CN113229089A - Delta-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting method for alfalfa in loess mountain land - Google Patents
Delta-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting method for alfalfa in loess mountain land Download PDFInfo
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- CN113229089A CN113229089A CN202110644109.9A CN202110644109A CN113229089A CN 113229089 A CN113229089 A CN 113229089A CN 202110644109 A CN202110644109 A CN 202110644109A CN 113229089 A CN113229089 A CN 113229089A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
Abstract
A delta-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting method for alfalfa in loess and mountainous regions comprises the steps of planting soil pretreatment, planting preparation, wide-narrow row hill-drop planting, dropper laying, field irrigation, field fertilization, field weeding, disease and pest control, and mowing harvesting. According to the method, the planting holes are increased by 33.3% under the same plot conditions, the plants are provided with sufficient sunshine conditions, mutual shielding is avoided, the leaf photosynthesis and the hay yield are improved, the technical problems that southern yellow and mountainous alfalfa in the elm forest is poor in planting effect, serious in water and soil loss and grass is fed to cattle and sheep livestock are solved, the yield and the nutritional quality of the southern yellow and mountainous alfalfa are improved, the animal husbandry is developed, the environment is protected, the nutritional ingredients of the harvested alfalfa are tested according to a conventional method, and the test result shows that the quality of the alfalfa hay reaches the top-grade standard of T/CAAA 001 2018 alfalfa quality grading of the national animal husbandry association standard. The method can be popularized in large area on the loess plateau.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation, and particularly relates to a planting method for cultivating alfalfa in the loess hilly area and mountainous regions.
Background
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is known as the king of pasture, has high yield, good quality, strong adaptability and good palatability, and can maintain the ecological environment protection functions of water and soil, improve sand and beach land and the like. The alfalfa has long growth life, does not need repeated cultivation, has strong alfalfa property, tender and delicious stem leaves, is most favored by various livestock and poultry regardless of green feeding, ensiling, modulation of green hay, and processing of grass meal for compound feed or mixed feed, has wide application range, and is the preferred fine forage grass for the development of animal husbandry. The alfalfa is planted in the desert area in a large area, the desertification of the sand beach is prevented, the environment is improved, the pasture is provided for the breeding industry, and the method has great economic and environmental protection significance. The transition zone of Maowu desert and loess plateau in Yulin city of Shaanxi province is the first city of sheep raising in non-pastoral areas of the whole country, belongs to the traditional farming and animal husbandry staggered area of Shaanxi province, is temperate continental monsoon climate, has the annual average temperature of 8.6 ℃, the annual average rainfall of 371mm, the frost-free period of 167 days, the annual average sunlight irradiation of 2900 hours, the annual average accumulated temperature of 4000 ℃, and has the advantages of extremely thick areas and natural resources in the development of grass and animal husbandry.
With the continuous expansion of the sheep breeding scale in the elm area, the demand space for high-quality alfalfa increases, and the forage grass industry mainly for modernized alfalfa planting is vigorously developed in the current area. The south of elm forest area belongs to loess hilly area and is mostly the mountain region, and the rainfall is few and soil moisture bearing capacity is lower relatively. Most of the traditional alfalfa planting methods are hole sowing or dibbling planting methods, the planting distance and the row distance are equal and are basically 40cm multiplied by 40cm, and the problems of low population biomass, serious pest and disease damage and the like caused by too many individual plants, unreasonable close planting and poor ventilation condition can occur. The alfalfa planting density is closely related to the hay yield, and the relationship between plant individuals and grassland populations is correctly processed under the local specific climate and soil conditions, so that the populations are developed to the maximum extent, and the individuals are fully grown and developed; the light energy and the land capability in unit area are fully utilized, and the best economic benefit under the same planting condition is obtained.
