CN114375754B - Water-saving cultivation method for jujube orchard in arid region and application of water-saving cultivation method in cost reduction and quality improvement - Google Patents
Water-saving cultivation method for jujube orchard in arid region and application of water-saving cultivation method in cost reduction and quality improvement Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
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Abstract
The invention provides a water-saving cultivation method for a jujube garden in an arid region and application of the water-saving cultivation method in cost reduction and quality improvement, and relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation. The water-saving cultivation method provided by the invention can be used for irrigating water for 1-2 times in the flower and fruit period, and is simple to manage, easy to operate and low in cost investment. The jujube orchard managed by the water-saving cultivation method can control the production cost to be 800-1000 yuan, the yield can reach 600-800 kg/mu, the grade rates of the first grade, the second grade and the third grade are 40 percent, 30 percent and 22 percent respectively, and the quality of jujubes is obviously improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, and particularly relates to a water-saving cultivation method for a jujube garden in an arid region and application of the water-saving cultivation method in cost reduction and quality improvement.
Background
The jujube tree is a special economic tree species in China, the area of the jujube tree is up to 150 million hectares at present, and the jujube tree is the first big dry fruit tree species in China. In recent years, xinjiang becomes an artificial planting area of emerging jujube trees due to geographical advantages of natural environments, and the produced red jujubes have extremely high quality and are the pillar industry of south Xinjiang. The Xinjiang photo-thermal resource is rich, the photosynthesis is the basic link of jujube tree cultivation in the growth and development of jujube trees, and the Xinjiang photo-thermal resource has unique advantages for jujube production. However, the agricultural production is always restricted by water resource shortage in the arid region of Xinjiang, and particularly, the market selling price of the jujubes in Xinjiang is continuously lowered in recent years, and the production mode of high water and fertilizer input is difficult to continue, so that the production mode of the jujube orchard, which can save the cost and guarantee the quality in the arid region, is particularly urgent for the healthy development of the industry.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a water-saving cultivation method for a jujube garden in an arid region and application of the method in cost reduction and quality improvement, which can be used for simple and convenient jujube garden production, realize water and fertilizer investment saving, fully utilize light energy and improve quality.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a water-saving cultivation method for a jujube garden in an arid region, which comprises watering for 1-2 times per year;
the irrigation time comprises 5-10 days before the flower and/or 10-15 days after the fruit setting.
Preferably, the density of the jujube trees in the jujube garden in the arid region is 70-120 trees/mu, the crown height is 2.5-3 m, and the root systems playing a role in absorption are mainly distributed at 60-100 cm underground.
Preferably, during the water-saving cultivation period, the method further comprises tree management, fruit setting management, fertilization management and leaf maintenance.
Preferably, the tree management includes: removing new jujube heads in spring; before flowering, pinching all jujube heads, and removing parallel, overlapped, weak and damaged branches; supplementing nutrients to leaf surface and promoting flower formation.
Preferably, the supplementing of the foliar nutrients comprises: when the number of the Chinese date suspensoid leaves is averagely 6, 3000 times of pesticide-Duyue liquid or 100 times of PBO foliar fertilizer liquid is sprayed every 15 days;
the promoting flower formation comprises: when the florescence of the Chinese date crane grows out and buds appear, mixed solution of 50ppm triiodobenzoic acid and 1 percent of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution in percentage by mass is sprayed on the leaf surfaces.
Preferably, when the average number of leaves of the jujube crane is more than 10 and dominant inflorescences appear under the 4 th to 6 th leaf inflorescences, carrying out fruit setting management; the fruit setting management comprises spraying the flower and fruit retention agent or the fruit retention agent for 2 times, spraying for the first time when the whole blossom of the jujube orchard reaches 40%, and spraying for the second time after 10 days.
Preferably, the fertilization management comprises: and performing point fertilization within 5-10 days after the second watering, wherein the point fertilization comprises selecting two symmetrical points at the positions of two sides 60-80 cm away from the trunk.
Preferably, the point fertilization comprises applying a compound fertilizer, wherein the compound fertilizer comprises 3% by mass of N, 1% by mass of P and 2% by mass of K. The dosage of the fertilizer liquid is 5 kg/plant.
Preferably, the leaf maintenance is carried out after 8 middle-of-month, and the method comprises the steps of spraying an anti-premature senility agent to the leaf surfaces;
the anti-progeria agent comprises: 0.5mmol/L of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, 30 mu g/L of hypersensitivity protein and 0.25mmol/L of spermidine.
