CN114568193A - Late-flower wild apricot stock for avoiding late spring coldness and method for mainly planting apricots to avoid late spring coldness by utilizing late-flower wild apricot stock - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses an Almond late-flowering stock for avoiding late spring coldness and a method for mainly planting apricots to avoid late spring coldness by utilizing the Almond late-flowering stock, wherein the Almond late-flowering stock is WHZM-1 Almond late-flowering or WHZM-2 Almond late-flowering. The method for avoiding spring coldness comprises the following steps: selecting a basic rootstock: using wild apricots as basic stocks; selecting a middle rootstock: taking the late flower apricot rootstock for avoiding late spring coldness as an intermediate rootstock; selecting main apricot scions; grafting the intermediate stock serving as a scion onto the basic stock in spring or summer, and obtaining an intermediate stock grafted seedling after grafting is finished; grafting the main apricot grafting scions to the intermediate stocks on the intermediate stock grafted seedlings, and obtaining the main apricot grafted seedlings which can avoid spring coldness and are delayed in flowering phase after grafting is completed. The cultivation method for the main-planted apricots, disclosed by the invention, can stably solve the industrial problems of easy damage caused by late frost and late spring coldness in the production process of the main-planted apricots at low cost and high efficiency at one time, and provides a technical guarantee for high and stable yield of the apricots.

Description

Late-flower wild apricot stock for avoiding late spring coldness and method for mainly planting apricots to avoid late spring coldness by utilizing late-flower wild apricot stock

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of main apricot planting for avoiding late spring coldness. In particular to a late-flowering wild apricot stock for avoiding late spring coldness and a method for avoiding late spring coldness by utilizing the late-flowering wild apricot stock.

Background

Apricot is a traditional fruit tree with long cultivation history in China and is also a woody grain and oil economic tree species with huge development potential. However, most apricot trees in production have the phenomena of 'no harvest in nine decades' and 'no fruit seen in flowers', and the main reason is that the frost damage of the flowers and fruits causes destructive attack on the apricot trees. The apricot trees bloom earlier, and can bloom when the average temperature is more than 7.5 ℃ continuously for 10 days. In areas such as Xinjiang, Gansu and Qinghai in China, the apricot blossoms begin to bloom from 3 to 4 late months, and areas such as inner Mongolia, Hebei and Liaoning begin to bloom in the middle and late days of 4 months. However, in early spring, the temperature is often invaded by siberian cold air during the rising period, and the formed cold tide and strong wind cooling weather is easy to form late spring coldness and late frost, which often causes destructive freeze injury to apricot flowers and young fruits of apricots, resulting in the reduction of yield of apricots and even the complete harvest of apricots. Therefore, the key point for ensuring the yield of the apricots and supporting the rapid and orderly development of the apricot industry is to overcome the industrial problem that the apricots, flowers and fruits are easy to be frozen.

Generally, the flowering time of the apricot trees is delayed for more than 15 days, so that the harm of late spring coldness and late frost can be effectively avoided in production, and apricot flowers and young fruits are relieved or prevented from being frozen. In the prior art, a plant growth regulator is mainly used for delaying the growth process, watering, whitening trees and reducing the temperature, or girdling and girdling cutting off the nutrition supply and the like, so that the flowering phase can be delayed to a certain extent. However, the cultivation measures can only delay the flowering phase for 3-4 days generally, and easily influence the growth of trees and reduce the quality of flower buds; therefore, the effect of delaying the flowering phase of the apricots by the conventional cultivation method is not obvious, a large amount of manpower and material resources are consumed, and the practical problem cannot be solved. Therefore, the development of an efficient and simple cultivation technique for postponing the flowering phase is urgently needed.

Disclosure of Invention

Therefore, the technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a late-flowering mountain apricot stock for avoiding late spring coldness and a method for avoiding late spring coldness by using the late-flowering mountain apricot stock, so as to solve the problems that the yield of apricots mainly carried is reduced or even the apricots are not harvested completely due to late spring coldness and late frost, and the problems that the current cultivation measures for avoiding late spring coldness are poor in effect and affect the growth of trees.

In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides the following technical scheme:

the late-flowering wild apricot stock for avoiding spring coldness is WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot or WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot;

the late-flowering wild apricot rootstock for avoiding late spring coldness is screened based on 480 parts of wild apricot germplasm resources collected and stored by a Chinese kernel apricot gene bank in Yuanyang county of Henan province, and the specific screening method comprises the following steps:

(1) the 480 parts of wild apricot germplasm resources are collected from natural distribution areas of wild apricots in inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Hebei: dividing the natural distribution area of the wild apricot into 13 seed source areas according to the county level, surveying and collecting the wild apricot with robust growth, large result quantity and strong stress resistance in each seed source area, and collecting seeds of the wild apricot; planting the collected wild apricot seeds after seedling breeding seedlings in 2013 and storing in a gene bank of Chinese almond apricot stored in Yuanyang county of Henan province to obtain 480 parts of apricot germplasm resources; when wild apricots are searched and selected, investigation, numbering and seed collection are carried out on each seed source according to a group sampling rule, and the distance between two adjacent sampling points is more than 50 meters; the wild apricots which grow robustly and have developed root systems and no diseases and insect pests have stronger stress resistance and adaptability and are more suitable for being used as rootstocks;

(2) counting the initial flowering phases of 480 parts of wild apricot resources, wherein the initial flowering phases are between 2 months and 23 days and between 3 months and 30 days; selecting mountain apricots with the initial flowering phase delayed for 17 days from 23 days of 2 months as 'mountain apricots with late flowering in 17 days', or selecting mountain apricots with the initial flowering phase delayed for 26 days from 23 days of 2 months as 'mountain apricots with late flowering in 26 days'; taking '17-day-late-flowering apricot' or '26-day-late-flowering apricot' as a stock, and grafting the main-planted apricot onto the stock to obtain a grafted seedling;

