CN101411282B - Method for cultivating flood-refuge crops in hollow of southwest karst peak cluster - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a waterlogging-avoiding crop cultivation method for karst peak-cluster depression area. The method comprises: a. arrangement of a crop planting system, which is to plant pasture; and b. waterlogging-avoiding cultivation method for crop in the depression area: A. waterlogging-avoiding potato cultivation which comprises the steps of potato seed selection and germination, land preparation and fertilizer application, seeding, management and harvest, wherein potato blocks with dedicate, bright and smooth skin are selected as potato seeds and are stored in stacks before seeding, fertilizer application is carried out before land preparation, seeding is carried out after rain when soil contains enough water; B. waterlogging-avoiding corn cultivation which comprises the steps of introducing a new corn variety, planting corn seeds and covering a plastic film in the early growth period of the corn to advance the maturation period of the corn, and top dressing; and C. depression area pasture cultivation which comprises seedling and fertilizer application, field care and fertilizer application, intertillage and weeding, wherein intertillage is carried out together with fertilizer application to improve the resistance of the pasture and to accelerate the growth of the pasture after waterlogging. The method is easy to implement and operation, increases economic incomeand avoids damages to ecological environment.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to Agro-ecology and crop genetics field, more specifically relate to a cover depression crop and keep away the waterlogging cultivation method, this technology is suitable for departments such as peasant, seeds company, agri-scientific research and agricultural technology spread and carries out the karst peak from depression crop allocation and culture technique popularization.
Background technology
The karst, southwest belongs to the subtropics monsoon climate, and year rainfall spatial and temporal distributions inequality has been concentrated the 70-80% of rainfall in individual year usually the 4-8 month.Geomorphic feature peak cluster depression determines this district can't in time drain the concentrated 6-7 month of depression ponding, particularly heavy rain that torrential rain produces rainy season, is often flooded peak cluster depression, floods waterlogging time weak point then 35 days, reaches first quarter moon.Concentrate on low lying areas mostly and live in the crop-planting ground that this district peasant depends on for existence,, thisly flood waterlogging and usually make this season crop total crop failure that is grown in low-lying land because just be the plant growth busy season rainy season.According to statistics, at southwestern karst peak cluster depression, cause the probability of this season crop total crop failure to be about 40% because of flooding waterlogging.Under the rascal, local peasant has to open up wasteland the thin and hillside fields that be embedded in the crack of stone of soil layer and plants cereal crops, this can aggravate karst peak cluster depression water and soil loss and cause the ecosystem to be degenerated.Therefore, how rationally to carry out the key that crop allocation and cultivation become karst sustainable agriculture development and degraded ecosystem restoration and reconstruction peak cluster depression.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to be to provide a kind of method for cultivating flood-refuge crops in hollow of southwest karst peak cluster, operation is simple for this method, by rational deployment, plastic mulching, selected waterlogging-resistant herbage variety and scientific management, success makes up karst crops layout peak cluster depression, and avoids or alleviate the influence that depression flood in rainy season is produced crops.The evidence that 2006-2008 is continuous 3 years is adopted the waterlogging crop genetics method of keeping away peak cluster depression at karst, and the crop production reduction that flood can be caused is controlled at the normal time 10-20% of (not having flood).
In order to realize above-mentioned task, the present invention adopts following technical measures:
(1) introduces a fine variety the strong crop of waterlogging-resistant property (herding No. 1 and hybrid giant napier) as osmanthus, introduce a fine variety corn good quality and high output kind (beautiful No. 7 of Hunan, beautiful No. 8 of Hunan, honest series and liquid single series) and plantation potato (gram new range, morning Da Bai, the red skin in Taiwan), according to plant growth cycle and characteristic, at the karst peak from depression rational deployment crops, in conjunction with keeping away the waterlogging culture technique, realize stable and high yields.
(2) begin sowing in good time and combine, make corn, potato main product crops safety avoid flood period occurred frequently (by the end of June-mid-July) with plastic mulching.For realizing that corn keeps away waterlogging, aim of high yield, will do sth. in advance sowing time in conjunction with film-mulching technique, to strive for the corn premature ripening to 20-25 day in February, make corn take out that hero is bloomed and the maturing stage of being in the milk is realized corn with high yield synchronously with weather conditions preferably as far as possible simultaneously.
(3) introduce a fine variety the strong herbage variety of waterlogging-resistant property and take to strengthen the control measures of the waterlogging-resistant property of crop, appoint Woody feed crops such as beans, pigeonpea in conjunction with plantation, make up karst sustainable agriculture planting system peak cluster depression.