Preferably, the anti-senilism agent is continuously sprayed for 3 times, the interval between two adjacent spraying is 10 days, and the spraying amount of each time is 20 kg/mu.
The invention also provides application of the water-saving cultivation method in improving the quality of the jujubes.
Has the advantages that: the invention provides a water-saving cultivation method for a jujube garden in an arid region, which is characterized in that irrigation is carried out in a flower and fruit period and is only carried out for 1-1 time, so that the management is simple, the operation is easy, and the cost investment is low. The jujube orchard managed by the water-saving cultivation method can control the production cost to 800-1000 yuan, the yield can reach 600-800 kg/mu, the grade rates of the first grade, the second grade and the third grade are respectively 40%, 30% and 22%, and the quality of jujubes is obviously improved.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a water-saving cultivation method for a jujube garden in an arid region, which comprises irrigating for 1-2 times per year;
the irrigation time comprises 5-10 days before the flower and/or 10-15 days after the fruit is set.
Before the water-saving cultivation, the invention preferably also comprises the step of carrying out production preparation in advance, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: the size of the tree body, the depth of the root system and the like are adjusted, if the tree body is controlled properly, the density is 70-120 plants per mu, the row spacing of the plants is (1.5-2) mx (3.54.5) m, the height of the crown is controlled at 2.5-3 m, and the plants are preferably overlapped with each other with less cross. Before the water-saving cultivation, the invention preferably also comprises the steps of adjusting the irrigation system one year ahead of time, prolonging the irrigation interval period and promoting the deep root system pricking, wherein the depth of a main root system distribution area is preferably 60-100 cm.
The orchard garden water-saving cultivation method carries out water-saving cultivation on the orchard garden which is prepared by production, and preferably further comprises tree management, fruit setting management, fertilization management and leaf maintenance during the water-saving cultivation period.
The tree management of the present invention preferably includes: removing new jujube heads in spring; pinching all the jujube heads before flowering, and removing parallel, overlapped, weak and damaged branches; supplementing nutrients to leaf surface and promoting flower formation. In the invention, because the date heads germinate more in spring, the date heads are erased before the new date heads grow to be 2cm, so that the tree body is prevented from expanding, and the requirements of the tree body on water and nutrient are reduced. The tree management of the invention is suitable for reducing pruning quantity, and particularly only needs to carry out auxiliary pruning before flowers in summer to prune parallel, overlapped, weak and damaged branches, thereby simplifying management, saving labor and reducing investment. On the premise of reducing irrigation times, the invention can properly enhance the nutrient supplement of the leaf surfaces, and the supplement of the leaf surface nutrients preferably comprises the following steps: when the number of the Chinese date and Chinese date leaf sling is averagely 6, 3000 times of pesticide Duyule liquid or 100 times of PBO foliar fertilizer liquid is sprayed every 15 days, and the spraying amount is preferably 20 kg/mu each time. The flower formation promoting agent of the present invention preferably comprises: when the florescence of the Chinese date crane grows out of buds in a differentiation mode, mixed solution of 50ppm triiodobenzoic acid and 1% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution in percentage by mass is sprayed on leaf surfaces, the spraying amount is preferably 20 kg/mu each time, flower bud differentiation is promoted, and the quality of finished flowers is improved. The supplement of the foliar nutrients can be performed simultaneously with the promotion of flower formation.
In the invention, when the average leaf number of the date dropper is more than 10 and the dominant inflorescence appears in the 4 th-6 th lower inflorescence of the date dropper, the fruit setting management is carried out to promote early fruit setting, the fruit setting management preferably comprises spraying 2 times of flower and fruit retention agent or petty, the spraying amount is preferably 20 kg/mu each time, the first spraying is carried out when the whole blossoming of the date garden reaches 40%, and the second spraying is carried out after 10 days. The spraying according to the invention is preferably carried out in the evening. The flower and fruit retention agent is preferably purchased from ABT company. In the invention, when the date inflorescence is differentiated to be more than 3-grade flowers, the date inflorescence is the dominant inflorescence.
The water-saving cultivation method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that water is irrigated for 1-2 times all the year, water is not irrigated any more in winter and spring, the effects of saving water and preventing spring flourishing growth can be achieved, the nutrient waste is avoided, the workload of bud picking in spring is reduced, and the tree body control is facilitated; for example, irrigating for 1 time in 5-10 days before flowering to promote flower bud differentiation; if water is irrigated for 1 time 10-15 days after fruit setting, the water required by fruit development is ensured, and each irrigation is preferably 120-160 square/mu.