(3) observing and counting the flowering and fruiting conditions of the grafted seedlings, and screening the grafted seedlings which are delayed in scion flowering time and can normally flower and fruit; the 17-day late-flowering apricot rootstock corresponding to the grafted nursery stock is WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot, and the 26-day late-flowering apricot rootstock corresponding to the grafted nursery stock is WHZM-2 late-flowering apricot; in the actual operation process, not all the "17-day long-flowering apricot" or "26-day long-flowering apricot" can be used as the long-flowering apricot stock for avoiding the spring coldness, because: the method is characterized in that the late-flowering mountain apricot stocks in different species sources have the characteristic that the flowering phase is stably delayed, and are matched with the growth characteristics of scions, if the flowering phase difference between the late-flowering mountain apricots serving as the stocks and the scions is small, the change of the grafted scions in the flowering phase after grafting cannot achieve ideal results, if the flowering phase difference between the late-flowering mountain apricots serving as the stocks and the scions is large, the stocks and the scions are prone to seriously grow out of synchronization, so that grafted seedlings have the problems of weak tree vigor, small flowering quantity, poor flower bud quality and the like, the development of flower stigma, ovary and the like is incomplete, normal fertilization cannot be carried out, or the fruits cannot normally grow and expand after fertilization, and the phenomena of less flowers and few fruits occur; in addition, most grafted seedlings obtained after grafting of the late-flowering apricot stocks have the phenomenon that the flowering phase is not stable enough, the flowering phase is delayed in some years, the flowering phase is advanced in some years, the late-flowering characteristic is not stable enough, and the late-spring cold damage cannot be effectively avoided.

The WHZM-1 late-flowering mountain apricot and the WHZM-2 late-flowering mountain apricot are wild type in North China in common apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), and are late-flowering type mountain apricots with robust growth, developed root systems and relatively delayed flowering phase and growth phase, the seed source of the WHZM-1 late-flowering mountain apricots is Renhaote city Turmet left flag Wanjiagou, and the seed source of the WHZM-2 late-flowering mountain apricots is Renhaote city Hengel.

The WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot is used as a main apricot-planting stock in the following areas: yang city, rotarytai city, vinpocetine city, tongliao city, akang city, suanxian city and zhangjiakou city. In the regions, WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricots can enable the late-flowering delay time of main-planted apricots to be matched with the time of flowering delay of the regions, and the obtained grafted seedlings have stable late-flowering characteristics and can normally bloom and bear fruits.

The WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot is used as a main apricot cultivation stock in the following areas: yuanyang county, Shandong City, Datong City, Jinan City, Sanmenxia City, Chengde City, Chang City, Yulin City, Dunhuancity, Luoyang City, Yining City and Wenning City. In the regions, the WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot can enable the late-flowering delay time of the main apricot to be matched with the time of flowering delay required in the regions, and the obtained grafted seedlings have stable late-flowering characteristics and can normally bloom and bear fruits.

The method for avoiding late spring coldness of the main apricot planting by using the late flower wild apricot stock comprises the following steps:

step A: selecting a basic rootstock: the apricot without gummosis with developed root system and strong growth is taken as a basic stock to ensure the sound growth of the grafted seedling;

and B: selecting a middle stock: taking the late flower apricot rootstock for avoiding late spring coldness as an intermediate rootstock;

and C: selecting main apricot scions;

step D: grafting the intermediate stock serving as a scion onto the basic stock in spring or summer, and obtaining an intermediate stock grafted seedling after grafting is finished;

step E: grafting the main apricot planting scions to the intermediate stocks on the intermediate stock grafted seedlings, and obtaining the main apricot planting grafted seedlings which can avoid spring coldness and have a flowering phase delayed after grafting.

In the invention, the main apricot scions can be directly grafted to the long-flowering apricot tree stocks for avoiding the late spring coldness, but the seedling raising mode needs to breed a large number of long-flowering apricot tree stocks for avoiding the late spring coldness, and the long-flowering apricot tree stocks for avoiding the late spring coldness are easy to have character separation, character variation and the like in the seedling breeding process, so that the long-flowering characteristics of the long-flowering apricot tree stocks for avoiding the late spring coldness are unstable. The adoption of the interstock grafting mode can avoid the defects.

According to the method for avoiding the spring coldness of the main planted apricots by using the late-flower wild apricot stocks, in the step B, the late-flower wild apricot stocks for avoiding the spring coldness are WHZM-1 late-flower wild apricots, and the main planted apricots in the step C are located in the following areas: yang city, rotarytai city, vinpocetine city, tongliao city, akang city, suanxian city and zhangjiakou city.

According to the method for avoiding the spring coldness of the main planted apricots by using the late-flower wild apricot stocks, in the step B, the late-flower wild apricot stocks for avoiding the spring coldness are WHZM-2 late-flower wild apricots, and the main planted apricots in the step C are located in the following areas: yuanyang county, Shandong City, Datong City, Jinan City, Sanmenxia City, Chengde City, Chang City, Yulin City, Dunhuancity, Luoyang City, Yining City and Wenning City.

The method for avoiding late spring coldness of the main apricot planting stock comprises the step A of selecting strong wild apricot seedlings with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm as basic stocks.

The method for avoiding late spring coldness of the main apricot planting by using the late flower wild apricot stocks comprises the following steps: the grafting seasons are different, and the selection method of the main apricot scions is different:

selecting the scions in spring grafting: cutting an annual branch which is in a dormant period, has full bud eyes and a thickness of 0.8-1.0 cm from a main apricot tree, cutting the annual branch into 20cm long branches, and sealing a cut opening with wax; binding every 20 branches into a bundle, completely wrapping the bundle by using a plastic film with the thickness of 0.03cm, and storing the bundle in a cold storage at the temperature of 2-5 ℃ until the bundle is used in spring;

selecting scions in summer grafting: watering the main planting apricot trees 2 days before picking to promote scion peeling, wherein in the morning of sunny day 6: 00 to 9: and in a time period of 00, cutting current-year strong branches with plump scion buds and 0.6-1.0 cm thick on the main apricot trees, removing leaves, wrapping the strong branches with a wet towel, storing the strong branches in a refrigeration house at the temperature of 2-5 ℃, and using up the strong branches within one week.