The problems in the prior art are that the yield of the method for cultivating the medicago sativa in the mountainous regions of the loess hilly area is low, so that the expected effect and the economic benefit can hardly be achieved by planting the artificial medicago sativa grassland, and no research and report about the row spacing mode in the planting of the medicago sativa in the region exists. Therefore, the technology for planting the alfalfa in the loess hilly area in the south of elm forest has very important practical production significance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a planting method for alfalfa-shaped wide-narrow row hill planting in loess mountainous regions, which has the advantages of good ventilation and light transmission, high yield and obvious yield increase amplitude.
The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows:
(1) pretreatment of planting soil
Selecting loess mountains with flat terrain, cutting hills and filling holes, eliminating unevenness, ensuring that the flatness deviation is not more than +/-5 cm, deeply ploughing 15-20 cm of land, finely harrowing soil, leveling the ground, compacting the surface soil to a sinking depth of 0.5-1 cm, applying 1500-2000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 20-25 kg of ammonium sulfate per mu, and uniformly applying the farmyard manure and the ammonium sulfate into a plough layer in combination with land farming.
(2) Preparation for planting
Selecting alfalfa varieties with autumn sleeping grade of 1-4 and more than two grades of quality classification of seeds of leguminous grass in national standard GB 6141-2008, and dressing seeds with 12-15 g/mu of alfalfa sinorhizobium inoculant before sowing.
(3) Wide-narrow row hill-drop planting
A Chinese character pin-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting cultivation method is adopted, and the method comprises the following steps: one narrow planting row and an adjacent narrow planting row are horizontally arranged in parallel to form one planting unit, a wide row is formed between the two adjacent planting units, the row spacing of the narrow planting rows is 15-20 cm, the row spacing of the wide row is 35-40 cm, sowing holes are dug in a first narrow planting row and a second narrow planting row, the sowing holes in the first narrow planting row and the sowing holes in the second narrow planting row are arranged in a staggered mode, the central distance between every two adjacent sowing holes in the first narrow planting row and the second narrow planting row is 15-40 cm, alfalfa seeds are spread in each sowing hole, the sowing amount per mu is 1.5-2.0 kg, soil with the thickness of 1-2 cm is covered after sowing, and pressing is carried out in time.
(4) Lay burette
A drip irrigation tape is laid in the middle between a first planting narrow row and a second planting narrow row of each planting unit, one end of each drip irrigation tape is communicated with a main water delivery pipe, the laying length of each drip irrigation tape is not more than 100m, the drip irrigation tapes are labyrinth drip irrigation tapes, the inner diameter of each drip irrigation tape is 12-16 mm, the flow rate of drippers is 2.0-3.0L/h, the space distance of dripping is 20-30 cm, and the working pressure is 50-100 kpa.
(5) Irrigation in field
The bottom water is fully irrigated before seeding, the irrigation depth is 20-30 cm, the irrigation depth is 5-30 cm after seeding, and the annual irrigation quantity in the growing period is 340-380 m per mu3The irrigation quantity is 15-20 m per mu each time3Irrigating when the relative water content of the soil layer of 10-30 cm per mu in each irrigation period is reduced to 60%, and irrigating 15-20 m per mu before winter3Preventing and controlling freeze injury, and shallow-pouring and sealing 5-8 m of frozen water per mu in later period3。
(6) Fertilizing in field
Before sowing the alfalfa and in each branch period of the alfalfa, applying 10-12 kg of urea to each mu in a combined irrigation mode, and before sowing the alfalfa and in the branch periods of the alfalfa 2 and 4, applying 16-22 kg of calcium superphosphate and 5-8 kg of potassium sulfate to each mu in a combined irrigation mode.