The fertilization management of the present invention preferably includes: and performing point fertilization within 5-10 days after the second watering, wherein the point fertilization comprises the preferable application of a compound fertilizer, the mass percentage of N in the compound fertilizer is 3%, the mass percentage of P in the compound fertilizer is 1%, and the mass percentage of K in the compound fertilizer is 2%. The point fertilization is preferably carried out by using a fertilization gun, two symmetrical points are selected at the positions 60-80 cm away from the jujube tree trunk at two sides of the jujube tree trunk, 1-2.5L of fertilizer liquid is injected into each point by using the fertilization gun, and the nutrient content in the fertilizer liquid is calculated by N, P and K, the mass percentage concentration of the nutrient content is respectively N3%, P1% and K2%, so that sufficient nutrients are provided for the growth of fruits.
The invention preferably carries out the leaf maintenance after 8 middle-ten days, and comprises spraying the premature senility resistant agent on the leaf surface; the anti-progeria agent preferably comprises: 0.5mmol/L of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, 30 mu g/L of hypersensitivity protein and 0.25mmol/L of spermidine. The premature senility resistant agent is preferably continuously sprayed for 3 times, the interval between two adjacent spraying is 10 days, and the spraying amount of each time is 20 kg/mu.
The water-saving cultivation method is preferably a combination of two or more of water conservation, tree management, fruit setting management, fertilization management and leaf maintenance, and more preferably a combination of water conservation and at least one of other management.
The invention also provides application of the water-saving cultivation method in improving the quality of the jujubes. The water-saving cultivation method is used for managing the jujube orchard, the management is simple, the operation is easy, the cost investment of water and fertilizer is low, the water and fertilizer supply is more important than the flower and fruit period, and the quality and the yield of the jujube are guaranteed; the whole operation is convenient and labor-saving, the tree body is controlled to keep the size of the tree body not to be changed properly, the movable shears are fewer in the pruning, and only the auxiliary shears are proper before flowers in summer, so that the labor investment is less after simplification.
The water-saving cultivation method for jujube orchard in arid area and the application thereof in cost reduction and quality improvement provided by the invention are described in detail with reference to the following examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
Example 1
13 Tuan jujube orchard in Aralar city of south Xinjiang with an area of 350 mu.
And 4, 25 days after 4 months, controlling the tree body, and erasing the newly grown jujube head to prevent outward expansion.
Day 6, 20 months, first water, 160 squares/acre. Spraying the flower and fruit protecting agent or the water protecting agent of ABT company for 2 times after 7 days, wherein the spraying amount is 20 kg/mu each time, the first spraying is started when the whole flowering rate of the jujube orchard reaches 40%, the second spraying is started every 10 days, and the spraying is carried out in the evening.
7 months and 20 days, second water, 160 squares/mu. And 7, fertilizing by a fertilizing gun in 30 days after 7 months. Two symmetrical points are selected at the two sides of the jujube tree trunk 60-80 cm away from the trunk, 2.5 liters of fertilizer liquid is injected into each point by a fertilizer gun, the concentration of the fertilizer liquid is N3% + P1% + K2%, and sufficient nutrients are provided for the growth of fruits.
Spraying 0.5mmol/L of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, 30 mu g/L of hypersensitive protein and 0.25mmol/L of spermidine on the leaf surface for 25 days at 8 months, wherein the spraying amount is 20 kg/mu each time, the premature senility of the leaf is prevented, and the spraying is carried out for three times at intervals of 10 days.
The Chinese dates are picked in 28 days in 10 months, the total yield is 110 tons, and 314 kilograms of the Chinese dates (half-dry Chinese dates) are produced per mu. The yield per mu is reduced when being compared with 402 kg (half-dry jujube) in the adjacent jujube orchard, but the high-quality fruit rate is improved by 16 percent when being compared with the adjacent jujube orchard, the yield of the 'bald jujube' is improved by 35 percent, and the price is improved to 9 yuan/kg when being compared with 5.3 yuan/kg in the adjacent jujube orchard. The earnings per mu are increased by 695.4 yuan.