The method for avoiding late spring coldness of the main apricot planting by using the late flower wild apricot stocks comprises the following steps: the spring grafting method comprises the following steps: in the late 2 months to the middle 3 months, and when the daily average temperature is stable above 8 ℃, the intermediate stock is grafted to the basic stock as the scion by adopting the modes of bud grafting, cleft grafting or tongue grafting;

the summer grafting method comprises the following steps: and in the last ten days of month 5 to the middle ten days of month 6, and when the temperature is 20-25 ℃, selecting sunny and windless weather, and grafting by adopting a square budding mode.

According to the method for avoiding the spring coldness of the main apricot planting by using the late-flowering wild apricot stocks, if the annual branches with the thickness of 0.8-1.0 cm on the intermediate stocks are used as the scions to be grafted onto the basic stocks in spring in the step D, and grafted seedlings of the intermediate stocks obtained by grafting grow vigorously when the summer comes: if the thickness of newly-germinated branches on the scion of the grafted interstock seedling obtained by grafting reaches 0.5-0.8 cm, in the step E, in summer of the year, the newly-germinated branches on the scion of the interstock grafted seedling are used as the rootstock, and the main-planted apricot scion is grafted on the interstock grafted seedling; if the thickness of newly germinated branches on the scion of the grafted seedling of the interstock obtained by grafting is less than 0.5cm, selecting the branches germinated in the same year and with the thickness of 0.5-0.8 cm on the scion of the grafted seedling of the interstock as the stock in the spring of the next year or summer of the next year in the step E, and grafting the main-planted apricot scion to the grafted seedling of the interstock;

and D, if the current-year strong branches with the thickness of 0.6-1.0 cm on the intermediate stocks are used as scions to be grafted onto the basic stocks in summer in the step D, grafting the main-plant apricot scions onto the intermediate stock grafted seedlings in the next spring or the next summer in the step E.

The technical principle of the invention is as follows: the rootstock can influence the growth and development of the scion, the height of the tree body, the phenological period, the flowering and fructification, the size and the quality of fruits, the resistance of the tree body and the like. The late-flowering stock can delay the flowering phase by influencing the phenological phase of the scion, and a theoretical basis is provided for the cultivation technical means of the late-flowering stock. However, not all late-flowering type wild apricots can be used for postponing the flowering phase of the scions, late-flowering rootstocks are screened out through the flowering phase survey of the wild apricots collected from different species sources, WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot trees in Tumei Wanjiagou called Haote city and WHZM-2 late-flowering apricot trees in Tumei city and Lingelian county are used as late-flowering apricot rootstocks for avoiding the late spring coldness, and then the good-variety apricot scions are grafted in a middle stock grafting mode to test the flowering phase postponing effect of the rootstocks, so that the cultivation technology for avoiding the late spring coldness of the rootstocks and stably postponing the flowering phase of the rootstocks can be obtained.

The technical scheme of the invention achieves the following beneficial technical effects:

the invention provides two late-flowering mountain apricot stocks capable of avoiding late spring coldness, and a cultivation method for postponing the flowering phase of main-planted apricots. Namely: common wild apricot is used as a basic stock, WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot or WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot is used as an intermediate stock, and a main apricot variety is grafted, so that the aim of delaying the flowering time of the scion by using late-flowering stock is fulfilled.

WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot is used as a stock to graft main-cultivated apricot, the flowering phase of the main-cultivated apricot variety can be delayed by 12-17 days, and the method is suitable for regions such as Korean city, Taiwan county, Changchun city, Tongliao city, Chifeng city, Panxian county and Zhang Jiakou city, and can reduce the comprehensive freezing injury frequency of the apricot and fruit in the region from 26.9-71.4% to 0-10.2%; the WHZM-2 late-flowering mountain apricot is used as a stock to graft main-cultivated apricot, the flowering phase of the main-cultivated apricot variety can be delayed for 20-25 days, and the method is suitable for regions such as Yuanyang county, Shandong city, Datong city, Jinan city, Sanmenxia city, Chengde city, Changdu city, elm city, Dunhuang city, Luoyang city, Yining city and Xining city, and the like, and can reduce the comprehensive freezing injury frequency of the apricot and the flower in the regions from 50.9-98.0% to 0-9.8%, wherein the Xining city is reduced to 37.3%. The cultivation method for the main-planted apricots, disclosed by the invention, can stably solve the ubiquitous industrial problem of being easily damaged by late spring coldness and late frost in the production process of the main-planted apricots at low cost and high efficiency at one time, improve the fruit setting rate of the apricots, realize high and stable service yield, help the main production area of the apricots in the north to avoid the damage of the early spring late spring coldness and late frost, improve the yield of the apricots and provide a technical guarantee for high and stable yield of the apricots.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows the comprehensive occurrence frequency of the freeze injury in the flower and fruit period of 17 apricot main production areas in the embodiment of the invention (based on the meteorological data of 1951 and 2004);

FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the flowering conditions of common apricot (left) and WHZM-3 late-flowering apricot (right) in the present example;

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the growth of Armeniaca sibirica in 2021 in the example of the present invention at 20 days in 3 months;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the growth of WHZM-3 Almond at 20 days 3 months in 2021 according to the example of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a diagram of the flowering conditions of seedlings obtained by grafting green apricot with common apricot as a rootstock in the embodiment of the present invention (flowering in 2021, 4 months and 7 days);

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the flowering conditions of seedlings obtained by grafting 'green apricot' with WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot as a rootstock in the embodiment of the present invention (flowering 4 months and 22 days 2021);

FIG. 7 is a diagram of the flowering conditions of seedlings obtained by grafting 'green apricot' with WHZM-2 Almond as a rootstock in the embodiment of the invention (28-day flowering in 4 months in 2021, close-range diagram);

FIG. 8 is a graph showing the flowering conditions of seedlings obtained by grafting 'green apricot' with WHZM-3 late-flowering apricot as a rootstock in the embodiment of the present invention (flowering 5 months and 1 day 2021);