(7) Weeding in field
Before ploughing and sowing for 6 months, carrying out stem leaf spraying on plots with serious annual weed harm by adopting a farmyard with the mass concentration of 41% in the vigorous growth period of weeds, wherein the dosage per mu is 400-600 mL; after emergence of seedlings, 3 leaves and three compound leaves of the alfalfa are unfolded, and when weeds are in a 3-5 leaf stage, the stem leaves are subjected to chemical weeding by spraying composite herbicide;
the compound herbicide is: is prepared by mixing an imidazole acetic niacin aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 5 percent and an sethoxydim aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 16.5 percent or mixing a bentazone aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 25 percent and a weiba aqueous emulsion with the mass concentration of 6.9 percent; the dosage per mu is as follows: 100-120 mL of 5% imazethapyr aqueous solution and 12-18 mL of 6.5% sethoxydim are mixed or 160-180 mL of 25% bentazone aqueous solution and 50-60 mL of 6.9% Weiba aqueous emulsion are mixed, and 40L of water is added when the composition is used.
(8) Preventing and controlling diseases and pests
Spraying 40-60 mL/mu of water-added 40L of 70% mancozeb at the early stage of the onset of the alfalfa leaf spot disease every 8-9 months, and spraying 30-50 mL/mu of water-added 50L of 10% world high water dispersible granule after the onset of the alfalfa leaf spot disease; spraying 30-45 mL/mu of 50L of water mixed with 40% folpet wettable powder at the early onset of alfalfa powdery mildew for 6-8 months every year, and spraying 75-90 mL/mu of 50% benomyl wettable powder with 50L of water mixed when the disease occurs; adding 40-50 mL/mu of 4.5% beta-cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate into 50L of water when the thrips insect attack occurs from the branching stage to the bud stage of alfalfa, and spraying the mixture in the morning or in the late evening during the vigorous activity period of the thrips each day; and spraying 50L of 50% pirimicarb wettable powder mixed with water at a ratio of 10-18 g/mu when the aphids attack for 7-8 months every year.
(9) Mowing and harvesting
And (3) harvesting the alfalfa in the bud period of each crop, selecting the alfalfa without rainfall within 5 days according to the weather conditions, cutting the height of the remained crops to be 3-5 cm, airing the cut alfalfa in the field until the water content is less than 18%, and bundling and storing.
In the step (3) of wide-narrow row hill-drop planting, the horizontal center line of the first planting narrow row is parallel to the horizontal center line of the second planting narrow row and the horizontal center line of the wide row; the horizontal center line of the seeding holes on the first narrow planting row is coincident with the horizontal center line of the first narrow planting row, and the horizontal center line of the seeding holes on the second narrow planting row is coincident with the horizontal center line of the second narrow planting row.
In the (3) wide-narrow row hill-drop planting step, the row spacing of the narrow rows is 18cm optimally, the row spacing of the wide rows is 38cm optimally, seed-drop holes are dug on the first narrow row and the second narrow row, and the seed-drop holes of the first narrow row and the seed-drop holes of the second narrow row are arranged in a staggered mode. In the step (3) of wide-narrow row hill-drop planting, the center distance between two adjacent planting holes on the first narrow planting row and the second narrow planting row is optimally 25cm, and the optimal seeding quantity per mu is 1.8 kg.
In the field fertilizing step (6), the best 11kg of urea is applied to each mu by combining irrigation before alfalfa seeding and in each branch period, and the best 20kg of calcium superphosphate and 6kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu by combining irrigation before alfalfa seeding and in the 2 nd and 4 th branch periods.
The alfalfa pin-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting method is adopted, planting holes are increased by 33.3% under the same plot conditions, sufficient sunshine conditions can be provided for plants, mutual shielding is avoided, blade photosynthesis and hay yield are improved, the technical problem that the planting effect of alfalfa in loess and mountainous regions in the south of elms is poor is solved, flowing and exchange of air between plants are facilitated, the concentration of carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis is ensured, the yield and the nutritional quality of alfalfa in mountainous regions are improved, the economic and social benefits are remarkable, the alfalfa is planted in the loess and mountainous regions in a large area, the technical problems of water and soil loss and forage grass for cattle and sheep livestock are solved, the livestock husbandry is developed, soil erosion is reduced, and the environment is protected. The nutritional ingredients of the harvested alfalfa planted by the method are tested according to a conventional method, and the test result shows that the quality of the alfalfa hay reaches the top grade standard of China Association for animal husbandry standard T/CAAA 001 and 2018 alfalfa hay quality classification.
