CN114557237A - Method for promoting cultivation of early-spring cauliflowers by applying full-biodegradable film - Google Patents
Method for promoting cultivation of early-spring cauliflowers by applying full-biodegradable film Download PDFInfo
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- CN114557237A CN114557237A CN202210192212.9A CN202210192212A CN114557237A CN 114557237 A CN114557237 A CN 114557237A CN 202210192212 A CN202210192212 A CN 202210192212A CN 114557237 A CN114557237 A CN 114557237A
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
- A01G13/0268—Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
- A01G13/0275—Films
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/17—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing slag
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
- A01G24/25—Dry fruit hulls or husks, e.g. chaff or coir
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/28—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture specially adapted for farming
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for promoting early-spring cauliflower cultivation by applying a full-biodegradable film, which comprises the following steps: 1.1, selecting varieties; 1.2, sowing in late 9 months to late 12 months; 1.3, seedling raising; 1.4, soil preparation and fertilization; 1.5, making beds and covering films, and transplanting and planting; 1.6, field management; 1.7, leaf bundling and flower protecting; 1.8, pest control; 1.9, harvesting timely, and in step 1.5, covering the surface of the ridge with a white or black full-biodegradable film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 6-10 mu m 1-2 days before the field planting of the pine pollen vegetable. The method can not only increase the temperature and preserve the soil moisture in the early stage of the cultivation of the pine pollen vegetable without influencing the normal growth and the yield of the pine pollen vegetable, but also can be naturally decomposed in the later stage of the growth of the pine pollen vegetable, reduce the pollution to the soil, reduce the working flow of manual film covering and uncovering and reduce the cost of the manual film covering and uncovering treatment by utilizing the full-biodegradable film in the cultivation of the pine pollen vegetable.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of planting of broccoli, in particular to a method for promoting cultivation of early-spring broccoli by applying a full-biodegradable film.
Background
The pine cauliflower, also called loose cauliflower, is a type of variety cauliflower of brassica oleracea, and is named because the bud branches are longer, the flower layer is thinner, the shape is not compact when the ball flower fully expands, and the flower ball is loose compared with the common cauliflower. At present, the suburb cultivation of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan provinces and other big cities in China is common. Compared with the common compact cauliflower variety, the piny flower vegetable has two remarkable characteristics: firstly, the boiling resistance is good, the taste is delicious, the content of vitamin C and soluble sugar in the loose cauliflower is obviously higher than that in the tight cauliflower ball, and the loose cauliflower ball is popular with consumers; and secondly, the early-medium-maturing variety has strong heat resistance and wider adaptability, the market time of cauliflower production is widened, the price is more than one time of compact cauliflower, and the economic benefit is improved.
In south China, the broccoli is mainly cultivated by greenhouse seedling, field planting and cultivation in open field, and although the broccoli belongs to vegetable crops which are cool and semi-cold resistant, mulching films are still required to be paved for heat preservation and moisture increase during field planting in winter and spring. At present, when cauliflowers are planted, PE mulching films are mostly used for covering, heat preservation and moisture increase, but the PE mulching films are not easy to decompose, large in recycling labor consumption and difficult to clean, soil hardened soil structure damage is caused, yield and quality of crops for next crop rotation are affected, the recycled mulching films are often piled on ridges, subsequent processing modes are not available, ditches are blocked, and environmental pollution is caused. The method for promoting the cultivation of the early-spring cauliflowers by applying the full-biodegradable film is urgently needed in the market, and the working procedures of manual film covering and film uncovering can be reduced, the labor is reduced, the soil environment is protected, and the yield and the quality of the cauliflowers are not influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention aims to provide a method for promoting the cultivation of the early-spring cauliflower by applying a full biodegradable film, and the method can not only increase the temperature and preserve the soil moisture in the early stage of the cultivation of the cauliflower without influencing the normal growth and the yield of the cauliflower, but also can be naturally decomposed in the later stage of the growth of the cauliflower to reduce the pollution to the soil, can also reduce the working process of manual film covering and uncovering, and does not need to apply granular fertilizer additionally.
