CN113951041A - Method for cultivating big fruit oil apricots - Google Patents
Method for cultivating big fruit oil apricots Download PDFInfo
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- CN113951041A CN113951041A CN202111353262.2A CN202111353262A CN113951041A CN 113951041 A CN113951041 A CN 113951041A CN 202111353262 A CN202111353262 A CN 202111353262A CN 113951041 A CN113951041 A CN 113951041A
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cultivating big fruit oil apricots, which comprises the following steps: selecting an anvil: selecting wild apricots as basic stocks; ear selection: in spring or summer, cutting a first scion from a DG-1 apricot tree; grafting for the first time: grafting the first scion to a basic stock; cutting stocks and picking buds: after the grafting wound is healed, carrying out stock shearing and bud picking treatment, and smearing an antibacterial healing agent on the wound after stock shearing; obtaining a DG-1 intermediate stock seedling after successful grafting; and (3) second grafting: in spring or summer of the second year, the method is adopted, the second scions are cut from the small fruit oil apricot trees, and the second scions are grafted to No. DG-1 intermediate stock fruit seedlings, so that the large fruit oil apricot plants are obtained. The large-fruit oil apricots bred by the method obviously improve the weight and the yield of single fruit of the small-fruit oil apricots, and improve the sugar-acid ratio of the small-fruit oil apricots.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of grafting of small fruit variety oil apricot trees. In particular to a method for cultivating big fruit oil apricots.
Background
Some small fruit oil apricots are popular with consumers because of the advantages of strong fragrance, sweet and delicious taste and the like. In recent years, in order to meet market demand, cultivation has been started in many areas other than the area of origin of small fruit variety oil apricot. Because the fruit size of the small fruit variety oil apricot is small, if the small fruit variety oil apricot is directly transplanted to other areas for planting, the weight of a single fruit can be further reduced due to factors such as climatic environment and the like, and the direct planting is not beneficial to maintaining the stability of the excellent property. In order to rapidly popularize some good varieties of small fruit apricots in different areas on a large scale and well adapt to the climatic environments of different areas, the small fruit apricots are usually cultivated and bred in a grafting mode.
Although some good small fruit oil apricots, such as pearl oil apricots, have the advantages of strong aroma, sweet and delicious taste and the like, the small fruit and the thick fruit peel cause certain defects in flavor and mouthfeel; compared with other varieties of apricots, the small white apricots have high sugar content, low acid content and rich flavor, can be eaten fresh and processed, but are difficult to store and transport due to small size and thin skin; the plum smooth apricot is bright yellow and golden in color, smooth and free of fuzz, fragrant and sweet in taste, but has the problems of small weight, light weight and low yield of single fruit. The fruits of the wild apricots are mostly 1.5-2.5 cm, the wild apricots belong to small fruit varieties, the fruits are small, the flavor is poor, but the wild apricots belong to arbor trees, the trunk type is good, and the wild apricots have the advantages of late flowering, cold resistance, drought resistance, developed root system and the like as stock and can enable the whole plant to have stronger adaptability. Therefore, at present, the wild apricots are mostly used as rootstocks for grafting and breeding the oil apricots; however, in general, compared with apricots of other varieties, the small fruit variety apricot grafted by the wild apricot serving as the stock still does not solve the problems that the grafted apricot has smaller single fruit and lighter weight.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a method for cultivating big fruit oil apricots, which can effectively improve the weight of a single fruit of a small fruit variety oil apricots, so as to solve the problems of small fruit, light weight, low yield and the like of the current small fruit variety oil apricots.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a cultivation method of big fruit oil apricots comprises the following steps:
selecting an anvil: selecting wild apricots as basic stocks;
selecting spikes: in spring or summer, cutting a first scion from a DG-1 apricot tree;
step (3), first grafting: grafting the first scion to a basic stock;
and (4) cutting stocks and picking buds: after the grafting wound is healed, carrying out stock shearing and bud picking treatment, and smearing an antibacterial healing agent on the wound after stock shearing; obtaining a DG-1 number interstock fruit seedling after successful grafting;
and (5) second grafting: in spring or summer of the second year, adopting the methods from the step (1) to the step (4) to cut a second scion from the small fruit variety oil apricot tree, taking the first scion on the DG-1 number interstock fruit seedling as an interstock, and grafting the second scion to the DG-1 number interstock fruit seedling; and obtaining the big fruit oil apricot plants after successful grafting.