Drawings
1. FIG. 1 is a flowchart of example 1 of the present invention.
2. FIG. 2 is a photograph of alfalfa growth in the field.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, but the present invention is not limited to the examples described below.
Example 1
In fig. 1, the method for automatically generating a chinese character font based on a skeleton-guided transmission network of the present embodiment includes the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of planting soil
Selecting loess mountains with flat terrain, cutting hills and filling holes, eliminating unevenness, ensuring that the flatness deviation is not more than +/-5 cm, deeply ploughing 15-20 cm of land, finely harrowing soil, leveling the ground, compacting the surface soil to a sinking depth of 0.5-1 cm, applying 1500-2000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 20-25 kg of ammonium sulfate per mu, and randomly selecting the specific dosage of the farmyard manure and the ammonium sulfate in the range, and uniformly applying the farmyard manure and the ammonium sulfate into a plough layer by combining land cultivation.
(2) Preparation for planting
Selecting alfalfa varieties with autumn sleeping grade of 1-4 and more than two grades of quality classification of seeds of leguminous grass in national standard GB 6141-2008, and dressing seeds with 12-15 g/mu of alfalfa sinorhizobium inoculant before sowing.
(3) Wide-narrow row hill-drop planting
A Chinese character pin-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting cultivation method is adopted, and the method comprises the following steps: one planting narrow row and an adjacent planting narrow row are horizontally arranged in parallel to form a planting unit, a wide row is formed between the two adjacent planting units, the row distance of the planting narrow row is 18cm, the row distance of the wide row is 38cm, and the horizontal center line of the first planting narrow row is parallel to the horizontal center line of the second planting narrow row and the horizontal center line of the wide row. Sowing holes are dug on a first narrow planting row and a second narrow planting row, the horizontal center line of the sowing holes on the first narrow planting row is coincident with the horizontal center line of the first narrow planting row, the horizontal center line of the sowing holes on the second narrow planting row is coincident with the horizontal center line of the second narrow planting row, the sowing holes on the first narrow planting row and the sowing holes on the second narrow planting row are arranged in a staggered mode, the center distance between every two adjacent sowing holes on the first narrow planting row and the second narrow planting row is 25cm, alfalfa seeds are spread in each sowing hole, the sowing amount per mu is 1.8kg, and soil with the thickness of 1-2 cm is covered after sowing and is pressed in time.
(4) Lay burette
A drip irrigation tape is laid in the middle between a first planting narrow row and a second planting narrow row of each planting unit, one end of each drip irrigation tape is communicated with a main water pipe, the laying length of each drip irrigation tape is not more than 100m, the drip irrigation tape is a labyrinth drip irrigation tape, the inner diameter of the drip irrigation tape is 14mm, the flow rate of drippers is 2.5L/h, the drip space interval is 25cm, and the working pressure is 75 kpa.
(5) Irrigation in field
The bottom water is fully irrigated before seeding, the irrigation depth is 20-30 cm, the irrigation depth is 5-30 cm after seeding, and the annual irrigation quantity in the growing period is 340-380 m per mu3The irrigation quantity is 15-20 m per mu each time3Irrigating when the relative water content of the soil layer of 10-30 cm per mu in each irrigation period is reduced to 60%, and irrigating 15-20 m per mu before winter3Preventing and controlling freeze injury, and shallow-pouring and sealing 5-8 m of frozen water per mu in later period3. The specific times of field irrigation, the irrigation quantity of each time and the irrigation quantity of the whole year are determined according to the precipitation.