Example 1:
in order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for promoting cultivation of early-spring pine cauliflowers by applying a full-biodegradable film comprises the following steps:
1.1, variety selection: selecting a variety picked up more than 65 days after sowing and field planting in autumn and winter;
1.2, sowing time: selecting from late 9 to late 12 months;
1.3, seedling culture:
1.3.1, preparing a seedling raising field and a substrate: seedling in a plastic greenhouse, leveling the bed surface, and paving a layer of plastic film on the bed surface; covering the frame of the greenhouse with an agricultural film; the seedling raising matrix is prepared by fermenting and decomposing vegetable garden soil, silt, farmyard manure mixed coal slag and rice chaff ash, or the seedling raising matrix is prepared by 1-4 parts of grass carbon and vermiculite: 1-2, adding 0.8-1.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 2-4 kg of calcium superphosphate into the matrix of each formula, and uniformly mixing for later use;
1.3.2, dishing and sowing: after the substrate is placed in a tray, the hole surface is scraped by a scraper and is sprayed with water by a spray can; pressing the holes of the plug plate filled with the matrix by using a tool or fingers to make the depth of the holes 0.4 cm-0.6 cm, and making the sowing depth be 0.5 cm-1 cm; 1 seed is sowed in each hole; covering the substrate after sowing, scraping the substrate with a scraper, covering the seeds, watering the seeds thoroughly, and covering with a mulching film;
1.3.3, management after broadcasting: removing the mulching film after seeding and seedling emergence, and paying attention to ventilation, light transmission, heat preservation and humidity reduction in the greenhouse; watering twice in the morning and evening, uniformly and thoroughly watering each time, and transplanting seedlings in time to fill in gaps when two cotyledons are unfolded;
1.4, soil preparation and fertilization: deep ploughing is combined one week before transplanting, previous crops, stones and the like remained in soil are removed to avoid premature damage in a covering film, 50 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer or 500 kg-800 kg of commercial organic fertilizer is applied before rotary tillage after deep ploughing, 50 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer is applied before leveling after rotary tillage, and the fertilizer and the soil are fully mixed, so that direct contact between the fertilizer and a full-biodegradable film can be avoided, and premature degradation of the full-biodegradable film is prevented;
1.5, ridging, covering a film, transplanting and planting: making a furrow after leveling the ground, wherein the furrow surface is in a turtle back shape; transplanting and field planting are carried out when 4 leaves grow out on the pine pollen vegetable seedlings, one plant is planted in each furrow, the plant distance is 50-60 cm, 2000-2200 plants are planted in each mu, sufficient water is poured into holes before field planting, the field planting depth is equal to that of cotyledons, the big and small seedlings are separately field planted, and white or black full-biodegradable film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 6-10 mu m is selected to cover the surfaces of the furrows 1-2 days before field planting;
1.6, field management:
1.6.1 reasonable topdressing: the base fertilizer is sufficiently applied, so that manual film breaking and granular fertilizer spreading are not needed, the foliar fertilizer is applied for 1 time in the early formation stage of the rosette leaves, the later formation stage of the rosette leaves and the bud emergence process, the foliar fertilizer contains one or more trace elements of magnesium, boron and molybdenum, and when the foliar fertilizer does not contain boron, 0.3 percent of borax solution is sprayed in a matched manner; the topdressing of the ridge surface is forbidden, so that the premature degradation of the full-biodegradation film is prevented; topdressing can be carried out in combination with pest control; within 20 days before the harvest of the pine pollen vegetable products, no fertilizer is applied;
1.6.2, water management: drip irrigation is strictly forbidden on the ridge surface; the water content is mainly kept moist in the early stage, and after the flower balls are formed, the drying is mainly carried out, so that root rot is avoided; irrigating the running horse water and watering in drought, and forbidding flood irrigation; draining water in time after rain, and prohibiting field water accumulation;
1.7, leaf bundling and flower protecting: when the ball flower grows to reach the size of a fist, 4-5 intertillage big leaves close to the ball flower are pulled together and overlapped without breaking, 1-2 small bamboo sticks with the thickness of 2-3 mm and the length of 7-10 cm and the like are used as fixed connectors, the tips of the punctured and overlapped leaves are serially woven and fixed at the main vein, and the blades which are serially woven and fixed are bundled up in a lantern shape to cover the whole ball flower, so that the ball flower is prevented from being directly irradiated by sunlight in the subsequent growth process, and enough space for development and expansion is reserved.
1.8, pest control: using yellow plates to trap and kill aphids: hanging the mixture between lines or plants by using a yellow board of 100cm multiplied by 20cm according to the density of 30 to 40 blocks/mu and higher than the top of the plants to trap and kill aphids; in the bud stage and the flower ball stage, 10g of 15% indoxacarb, 60g/L spinetoram SC and 10% cyantraniliprole OD 2000-fold liquid are sprayed, and the use of dimehypo is forbidden in the middle and later growth stages of cauliflowers;
1.9, timely harvesting: and when the flower balls fully expand and the peripheries of the flower balls begin to loosen, the flower balls are the suitable harvesting period of the pine cauliflower, and 3-5 leaves are left during harvesting to protect the flower balls.
Preferably, in step 1.5, the fully biodegradable film is a Honui fully biodegradable film.
Preferably, in step 1.5, a black or white fully biodegradable film 1m wide and 6 μm thick is selected.