The present invention compared with prior art has the following advantages and effect:
1. reasonable waterlogging-resistant crop-planting system construction.Keep away waterlogging, waterlogging-resistant crop by introducing a fine variety; according to plant growth characteristic and karst climatic characteristic peak cluster depression; reasonable disposition proportion of crop planting system, the influence of successfully avoiding depression flood in rainy season that crops are produced realizes peasant economy income increase and ecological environmental protection double goal.
2. in safety sowing as early as possible in sowing time, strive for the corn premature ripening, make corn take out that hero is bloomed and weather conditions are synchronous as far as possible with preferably the maturing stage of being in the milk; Film mulching and planting is in combination avoided the corn evil of catching cold seedling stage in early spring, reaches soil moisture conservation and protects fertilely, suppresses weed growth, reduces insect pest, increases accumulated temperature, promotes corn growth, makes full use of the photo-thermal resource, realizes keeping away waterlogging, aim of high yield.
3. introduce a fine variety the good forage kind that waterlogging-resistant property is strong, output is high peak cluster depression at karst, in conjunction with scientific management (sowing, fertilising and the extermination of disease and insect pest etc.), simultaneously, introduce Woody feed crops such as appointing beans, pigeonpea, made up karst that a cover takes economic industry as the leading factor with stable breeding beef cattle crop-planting system peak cluster depression, both guarantee peasant's income, promoted the ecological effect of conceding the land to forestry (also grass) simultaneously again.Table 1 listed 2007 in Huan Jiang county, northwest, osmanthus ancient Zhou village Typical Karst carry out the result that crop is kept away waterlogging cultivation experiment and demonstration peak cluster depression, as seen adopt crop to keep away the waterlogging cultivation peak cluster depression at karst, can increase substantially crop yield and peasant's income.
Table 1 karst crop is peak cluster depression kept away the influence (2007 year ancient all demonstration area) of waterlogging cultivation to output and economic benefit
Annotate: damage caused by waterlogging, waterflooding 4 days took place in ancient all demonstration areas June 25 in 1.2007 years.
2. corn price calculates by 1.00 yuan/kg by 1.50 yuan/kg, potato, and the forage economic benefit is by every mu of herbage keeping 1 beef cattle, beef cattle growth rate is pressed the 0.5kg/ top margin of a page in the same period (be that March 1 was to July 10 breeding time of traditional corn), the beef cattle price is calculated by 16 yuan/kg.
Embodiment
A kind of suitable method for cultivating flood-refuge crops in hollow of southwest karst peak cluster is as follows:
1) crop-planting system layout: the local planting forage grass that physical features is minimum; Physical features is height, thicker soil, higher relatively place plantation potato and the corn of soil fertility slightly; The place plantation mulberry tree or the fruit tree of physical features higher (the normal time is not flooded waterlogging and influences); All concede the land to forestry in the hillside fields.Consider the long-range economic interests of peasant, the seeds of conceding the land to forestry are suitably planted the Woody feed crop as appointing beans, pigeonpea based on Chinese chestnut in conjunction with the development of local beef cattle aquaculture.
2) the depression crop is kept away the waterlogging cultivation method
A, potato are kept away the waterlogging cultivation:
Potato is the wider stem tuber breeding crop of a kind of adaptability, and less demanding to cultivation management technology, the suitable sowing time is long, and introducing a fine variety potato is one of effective measures of keeping away waterlogging.According to southwestern karst climatic characteristic peak cluster depression, select at present the extensively improved seeds of plantation.Implement the winter kind: be about to be controlled at sowing time annual December 15 to December 25, harvest time then annual April 20 to May 10, can successfully avoid the influence of flood in rainy season.Karst potato planting is peak cluster depression mainly done a good job of it potato seed selection and vernalization, and storage 20 days is stacked in potato seed, and be beneficial to young shoot and sprout, whole ground, sowing, five links of management and results, the key points for operation of these five links are as follows.
A) potato seed selection and vernalization.Be fit to potato kind that southwestern karst plants peak cluster depression new No. 3 of gram, new No. 18 of gram, early Da Bai, the red skin in Taiwan are arranged, the selected back of kind is in the north or allocate and transport potato seed in the neighbourhood, can or allocate and transport potato seed (the potato seed place of production must be the potato planting district that does not have contagious disease) in the neighbourhood in the north after kind is selected.Selection possesses that this breediness, epidermis are tender, the fresh bright and clean potato piece of color and luster is done potato seed.Before the sowing, first vernalization: be about to potato seed and stack about 20 days of storage, be beneficial to young shoot and sprout.When treating the long 0.5-1cm of bud, with a potato seed heavy 50-60g be cut into 2,70-80g be cut into 3, be cut into the 4-6 piece more than the 100g, cut sth. askew earlier from umbilical region, rip cutting becomes piece again, guarantees that each potato piece has 2 above eyes at least.Then, the potato piece that cuts is mixed ash, stacked 2-3 hour, can sow.