(6) Fertilizing in field
11kg of urea is applied to each mu by combining irrigation before sowing the alfalfa and in each branch period of the alfalfa, and 20kg of calcium superphosphate and 6kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu by combining irrigation before sowing the alfalfa and in the branch periods of the alfalfa 2 and 4.
(7) Weeding in field
Before ploughing and sowing for 6 months, carrying out stem leaf spraying on plots with serious annual weed harm by adopting a farmyard with the mass concentration of 41% in the vigorous growth period of weeds, wherein the dosage per mu is 400-600 mL; after emergence, 3 leaves of three compound leaves of the alfalfa are unfolded, and when weeds are in a 3-5 leaf period, the compound herbicide is adopted for carrying out stem leaf spray chemical weeding.
The compound herbicide is: is prepared by mixing an imidazole acetic niacin aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 5 percent and an sethoxydim aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 16.5 percent or mixing a bentazone aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 25 percent and a weiba aqueous emulsion with the mass concentration of 6.9 percent; the dosage per mu is as follows: 100-120 mL of 5% imazethapyr aqueous solution and 12-18 mL of 6.5% sethoxydim are mixed or 160-180 mL of 25% bentazone aqueous solution and 50-60 mL of 6.9% Weiba aqueous emulsion are mixed, and 40L of water is added when the composition is used.
The specific herbicides used and the dosages used should be determined according to the particular circumstances of the weed growth.
(8) Preventing and controlling diseases and pests
Spraying 40-60 mL/mu of water-added 40L of 70% mancozeb at the early stage of the onset of the alfalfa leaf spot disease every 8-9 months, and spraying 30-50 mL/mu of water-added 50L of 10% world high water dispersible granule after the onset of the alfalfa leaf spot disease; spraying 30-45 mL/mu of 50L of water mixed with 40% folpet wettable powder at the early onset of alfalfa powdery mildew for 6-8 months every year, and spraying 75-90 mL/mu of 50% benomyl wettable powder with 50L of water mixed when the disease occurs; adding 40-50 mL/mu of 4.5% beta-cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate into 50L of water when the thrips insect attack occurs from the branching stage to the bud stage of alfalfa, and spraying the mixture in the morning or in the late evening during the vigorous activity period of the thrips each day; and spraying 50L of 50% pirimicarb wettable powder mixed with water at a ratio of 10-18 g/mu when the aphids attack for 7-8 months every year.
The types and specific dosage of the pesticides used for preventing and controlling diseases and pests are specifically determined in the pesticides according to the specific situation of occurrence of diseases and pests.
(9) Mowing and harvesting
And (3) harvesting the alfalfa in the bud period of each crop, selecting the alfalfa without rainfall within 5 days according to the weather conditions, cutting the height of the remained crops to be 3-5 cm, airing the cut alfalfa in the field until the water content is less than 18%, and bundling and storing.
Example 2
The automatic Chinese character font generating method based on the framework guide transmission network comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of planting soil
This procedure is the same as in example 1.
(2) Preparation for planting
This procedure is the same as in example 1.
(3) Wide-narrow row hill-drop planting
A Chinese character pin-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting cultivation method is adopted, and the method comprises the following steps: one planting narrow row and an adjacent planting narrow row are horizontally arranged in parallel to form a planting unit, a wide row is formed between the two adjacent planting units, the row distance of the planting narrow row is 15cm, the row distance of the wide row is 35cm, and the horizontal center line of the first planting narrow row is parallel to the horizontal center line of the second planting narrow row and the horizontal center line of the wide row. The method comprises the steps that sowing holes are dug in a first narrow planting row and a second narrow planting row, the horizontal center line of the sowing holes in the first narrow planting row is coincident with the horizontal center line of the first narrow planting row, the horizontal center line of the sowing holes in the second narrow planting row is coincident with the horizontal center line of the second narrow planting row, the sowing holes in the first narrow planting row and the sowing holes in the second narrow planting row are arranged in a staggered mode, the center distance between every two adjacent sowing holes in the first narrow planting row and the second narrow planting row is 40cm, alfalfa seeds are spread in each sowing hole, the sowing amount per mu is 1.5kg, soil with the thickness of 1-2 cm is covered after sowing, and pressing is carried out timely.