Due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. by utilizing the full-biodegradable film in the cultivation of the cauliflower, the temperature and the soil moisture can be increased and preserved in the early-spring early-stage cultivation of the cauliflower, the normal growth and the yield of the cauliflower are not influenced under the condition of open field planting, the full-biodegradable film can be naturally decomposed in the later growth stage of the cauliflower, the pollution to soil is reduced, the working flow of manual film covering is reduced, and the cost of manual film covering and film uncovering treatment is reduced.
2. According to the invention, deep ploughing is combined before transplanting for one week to remove residual previous crops, stones and the like in soil, so that premature damage of the full-biodegradation film in the film covering is avoided, fertilizer is applied before rotary tillage after deep ploughing so that the fertilizer and the soil are fully mixed, direct contact between the fertilizer and the full-biodegradation film is avoided, and premature degradation of the full-biodegradation film is prevented.
3. In the production process of the loosestrife, topdressing of the furrow surface is forbidden or chemical fertilizers are applied by adopting artificial film breaking in a broadcasting way, 50 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer or 500 kg-800 kg of commercial organic fertilizer is applied before rotary tillage after deep plowing, 50 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer is applied before leveling, sufficient base fertilizer is applied, and foliar fertilizers are applied outside roots in the later period, and drip irrigation water is strictly forbidden on the furrow surface in the production process of the loosestrife, so that the degradation time of the full biodegradable film is matched with the time of heat preservation and entropy increment required in the production process of the loosestrife, and the normal growth of crops is ensured.
4. According to the invention, white or black full-biodegradable film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 6-10 mu m is covered on the ridge surface in the cultivation of the early-spring cauliflowers, so that the degradation time of the full-biodegradable film is matched with the time for heat preservation and entropy increase in the production process of the cauliflowers, the actual growth requirements of the cauliflowers are met, wherein the black full-biodegradable film with the width of 6 mu m and the white full-biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 mu m are preferably adopted, the cost is low, the economic applicability is high, and the marketability of the cauliflowers obtained by planting the black full-biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 mu m is good.
Detailed Description
The following examples of the present invention are described in detail with the understanding that the following examples are given for the purpose of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
1. A method for promoting cultivation of early-spring cauliflowers by applying a full-biodegradable film comprises the following steps:
1.1 selection of varieties
The pine pollen collected in winter and spring is selected from the variety picked up in more than 65 days after planting in winter. Early-maturing varieties which are sown in the last ten days of 9 months and have short growing period are early in blossom, and early blossom is easy to appear; the harvesting of the variety with long growth period is late, the ball flower formation is influenced by high temperature, and the commodity performance is often poor, so the piny flower vegetable variety with long growth period is selected for early sowing, the piny flower vegetable variety with short growth period is selected for late sowing, and the piny flower vegetable variety with 65-150 days of growth period is preferably selected.
1.2, sowing time
Sowing is selected from the last 9 months to the last 12 months.
1.3, growing seedlings
1.3.1, preparing a seedling raising field and a substrate: generally, the seedlings are grown in a plastic greenhouse, the bed surface is flat, a layer of thick plastic film is paved on the plastic film, the roots are prevented from being pricked into the soil, and the seedlings are conveniently packed. The greenhouse frame is covered by agricultural film and sunshade net, which has the functions of wind-proof, rain-proof and cooling. The seedling culture medium may be vegetable garden soil, sludge, farm manure, cinder and rice chaff ash, and is produced through fermentation, decomposition and pre-composting. The seedling culture substrate for industrial seedling culture can also be prepared from turf and vermiculite 1-4: about 1-2, adding 0.8-1.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 2-4 kg of calcium superphosphate into each formula of matrix, and uniformly mixing for later use.
1.3.2, dishing and sowing:
after the substrate is placed in a tray, the hole surface is scraped by a scraper and is sprayed with water by a spray can. The hole of the plug plate filled with the matrix is pressed by a tool or a finger to a depth of 0.4 cm-0.6 cm, so that the sowing depth is 0.5 cm-1 cm, and the watering and seedling pouring are prevented. 1 seed is sowed in each hole, and 1-2 disks of spare seedlings are multicast for use. Covering the substrate after sowing, scraping with a scraper blade, watering after covering the seeds thoroughly, and covering with a mulching film, which is beneficial to water retention and tidy seedling emergence.
1.3.3 post-broadcast management
Generally, seedlings emerge 3 days after sowing, the mulching film is timely removed after the seedlings emerge, and the ventilation, light transmission, heat preservation and humidity reduction in the greenhouse are noticed. The substrate is lack of water, so that the seedling is easy to wither and become aged, the substrate on the hole surface is white, water is supplemented, the watering is generally carried out twice in the morning and at night, the seedling raising time is in autumn, the noon temperature is high, the seedling is prevented from being injured by the watering at the noon high temperature, the watering is uniformly and thoroughly carried out each time, the seedling root rolling is favorably carried out, and a root lump is formed. Transplanting seedlings and filling up when two cotyledons are unfolded. The plug seedling stage is short, generally, the seedling age of 128-hole plug seedlings is 35-45 days, about 40-50 days in 72 holes, and the plug seedlings are transplanted in time after seedling formation, so that the seedlings are prevented from aging.