In the method for cultivating the big fruit oil apricots, in the step (2), the method for cultivating the DG-1 apricot trees comprises the following steps:
step (2-1): collecting golden sun apricot pollen: 2-4 days before pollination, cutting off and peeling off the golden sun apricot buds, separating and taking out anthers in the buds, continuously drying the anthers for 10-12 hours at the temperature of 26-28 ℃ to enable pollen in the anthers to be scattered, collecting the pollen, and freezing and storing the pollen at the temperature of-20 ℃ for later use;
step (2-2): artificial pollination: in the morning of the flowering day of the royal apricot, the pollen prepared in the step (2-1) is subjected to artificial pollination on the royal apricot flowers by adopting a point-pollination method; when the pollen is spotted, the weight ratio of the pollen to the talcum powder is 1: 5; and performing conventional management after pollination.
Step (2-3): after the Yuxing apricot trees are hung, collecting hybrid seeds which are free from plant diseases and insect pests and have plump seeds, and taking the hybrid seeds as F1 generation for later use;
step (2-4): f1 generation fruit tree seeds in the step (2-3) are used for raising seedlings, seedlings are obtained after raising the seedlings, plants with the largest fruits are screened from the seedlings, propagation is carried out on the plants, and the DG-1 apricot trees are obtained after propagation; the propagation method comprises the following steps: selecting a robust wild apricot with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm as a stock to carry out conventional grafting.
In the method for cultivating the big fruit oil apricots, in the step (5), the small fruit oil apricots are pearl oil apricots, small white apricots or plum bright apricots.
According to the method for cultivating the big fruit oil apricots, in the step (1), robust wild apricots with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm are selected as basic stocks; the invention selects the wild apricot as the basic stock for two reasons: on one hand, the adaptability of the cultured big fruit oil apricot plants can be improved; on the other hand, in the research, the fact that if apricot of other varieties is selected as a basic stock of DG-1, the single fruit weight of the fruit obtained after breeding is not obviously increased and the improvement effect is not good compared with the grafted plant obtained by the traditional grafting method is found, and the apricot is selected as the basic stock and DG-1 is selected as an intermediate stock, the fruit of the large fruit oil apricot plant obtained by grafting is gradually increased and is stable in the 4 th year, the single fruit weight of the fruit in the fourth year is obviously increased compared with the single fruit weight of the small fruit variety obtained by traditional grafting, and the yield is also increased year by year.
The method for cultivating the big fruit oil apricots comprises the following steps in the step (2): cutting annual dormant branches (with full buds on the branches) with the thickness of 0.8-1.0 cm from DG-1 apricot trees, and carrying out wax sealing treatment on cut openings of the annual dormant branches; binding every 20 annual dormant branches after wax sealing treatment, completely wrapping every bundle of annual dormant branches by a plastic film with the thickness of 0.03cm, and then storing in a refrigeration house with the temperature of 2-5 ℃ to reduce water loss and inhibit the sprouting of the annual dormant branches.
The method for cultivating the big fruit oil apricots comprises the following steps of (3) grafting in spring: in the late 2 th to middle 3 th months, sap begins to flow, the daily average temperature is stable at 8-10 ℃, because grafting does not leave skin in spring, grafting is carried out by adopting an embedded bud grafting, cleft grafting or tongue grafting mode, the grafting port is smooth, the cambium is closely aligned and firmly bound, the grafting port is bound and sealed, and a guide groove with the length of 0.8-1.2 cm is reserved below the grafting port, so that the bleeding is guided out, and bacterial infection at the grafting port is avoided; if the water content of the nursery stock is not enough in drought in spring, water is poured once in 3-5 days before grafting to ensure that the water content of the nursery stock is sufficient, and the water is poured in 3-5 days before grafting to ensure that the water content in the soil is kept in a range beneficial to grafting, so that enough nutrient components are favorably provided for the sprouting of the grafted bud by grafting under the condition of sufficient water content, and the wound healing is more favorably realized.
In the method for cultivating the big fruit oil apricots, in the step (2), the method for selecting the big fruit oil apricots in summer comprises the following steps: watering the DG-1 apricot trees 2 days before selecting the scions, fully watering the DG-1 apricot trees at 6:00-9:00 in the morning 2 days before selecting the scions, shearing the scions in the morning to ensure that the scions have sufficient water and are easy to peel off, shearing the annual robust branches with thickness of 0.6-1.0 cm and no diseases and insect pests from the DG-1 apricot trees, filling the scions, quickly removing leaves from the branches after shearing, covering the branches in a shady place at 2-5 ℃ with a wet towel for storage for 3-5 days.
The method for cultivating the big fruit oil apricots comprises the following steps of (3) grafting in summer: in the sunny days with the daily average temperature stabilized at 20-25 ℃ from the late 5 th to the middle 6 th of the month, grafting in a square budding mode, and reserving a guide groove with the length of 0.8-1.2 cm below a grafting opening; the rootstock is watered thoroughly 5-7 days before grafting, so that the moisture content in soil can be maintained in a proper range during grafting, the moisture content of the DG-1 interstock fruit seedlings is sufficient, the rootstock is easy to peel, the healing of a grafting opening is facilitated, and sufficient nutritional ingredients are provided for the grafting buds.