(4) Lay burette
A drip irrigation tape is laid between a first planting narrow row and a second planting narrow row of each planting unit, one end of each drip irrigation tape is communicated with a main water pipe, the laying length of each drip irrigation tape is not more than 100m, the drip irrigation tape is a labyrinth drip irrigation tape, the inner diameter of the drip irrigation tape is 16mm, the flow rate of drippers is 3.0L/h, the space distance of dripping is 30cm, and the working pressure is 100 kpa.
(5) Irrigation in field
This procedure is the same as in example 1.
(6) Fertilizing in field
12kg of urea is applied to each mu by combining irrigation before sowing the alfalfa and in each branch period of the alfalfa, and 22kg of calcium superphosphate and 8kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu by combining irrigation before sowing the alfalfa and in the branch periods of the alfalfa 2 and 4.
The other steps were the same as in example 1.
Example 3
The automatic Chinese character font generating method based on the framework guide transmission network comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of planting soil
This procedure is the same as in example 1.
(2) Preparation for planting
This procedure is the same as in example 1.
(3) Wide-narrow row hill-drop planting
A Chinese character pin-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting cultivation method is adopted, and the method comprises the following steps: one planting narrow row and an adjacent planting narrow row are horizontally arranged in parallel to form a planting unit, a wide row is formed between the two adjacent planting units, the row distance of the planting narrow rows is 20cm, the row distance of the wide row is 40cm, and the horizontal center line of the first planting narrow row is parallel to the horizontal center line of the second planting narrow row and the horizontal center line of the wide row. The method comprises the steps that sowing holes are dug in a first narrow planting row and a second narrow planting row, the horizontal center line of the sowing holes in the first narrow planting row is coincident with the horizontal center line of the first narrow planting row, the horizontal center line of the sowing holes in the second narrow planting row is coincident with the horizontal center line of the second narrow planting row, the sowing holes in the first narrow planting row and the sowing holes in the second narrow planting row are arranged in a staggered mode, the center distance between every two adjacent sowing holes in the first narrow planting row and the second narrow planting row is 15cm, alfalfa seeds are spread in each sowing hole, the sowing amount per mu is 2.0kg, soil with the thickness of 1-2 cm is covered after sowing, and pressing is carried out timely.
(4) Lay burette
A drip irrigation tape is laid between a first planting narrow row and a second planting narrow row of each planting unit, one end of each drip irrigation tape is communicated with a main water pipe, the laying length of each drip irrigation tape is not more than 100m, the drip irrigation tape is a labyrinth drip irrigation tape, the inner diameter of the drip irrigation tape is 12mm, the flow rate of drippers is 2.0L/h, the space between drippers is 25cm, and the working pressure is 50 kpa.
(5) Irrigation in field
This procedure is the same as in example 1.
(6) Fertilizing in field
Before sowing the alfalfa and in each branch period of the alfalfa, 10kg of urea is applied to each mu in a combined irrigation mode, and before sowing the alfalfa and in the branch periods of the alfalfa 2 and 4 th crops, 16kg of calcium superphosphate and 5kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu in a combined irrigation mode.
The other steps were the same as in example 1.
In order to verify the beneficial effects of the invention, the inventor carried out field small-scale experiments by using the method of the invention in the embodiment 1, and the experimental conditions are as follows:
1. procedure of the test
Perimeter village (E109 degrees 16', N37 degrees 99') of Relongwan Bay in the Yanshan district of Ullin city, Shanxi province belongs to typical loess mountains, the test field is 5 mu, and field experiments are carried out from 3 and 22 days in 2019 to 9 and 30 days in 2019. The growth of alfalfa in the field is shown in FIG. 2. As can be seen from FIG. 2, alfalfa grew well in loess mountainous regions.