1.4 soil preparation and fertilization
Deep ploughing is combined one week before transplanting, residual previous crops, stones and the like in soil are removed to avoid premature damage in a covering film, 50 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer or 500 kg-800 kg of commercial organic fertilizer is applied before rotary tillage after deep ploughing, 50 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer is applied before leveling after rotary tillage, the fertilizer and the soil are fully mixed, direct contact between the fertilizer and a full-biodegradation film is avoided, and premature degradation of the full-biodegradation film is prevented.
1.5, making beds, covering films, transplanting and planting
After the land is leveled, furrows are made, the width of the furrows is 1.3m, the width of the furrows is 30cm, the depth of the furrows is 30cm, and the surface of the furrows is in a turtle back shape. Transplanting and field planting are carried out on the pine pollen vegetable seedlings with about 4 leaves, one strain is planted in each furrow, the plant distance is about 50-60 cm, 2000-2200 strains are planted in each mu, sufficient water is poured in holes before field planting, the field planting depth is equal to that of cotyledons, large and small seedlings are separately field planted, and white or black full-biodegradable film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 6-10 microns is covered on the surfaces of the furrows one day before field planting. Preferably, a black or white fully biodegradable film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 6 microns is selected to cover the ridge surface, and the fully biodegradable film is a Honui fully biodegradable film.
1.6, field management
1.6.1, rational topdressing
The base fertilizer is sufficiently applied, so that the film breaking and particle fertilizer application are not needed in the period, the topdressing is carried out for 1 time in the early formation stage of the rosette leaves, the later formation stage of the rosette leaves and the bud emergence, the topdressing is carried out by adopting the topdressing outside roots, and the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests can be combined, wherein the foliar fertilizer is a fertilizer containing one or more trace elements of magnesium, boron and molybdenum; the boron element has obvious influence on the yield and the quality of the flower balls, and is necessary in the flower ball expansion period, so that when the foliar fertilizer does not contain boron, 0.3 percent borax solution is sprayed in the flower period to promote the flower balls to expand and become white. In the middle and later period of topdressing, ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium bicarbonate-containing fertilizer is refused to be used so as to prevent the ball of flowers from generating hair flowers. Within 20 days before the harvest of the piny flower vegetable products, no fertilizer is applied.
1.6.2 moisture management
The leaf number of the loose cauliflower is large and thin, 17-23 pieces can be achieved in the middle and later growth period, 6-8 pieces are more than that of common cauliflower varieties, the transpiration amount is large, the phenomenon of water loss and wilting often occurs in the field, and particularly the phenomenon of wilting is obvious when the field suddenly becomes clear after continuous rainy days. Therefore, the soil of the vegetable field planted by the broccoli can not be too wet to cause root retting, but can not be too dry to cause water shortage. Generally, the water content is mainly kept moist in the early stage, and is mainly dried after the flower balls are formed, so that root rot is avoided. In production, the method measures of ditch cleaning and drainage, timely watering, soil culture and root harmony, mowing and covering, mulching and the like are adopted, the soil moisture condition is adjusted in time, the aim of water supply balance is fulfilled, and the soil is kept moist and loose. Watering and watering the running horse water during drought, and forbidding flood irrigation; drainage is carried out in time after rain, field water accumulation is forbidden, drip irrigation is forbidden on the ridge surface, and premature degradation of the full-biodegradable film is prevented.
1.7, leaf-bundling and flower-protecting
The ball flower can turn yellow under the irradiation of sunlight, and the color change is deeper under the strong light condition in summer and autumn, and the change not only influences the appearance of the commodity, but also influences the fresh and tender quality of the ball flower, so the ball flower nursing is an important part in the production process of the pine flower vegetables. Different from the common flower ball nursing of cauliflowers, the pine pollen mostly adopts the method of restricting leaves and protecting flowers without adopting the method of covering flowers with folded leaves, which is particularly the case in the production process mainly based on the cultivation of large balls by thin planting, because the flower balls are fluffy and large, the folding property of inner leaves is poor, and the characteristics of the simultaneous development of the flower balls and the extraction of leaves are provided, the covering flowers with the folded leaves are often moved by the expansion of the flower balls and the growth of the inner leaves, and the sun-shading effect is poor.