In the method for cultivating the big fruit oil apricots, in the step (3), the method for shearing the square bud slices during square bud grafting comprises the following steps: cutting a square with the length of 3-4 cm and the width of 0.8-1.0 cm around the bud body by using a grafting knife, cutting the square to xylem, taking down the cut square, and shearing to obtain a square bud slice;
the method for square budding comprises the following steps: cutting a surface skin matched with the square bud sheet in shape and size by using a grafting knife at a position 15-20 cm away from the ground on the basic stock, and cutting a diversion trench at the lower part of a cut; placing the square bud slices into the cut, and keeping the lower parts and one sides of the square bud slices tightly attached to the lower parts and one sides of the cut respectively; finally, tightly wrapping the square bud slices at the cut with a film, and exposing the buds; 3-5 pieces of compound leaves above the cut are used for cutting the anvil.
In the method for cultivating the big fruit oil apricots, in the step (4), after grafting is completed for 7-10 days, when a grafting opening is well healed and a bud sprouts, an anvil is cut at a position 0.8-1.0 cm away from the top end of the grafting opening, and a film binding the grafting opening is removed; the antibacterial healing agent is Bordeaux mixture or lime-sulfur mixture slurry, the mass ratio of copper sulfate, quicklime and water in the Bordeaux mixture is 1:1:100, and the mass ratio of quicklime, sulfur powder and water in the lime-sulfur mixture slurry is 1: 2: 10; and (4) after grafting for about 20 days, picking up buds after the grafted buds grow to be strong, fully supplying nutrition for the growth of the grafted buds to ensure the germination of the grafted buds, wherein the bud picking treatment time is 18-21 days after grafting.
The technical principle of the invention is as follows: at the present stage, the average single fruit weight of apricots in the northern China, the northwest China and the southwest is basically 25-85 g, for example, the average single fruit weight of camel yellow in the northern Hebei is 50g, the average single fruit weight of red pouch in the eastern Shandong is 45g, the average single fruit weight of red jade apricot is 60-80g, the average single fruit weight of big grafted apricot in Huaxian county in Shaanxi is 85g, the average single fruit weight of Kaite in Henan is 60-80g, the average single fruit weight of Fengyuan red is 60g, the average single fruit weight of Yudong apricot is 62-83, the average single fruit weight of yellow noon in Shanxi is 50g, the average single fruit weight of Shajin red is 85g, and the average single fruit weight of crabapple red in Sichuan is 70 g; the DG-1 apricot tree [ DG-1 apricot tree ] cultured by the research technicians in the earlier research projects is the filial generation of the golden sun apricot and the Imperial apricot, the sizes of the fruits of the golden sun apricot and the Imperial apricot are generally 60-80g, the size of the F1 generation fruits obtained after hybridization is 55-95g, the single fruits of the DG-1 fruits obtained after cultivation reach 95g on average through screening and propagation, the weight of the single fruits is generally higher than that of the apricots of the varieties, and the research technicians find that the DG-1 has the advantages of large fruit size, good flavor, sufficient water, high yield and fruit quality stability, strong fruit tree adaptability and the like, and the characteristics can be transferred to the small fruit variety oil apricots in a grafting mode; therefore, the invention adopts an 'intermediate stock' grafting method, firstly takes the armeniaca sibirica as a basic stock, grafts the DG-1 onto the armeniaca sibirica to obtain the intermediate stock with stronger adaptability, and then grafts the small fruit variety apricot kernel onto the intermediate stock, so that the small fruit variety apricot kernel can simultaneously obtain the characters of large fruit size, good flavor and sufficient water of the DG-1 fruit and the advantage of strong environmental adaptability of the armeniaca plant; however, if the small fruit variety apricot is directly grafted to DG-1, the excellent characteristics of the large fruit, good flavor, sufficient water, high yield and high fruit quality stability of the DG-1 can not be completely grafted to the small fruit variety apricot, and the effect of increasing and improving the single fruit weight of the small fruit variety apricot is not as good as the grafting method serving as the interstock. In the research, the large fruit oil apricot plants bred by the intermediate stock method of using wild apricots as basic stocks and DG-1 apricot trees as intermediate stocks are also found to produce fruits which are increased year by year and generally reach stability in 4 th year, namely, the average weight of a single fruit of the fruits is not increased basically after 4 th year. Based on the method, the mountain apricots with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm are selected as the basic stocks, the seedling raising cost can be saved to the greatest extent, the mountain apricots with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm are used as the basic stocks, the operation is convenient and rapid during grafting, and the grafting success rate is high. The small fruit variety oil apricot in the invention refers to variety apricot with the weight of no more than 20g of single fruit, such as pearl oil apricot, small white apricot, plum bright apricot and the like; the big fruit oil apricot in the invention is an oil apricot plant obtained by improving the small fruit oil apricot by the method of the invention.