2. Results of the experiment
The collected alfalfa samples are subjected to green removing, drying and weighing in a laboratory to obtain the yield of hay per mu, the hay is crushed, 500g of the crushed alfalfa samples are taken as samples, and the nutritional quality indexes of crude protein, moisture, ash, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber are tested according to a conventional detection method, wherein the test results are shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 alfalfa biological and nutritional quality
As can be seen from Table 1, the quality of the alfalfa hay reaches the super grade standard T/CAAA 001 of the Association of animal husbandry of China 2018, alfalfa hay quality grading.
Claims (5)
1. A delta-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting method for alfalfa in loess mountainous regions is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of planting soil
Selecting loess mountains with flat terrain, cutting hills and filling depressions, eliminating unevenness, keeping flatness deviation not more than +/-5 cm, deeply turning 15-20 cm of land, finely harrowing soil, leveling the ground, compacting surface soil with a sinking depth of 0.5-1 cm, applying 1500-2000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 20-25 kg of ammonium sulfate per mu, and uniformly applying the farmyard manure and the ammonium sulfate into a plough layer in combination with land farming;
(2) preparation for planting
Selecting alfalfa varieties with autumn sleeping grade of 1-4 and more than two grades of quality classification of seeds of leguminous grass in national standard GB 6141-2008, and dressing seeds with 12-15 g/mu of alfalfa sinorhizobium inoculant before sowing;
(3) wide-narrow row hill-drop planting
A Chinese character pin-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting cultivation method is adopted, and the method comprises the following steps: one narrow planting row and an adjacent narrow planting row are horizontally arranged in parallel to form one planting unit, a wide row is formed between the two adjacent planting units, the row spacing of the narrow planting rows is 15-20 cm, the row spacing of the wide row is 35-40 cm, sowing holes are dug in a first narrow planting row and a second narrow planting row, the sowing holes in the first narrow planting row and the sowing holes in the second narrow planting row are arranged in a staggered mode, the central distance between every two adjacent sowing holes in the first narrow planting row and the second narrow planting row is 15-40 cm, alfalfa seeds are spread in each sowing hole, the sowing amount per mu is 1.5-2.0 kg, soil with the thickness of 1-2 cm is covered after sowing, and pressing is carried out in time;
(4) lay burette
Laying a drip irrigation tape at the middle position between a first planting narrow row and a second planting narrow row of each planting unit, wherein one end of each drip irrigation tape is communicated with a main water delivery pipe, the laying length of each drip irrigation tape is not more than 100m, the drip irrigation tape adopts a labyrinth drip irrigation tape, the inner diameter of the drip irrigation tape is 12-16 mm, the flow rate of drippers is 2.0-3.0L/h, the space distance of dripping is 20-30 cm, and the working pressure is 50-100 kpa;
(5) irrigation in field
The bottom water is fully irrigated before seeding, the irrigation depth is 20-30 cm, the irrigation depth is 5-30 cm after seeding, and the annual irrigation quantity in the growing period is 340-380 m per mu3The irrigation quantity is 15-20 m per mu each time3Irrigating when the relative water content of the soil layer of 10-30 cm per mu in each irrigation period is reduced to 60%, and irrigating 15-20 m per mu before winter3Preventing and controlling freeze injury, and shallow-pouring and sealing 5-8 m of frozen water per mu in later period3；
(6) Fertilizing in field
Before sowing the alfalfa and in each branch period of the alfalfa, applying 10-12 kg of urea to each mu in a combined irrigation mode, and before sowing the alfalfa and in the branch periods of the 2 nd and 4 th alfalfa, applying 16-22 kg of calcium superphosphate and 5-8 kg of potassium sulfate to each mu in a combined irrigation mode;
(7) weeding in field