The specific method comprises the following steps: when the flower ball is long to the size of a fist, 4-5 intertillage big leaves close to the flower ball are pulled together and overlapped without breaking, 1-2 small bamboo sticks with the thickness of 2-3 mm and the length of 7-10 cm are used as fixed connectors, the leaf tips of the punctured and overlapped leaves are stringed and fixed at the main vein, the leaves which are stringed and fixed are bundled up in a lantern shape, the whole flower ball is covered, the flower ball is prevented from being directly irradiated by sunlight in the subsequent growth process, and enough space for development and expansion is reserved. The more tight the sun-shading flower-protecting is, the sunlight can be completely prevented from irradiating the flower ball, and even in the midsummer environment, the whole flower ball can still be kept white, fresh and tender. Compared with the common method for covering flowers by folding leaves, the method for covering flowers by binding leaves can finish flower protection at one time, avoids the trouble of covering flowers by folding leaves for many times, saves labor and time and has better effect.
1.8 prevention and control of diseases and insect pests
1.8.1, the pests of the pine cauliflowers in early spring mainly comprise aphids, cabbage caterpillars, diamondback moths, leaf miners and the like.
The plant protection policy of 'prevention is mainly and comprehensively' is implemented for prevention, agricultural prevention, physical prevention and biological prevention are preferably adopted, chemical prevention is scientifically and coordinately used, the medicine using times are strictly controlled, the safety interval is observed, the plant diseases and insect pests are controlled below the allowable economic threshold, the pesticide residue is controlled within the national specified green food standard, and the purposes of safety, high quality and harmlessness are achieved.
The specific control settings are divided into physical control and chemical control:
physical control: yellow board trapping and killing aphids: using yellow plates of 100cm multiplied by 20cm to hang between the lines or plants according to the density of 30 to 40 blocks/mu and higher than the tops of the plants to trap and kill the aphids. The scale base can trap and kill pests by installing sex attractant in the field.
Chemical control: 10g of indoxacarb with the concentration of 15%, 60g/L of spinetoram SC and 2000 times of cyantraniliprole OD2000 are sprayed in the bud period and the flower ball period. The use of bisultap is forbidden in the middle and later growth period of the piny flower, so as to prevent the ball of flowers from generating red and green hairy flowers. Various insect pests should be controlled mainly and early.
1.8.2, the diseases of the early spring and season Songhua vegetables mainly comprise black rot and anthracnose, and the disease is prevented by spraying 20% of thiazole zinc SC500 times liquid and 8% of ningnanmycin AS800-1000 times liquid at the early stage of the disease.
1.9 timely harvesting and timely treating the residual leaves
The harvesting period is about 20 days after the pine cauliflower appears. When the flower ball is fully expanded and the periphery begins to be loose, the suitable harvesting period of the pine cauliflower is obtained. 3 to 5 leaves can be left during collection, so that the flower ball is protected, and the mechanical damage or contamination of the dye during storage and transportation is avoided. After being harvested, the seeds are sold as soon as possible or put into a refrigeration house with the temperature of about 4 ℃ for precooling and fresh keeping. After the flower bulbs are harvested, roots, stems and leaves remained in the field are timely treated for harmless treatment, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, and the roots, the stems and the leaves can be used as excellent feed for sheep and rabbits.
2. Through a comparison test between the method for cultivating the cauliflower by applying the full biodegradable film provided by the invention and the method for cultivating the cauliflower by using the conventional PE mulching film, the influence of different thicknesses of the full biodegradable film on the cauliflower in early spring is researched:
2.1, test site: the test is carried out on a certain base of the south-yang street in the Xiaoshan area.
2.2, test article: broccoli, variety: the variety of the pine cauliflower is Alishan for 105 days;
2.3, test method: the field test adopts a random block group test, 4 treatments are set, a conventional PE mulching film is adopted for contrast treatment, 4 times of repetition are set for each treatment, and the treatment area is as follows: 39m2And 123 strains:
treatment 1: the full biodegradable film is a white full biodegradable film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 10 mu m;
and (3) treatment 2: the full biodegradable film is a white full biodegradable film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 8 mu m;
and (3) treatment: the full biodegradable film is a white full biodegradable film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 6 mu m;
and (4) treatment: the full biodegradable film is a black full biodegradable film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 6 mu m;
control (CK): the PE mulching film is a white PE mulching film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 10 mu m.
2.4 Experimental methods
The method comprises the steps of growing seedlings of the piny cauliflower in 12 months in 2018, planting the piny cauliflower in 14 days in 1 month in 2019, and covering a film one day before planting.
And (3) investigating the degradation condition of the full-biodegradable film, wherein the degradation condition of the full-biodegradable film is checked every 2 weeks after 1 month of film covering, and the degradation condition of the full-biodegradable film is checked every week after 2 months of film covering.
And measuring the growth condition and yield of cauliflowers. Investigating the number of the leaves of the cauliflower treated differently every week at the beginning of 3 months, harvesting the cauliflower at 8 days in 5 months to measure the yield, and measuring the indexes of plant height, openness, number of outer leaves, maximum leaf length, maximum leaf width, flower ball height, flower ball width, stem height, stem width, looseness, single ball weight, plant diseases and insect pests and the like. Wherein, the maximum looseness is 10, the tightness is 8, the tightness is 6 and the tightness is 4.