The technical scheme of the invention achieves the following beneficial technical effects:
according to the method, the wild apricot with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm is used as a stock, scions are firstly cut from the DG-1 number and grafted to the wild apricot, and then the small fruit variety oil apricot is grafted to the DG-1 number, so that the large fruit oil apricot obtained by breeding by the method not only retains the original high-quality taste of the small fruit variety oil apricot, but also obviously improves the single fruit weight of the small fruit variety oil apricot (compared with the oil apricot bred by a traditional grafting method, the single fruit weight of the oil apricot bred by the grafting method is improved by 1.9-2.56 times), and the problems that the current small fruit variety oil apricot is small in single fruit and light in weight are solved. In addition, after the grafting improvement by the method, the fresh core weight ratio of the fruit is reduced, so that the edible rate of the fruit is improved, the sugar-acid ratio of the fruit is more reasonable, and the fruit has apricot flavor and better taste under the sugar-acid ratio of the fruit; in addition, the large-fruit oil apricot plants bred by the method have the characteristics of strong flower bud differentiation capability and short childhood period, and not only are the fruits enlarged and the flavor better after grafting, but also the edible quality of the oil apricot fruits is greatly improved, and the yield of fruit trees is also remarkably improved, so that the method has high popularization value and economic value.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a real picture of fruit of oil apricot grafted according to example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a fruit diagram of the oil apricot grafted according to example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a fruit representation of oil apricot grafted according to comparative example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph comparing the fruits of example 1 of the present invention with comparative example 1;
FIG. 5 is a fruit comparison graph of examples 1 and 2 of the present invention and comparative example 1.
The reference numbers in the figures denote: 1-oil apricot fruit of example 1; 2-oil apricot fruits of example 2; 3-oil apricot fruit of comparative example 1.
Detailed Description
The grafting process of the invention is 'mountain apricot stock → DG-1 number grafting (first year) → small fruit variety oil apricot grafting (second year) → fruit enlargement', and the traditional grafting process is 'mountain apricot stock → small fruit variety grafting → ever small fruit'; the method for grafting the small fruit apricot variety to the wild apricot according to the grafting process is further described by the following embodiments and comparative examples.
Example 1
The embodiment takes the pearl oil apricot as an experimental object, adopts a cultivation method of the big fruit oil apricot to breed the pearl oil apricot, and specifically comprises the following steps:
selecting an anvil: selecting a robust wild apricot with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm as a basic stock;
selecting spikes: in spring, cutting annual dormant branches with the thickness of 0.8-1.0 cm from DG-1 apricot trees, and carrying out wax sealing treatment on cut openings of the annual dormant branches; binding every 20 annual dormant branches subjected to wax sealing treatment, completely wrapping every bundle of annual dormant branches by a plastic film with the thickness of 0.03cm, and storing in a refrigeration house with the temperature of 2-5 ℃ to reduce water loss and inhibit sprouting; in order to prevent the first scion from sprouting earlier than the basic stock in spring grafting, the first scion should be cut early;
step (3), first grafting: after the basic stock selected in the step (1) sprouts, grafting the first scion to the basic stock; grafting by adopting an embedded bud grafting mode when the daily average air temperature is stable at 8-10 ℃ from late 2 th to middle 3 th of month, wherein the grafting port is smooth, the cambiums are closely aligned, the binding is firm, the grafting port is bound and sealed, a guide groove with the length of about 1cm is reserved below the grafting port for the bleeding of the grafting port, the bacterial infection at the grafting port is avoided, and a guide groove with the length of 0.8-1.2 cm is reserved below the grafting port; grafting for the first time is carried out 4-5 days after rain, and if drought weather occurs, irrigation is carried out once 3-5 days before grafting;
and (4) cutting stocks and picking buds: after the grafted wound is healed (one week in the embodiment), the stock shearing treatment is carried out, and the antibacterial healing agent is smeared on the wound after the stock shearing treatment to promote the wound healing; bud picking treatment is carried out 20 days after grafting, and the purpose of the bud picking treatment is to ensure the germination of grafted buds; obtaining a DG-1 number interstock fruit seedling after successful grafting; the smearing antibacterial healing agent is lime-sulfur mixture slurry, and in the lime-sulfur mixture slurry, the mass ratio of sulfur powder to water is 1: 2: 10;
and (5) second grafting: in the late 2 th to middle 3 rd of the second year, a second scion is cut from the pearl oil apricot tree, the first scion on a No. DG-1 intermediate stock fruit seedling is used as an intermediate stock, and the second scion is grafted to a No. DG-1 intermediate stock fruit seedling by adopting the methods from the step (1) to the step (4); and (4) obtaining a big fruit oil apricot plant improved by the pearl oil apricot after successful grafting.