Before ploughing and sowing for 6 months, carrying out stem leaf spraying on plots with serious annual weed harm by adopting a farmyard with the mass concentration of 41% in the vigorous growth period of weeds, wherein the dosage per mu is 400-600 mL; after emergence of seedlings, 3 leaves and three compound leaves of the alfalfa are unfolded, and when weeds are in a 3-5 leaf stage, the stem leaves are subjected to chemical weeding by spraying composite herbicide;
the compound herbicide is: is prepared by mixing an imidazole acetic niacin aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 5 percent and an sethoxydim aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 16.5 percent or mixing a bentazone aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 25 percent and a weiba aqueous emulsion with the mass concentration of 6.9 percent; the dosage per mu is as follows: mixing 100-120 mL of an imazethapyr aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 5% and 12-18 mL of sethoxydim with the mass concentration of 6.5%, or mixing 160-180 mL of a bentazone aqueous solution with the mass concentration of 25% and 50-60 mL of a weiba aqueous emulsion with the mass concentration of 6.9%, and adding 40L of water when the composition is used;
(8) preventing and controlling diseases and pests
Spraying 40-60 mL/mu of water-added 40L of 70% mancozeb at the early stage of the onset of the alfalfa leaf spot disease every 8-9 months, and spraying 30-50 mL/mu of water-added 50L of 10% world high water dispersible granule after the onset of the alfalfa leaf spot disease; spraying 30-45 mL/mu of 50L of water mixed with 40% folpet wettable powder at the early onset of alfalfa powdery mildew for 6-8 months every year, and spraying 75-90 mL/mu of 50% benomyl wettable powder with 50L of water mixed when the disease occurs; adding 40-50 mL/mu of 4.5% beta-cypermethrin emulsifiable concentrate into 50L of water when the thrips insect attack occurs from the branching stage to the bud stage of alfalfa, and spraying the mixture in the morning or in the late evening during the vigorous activity period of the thrips each day; spraying 50L of 50% pirimicarb wettable powder mixed with water at a ratio of 10-18 g/mu when 7-8 months of insect pests happen to aphids each year;
(9) mowing and harvesting
And (3) harvesting the alfalfa in the bud period of each crop, selecting the alfalfa without rainfall within 5 days according to the weather conditions, cutting the height of the remained crops to be 3-5 cm, airing the cut alfalfa in the field until the water content is less than 18%, and bundling and storing.
2. The loess mountain alfalfa character-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (3) of wide-narrow row hill-drop planting, the horizontal center line of the first planting narrow row is parallel to the horizontal center line of the second planting narrow row and the horizontal center line of the wide row; the horizontal center line of the seeding holes on the first narrow planting row is coincident with the horizontal center line of the first narrow planting row, and the horizontal center line of the seeding holes on the second narrow planting row is coincident with the horizontal center line of the second narrow planting row.
3. The loess mountain alfalfa character-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting method as claimed in claim 2, wherein: in the step (3) of wide-narrow row hole sowing planting, the row spacing of the narrow planting rows is 18cm, the row spacing of the wide rows is 38cm, sowing holes are dug on the first narrow planting rows and the second narrow planting rows, and the sowing holes of the first narrow planting rows and the sowing holes of the second narrow planting rows are arranged in a staggered mode.
4. The loess mountain alfalfa character-shaped wide-narrow row hill-drop planting method as claimed in claim 2 or 3, wherein: in the step (3) of wide-narrow row hole sowing planting, the center distance of two adjacent sowing holes on the first narrow planting row and the second narrow planting row is 25cm, and the sowing quantity per mu is 1.8 kg.
5. The planting method of the loess mountain alfalfa character type wide and narrow row hill planter according to claim 2, characterized in that in the field fertilizing step (6), 11kg of urea is applied to each mu in combination with irrigation before alfalfa seeding and at each branch period, and 20kg of calcium superphosphate and 6kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu in combination with irrigation before alfalfa seeding and at the 2 nd and 4 th branch periods.
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