FIG. 9 is a diagram of the seedling result obtained by grafting green apricot with common apricot as a stock in the embodiment of the present invention (2021, pat 5/26/month);

FIG. 10 is a diagram of seedling results obtained by grafting 'Qinghong apricot' with WHZM-2 late-blossoming apricot as a rootstock in the embodiment of the present invention (pat of 26 months at 5 months in 2021);

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the seedling fruiting status obtained by grafting green apricot with common apricot as a stock in the embodiment of the present invention (7 months and 25 days in 2021);

FIG. 12 is a graph showing the results of seedlings obtained by grafting ` Pihongxing `, using WHZM-2 Almond as a stock in the example of the present invention (7 months and 25 days in 2021);

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the flowering conditions of seedlings obtained by grafting 'Zhongren No. 5' with common apricot as a rootstock in the embodiment of the present invention (3 months and 1 day in 2021);

FIG. 14 is a graph showing the flowering conditions of seedlings obtained by grafting 'Zhongren No. 5' with WHZM-1 Almond as a rootstock in the example of the present invention (3 months and 14 days in 2021);

FIG. 15 is a graph showing the flowering conditions of seedlings obtained by grafting 'Zhongren No. 5' with WHZM-2 late-flowering apricot as a rootstock in the example of the present invention (3 and 20 days in 2021: Daxian, 3 and 23 days in 3: 23);

FIG. 16 is a graph showing the flowering conditions of seedlings obtained by grafting 'Zhongren No. 5' with WHZM-3 Almond as a rootstock in the example of the present invention (3 months and 31 days in 2021);

FIG. 17 is a diagram showing the seedling results obtained by grafting Zhongren No. 5' with ordinary apricot as a rootstock in the embodiment of the present invention (pat at 6 and 9 months in 2021);

FIG. 18 is a graph showing the results of seedlings obtained by grafting 'Zhongren No. 5' with WHZM-1 Almond as a stock in the example of the present invention (pat at 6 and 9 months in 2021);

FIG. 19 is a graph showing the results of seedlings obtained by grafting 'Zhongren No. 5' with WHZM-2 Almond as a stock in the example of the present invention (pat at 6/9/2021);

FIG. 20 is a graph showing the growth and flowering of seedlings obtained by grafting 'Zhongren No. 5' with WHZM-1 Almond as a rootstock in the example of the present invention (pat at 3 and 12 months in 2021);

FIG. 21 is a graph showing the growth and flowering of seedlings obtained by grafting 'Zhongren No. 5' with non-WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot seeds in '17-day late-flowering apricot seeds' in the example of the present invention (pat at 3 months and 13 days in 2021);

FIG. 22 is a diagram showing the flowering conditions of seedlings obtained by grafting 'green apricot' on WHZM-2 late-flowering apricot used as a rootstock in the embodiment of the invention (2021, 4-month-28-day shoot, perspective view);

FIG. 23 is a graph showing the flowering conditions of seedlings obtained by grafting ` Armeniaca amaranthus ` on non-WHZM-2 Armeniaca amaranthus in ` 26-day Armeniaca amaranthus ` as rootstocks (28-day beat in 4-month 2021).

Detailed Description

Screening of first-evening-flower apricot stocks

The freeze injury of the apricot in the flowering period is generated at the temperature of less than-2.8 ℃ in the young fruit period (within one month after flowering), and the freeze injury rule of the apricot in the flowering period is researched on the basis of the daily minimum temperature data of 17 main apricot production areas in China from 1951 to 2004 by taking the freeze injury as a standard. The results are shown in tables 1-3 and fig. 1, and from the statistical results in tables 1 to 3 and fig. 1, it can be found that: the comprehensive freezing injury frequency of the normally flowering apricot trees in the flowering phase, the fruit phase and the flower and fruit phase of each production area is respectively 3.8-87.8%, 9.6-96.1% and 26.9-98.0%, so that the apricot fruit freezing injury is a key link for restricting the development of apricots in the main production area, the low-temperature damage of the flower and fruit phase can be effectively avoided in the apricot flowering phase, and the freezing injury probability of the flowers and fruits is reduced. After the florescence is delayed for 25 days, the freezing damage of the apricot trees in the 15 producing places of the Shangyang city, the Tongliao city, the Dingxian city, the Changhu city, the Dunhuang city, the Jinan city, the great city, the Sanxia city, the Chengde city and the Yulin city can be cleared, and the freezing damage frequency of the apricot trees in the Luoyang city and the Xining city is greatly reduced and is only 2.4 percent and 5.9 percent. Meanwhile, the flowering phase is delayed for 25 days, so that the freezing injury incidence rates of 6 regions in the Chaoyang city, the Rutai county, the Changchun city, the Tongliao city, the Chifeng city and the Dagong city can be reset, and the freezing injury frequency of the fruit phase in other regions except the Xining city (the freezing injury incidence rate of the fruit phase is 33.3%) is reduced to be between 1.9 and 7.5 percent; in addition, when the flowering phase is delayed for 25 days, the comprehensive occurrence rate of freezing injury in the flowering phases of 6 regions of the Chaoyang city, the Taotai county, the Changchun city, the Tongliao city, the Heifeng city and the DaTongshan city is reset, and the comprehensive occurrence rate of freezing injury in the flowering phases of the rest regions except for the Xining (the comprehensive occurrence rate of freezing injury in the flowering phases is 37.3%) is also reduced to 1.9-9.8%; therefore, the flowering phase delay technology is the key point for preventing the freezing injury of the apricot in the flowering and fruiting periods.