B) meticulous whole ground, use sufficient base fertilizer.Before the whole ground, execute superphosphate 30kg for every mu, urea 5kg, the well-rotted farmyard manure 1.5-2 ton after pile fermentation 15-20 days, meticulous more whole ground, it is thin to make it the field grading.1.6 rice is opened ridge, 1.3 meters ridge faces, ditch depth 13-15cm.Every bed planting 4 row, line-spacing 40-45cm, the cave is apart from 18-20cm, 4500-5000 cave/mu.Beating acupoint depth is 8-10cm, will beat the mound in cave by the sowing cave, in order to sowing.
C) sowing.Sowed when selection rain after soil moisture suitable to December 25 annual December 15.During sowing the cave is deepened to 15-20cm by 8-10cm deeply, every mu with urea 5kg, potassium sulphate 20kg, and apply after the mixing and broadcast the cave, sowing then, after planting earthing 7-10cm makes the sowing cave form " Xiao Penkeng ".
D) management.During height of seedling 6.6-10cm, carry out the intertillage first time, middle tilling depth 8-12cm, and in conjunction with the thinning weeding; During height of seedling 16-20cm, carry out second time intertillage, the degree of depth is shallow (5-8cm) for the first time, simultaneously, converts water with 7.5-10kg urea for every mu and waters and execute.Intertill for the third time when buddingging and carry out.Than for the second time more shallow, far, earth up from rhizosphere, do not apply fertilizer; If fertilizer appears taking off in the later stage, available 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate sprays 1-2 time.The insect pest of potato main diseases has bacterial wilt, late blight, aphid and cutworm, and based on chemical control, control routinely.
E) results.The southwest karst peak cluster depression harvest time of planting potato in winter April 20 in every year to May 10.Harvest time should be decided as the case may be, when cauline leaf by green thin out Huang, the plant lower blade is withered, the stem tuber color can be gathered in the crops when the grape stem comes off from light to dark and easily.High temperature reduces the potato quality, should gather in the crops before high temperature.
B, corn are kept away the waterlogging cultivation:
The first, introduce a fine variety the corn variety of good quality and high output, as beautiful No. 7 of Hunan, beautiful No. 8 of Hunan, honest series and liquid single series etc.The second, in order to avoid the flood in June 20 to July 20, should adopt film-mulching technique.It is obvious that plastic mulching heats effect in earlier stage at corn growth, the corn maturing stage can be shifted to an earlier date 7-10 days, and plastic mulching simultaneously also has water conservation, protects fertile effect.The 3rd, local peasant planting corn is sowed at the beginning of general 3 months, early July maturation, in flood season just when ripe, carry out sowing (10-15 day in February) in advance in order to avoid flood.Facts have proved: can shift to an earlier date 20-25d in conjunction with the mulch film cover-seeding phase, so just the maturing stage of corn can be adjusted to before June 15, successfully avoid flood.Corn planting density is controlled at 3000-3300 strain/mu, and fertilizer amount is every mu and executes urea 20kg, 45% composite fertilizer (15-15-15) 25kg, fused calcium magnesium phosphate 20kg, potash fertilizer (potassium chloride or potassium sulphate) 5-7kg.Wherein base manure is every mu of fused calcium magnesium phosphate 20kg, 45% composite fertilizer 12kg; Topdress for the first time and carry out in 15-20 day in March, the about 25-30cm of height of seedling this moment, fertilizer amount is every mu of urea 10kg, 45% composite fertilizer 7kg, potash fertilizer 3kg; Topdress for the second time and carry out in 25-30 day in April, fertilizer amount is every mu of urea 10kg, 45% composite fertilizer 6kg, potash fertilizer 3kg.