2.5, data analysis
Adopting Microsoft Office Excel 2010 to process data; adopting DPS v7.05 software to carry out statistical analysis, adopting an LSD method as a multiple comparison method, and using a star or different lower case letters to represent the significant difference on the level that p is less than or equal to 0.05;
3. test results and analysis
3.1 questionnaire of different membrane conditions
The degradation conditions of the full-biodegradable films and the PE mulching films with different thicknesses are shown in tables 1 and 2, about 60 days after the films are coated in 14 days of 3 and 3 months in 2019, the black full-biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 microns and the white full-biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 microns have a plurality of natural cracks or holes smaller than 2cm, the induction period can be regarded as the induction period, and the natural cracks do not appear in the rest mulching films. By day 22 of 3 months, the white full biodegradable films with the thickness of 8 mu m and 10 mu m also reach the induction period, while the black full biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 mu m and the white full biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 mu m have a plurality of cracks larger than 2cm and reach the cracking period, and the white full biodegradable films with the thickness of 8 mu m and 10 mu m reach the cracking period after No. 1 month 4. By day 11/4, 8 μm and 10 μm white whole biodegradable films entered into the cataclastic phase, while 6 μm black whole biodegradable films and 6 μm white whole biodegradable films had already begun to disintegrate, entering into the disintegration phase. The common PE mulching film is stable in performance in the whole period, and cracks of 0-20 cm appear at the place of 4 months and 11 days, and the common PE mulching film can be regarded as being in an induction period. No. 5 and 8 are used for harvesting the piny cauliflower, and No. 5 and 15 are used for ploughing the land.
TABLE 1 degradation of fully biodegradable films and PE mulching films of different thicknesses
TABLE 2 survey table of degradation conditions of full-biodegradable film and PE mulching film with different thicknesses
In the invention, the induction period is the time from film covering to the occurrence of 3 natural cracks or holes of more than 2cm per 1m of extension of the mulching film on the ridge surface; a cracking period, namely the time for the mulching film on the ridge surface to have natural cracks or holes (diameter) larger than 2cm but smaller than 20 cm; a large cracking period, namely the time for the natural crack of the ridge surface mulching film to be not less than 20 cm; a fragmentation period, namely the time that the mulching film on the ridge surface is fragmented, and the maximum mulching film residue area is not more than 16 square centimeters; in the film-free period, no film residue is basically seen on the surface of the ridge.
3.2 Effect of full-biodegradable films and PE films with different thicknesses on the growth and the yield of the piny flowers
TABLE 3 influence of the total biodegradable film and PE mulch film of different thickness on the number of leaves of Songhua vegetable
The influence of the fully biodegradable films and the PE mulching film with different thicknesses on the number of the leaves of the songbai vegetable can be seen from Table 3, the number of the songbai vegetable leaves of the common PE mulching film is the most in each growth period, and the heat preservation and moisture content increasing effects are better achieved because the common PE mulching film is complete in the whole growth period of the songbai vegetable, but the number of the songbai vegetable leaves in the treatment processes 1-4 is not obviously different from that of the songbai vegetable leaves in a control group, which indicates that the growth and development of the songbai vegetable are not influenced by the fully biodegradable films.
TABLE 4 influence of the fully biodegradable film and PE mulch film of different thickness on the adult plants of Songhua
The influence of the full-biodegradable films and the PE mulching films with different thicknesses on the adult pine pollen vegetable plants is shown in Table 4, the plant heights of the treatment groups 1 to 4 are all lower than those of the control group, but the treatment group and the control group have no significant difference; compared with the plant height, the number of the outer leaves of the control group is the least, and the number of the outer leaves of the treatment group 2 is the most, and is 24.3 percent higher than that of the control group. The test groups have no significant difference in the degree of development, maximum leaf length, maximum leaf width. The leaf incidence was lower for treatments 1 and 3, significantly lower than for treatments 2 and 4, but not significantly different from the control group in terms of leaf incidence.
TABLE 5 Effect of different thickness of fully biodegradable films and PE mulch on broccoli curd and yield
As can be seen from table 5, there was no significant difference between the five groups in terms of yield. The yield of the five treatment groups is high and low, the plant row spacing is equal, the weight of a single flower ball is different, and the height and the width of the flower ball are not obviously different, so that the density of the flower ball is different, and the density difference is generally expressed as the difference of the looseness, and from the looseness, the flower ball of the control group is more compact, while the flower balls in the treatment groups 1-4 are more loose, and the commodity is higher.