In this embodiment, in the step (2), the method for cultivating DG-1 apricot trees includes the following steps:
step (2-1): collecting golden sun apricot pollen: 3 days before pollination, cutting off buds of the golden sun apricot, separating and taking out anthers, continuously drying for 10 hours at the temperature of 27 ℃ to enable pollen in the anthers to be scattered, collecting the pollen, and freezing and storing the pollen at the temperature of-20 ℃ for later use;
step (2-2): artificial pollination: in the morning of the flowering day of the Yuxing apricot, the pollen prepared in the step (2-1) is subjected to artificial pollination on the Jinsung apricot flowers by adopting a point-pollination method; when the pollen is spotted, the weight ratio of the pollen to the talcum powder is 1: 5; and performing conventional management after pollination.
Step (2-3): after the Yuxing apricot trees are hung, collecting hybrid seeds which are free from plant diseases and insect pests and have plump seeds, and taking the hybrid seeds as F1 generation for later use;
step (2-4): f1 generation fruit tree seeds in the step (2-3) are used for raising seedlings, seedlings are obtained after raising the seedlings, plants with the largest fruits are screened from the seedlings, propagation is carried out on the plants, and the DG-1 apricot trees are obtained after propagation; the seedling raising method is a conventional seedling raising method in the field, and comprises the following steps: and selecting a robust apricot with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm as a stock to carry out conventional grafting, and details are not repeated here.
In this example, a test was conducted in the garden of the willow-town stone casket village in the historic city of Jinan, Shandong, to graft and breed 200 grafted plants of pearl oil apricot, and the grafting success rate reached 92%.
Example 2
The embodiment takes the pearl oil apricot as an experimental object, adopts a cultivation method of the big fruit oil apricot to breed the pearl oil apricot, and specifically comprises the following steps:
selecting an anvil: selecting a robust wild apricot with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm as a basic stock;
selecting spikes: in summer, cutting a first scion from a DG-1 apricot tree; watering DG-1 apricot trees 2 days before spike selection, shearing healthy and strong branches which are 0.6-1.0 cm thick and have no plant diseases and insect pests from DG-1 apricot trees at 6:00-9:00 in the morning, quickly removing leaves from the branches after shearing, placing the branches in a shady place at 2-5 ℃, and covering a wet towel for storage for 3-5 days.
Step (3), first grafting: grafting the first scion to a basic stock; in the sunny days with the daily average temperature stabilized at 20-25 ℃ from the late 5 th to the middle 6 th of the month, grafting in a square budding mode, and reserving a guide groove with the length of 0.8-1.2 cm below a grafting opening; and 5-7 days before grafting, watering the basic stock once. The method for shearing the square bud slices during square bud grafting comprises the following steps: cutting a square with the length of 3-4 cm and the width of 0.8-1.0 cm around the bud body by using a grafting knife, cutting the square to xylem, taking down the cut square, and shearing to obtain a square bud slice; the method for square budding comprises the following steps: cutting a surface skin matched with the square bud sheet in shape and size by using a grafting knife at a position 15-20 cm away from the ground on the basic stock, and cutting a diversion trench at the lower part of a cut; placing the square bud slices into the cut, and keeping the lower parts and one sides of the square bud slices tightly attached to the lower parts and one sides of the cut respectively; finally, tightly wrapping the square bud slices at the cut with a film, and exposing the buds; 3-5 pieces of compound leaves above the cut are used for cutting the anvil.
And (4) cutting stocks and picking buds: after the grafting wound is healed, carrying out stock shearing and bud picking treatment, and smearing an antibacterial healing agent on the wound after stock shearing; after 7-10 days of grafting, cutting stocks at a position 0.8-1.0 cm away from the top end of the grafting opening, and removing a film binding the grafting opening; the antibacterial healing agent is 5% Bordeaux mixture; bud picking treatment time is 18-21 days after grafting; obtaining a DG-1 number interstock fruit seedling after successful grafting;
and (5) second grafting: in the middle of the 5 th month to the 6 th month in summer, the method from the step (1) to the step (4) is adopted, a second scion is cut from the pearl oil apricot tree, the first scion on the DG-1 # interstock seedling is used as an interstock, and the second scion is grafted to the DG-1 # interstock seedling; and obtaining the big fruit oil apricot plant with grafting improvement on the pearl oil apricot after successful grafting.
In the step (2) of this example, the cultivation method of the DG-1 apricot tree is the same as that of example 1.