TABLE 11951 frostbite frequency (%)

TABLE 21951-

TABLE 31951 comprehensive occurrence frequency (%)

Based on the apricot gene library used by the institute of economic and forestry of China forestry scientific research institute, the flowering period of the wild apricots is investigated and counted, and the late-flowering wild apricots which grow robustly are further screened out and used as stocks. In this embodiment, the late-flowering mountain apricot rootstock for avoiding late spring coldness is screened based on 480 parts of mountain apricot germplasm resources collected and stored in a chinese kernel apricot gene bank in the country of Yuanyang, Henan province, and the specific screening method is as follows:

(1) the 480 parts of wild apricot germplasm resources are collected from natural distribution areas of wild apricots in inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Hebei: dividing the natural distribution area of the wild apricot into 13 seed source areas according to the county level, wherein each seed source area corresponds to a county level area in 3 provinces of inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Hebei, and surveying and collecting the wild apricot with robust growth, large result quantity and strong stress resistance and the seeds of the wild apricot in each seed source area; planting the collected wild apricot seeds after seedling breeding seedlings in 2013 and storing in a gene bank of Chinese almond apricot stored in Yuanyang county of Henan province to obtain 480 parts of apricot germplasm resources; when wild apricots are searched and selected, investigation, numbering and seed collection are carried out on each seed source according to a group sampling rule, and the distance between two adjacent sampling points is more than 50 meters; the wild apricots which grow robustly and have developed root systems and no diseases and insect pests have stronger stress resistance and adaptability and are more suitable for being used as rootstocks;

(2) counting the initial flowering phases of 480 parts of wild apricot resources, wherein the initial flowering phases are between 2 months and 23 days and between 3 months and 30 days; selecting mountain apricots with the initial flowering phase delayed for 17 days from 23 days of 2 months as 'mountain apricots with late flowering in 17 days', or selecting mountain apricots with the initial flowering phase delayed for 26 days from 23 days of 2 months as 'mountain apricots with late flowering in 26 days'; taking '17-day-late-flowering apricot' or '26-day-late-flowering apricot' as a stock, and grafting the main-planted apricot onto the stock to obtain a grafted seedling;

(3) observing and counting the flowering and fruiting conditions of the grafted seedlings, and screening the grafted seedlings which are delayed in the flowering time of the scions and can normally flower and bear fruits; the stock of the '17-day late-flowering apricot' corresponding to the grafted nursery stock is WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot, and the stock of the '26-day late-flowering apricot' corresponding to the grafted nursery stock is WHZM-2 late-flowering apricot; in addition, wild apricots whose initial flowering phase was delayed 35 days from 23 days 2 months were selected as controls and named as WHZM-3 late flowering wild apricots.

The WHZM-1 late flowering wild apricot and the WHZM-2 late flowering wild apricot screened in the embodiment are of North China wild type in common apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), and are late flowering type apricot with robust growth, developed root system, and relatively delayed flowering phase and growth phase, the WHZM-1 late flowering wild apricot is originated from Turmenti left flag Wanjiagou of Huihao city, and the WHZM-2 late flowering wild apricot is originated from Huihao city and Ringel county; WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot and WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot are both preserved in a gene bank of kernel apricot of China forestry scientific research institute; that is, WHZM-1 and WHZM-2 screened from the seed source areas of the wild apricot in North China, such as the Wanjiagou of Tumer, Binhote, and Lingele county, can be used as the stocks to enable the time for the main-planted apricot scions to bloom stably and delay and to normally bloom and bear fruits, while the wild apricot in late flowers, selected from other seed sources, have the phenomena that the characteristics of late-flowering scions are unstable or the tree bodies are weak and small, the flowers are few and the fruits are few, and cannot meet the property requirements of the wild apricot stocks in late flowers for avoiding the late spring coldness.

Secondly, the late-flowering mountain apricot stock is used for grafting the main-cultivated apricot

In order to keep the late-flowering characteristics of the late-flowering wild apricot stocks unchanged, common wild apricots are used as basic stocks, late-flowering wild apricots WHZM-1, WHZM-2 and WHZM-3 are used as intermediate stocks, and finally, the variety scions are grafted. In areas with vigorous tree growth, the grafting of the middle stocks of the late-flowering wild apricots and the scions of the main planted apricots can be completed in two steps in spring (grafting by adopting a scion grafting mode, a cleft grafting mode or a tongue grafting mode) and summer (grafting by adopting a square bud grafting mode) within one year, namely: if an annual branch with the thickness of 0.8-1.0 cm on the interstock is used as a scion to be grafted on the basic rootstock in spring, and the grafted seedling of the interstock obtained by grafting grows vigorously, when summer comes: if the thickness of newly-germinated branches on the scions of the grafted interstock seedlings obtained by grafting reaches 0.5-0.8 cm, the newly-germinated branches on the scions of the interstock grafted seedlings can be used as stocks in summer of the year, and the main-planted apricot scions are grafted on the interstock grafted seedlings; if the thickness of newly-germinated branches on the scion of the grafted interstock seedling obtained by grafting is less than 0.5cm in summer, selecting the branches germinated in the same year and with the thickness of 0.5-0.8 cm on the scion of the interstock grafted seedling as the stock in the spring of the next year or summer of the next year, and grafting the main-planted apricot scion to the interstock grafted seedling; or respectively grafting the intermediate stock of the late-flowering apricot and the main-planted apricot scions directly in two years (spring or summer grafting can be selected) to ensure that the grafted seedlings grow robustly. Watering enough water before grafting to promote wound healing after grafting, and timely sprouting after grafting to promote healthy growth of scions. In this embodiment, the specific grafting steps are as follows:

(1) selecting a basic stock: selecting the apricot seedlings without the running glue with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm, developed root systems and strong growth as basic stocks to ensure the vigorous growth of the grafted seedlings.

(2) Selecting the middle stock and variety scions:

grafting scions required in spring: cutting an annual branch which is in a dormant period, has full bud eyes and a thickness of 0.8-1.0 cm from a main apricot tree, cutting the annual branch into 20cm long branches, and sealing a cut opening with wax; binding every 20 branches into a bundle, completely wrapping the bundle by using a plastic film with the thickness of 0.03cm, and storing the bundle in a refrigeration house at the temperature of 2-5 ℃ until the spring.

Grafting and spike selection in summer: watering the main planting apricot trees 2 days before picking to promote scion peeling, wherein in the morning of sunny day 6: 00 to 9: and in a time period of 00, cutting current-year strong branches with plump scion buds and 0.6-1.0 cm thick on the main apricot trees, removing leaves, wrapping the strong branches with a wet towel, storing the strong branches in a refrigeration house at the temperature of 2-5 ℃, and using up the strong branches within one week.