TABLE 6 comprehensive cost comparison analysis table for biodegradable film and PE mulching film with different thicknesses
Due to policy factors, the current common PE mulching film market only supplies 10 μm or more, compared with the 10 μm PE mulching film, the time of the full biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 μm, 8 μm and 10 μm applied in the invention entering the disintegration period is 180 days, the full biodegradable film with the thickness of 10 μm is easy to break when the land is ploughed after the cauliflower is harvested, according to the comprehensive cost comparison analysis table of the biodegradable film with different thicknesses and the PE mulching film shown in the table 6, the cost of the applied full biodegradable film is higher than that of the PE film, but the film uncovering cost and the disposal cost are avoided, the total use cost is lower than that of the PE film, and the cost is lower because the full biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 μm, 8 μm and 10 μm and the common PE film have no significant difference on the yield of the piny flowers, the piny flowers and balls of the piny flowers using the full biodegradable film are looser and have high marketability, and the smaller thickness of the full biodegradable film is, so the cost of the full biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 μm is lowest, is most economical and applicable.
4. Discussion of the related Art
Degradation time of the full-biodegradable films with different thicknesses and colors is different, wherein the degradation speed of the black full-biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 microns and the degradation speed of the white full-biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 microns are higher, the black full-biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 microns and the white full-biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 microns start to enter an induction period when the films are paved for 59 days, the white full-biodegradable films with the thickness of 8 microns and 10 microns start to enter the induction period after 68 days, the full-biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 microns is 7-14 days earlier than the full-biodegradable films with the thickness of 8 microns and 10 microns to enter each period, and four full-biodegradable films are cracked when the films are harvested, so that the films do not need to be manually recycled in the later period, and mulching film residue is basically not found after rotary tillage. Similarly, the black full-biodegradable film group is a 6-micron full-biodegradable film, the pine cauliflower grows slowly, but cracks or holes are few, the pine cauliflower of the white full-biodegradable film group grows relatively quickly, but holes are many, although the black full-biodegradable film can absorb more visible light heat, infrared rays are intercepted, the temperature of a soil layer can be relatively reduced, the white full-biodegradable film can penetrate through solar short-wave radiation, can block ground long-wave radiation, and can store heat more than the black full-biodegradable film, so that crops on the early-spring white full-biodegradable film can grow faster than those on the black full-biodegradable film under the same thickness. In addition, weeds under the black full biodegradable film grow slowly due to insufficient sunlight, and weeds under the white full biodegradable film grow quickly and push out holes, so that natural cracks of the black full biodegradable film are less than those of the white full biodegradable film.
From tables 4 and 5, the yield and the flower ball compactness of the common PE film are higher than those of four full-biodegradable film groups, the full-biodegradable film is favorable for reducing the compactness of the broccoli and improving the commodity of the broccoli, and the yield is not obviously different, so that the full-biodegradable film has better popularization value. The mulching film is paved in the early spring period to be beneficial to the growth of the cauliflower, wherein the common PE mulching film does not crack, so that the heat preservation and moisture preservation effect is the best, the leaf number of the cauliflower in the growth and development period is always in the leading position, but the leaf number of the five groups of test groups is not obviously different, according to the table 4 and the table 5, the 6-10 mu m full biodegradable film can realize the heat preservation and moisture preservation effect in the early growth period of the cauliflower in the early spring period, the temperature is increased in the later growth period, the cauliflower in the early spring period does not need to be covered by the mulching film for heat preservation and moisture preservation, the 6 mu m black full biodegradable film and the 6 mu m white full biodegradable film are in the cracking period in the artificial film breaking period, the degradation time is matched with the growth period of the cauliflower, the artificial film breaking is not needed, the manual work is saved, and the preferred black full biodegradable film with the thickness of 6 mu m and the white full biodegradable film with the thickness can meet the actual growth requirement of the cauliflower in the early spring period, as is clear from Table 6, the cost of the 6 μm black whole biodegradable film and the 6 μm white whole biodegradable film was the lowest, and the most economical and practical.