The cost per mu in the same year: the water cost is 60 yuan, the fertilizer cost is 250 yuan, the labor cost and the mechanical power cost are 220 yuan, and the picking cost is 230 yuan, which is 760 yuan. Compared with the local average level of 1300-1500 yuan, the cost is saved by 640-840 yuan.
Example 2
The area of the jujube garden in Qiang county in south Xinjiang is 36 mu.
And after 28 days in 4 months, the tree body is controlled, and the newly grown jujube head is removed to prevent outward expansion.
26 days after 5 months, first water, 180 sides. 3000 times of pesticide Doule liquid or 100 times of PBO foliar fertilizer liquid is sprayed once every 5 months, 30 days and 6 months, 12 days, and the spraying amount is 20 kg/mu each time. And nutrient supplement is enhanced.
Spraying the flower and fruit protecting agent or the water protection agent of ABT company for 12 days in 6 months and 21 days in 6 months for 2 times, starting spraying the agent for the first time when the whole flower of the jujube garden reaches 40%, spraying the agent for the second time every 10 days, and spraying the agent for the second time in the evening. Spraying the foliage and the leaves simultaneously for 6 months and 12 days, wherein the spraying amount is 20 kg/mu each time.
7 months and 15 days, second water, 150 squares. And 7, 30 days after 7 months, and fertilizing by a fertilizing gun. Two symmetrical points are selected at the two sides of the jujube tree trunk 60-80 cm away from the trunk, 2 liters of fertilizer solution is injected into each point by a fertilizer gun, the concentration of the fertilizer solution is N3% + P1% + K2%, and sufficient nutrients are provided for the growth of fruits.
Spraying 0.5mmol/L of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, 30 mu g/L of hypersensitive protein and 0.25mmol/L of spermidine on the leaf surfaces for 28 days in 8 months, preventing the premature senility of the leaves, continuously spraying for three times at intervals of 10 days, and spraying the pesticide at 20 kg/mu each time.
Picked in 30 days in 10 months, the total yield is 11.81 tons, and the yield per mu is 328 kilograms (half-dry jujube). The yield per mu is reduced when being compared with 430 kg (half-dry jujube) in the adjacent jujube orchard, but the high-quality fruit rate is improved by 18 percent when being compared with the adjacent jujube orchard, the yield of the Guang jujube is improved by 32 percent, and the price is improved to 8.9 yuan/kg when being compared with 5.15 yuan/kg in the adjacent jujube orchard. The profit per mu is increased by 704.7 yuan.
The cost per mu in the same year: 60 yuan water, 240 yuan fertilizer, 240 yuan labor and mechanical power and 260 yuan picking total 800 yuan. Compared with the local average level of 1300-1500 yuan, the cost is saved by 500-700 yuan.
Example 3
44 Tuo jujube gardens of southern Xinjiang Tuoxuke city with area of 112 mu.
And 4, controlling the tree body and removing the new jujube heads on 27 days after 4 months, thereby preventing outward expansion.
3000 times of pesticide 'nong Dule' or 100 times of PBO foliar fertilizer liquid is sprayed once every 5 months, 25 days and 5 days in 6 months. And nutrient supplement is enhanced. The spraying amount is 20 kg/mu each time,
the flower and fruit retention agent or the green protection agent of ABT company is sprayed for 2 times in 6 months and 8 days and 6 months and 16 days, the first spraying is started when the whole flower of the jujube garden reaches 40 percent, the spraying amount is 20 kg/mu every time, the second spraying is carried out every 10 days, and the spraying is carried out in the evening.
Day 10, 7 months, first water, 200 squares. And 7, month and 18 days, fertilizing with a fertilizing gun. Two symmetrical points are selected at the two sides of the jujube tree trunk 60-80 cm away from the trunk, 2.5L of fertilizer liquid is injected into each point by a fertilizer gun, the concentration of the fertilizer liquid is N3% + P1% + K2%, and sufficient nutrients are provided for the growth of fruits.
Spraying 0.5mmol/L of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, 30 mu g/L of hypersensitive protein and 0.25mmol/L of spermidine on the leaf surfaces for 8 months and 25 days, preventing the premature senility of the leaves, continuously spraying for three times at intervals of 10 days, and spraying the pesticide at 20 kg/mu each time.