(3) The grafting method comprises the following steps:

spring grafting: and in the late 2 th to middle 3 rd of the month, and when the daily average temperature is stable above 8 ℃, grafting the intermediate stock serving as the scion to the basic stock by adopting an embedded bud grafting, cleft grafting or tongue grafting mode. During grafting, the grafted interface is smooth, cambiums are closely aligned and firmly bound, the grafted interface is bound and sealed, a flow guide groove of about 1cm is reserved below the grafted interface so as to facilitate wound flow and avoid bacterial infection at the grafted interface; sufficient water is poured in one week before grafting, so that the wound healing is facilitated.

Grafting in summer: and in the last ten days of month 5 to the middle ten days of month 6, and when the temperature is 20-25 ℃, selecting sunny and windless weather, and grafting by adopting a square budding mode. Cutting square bud slices with the length of 3-4 cm and the width of 0.8-1 cm on the scion, cutting the scion to xylem, taking the scion down, cutting a surface similar to the bud slices at the position of the stock 15-20 cm away from the ground, and cutting a diversion trench about 1cm below the cut; and (3) placing the bud slices into the notch, keeping one side and the lower part of the slices tightly attached to the rootstock cambium, wrapping and sealing by using a film, and exposing the buds. The stock is watered once a week before grafting, so that the stock is ensured to have sufficient water, and the stock is easy to peel off and is beneficial to healing the graft opening.

(4) And (3) stock shearing and bud picking management after grafting:

after grafting for about 7 days (the healing condition is determined in each area), the grafting opening is healed completely, after the bud sprouts, the stock is cut at the position 1cm away from the top end of the grafting opening, and the bag binding film is removed. After about 20 days after grafting, removing redundant buds on the stock after the grafted buds grow to be strong so as to ensure the growth of the grafted buds.

Third, the effect of postponing the flowering phase in the field

In the embodiment, ordinary wild apricots are used as basic stocks, WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricots, WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricots and WHZM-3 late-flowering wild apricots are used as intermediate stocks, apricot varieties ' middle kernels 5 ' are used as scions in the research base of the economic forest institute of China forestry science research institute in Yuanyang county of Henan province, fresh apricot ' green macro apricots ' are used as scions in the Ministry of safety of Shandong of Qinghai province, late-flowering stock flowering phase delay tests are respectively carried out (the grafting method of ' II ' using late-flowering wild apricots stocks in grafting of main-planted apricots ' is adopted, the grafting of the middle stocks of late-flowering wild apricots and the grafting of main-planted apricots scions are respectively carried out in spring in two years), the main-planted apricots are directly grafted with ordinary wild apricots as a control, and the flowering phases are observed in 2018, 2019 and 2021 years, and the research results are shown in Table 4: the WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot, WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot and WHZM-3 late-flowering wild apricot are used as intermediate stocks, so that the flowering phases of the grafted seedlings of the 'middle kernel 5' obtained by grafting can be respectively delayed for 13 days, 22 days and 30 days compared with a control group, and the flowering phases of the grafted seedlings of the 'green macro apricot' obtained by grafting can be respectively delayed for 15 days, 21 days and 24 days compared with the control group. However, the main apricot tree obtained by using WHZM-3 late-flowering wild apricot as an intermediate stock has weak growth vigor and little flower bud differentiation, and influences normal growth. Therefore, the WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot and the WHZM-2 late-flowering apricot can effectively delay the flowering phase of the scion for 13-22 days, and the obtained grafted nursery stock has good growth vigor.

FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the flowering conditions of the common apricot (left) and the WHZM-3 late-flowering apricot (right), wherein the common apricot on the left blossoms at 23 days 2 months, the WHZM-3 late-flowering apricot on the right blossoms at 30 days 3 months, and the flowering phase is delayed by 35 days. FIGS. 3 and 4 are graphs of the growth of common apricot and WHZM-3 late-flowering apricot at 20 days 3 months, respectively, from which it can be seen that the common apricot has produced young fruits at 20 days 3 months, while the WHZM-3 late-flowering apricot is also small bract. FIGS. 5 and 6 are diagrams showing the flowering conditions of seedlings obtained by grafting 'green apricot and giant apricot' on common apricot and WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot stocks respectively; in the figure 5, the nursery stock obtained by directly grafting the apricot on the common apricot blooms in 4 months and 7 days, while the nursery stock obtained by grafting the apricot on the common apricot on the WHZM-1 late flower as an intermediate stock and the common apricot as a basic stock flowers in 4 months and 22 days, and the flowering time is delayed for 15 days; FIGS. 7 and 8 are diagrams showing the flowering of seedlings obtained by grafting 'green apricot' with WHZM-2 late-flowering apricot and WHZM-3 late-flowering apricot as intermediate stocks and ordinary apricot as basic stocks, respectively; WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot grafted green-macro apricot flowers in 28 days of 4 months, and compared with the common wild apricot as a stock grafted green-macro apricot', the flowering time of the wild apricot is delayed by 21 days; the WHZM-3 late-flowering wild apricot grafted green-macro apricot 'blooms at 5 months and 1 day, and compared with the common wild apricot as a stock grafted green-macro apricot', the flowering time is delayed for 24 days, but the tree body has little flower bud and poor quality.

FIGS. 9 and 10 are graphs of nursery stock results obtained by grafting the apricot on the wild apricot as a stock in 26 days in 5 months, and graphs of nursery stock results obtained by grafting the apricot on the wild apricot as a root stock in WHZM-2. late flowers as an intermediate stock and the wild apricot as a basic stock, respectively; comparing fig. 9 and fig. 10, it can be seen that the young fruits of the 'green macro apricot' grafted by the common apricot as the rootstock are already large, and the young fruits of the 'green macro apricot' grafted by the WHZM-2 late-flowering apricot as the intermediate rootstock just start to fruit. FIGS. 11 and 12 are graphs of nursery stock results obtained by grafting the apricot on the common apricot as a stock in 25 days after 7 months, and graphs of nursery stock results obtained by grafting the apricot on the common apricot as a stock in the form of WHZM-2 late flower apricot as an intermediate stock and the common apricot as a basic stock; comparing fig. 11 and fig. 12, it can be seen that the fruits of the 'green macro apricot' grafted by the common apricot as the rootstock are close to mature, while the fruits of the 'green macro apricot' grafted by the WHZM-2 late flower apricot as the intermediate rootstock are not fully grown and the mature period is delayed.