In this example, a test was conducted in the garden of the willow-town stone casket village in the historic city of the Shandong province, and 200 grafted pearl oil apricots were grafted and bred, with grafting success rates of 92%.
Comparative example 1
The comparative example takes the pearl oil apricot as an experimental object, and the pearl oil apricot is directly grafted to the wild apricot, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
selecting an anvil: selecting a robust wild apricot with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm as a basic stock, namely a wild apricot cup seedling as a stock;
selecting spikes: in spring, cutting annual dormant branches with the thickness of 0.8-1.0 cm from the pearl oil apricot trees, and carrying out wax sealing treatment on cut openings of the annual dormant branches; binding every 20 annual dormant branches subjected to wax sealing treatment, completely wrapping every bundle of annual dormant branches by a plastic film with the thickness of 0.03cm, and storing in a refrigeration house with the temperature of 2-5 ℃ to reduce water loss and inhibit sprouting; in order to prevent the first scion from sprouting earlier than the basic stock in spring grafting, the first scion should be cut early; the scion shearing method is the same as the embodiment;
grafting: after the rootstock selected in the step (1) sprouts, grafting the scion cut in the step (2) onto the rootstock, wherein the grafting method is the same as the embodiment;
and (4) cutting stocks and picking buds: after the grafting wound is healed (one week in the embodiment), the stock cutting treatment is carried out, and the bud picking treatment is carried out 20 days after the grafting; smearing an antibacterial healing agent on the wound after the anvil is cut to promote the wound healing; the specific operation method is the same as the embodiment; and obtaining the grafted plant of the pearl oil apricot after successful grafting.
The comparative example is tested in the garden of the willow-town stone casket village in the historic city of Jinan city, Shandong province, 200 grafted pearl oil apricots are grafted and bred, and the grafting success rate is 91 percent.
The fruit sizes of the plants successfully grafted in the example 1, the example 2 and the comparative example 1 in the 4 th year are counted, 300 fruits of each fruit tree are randomly extracted from the fruits of the three fruit trees and divided into 5 groups, 60 fruits are respectively counted, the average values of the single fruit weight, the fruit length (fruit longitudinal diameter), the fruit width (fruit transverse diameter), the fruit thickness (fruit lateral diameter), the fruit pulp thickness, the fresh kernel weight, the kernel length, the kernel width and the kernel thickness of the fruits of each group are respectively counted, and the average values of the parameters of the fruits of the three fruit trees are calculated. The statistical results are shown in table 1, and the fruit pairs of the three fruit trees are shown in fig. 1.
TABLE 1 comparison of the weight and size of three differently treated pearl oil apricot fruits
As can be seen from table 1, the weight average of the single fruit of the fruits of examples 1 and 2 was significantly improved as compared to comparative example 1, wherein the weight of the single fruit of the oil apricot fruit in example 2 was increased by 1.9 times as compared to the weight of the single fruit of the oil apricot fruit in comparative example 1, and the weight of the single fruit of the oil apricot fruit in example 1 was increased by 2.4 times as compared to the weight of the single fruit of the oil apricot fruit in comparative example 1; the oil apricot of example 1 showed a greater increase in weight per fruit than that of example 2, which may be related to the grafting season. In addition, the average fresh kernel weight of the oil apricot fruits in comparative example 1 accounts for 11.43 wt% of the average weight of the single fruits, while the average fresh kernel weight of the oil apricot fruits in example 2 accounts for 6.72 wt% of the average weight of the single fruits, and the average fresh kernel weight of the oil apricot fruits in example 1 accounts for 6.27 wt% of the average weight of the single fruits; the grafting method can obviously improve the pulp content of the pearl oil apricot fruits and improve the edible rate of the fruits.
The researchers of the present invention further measured the content of soluble total sugar and titratable total acid of the apricot fruits in example 1, and compared with the pearl oil apricot fruits in comparative example 1. As a result, the soluble total sugar content of the apricot fruits in example 1 is 9.05%, the titratable total acid content is 1.18%, and the sugar-acid ratio is calculated to be 7.67; the content of soluble total sugar of the pearl oil apricot fruits in the comparative example 1 is 12.93%, the content of titratable total acid is 1.23%, and the sugar-acid ratio is 10.51 by calculation; however, the mouthfeel of the comparative example 1 and the mouthfeel of the comparative example 1 shows that the taste of the example 1 is more delicious, the sweetness and sourness are moderate and juicy, and although the sugar-acid ratio of the example 1 is lower than that of the comparative example 1, the mouthfeel is better for apricots, which is probably related to the fact that the fruit of the example 1 is endowed with the characteristics of DG-1, namely 'sufficient moisture and good flavor', and is also probably because the type of sugar in the fruit of the example 1 is different from that of the comparative example 1, so that the fruit of the example 1 has relatively high sweetness under the condition of containing lower sugar, and further has better mouthfeel and flavor under the condition of the sugar-acid ratio of 7.67; therefore, the sugar acid ratio of the fruit in the example 1 is more reasonable, and the fruit has apricot flavor and better taste.