5) depression herbage is kept away the waterlogging cultivation:
At first, should select the high kind of resistance and output (herd No. 1 or hybrid giant napier in osmanthus).Osmanthus is herded No. 1 and hybrid giant napier and is study of perennial forage grasses, the similar sugarcane of seeding method, promptly with ripe stem as seed, before the sowing osmanthus is herded No. 1 or the ripe stem of hybrid giant napier is cut into segment (every section 2 buds), segment is put into to hold successfully in the capable ground get final product.But autumn (October 20 was to November 10) but sowing, also winter (December 20 was to January 20) sowing should use sufficient base fertilizer (use 45% composite fertilizer 30kg for every mu, or fused calcium magnesium phosphate 30kg, potash fertilizer 10kg, urea 10kg) during sowing.Secondly, should do a good job of it field management and topdress; Field management is carried out in spring (being generally 10-20 day in March) with after cradling at every turn.Will note intertilling and cutting weeds in after planting 1 year, and just not need to have intertilled since 1 year, herd No. 1 in osmanthus and the hybrid giant napier sowing once can be kept 6-8.The fertilising in 1 year also should be topdressed 1 time in growth busy season (the 5-9 month) every month except that the base fertilizer in when sowing, uses urea and each 5kg of potash fertilizer for each every mu; Since 1 year, used superphosphate 50kg or fused calcium magnesium phosphate 70kg (every year should in 15-25 day in February) every mu, and nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer are used after cradling at every turn, and consumption is that every mu of urea 5-6kg, potash fertilizer are every mu of potassium chloride 4-5kg.Herd in osmanthus, southwestern karst and can cradle 5-6 time No. 1 every year.Herd No. 1 in osmanthus and hybrid giant napier has stronger patience to flood, 3-4d to flood waterlogging less to the influence of the careless output of aquatic foods, 5-7d's floods the growth that waterlogging obviously influences herbage, can be before flood takes place 1d or after disaster, sprayed 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 2-3 days, improve the resistance of plant, the quick growth of herbage after the promotion calamity.
Claims (1)
1. method for cultivating flood-refuge crops in hollow of southwest karst peak cluster, it comprises the following steps:
1) crop-planting system layout: the local planting forage grass that physical features is low; High-land, soil layer is thick, soil fertility is higher relatively place plantation potato and corn; High land plantation mulberry leaf and fruit tree; Concede the land to forestry in the hillside fields, the seeds of conceding the land to forestry are based on Chinese chestnut, in conjunction with the development plantation Woody feed crop of local beef cattle aquaculture;
2) the depression crop is kept away the waterlogging cultivation method, the steps include:
Potato is kept away the waterlogging cultivation: potato is a kind of stem tuber breeding crop, sowing time is long, introducing a fine variety potato is the effective measures of keeping away waterlogging, according to southwestern karst climatic characteristic peak cluster depression, select the kind of plantation at present, implement the winter kind: be about to be controlled at sowing time in annual December 15 to 25, harvest time annual April 20 to May 10, avoid the flood in rainy season, karst potato planting is peak cluster depression done a good job of it potato seed selection and vernalization, storage 20 days is stacked in potato seed, be beneficial to young shoot and sprout, whole ground, sowing, five links of management and results, each link operation is as follows:
A) potato seed selection and vernalization: the potato kind that suitable southwestern karst is planted peak cluster depression has new No. 3 of gram, restrain new No. 18, Da Bai early, the red skin in Taiwan, the selected back of kind is in the north or allocate and transport potato seed in the neighbourhood, the selection epidermis is tender, the fresh bright and clean potato piece of color and luster is done potato seed, before the sowing, earlier storage 20 days is stacked in potato seed, when treating the long 0.5-1cm of bud, potato seed heavy 50-60g is cut into 2,70-80g's is cut into 3,100g's is cut into the 4-6 piece, cut sth. askew earlier from umbilical region, rip cutting becomes piece again, and each potato piece has 2 eyes at least, then, the potato piece that cuts is mixed ash, stacked 2-3 hour, sowing;
B) wholely, apply fertilizer to the subsoil: before the whole ground, execute superphosphate 30kg, urea 5kg for every mu, the well-rotted farmyard manure 1.5-2 ton after pile fermentation 15-20 days, wholely, it is thin to make it the field grading, opens the ridge for 1.6 meters again, 1.3 rice ridge face, ditch depth 13-15cm, every bed planting 4 row, line-spacing 40-45cm, the cave is apart from 18-20cm, 4500-5000 cave/mu, beating acupoint depth is 8-10cm, to beat the cave mound by the sowing cave, in order to sowing
C) sowing: on annual December 15 to 25, the soil sowing is deepened the cave to 15-20cm by 8-10cm during sowing deeply behind the selection rain; Every mu with urea 5kg, potassium sulphate 20kg, and apply after the mixing and broadcast the cave, sowing then, after planting earthing 7-10cm makes the sowing cave form little basin hole;