Comparing fig. 13 to fig. 15, it can be found that the flowering time of grafting 'zhongren 5' using WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot as the intermediate stock and ordinary apricot as the basic stock is delayed by 13 days compared to the flowering time of grafting 'zhongren 5' using ordinary apricot as the stock; the flowering time of the 'Zhongren No. 5' grafted by adopting WHZM-2 late-flowering mountain apricots as intermediate stocks and common mountain apricots as basic stocks is delayed by 22 days compared with the flowering time of the 'Zhongren No. 5' grafted by common mountain apricots as stocks; the flowering time of the grafted 'Zhongren No. 5' by using WHZM-3 late-flowering apricot as an intermediate stock and the common apricot as a basic stock is delayed by 30 days compared with the flowering time of the grafted 'Zhongren No. 5' by using the common apricot as a stock, but the grafted nursery stock has weak tree growth vigor, few flower buds and poor quality. Comparing fig. 17 to fig. 19, it can be seen that the fruit of the 'kernel 5' grafted by the ordinary apricot as the rootstock is close to mature, while the fruit of the 'kernel 5' grafted by the WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot and the WHZM-2 late-flowering apricot as the intermediate rootstock is more green and has a delayed mature period.

In addition, in the present example, the effect of grafting of non-WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot among WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot and "17-day late-flowering apricot" as an intermediate stock for the 'kernel No. 5' was also compared, and the results are shown in fig. 20 and 21; the WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot and the non-WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot in the '17-day late-flowering wild apricot' are used as the intermediate stocks, although the flowering phase of the grafted seedlings of 'Zhongren 5' obtained by grafting can be delayed by about 13 days compared with that of a normal group, the grafted seedlings of the main-planted apricot obtained by using the WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot as the intermediate stocks have vigorous growth, robust branches and more and healthy flowers; the main apricot grafting nursery stock obtained by using a non-WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot stock in '17-day late-flowering wild apricot' is weak in tree, weak in branch and almost free of flower buds, and can seriously affect normal flowering and fruiting.

Also, the present example compares the effect of grafting of non-WHZM-2 late flowering apricots among WHZM-2 late flowering apricots and "26 day late flowering apricots" as intermediate stocks for 'green macro apricots', and the results are shown in fig. 22 and 23; the WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot and the non-WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot in the 26-day late-flowering wild apricot are used as the intermediate stocks, although the flowering phase of the grafted nursery stocks of the green and macro apricot obtained by grafting can be delayed by about 21 days compared with that of the normal group, the tree bodies of the grafted nursery stocks of the main-planted apricot obtained by using the WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot as the intermediate stocks are vigorous, robust, and have a large number of flowers and are healthy; the main apricot grafting nursery stock obtained by using the non-WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot stock in the 26-day late-flowering wild apricot has weak tree bodies, weak branches and few flower bud differentiation, and cannot meet the production requirement. Therefore, WHZM-1 and WHZM-2 Almond are used.

Therefore, the WHZM-1 late flowering apricot and the WHZM-2 late flowering apricot are used as intermediate stocks, and the common apricot is used as a basic stock for cultivating the grafted seedlings of the green apricot and the kernel 5, so that the flowering phase of the scion can be stably and effectively delayed, the normal tree growth and flower bud differentiation of the scion are not influenced, the cultured grafted seedlings can avoid the freezing damage of late spring coldness and late frost, and the mature phase of fruits is delayed. In addition, WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot can be used as a stock for main-growing apricot in the following regions: yang city, rotarycity, vinpocetine city, tongliao city, akang city, suanxian city and zhangjiakou city; WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricots were used as stock for main-planted apricots in the following areas: yuanyang county, Shandong City, Datong City, Jinan City, Sanmenxia City, Chengde City, Chang City, Yulin City, Dunhuancity, Luoyang City, Yining City and Wenning City.

Claims (10)

1. The Almond stock of late-flowering wild apricot for avoiding late spring coldness is characterized by being WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricot or WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricot;

the late-flowering wild apricot rootstock for avoiding late spring coldness is screened based on 480 parts of wild apricot germplasm resources collected and stored by a Chinese kernel apricot gene bank in Yuanyang county of Henan province, and the specific screening method comprises the following steps:

(1) the 480 parts of wild apricot germplasm resources are collected from natural distribution areas of wild apricots in inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Hebei: dividing the natural distribution area of the wild apricot into 13 seed source areas according to the county level, surveying and collecting the wild apricot with robust growth, large result quantity and strong stress resistance in each seed source area, and collecting seeds of the wild apricot; planting the collected wild apricot seeds to breed seedlings, and then planting the seedlings in a gene bank of Chinese almond preserved in Yuanyang county of Henan province to obtain 480 parts of apricot germplasm resources;

(2) the initial flowering phases of 480 apricot germplasm resources obtained by statistics are all between 2 months and 23 days and 3 months and 30 days; selecting mountain apricots with the initial flowering phase delayed for 17 days from 23 days of 2 months as 'mountain apricots with late flowering in 17 days', or selecting mountain apricots with the initial flowering phase delayed for 26 days from 23 days of 2 months as 'mountain apricots with late flowering in 26 days'; taking '17-day long-flowering wild apricot' or '26-day long-flowering wild apricot' as a stock, and grafting the main planted apricot onto the stock to obtain a grafted seedling;

(3) observing and counting the flowering and fruiting conditions of the grafted seedlings, and screening the grafted seedlings which are delayed in scion flowering time and can normally flower and fruit; the 17-day late-flowering apricot rootstock corresponding to the grafted nursery stock is WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot, and the 26-day late-flowering apricot rootstock corresponding to the grafted nursery stock is WHZM-2 late-flowering apricot;

the WHZM-1 late-flowering mountain apricot and the WHZM-2 late-flowering mountain apricot are both North China wild type in common apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), and the seed source of the WHZM-1 late-flowering mountain apricot is Rehehaohote City Turmentiaute Wanjiagou, and the seed source of the WHZM-2 late-flowering mountain apricot is Reheohote City and Lingelian county.