In addition, in the experiment, the flower bud differentiation capacity of the large fruit oil apricot plants obtained by breeding in the example 1 and the example 2 is stronger than that of the large fruit oil apricot plants in the comparative example 1, and the juvenile period of the large fruit oil apricot plants is also shorter than that of the comparative example 1; besides fruit enlargement and better flavor, the yield of the big fruit oil apricot trees bred in the embodiment 1 and the embodiment 2 is obviously improved compared with the comparative example 1.
Example 3
In this embodiment, the prunus salicina is taken as an experimental subject, and the cultivation method of the large fruit oil apricots is adopted to breed the prunus salicina, the specific implementation steps are the same as those in embodiment 1, and are not described herein again.
In this example, a test was conducted in the hydration village of the crescent spring town of Dunhuang city, spring, Gansu province, to graft and breed 200 grafting plants of Liguang apricot, with a grafting success rate of 93%.
Comparative example 2
In the comparative example, the prunus salicina is used as a contrast, and the prunus salicina is directly grafted to the wild prunus salicina by adopting the grafting method in the comparative example 1. The specific implementation steps are shown in comparative example 1, and are not described herein again. The comparative example is tested in the Hengquan town aquavit of Dunhuang city, spring, Gansu province, 200 grafting plants of the Liguang apricot are grafted and bred, and the grafting success rate reaches 91 percent.
Counting the fruit sizes of the successfully grafted plants in the example 3 and the comparative example 2 in the 4 th year, randomly extracting 200 fruits of each fruit tree from the fruits of the two fruit trees, dividing the fruits into 2 groups of 100 fruits, respectively counting the average values of the single fruit weight, the fruit length, the fruit width, the fruit thickness, the fruit pulp thickness, the fresh kernel weight, the kernel length, the kernel width and the kernel thickness of the fruits of each group, and calculating the average value of various parameters of the fruits of the two fruit trees. The statistical results are shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 comparison of the weight and size of two different treated Prunus salicina fruits
As can be seen from table 2, the prunus salicina obtained by improving example 3 is the large fruit oil apricot, while the prunus salicina obtained by breeding comparative example 2 is still the small fruit oil apricot. The weight of the single fruit of the apricot fruit in example 3 is increased by 2.56 times than that of the oil apricot fruit in comparative example 2, the average fresh kernel weight of the oil apricot fruit in comparative example 2 accounts for 8.5 wt% of the average weight of the single fruit, and the average fresh kernel weight of the oil apricot fruit in example 3 accounts for 7.96 wt% of the average weight of the single fruit; the grafting method can improve the pulp content of the plum apricot fruits and improve the edible rate of the fruits. The fruit of comparative example 2 is overall sweeter, while the fruit of example 3 tastes sour and sweet, and is richer in taste and better in flavor than comparative example 2.
In addition, in the experiment, the plum-shinning apricot big fruit oil apricot plants obtained by breeding in the embodiment have the advantages that the flower bud differentiation capacity is enhanced and the childhood period is shorter compared with the original plants; after grafting, not only the fruit is enlarged and the flavor is better, but also the yield of the fruit tree of the large oil apricot of the plum apricot is obviously improved.
In addition, the method disclosed by the invention can be used for grafting and breeding of Xinjiang small white apricots besides Shandong pearl oil apricots and Gansu plum bright apricots, and the weight of a single fruit of the small white apricots can be increased to 32-41 g from 12-16 g after successful grafting. The method can also be applied to grafting and breeding of other small fruit varieties of apricot, such as dried apricot on a tree, and can increase fruits to different degrees.
It should be understood that the above examples are only for clarity of illustration and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications are possible which remain within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The method for cultivating the big fruit oil apricots is characterized by comprising the following steps:
selecting an anvil: selecting wild apricots as basic stocks;
selecting spikes: in spring or summer, cutting a first scion from a DG-1 apricot tree;
step (3), first grafting: grafting the first scion to a basic stock;
and (4) cutting stocks and picking buds: after the grafting wound is healed, carrying out stock shearing and bud picking treatment, and smearing an antibacterial healing agent on the wound after stock shearing; obtaining a DG-1 number interstock fruit seedling after successful grafting;
and (5) second grafting: in spring or summer of the second year, adopting the methods from the step (1) to the step (4) to cut a second scion from the small fruit variety oil apricot tree, and grafting the second scion to a DG-1 number interstock seedling; and obtaining the big fruit oil apricot plants after successful grafting.