D) management: during height of seedling 6-10cm, carry out the intertillage first time, middle tilling depth 8-12cm, and in conjunction with the thinning weeding; During height of seedling 16-20cm, carry out the intertillage second time, the degree of depth is for the first time shallow, simultaneously, convert water with 7.5-10kg urea for every mu and water and execute, intertill for the third time when buddingging and carry out, than for the second time shallow, from rhizosphere far, earth up, do not apply fertilizer, fertilizer appears taking off in the later stage, spray 1-2 time with 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, the bacterial wilt of potato, late blight, aphid and cutworm damage by disease and insect are prevented and treated routinely;
E) results: southwestern karst peak cluster depression harvest time of planting potato in winter April 20 in every year to May 10, when cauline leaf by green thin out Huang, the plant lower blade is withered, results when the stem tuber color comes off from light to dark;
Corn is kept away the waterlogging cultivation:
The first, the corn variety of introducing a fine variety is beautiful No. 7 of Hunan, beautiful No. 8 of Hunan;
The second, in order to avoid the flood in June 20 to July 20, adopt plastic mulching, the corn maturing stage is shifted to an earlier date 7-10 days;
The 3rd, local peasant planting corn was sowed at the beginning of 3 months, early July maturation, flood season just when ripe, in order to avoid flood, carry out sowing in advance, can shift to an earlier date 20-25d in conjunction with the mulch film cover-seeding phase, maturing stage of corn was adjusted to before June 15, corn planting density is controlled at 3000-3300 strain/mu, and fertilizer amount is every mu of urea 20kg, 45% composite fertilizer 25kg, fused calcium magnesium phosphate 20kg, potash fertilizer 6kg, and wherein base manure is every mu of fused calcium magnesium phosphate 20kg, 45% composite fertilizer 12kg; Topdress for the first time and carry out in 15-20 day in March, this moment height of seedling 25-30cm, fertilizer amount is every mu of urea 10kg, 45% composite fertilizer 7kg, potash fertilizer 3kg; Topdress for the second time and carry out in 25-30 day in April, fertilizer amount is every mu of urea 10kg, 45% composite fertilizer 6kg, potash fertilizer 3kg;
Depression herbage is kept away the waterlogging cultivation:
At first, select kind, select osmanthus to herd No. 1 or hybrid giant napier, No. 1 and the hybrid giant napier gramineous forage grass of making a living is herded in osmanthus, the similar sugarcane of seeding method, with ripe stem as seed, osmanthus is herded No. 1 or the ripe stem of hybrid giant napier is cut into segment before the sowing, every section 2 buds, segment put into hold successfully in the capable ground, autumn sowing is that sowing on October 20 to November 10, winter sowing are sowing on December 20 to January 20, applies fertilizer to the subsoil during sowing, use 45% composite fertilizer 30kg for every mu, or fused calcium magnesium phosphate 30kg, potash fertilizer 10kg, urea 10kg;
Secondly, do a good job of it field management and topdress, field management is carried out in 10-20 day March in spring with after cradling at every turn, to intertill and cut weeds in after planting 1 year, just do not need to have intertilled since 1 year, herd No. 1 in osmanthus and 6-8 is once kept in the hybrid giant napier sowing, the base fertilizer of the fertilising in 1 year during except that sowing, should topdress the every month month of busy season 5-9 1 time in growth, use urea and each 5kg of potash fertilizer for each every mu; Since 1 year, use superphosphate 50kg or fused calcium magnesium phosphate 70kg every mu of 15-25 day in February every year, nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer are used after cradling at every turn, consumption is every mu of urea 5-6kg, potash fertilizer is every mu of potassium chloride 4-5kg, herd in osmanthus, southwestern karst and cradle 5-6 time No. 1 every year, herd No. 1 in osmanthus and hybrid giant napier has stronger patience to flood, 3-4d to flood waterlogging little to the influence of the careless output of aquatic foods, the waterlogging of flooding of 5-7d influences the growth of herbage, 1d or after disaster, sprayed 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate in 2-3 days before flood takes place, improve the resistance of plant, the quick growth of herbage after the promotion calamity.
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| CN102498859A (en) * | 2011-10-28 | 2012-06-20 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 | Corn compound cultivation method for improving corn yield and land productivity |
| CN102823414B (en) * | 2012-09-18 | 2013-10-02 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | Non-tube cutting seedling method of tissue subcultured buds of zenia |
| CN103828588A (en) * | 2014-03-25 | 2014-06-04 | 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所 | Method for planting hybrid napiergrass Guimu No.1 in karst region |
| CN107371671A (en) * | 2017-05-25 | 2017-11-24 | 牟定县彝缘种养殖有限公司 | Organic implantation methods of black beauty's potato |
| CN109892173A (en) * | 2017-12-07 | 2019-06-18 | 中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所 | A kind of Karst Regional leguminous forage introduction method |
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