All features described in the specification and the appended claims, either individually or in any combination thereof, are essential features of the invention.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it is understood that the embodiments are illustrative and not restrictive, and that those skilled in the art can make changes, modifications, substitutions, variations, deletions, additions or rearrangements of features and elements within the scope of the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (3)
1. A method for promoting cultivation of early-spring cauliflowers by applying a full-biodegradable film is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1.1, variety selection: selecting a variety picked up more than 65 days after sowing and field planting in autumn and winter;
1.2, sowing time: selecting from late 9 to late 12 months;
1.3, seedling culture:
1.3.1, preparing a seedling raising field and a substrate: seedling in a plastic greenhouse, leveling the bed surface, and paving a layer of plastic film on the bed surface; covering the frame of the greenhouse with an agricultural film; the seedling raising matrix is prepared by fermenting and decomposing vegetable garden soil, silt, farmyard manure mixed coal slag and rice chaff ash, or the seedling raising matrix is prepared by 1-4 parts of grass carbon and vermiculite: 1-2, adding 0.8-1.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 2-4 kg of calcium superphosphate into the matrix of each formula, and uniformly mixing for later use;
1.3.2, dishing and sowing: after the substrate is placed in a tray, the hole surface is scraped by a scraper and is sprayed with water by a spray can; pressing the holes of the plug plate filled with the matrix by using a tool or fingers to make the depth of the holes 0.4 cm-0.6 cm, and making the sowing depth be 0.5 cm-1 cm; 1 seed is sowed in each hole; covering the substrate after sowing, scraping the substrate with a scraper, covering the seeds, watering the seeds thoroughly, and covering with a mulching film;
1.3.3, managing after broadcasting: removing the mulching film after seeding and seedling emergence, and paying attention to ventilation, light transmission, heat preservation and humidity reduction in the greenhouse; watering twice in the morning and evening, uniformly and thoroughly watering each time, and timely transplanting seedlings to fill in gaps when two cotyledons are unfolded;
1.4, soil preparation and fertilization: deep ploughing is combined one week before transplanting, residual previous crops, stones and the like in soil are removed, 50 kg/mu of ternary compound fertilizer or 500 kg-800 kg of commercial organic fertilizer is applied before rotary tillage after deep ploughing, 50 kg/mu of ternary compound base fertilizer is applied before leveling after rotary tillage, the fertilizer and the soil are fully mixed, and the fertilizer is prevented from directly contacting with a film;
1.5, ridging, covering a film, transplanting and planting: making a furrow after leveling the ground, wherein the furrow surface is in a turtle back shape; transplanting and field planting are carried out when 4 leaves grow out on the pine pollen vegetable seedlings, one strain is planted in each furrow, the plant distance is 50-60 cm, 2000-2200 strains are planted in each mu, sufficient water is poured into holes before field planting, the field planting depth is equal to that of cotyledons, large and small seedlings are separately field planted, and white or black full-biodegradable film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 6-10 mu m is selected to cover the surfaces of the furrows 1-2 days before field planting;
1.6, field management:
1.6.1, reasonably topdressing: applying a foliar fertilizer for 1 time respectively in the early stage of formation of the lotus throne leaves, the later stage of formation of the lotus throne leaves and when buds appear, wherein the foliar fertilizer is a fertilizer containing one or more trace elements of magnesium, boron and molybdenum, and when the foliar fertilizer does not contain boron, spraying 0.3% borax solution in a matching manner; prohibiting topdressing of the ridge surface; within 20 days before the harvest of the pine pollen vegetable products, no fertilizer is applied;
1.6.2, water management: drip irrigation is strictly forbidden on the ridge surface; the water content is mainly kept moist in the early stage, and after the flower balls are formed, the drying is mainly carried out, so that root rot is avoided; irrigating the running horse water and watering in drought, and forbidding flood irrigation; draining water in time after rain, and prohibiting field water accumulation;
1.7, leaf bundling and flower protecting: when the flower ball is long to the size of a fist, pulling 4-5 large interbody leaves close to the flower ball to fold with each other without breaking, using 1-2 small bamboo sticks with the thickness of 2-3 mm and the length of 7-10 cm as fixed connectors, puncturing the leaf tips of the interbody leaves, braiding and fixing the leaf tips at the position of a main vein, and binding the serially-braided and fixed leaves in a lantern shape to cover the whole flower ball;
1.8, pest control: using yellow plates to trap and kill aphids: hanging the mixture between lines or plants by using a yellow board of 100cm multiplied by 20cm according to the density of 30 to 40 blocks/mu and higher than the top of the plants to trap and kill aphids; in the bud stage and the flower ball stage, 10g of 15% indoxacarb, 60g/L spinetoram SC and 10% cyantraniliprole OD 2000-fold liquid are sprayed, and the use of dimehypo is forbidden in the middle and later growth stages of cauliflowers;
1.9, timely harvesting: and when the flower balls fully expand and the peripheries of the flower balls begin to loosen, the flower balls are the suitable harvesting period of the pine cauliflower, and 3-5 leaves are left during harvesting to protect the flower balls.
2. The method for promoting the cultivation of the broccoli of the early-spring pine by using the fully biodegradable film as the claim 1, wherein the fully biodegradable film is a Honui fully biodegradable film in the step 1.5.
3. The method for promoting the cultivation of the broccoli of the early spring pine by using the full biodegradable film as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step 1.5, the black or white full biodegradable film with the width of 1m and the thickness of 6 μm is selected to cover.
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| JP2004081118A (en) * | 2002-08-27 | 2004-03-18 | Mikado Kako Kk | Cultivation method using biodegradable mulch film, and biodegradable mulch film |
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| JP2004081118A (en) * | 2002-08-27 | 2004-03-18 | Mikado Kako Kk | Cultivation method using biodegradable mulch film, and biodegradable mulch film |
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