2. The late-flowering apricot rootstock for avoiding spring colds according to claim 1, wherein the WHZM-1 late-flowering apricot is used as a main-growing apricot rootstock in the following regions: yang city, rotarytai city, vinpocetine city, tongliao city, akang city, suanxian city and zhangjiakou city.

3. The late-flowering apricot rootstock for avoiding spring colds according to claim 1, wherein the WHZM-2 late-flowering apricot is used as a main-growing apricot rootstock in the following regions: yuanyang county, Shandong City, Datong City, Jinan City, Sanmenxia City, Chengde City, Chang City, Yulin City, Dunhuancity, Luoyang City, Yining City and Wenning City.

4. The method for avoiding late spring coldness of the main apricot planting by using the late flower wild apricot stock is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

step A: selecting a basic rootstock: taking the apricot without gummosis with developed root system and strong growth as a basic stock;

and B: selecting a middle stock: the method comprises the steps of taking the Almond nightshade stock for avoiding spring coldness as claimed in claim 1 as an intermediate stock;

and C: selecting main apricot scions;

step D: grafting the intermediate stock serving as a scion onto the basic stock in spring or summer, and obtaining an intermediate stock grafted seedling after grafting is finished;

and E, step E: grafting the main apricot planting scions to the intermediate stocks on the intermediate stock grafted seedlings, and obtaining the main apricot planting grafted seedlings which can avoid spring coldness and have a flowering phase delayed after grafting.

5. The method for avoiding the spring coldness of the main planted apricots by using the late-flowering wild apricot rootstock as claimed in claim 4, wherein the late-flowering wild apricot rootstock for avoiding the spring coldness in the step B is WHZM-1 late-flowering wild apricots, and the main planted apricots in the step C are located in the following areas: yang city, rotarytai city, vinpocetine city, tongliao city, akang city, suanxian city and zhangjiakou city.

6. The method for avoiding the spring coldness of the main planted apricots by using the late-flowering wild apricot rootstock as claimed in claim 4, wherein the late-flowering wild apricot rootstock for avoiding the spring coldness in the step B is WHZM-2 late-flowering wild apricots, and the main planted apricots in the step C are located in the following areas: yuanyang county, Shandong City, Datong City, Jinan City, Sanmenxia City, Chengde City, Chang City, Yulin City, Dunhuancity, Luoyang City, Yining City and Wenning City.

7. The method for avoiding spring coldness by using the main planting apricot tree stock as claimed in claim 4, wherein in the step A, the strong apricot seedlings with the ground diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm are selected as the basic stock.

8. The method for avoiding spring coldness by using the armeniaca sibirica rootstock for main cultivation of apricots as claimed in claim 4, wherein in the step C: the grafting seasons are different, and the selection method of the main apricot scions is different:

selecting the scions in spring grafting: cutting an annual branch which is in a dormant period, has full bud eyes and a thickness of 0.8-1.0 cm from a main apricot tree, cutting the annual branch into 20cm long branches, and sealing a cut opening with wax; binding every 20 branches into a bundle, completely wrapping the bundle by using a plastic film with the thickness of 0.03cm, and storing the bundle in a cold storage at the temperature of 2-5 ℃ until the bundle is used in spring;

selecting the scions during summer grafting: watering the main planting apricot trees 2 days before picking to promote scion peeling, wherein in the morning of sunny day 6: 00 to 9: and in a time period of 00, cutting current-year strong branches with plump scions and thickness of 0.6-1.0 cm on the main planted apricot trees, removing leaves, wrapping the strong branches with a wet towel, storing the strong branches in a cold storage at 2-5 ℃, and using up the strong branches within one week.

9. The method for avoiding the spring coldness of the main planted apricots by using the late-flowering wild apricot rootstocks, according to claim 8, wherein in the step D: the spring grafting method comprises the following steps: grafting the intermediate stock serving as a scion to the basic stock by adopting an embedded bud grafting, cleft grafting or tongue grafting mode when the daily average temperature is stable above 8 ℃ from 2 late ten days to 3 middle days;

the summer grafting method comprises the following steps: and in the last ten days of month 5 to the middle ten days of month 6, and when the temperature is 20-25 ℃, selecting sunny and windless weather, and grafting by adopting a square budding mode.

10. The method for avoiding the spring coldness of the main planted apricots by using the late-flowering wild apricot rootstocks, according to claim 9, wherein if the annual branches with the thickness of 0.8-1.0 cm on the intermediate rootstocks are grafted onto the basic rootstocks as scions in spring in the step D, and when summer comes: if the thickness of newly-germinated branches on the scion of the grafted interstock seedling obtained by grafting reaches 0.5-0.8 cm, in the step E, in summer of the year, the newly-germinated branches on the scion of the interstock grafted seedling are used as the rootstock, and the main-planted apricot scion is grafted on the interstock grafted seedling; if the thickness of newly germinated branches on the scion of the grafted seedling of the interstock obtained by grafting is less than 0.5cm, selecting the branches germinated in the same year and with the thickness of 0.5-0.8 cm on the scion of the grafted seedling of the interstock as the stock in the spring of the next year or summer of the next year in the step E, and grafting the main-planted apricot scion to the grafted seedling of the interstock;

and D, if the current-year strong branches with the thickness of 0.6-1.0 cm on the intermediate stocks are used as scions to be grafted onto the basic stocks in summer in the step D, grafting the main-plant apricot scions onto the intermediate stock grafted seedlings in the next spring or the next summer in the step E.

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