing radicles after germination accelerating, putting the treated seeds into the hole, flatly placing the seeds to be exposed outside, burying the gap after putting the seeds, and completely watering the water; the method of simultaneously cutting off multiple radicles is adopted during the chopping treatment, and 30-50% of the length of the radicles of the quercus variabilis seeds is cut off during the operation; the quercus variabilis seeds are subjected to germination accelerating and radicle chopping treatment, so that lateral roots and fibrous roots grow rapidly while main roots grow, the problems of developed main roots, few lateral roots and fibrous roots and low transplanting survival rate in a natural state are effectively solved, and high survival rate is realized; s8: managing after planting;
the sorting equipment comprises a seed feeding box, the top of the seed feeding box is arranged in an open mode, an inverted cone net cylinder is fixedly installed in the middle section of the lower portion of the seed feeding box, water filtering meshes are formed in the surface of the inverted cone net cylinder and used for blocking seeds from passing through, the bottom of the inverted cone net cylinder extends to the lower portion of the seed feeding box and is provided with a discharging blocking cover in a sealing and screwing mode, a liquid storage box is installed on one side of the seed feeding box, and the upper portion and the lower portion of the liquid storage box are communicated with the lower portion and the upper portion of the seed feeding box through an external discharging pipeline with a discharging pump and a recharging pipeline with a water returning pump respectively; a collecting device for automatically collecting the floating inferior seeds is arranged above the seed feeding box;
when the specific steps of seed sorting and treatment are carried out, a prepared carbendazim sterilizing solution with the concentration of 5% needs to be put into a seed feeding box, seeds are fed into the seed feeding box and soaked for a period of time to screen good and bad seeds, the bad seeds directly float on the seeds, the good seeds directly sink into an inverted cone net cylinder at the bottom of water, and the floating bad seeds are quickly fished out and collected through mechanical operation or manual operation after the seeds are continuously fed for a period of time; only good seeds settled at the bottom are remained; the method is characterized in that the solution in the seed feeding box is quickly transferred to the liquid storage box and temporarily stored by opening an external discharge pipeline of a drainage pump, at the moment, the solution in the seed feeding box is completely discharged, only good seeds accumulated below an inverted cone net cylinder are remained, the good seed collecting box is placed below a discharge blocking cover of the seed feeding box in advance, the discharge blocking cover is opened to remove the solution from the good seeds and collect the good seeds, the operation is quicker and more convenient, the discharge blocking cover is screwed and fastened after the collection is finished, the external discharge pipeline of the drainage pump is closed, a recharging pipeline with a water return pump is opened again, the carbendazim sterilizing solution in the liquid storage box is transferred back to the inside of the seed feeding box for standby again, and the whole seed sorting and processing method is more quick, convenient and efficient;
in the step 8, when water and fertilizer control is carried out in the post-planting management, water is sprayed or atomized at proper time according to the moisture condition of a light matrix or the temperature in a seedling raising greenhouse, and the time is not too long; spraying carbendazim with the weight concentration of 2-5% for 1 time every 7-10 days to prevent pest and disease infection; starting topdressing in the middle ten days of 5 months, mainly using nitrogen fertilizer, and performing topdressing by combining watering, wherein the concentration is controlled to be 0.1-0.2%, or spraying amino acid foliar fertilizer once every half month in 5-6 months; stopping using the nitrogen fertilizer in 9 months, properly adding phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and promoting the lignification of the nursery stock; in the post-planting management in S8, when the light control is performed: preparing 60% -70% of shading net; when the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse is too high due to strong sunlight, sun shading treatment needs to be carried out in time; in the post-planting management in S8, when temperature control is performed: controlling the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse to be 25-37 ℃; when the temperature in the seedling raising greenhouse is too high or the humidity is high, ventilation is performed, attention is paid to progressive ventilation, and the ventilation opening is gradually enlarged;
the quercus variabilis seedling is temperature-resistant, moisture-resistant, water-loving and yin-loving, the growth speed of the quercus variabilis seedling is accelerated by accurately controlling growth factors of water, fertilizer, temperature and light by the seedling culture method, the quercus variabilis seedling grows to a height of more than 50cm after being cultured for 5 months, and if the quercus variabilis seedling grows to a height of 50cm in a large field, the quercus variabilis seedling needs 24 months, so that the culture period is greatly shortened; when the method is used for raising seedlings in each mu of land, the land use space is saved, and intensive industrial seedling raising is realized; the non-woven fabrics do not need to be taken off the bag when the seedlings are planted out of the nursery, so that the secondary damage to the seedling root system caused by secondary operation is avoided, the transportation damage rate is reduced, and the planting efficiency and the survival rate are improved;
the step of building a seedling raising facility in the step S1 comprises the following steps: building a seedling raising greenhouse; setting a seedling raising greenhouse to be in a north-south orientation or an east-west orientation, pre-installing circulating type ventilation cooling equipment in the internal space of the seedling raising greenhouse, installing automatic shading equipment outside the seedling raising greenhouse, and simultaneously installing water and fertilizer integrated spray irrigation spraying equipment in the seedling raising greenhouse;
the specific steps of intensively preparing the non-woven fabric light matrix container in the step S6 comprise: the prepared seedling substrate soil is contained by a non-woven fabric bagging machine and prepared into a non-woven fabric light substrate container with the diameter of 4.5cm or 5.5cm and the height of 10-15cm, then the non-woven fabric light substrate container is placed into a root control ventilating hole tray with the depth of 3-7cm to prepare a non-woven fabric light substrate seedling tray, and the seedling number per mu when the non-woven fabric light substrate seedling tray is adopted for seedling is 8-15 times of the field seedling number;
the particle size of the peat in the step S5 is 0-6mm, and the particle size of the perlite is 24mm.
2. The high-survival-rate short-period intensive seedling raising method for quercus variabilis according to claim 1, characterized in that: the seedling raising greenhouse adopts a common greenhouse or an arched greenhouse structure.
3. The high-survival short-cycle intensive seedling raising method for quercus variabilis as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: and S8, post-planting management comprises three aspects of water and fertilizer control, light control and temperature control.
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