Picked in 25 days in 10 months, the total yield is 46.82 tons, and the yield per mu is 418 kg (half-dry jujube). The yield per mu is reduced compared with 506 kg (half-dry jujube) in the adjacent jujube orchard, but the high-quality fruit rate is improved by 12 percent compared with the adjacent jujube orchard, the 'Guang jujube' is improved by 22 percent, and the price is improved to 7.6 yuan/kg compared with 4.8 yuan/kg in the adjacent jujube orchard. The income per mu is increased by 748 yuan.
The cost per mu in the same year: the water cost is 40 yuan, the fertilizer cost is 240 yuan, the labor cost and the mechanical power cost are 240 yuan, and the picking cost is 290 yuan, which is 830 yuan in total. Compared with the local average level of 1300-1500 yuan, 470-670 yuan is saved.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and amendments can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and amendments should also be considered as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A water-saving cultivation method for a jujube garden in an arid region is characterized by comprising the steps of watering for 2 times per year;
the irrigation time is 5 to 10d before flowering and 10 to 15d after fruit setting;
before the water-saving cultivation, the method also comprises the step of carrying out production preparation in advance, wherein the production preparation comprises the following steps: adjusting the size of a tree body and the depth of a root system, wherein the density of the jujube trees in the jujube garden in the arid region is 70-120 trees/mu, the row spacing is (1.5-2) mx (3.5-4.5) m, and the crown height is 2.5-3m; before the water-saving cultivation, the irrigation system is adjusted in advance one year, the irrigation interval period is prolonged, the root system is promoted to be deeply pricked, and the root system with the absorption function is mainly distributed at 60 to 100cm underground;
each irrigation is 120 to 160 square/mu;
during the period of water-saving cultivation, tree management, fruit setting management, fertilization management and leaf maintenance are also included;
the tree management comprises the following steps: removing new jujube heads in spring; before flowering, pinching all jujube heads, and removing parallel, overlapped, weak and damaged branches; supplementing leaf surface nutrients and promoting flower formation;
when the average number of leaves of the jujube crane is more than 10 and dominant inflorescences appear in 4 th to 6 th phyllotaxis, carrying out fruit setting management;
the fruit setting management comprises spraying the flower and fruit retention agent for 2 times, spraying for the first time when the whole blossom of the jujube garden reaches 40%, and spraying for the second time after 10 days;
after 8 ten days of the month, performing the leaf maintenance, including spraying an anti-senilism agent on the leaf surfaces;
the anti-progeria agent comprises: mixed solution of 0.5mmol/L of diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, 30 mu g/L of hypersensitivity protein and 0.25mmol/L of spermidine;
the fertilization management comprises the following steps: and (5) performing point fertilization within 5-10 d after the second irrigation.
2. The water-saving cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the supplementing of the foliar nutrients comprises: when the number of the Chinese date suspensoid leaves is averagely 6, 3000 times of pesticide-Duyue liquid or 100 times of PBO foliar fertilizer liquid is sprayed every 15 days;
the promoting flower formation comprises: when the florescence of the Chinese date crane grows out and buds appear, mixed solution of 50ppm triiodobenzoic acid and 1 percent of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution in percentage by mass is sprayed on the leaf surfaces.
3. The water-saving cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the anti-senilism agent is continuously sprayed 3 times, with an interval of 10 days between two consecutive sprays.
4. The application of the water-saving cultivation method according to any one of claims 1 to 3 in improving the quality of jujubes.
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| CN104082048B (en) * | 2014-07-23 | 2016-01-20 | 新疆农垦科学院 | The implantation methods of red date Sustainable high yield |
| CN105409704B (en) * | 2016-01-15 | 2018-08-14 | 德阳市旌阳区双东镇东美枣种植专业合作社 | A kind of implantation methods of the U.S. jujube tree in east |
| CN107258354A (en) * | 2016-04-06 | 2017-10-20 | 万素梅 | Influence of the drought stress to jujube photosynthesis characteristics and WUEL |
| CN106613711B (en) * | 2017-01-26 | 2019-07-02 | 新疆农垦科学院 | Improve into the cultural method of age jujube garden fruit commodity rate and consistency |
| CN107637371A (en) * | 2017-11-20 | 2018-01-30 | 成都市禄久家庭农场 | The method that jujube tree is planted in arid area |
| CN110384014A (en) * | 2018-04-19 | 2019-10-29 | 新疆农垦科学院 | A kind of implantation methods in the water-saving gardens in Northwest arid district |
| CN112772254A (en) * | 2021-01-12 | 2021-05-11 | 甘肃农业大学 | Water-saving cultivation method for jujube trees |
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