2. The method for cultivating big fruit oil apricots as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the method for cultivating DG-1 apricot trees comprises the following steps:
step (2-1): collecting golden sun apricot pollen: 2-4 days before pollination, cutting off and peeling off the golden sun apricot buds, separating and taking out anthers in the buds, placing the anthers at 26-28 ℃ for continuously drying for 10-12 h to allow pollen in the anthers to be scattered, collecting the pollen, and placing the pollen at-20 ℃ for freezing storage for later use;
step (2-2): artificial pollination: in the morning of the flowering day of the royal apricot, the pollen prepared in the step (2-1) is subjected to artificial pollination on the royal apricot flowers by adopting a point-pollination method;
step (2-3): after the Yuxing apricot trees are hung, collecting hybrid seeds which are free from plant diseases and insect pests and have plump seeds, and taking the hybrid seeds as F1 generation for later use;
step (2-4): and (3) raising seedlings by using the F1 generation fruit tree seeds in the step (2-3), obtaining seedlings after raising the seedlings, screening out plants with the largest fruits from the seedlings, carrying out propagation on the plants, and culturing after propagation to obtain the DG-1 apricot trees.
3. A cultivation method of big fruit oil apricots as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (5), the small fruit variety oil apricots are pearl oil apricots, small white apricots or plum bright apricots.
4. The cultivation method of apricot kernel with large fruit oil according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step (1), robust apricot kernels with ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm are selected as basic stocks.
5. A cultivation method of big fruit oil apricots according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the method for selecting the ears in spring comprises the following steps: cutting annual dormant branches with the thickness of 0.8-1.0 cm from DG-1 apricot trees, and performing wax sealing treatment on cut openings of the annual dormant branches; binding every 20 annual dormancy branches subjected to wax sealing treatment, completely wrapping each bundle of annual dormancy branches by a plastic film with the thickness of 0.03cm, and then storing in a refrigeration house with the temperature of 2-5 ℃.
6. A cultivation method of big fruit oil apricots according to claim 5, wherein in the step (3), the grafting method in spring is as follows: grafting by adopting an embedded bud grafting, cleft grafting or tongue grafting mode when the daily average temperature is stable at 8-10 ℃ from late 2 th to middle 3 th, and reserving a guide groove with the length of 0.8-1.2 cm below a grafting port; and 3-5 days before grafting, watering the basic stock once.
7. A cultivation method of big fruit oil apricots according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the method for selecting the big fruit oil apricots in summer comprises the following steps: watering the DG-1 apricot trees 2 days before spike selection, shearing healthy and strong branches which are 0.6-1.0 cm thick and have no plant diseases and insect pests from the DG-1 apricot trees at 6:00-9:00 in the morning, quickly removing leaves on the branches after shearing, placing the branches in a shady place at 2-5 ℃, and covering a wet towel for storage for 3-5 days.
8. A cultivation method of big fruit oil apricots according to claim 7, wherein in the step (3), the grafting method in summer is as follows: in the sunny days with the daily average temperature stabilized at 20-25 ℃ from the late 5 th to the middle 6 th of the month, grafting in a square budding mode, and reserving a guide groove with the length of 0.8-1.2 cm below a grafting opening; and 5-7 days before grafting, watering the basic stock once.
9. A cultivation method of big fruit oil apricots according to claim 8, wherein in the step (3), the method for cutting the square bud slices during the square bud grafting comprises the following steps: cutting a square with the length of 3-4 cm and the width of 0.8-1.0 cm around the bud body by using a grafting knife, cutting the square to xylem, taking down the cut square, and shearing to obtain a square bud slice;
the method for square budding comprises the following steps: cutting a surface skin matched with the square bud sheet in shape and size by using a grafting knife at a position 15-20 cm away from the ground on the basic stock, and cutting a diversion trench at the lower part of a cut; placing the square bud slices into the cut, and keeping the lower parts and one sides of the square bud slices tightly attached to the lower parts and one sides of the cut respectively; finally, tightly wrapping the square bud slices at the cut with a film, and exposing the buds; 3-5 pieces of compound leaves above the cut are used for cutting the anvil.
10. The cultivation method of apricot kernel with big fruit oil as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step (4), after 7-10 days of grafting, the position 0.8-1.0 cm away from the top of the grafting opening is cut, and the film binding the grafting opening is removed; the antibacterial healing agent is Bordeaux mixture or lime-sulfur mixture slurry, the mass ratio of copper sulfate, quicklime and water in the Bordeaux mixture is 1:1:100, and the mass ratio of quicklime, sulfur powder and water in the lime-sulfur mixture slurry is 1: 2: 10; the bud picking treatment time is 18-21 days after grafting.
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