CN113079975B

CN113079975B - Greenhouse tomato opportunistic east-west planting method

Info

Publication number: CN113079975B
Application number: CN202110476954.XA
Authority: CN
Inventors: 宋卫堂; 魏旭超; 崔贵松
Original assignee: China Agricultural University
Current assignee: China Agricultural University
Priority date: 2021-04-29
Filing date: 2021-04-29
Publication date: 2022-10-25
Anticipated expiration: 2041-04-29
Also published as: CN113079975A

Abstract

The invention discloses a greenhouse tomato opportunistic east-west planting method, belonging to the field of gardening; which comprises the following steps: step 1, a field planting link; step 2, hanging tendril; two rows of vines are planted on the same ridge, the north side is directly and vertically hung on the vines, and the south side is pulled to the north row position where the vines are hung vertically and then hung; and 3, a plant management link, namely, on the premise of controlling the total number of the tomato clusters on each ridge to be unchanged, the planting density is decreased gradually from ridge I on the south side to ridge IV, the adjacent plant spacing is increased gradually, the number of the clusters left on each plant is increased gradually, and the plant height is increased gradually. And 4, in a harvesting link, by means of a seedling falling method after the harvesting link is finished, the illumination shielding of the plants on the south side ridges to the adjacent north side ridges is reduced in sequence. The invention solves the problem of illumination shielding between ridges and between rows of autumn and winter crops in the planting process of the east-west ridge tomatoes, effectively improves the utilization efficiency of illumination and optimizes the luminous environment of tomato plants.

Description

Greenhouse tomato opportunistic east-west planting method

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of gardening, and particularly relates to a method for planting tomatoes in a sunlight greenhouse in an opportunistic east-west direction.

Background

Due to the defects of low mechanization degree, high labor intensity, low working efficiency and the like of the solar greenhouse vegetable north-south ridge cultivation, in order to improve the mechanization rate, reduce the labor cost and increase the planting benefit, the sunlight greenhouse is changed into the east-west ridge direction, so that the effect of agricultural machinery in greenhouse vegetable production is fully exerted, the greenhouse is promoted to develop to intensification and scale, and the sunlight greenhouse becomes a focus of attention in the industry for nearly two years. In east-west planting, illumination of the north cultivation rows is shielded by the south cultivation rows, and the illumination is one of important environmental factors in the growth and development process of plants, so that the illumination not only is energy for photosynthesis of the plants, but also acts on the plants in the form of environmental signals and regulates the growth and development processes of the plants. In autumn and winter crops planted from the bottom of 8 months to the beginning of 9 months, because the solar altitude angle is gradually reduced, the shadow generated by the crops in the south cultivation row is gradually lengthened, and meanwhile, the illumination shielding of the crops in the north cultivation row is more obvious along with the continuous growth of the crops in the south. The shielding between the crops in the adjacent south and north cultivation rows can prevent the leaves at the middle and bottom of the plant from obtaining more light, the light of the crops is not uniform, the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the crops can be influenced, and the overall yield of the crop planting is further influenced.

At present, the main method for solving the problem is to hang a reflective film on the rear roof or the south side of a walkway of a sunlight greenhouse, so that the light environment of the north side of a crop canopy is improved by the method, the illumination distribution is more uniform, the net photosynthetic rate of leaves is increased, and the crop growth is promoted. Although this method can work, if the reflective film is hung on the rear wall, the heat storage function of the rear wall in the daytime will be affected, and the indoor temperature at night will also be reduced. In addition, the facility agriculture engineering key laboratory of the rural agricultural department of China agricultural university uses the scattered light film as the transparent covering material of the sunlight greenhouse, the light scattering effect of the film on light is utilized to enable the illumination in the greenhouse to be more uniform, and the blades at the middle and bottom of the plant can obtain more illumination. This method is a method of improving the uniformity of illumination of crops by covering the material.

In agricultural cultivation measures, adjustment and change are needed to solve the problems of uneven illumination among different cultivation rows of crops in a sunlight greenhouse, change of solar altitude angles among different seasons and the like, so that illumination shielding among the cultivation rows of crops is reduced, group illumination uniformity is improved, and yield is guaranteed.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems in the background art, the invention provides a method for planting tomatoes in a sunlight greenhouse in an opportunistic manner in east-west direction, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:

step 1, a field planting link

All the cultivation ridges are in a double-row staggered planting mode, wherein the number of planted tomatoes in autumn and winter crops is 1600-1800 plants/mu, the number of planted tomatoes in winter and spring crops is 2400-2200 plants/mu, and the row spacing of two adjacent rows on the same ridge is 35-45 cm in two crops;

step 2, vine hanging link

The method comprises the following steps of planting two rows of tomatoes in the north and south on the same ridge, directly and vertically hanging vines from tomato plants in the north row, and pulling the plants in the south row to the position where the tomato plants in the north row are vertically hung and then hanging the plants, so that the height of the plants in the south row is lower than that of the plants in the north row and is about 0.3-0.4 m;

step 3, plant management link

On the premise of controlling the total number of the tomato clusters on each ridge to be unchanged, the planting density is decreased from ridge I on the south side to ridge IV, the adjacent plant spacing is increased, the number of the clusters left on each plant is increased, and the plant height is increased; manually topping and pinching heads, and reserving 3 spikes of tomato plants on two rows of ridges I, wherein the height of the plants is the lowest; leaving 4 spikes of fruits on tomato plants on ridges II; III, reserving 5 spikes of fruits on tomato plants on ridges; IV, reserving 6 spikes of fruits on tomato plants on ridges, wherein the height of the plants is the highest;

step 4, harvesting, which is divided into step 401 and step 402:

step 401, harvesting the 1 st and 2 nd ear simultaneously:

harvesting after the 1 st ear fruit and the 2 nd ear fruit on each cultivation ridge are completely mature;

step 402, harvesting other ears and fruits, and performing seedling falling operation:

harvesting 3 ear fruits on all cultivation ridges after the fruits are ripe, and immediately performing seedling dropping operation after 3 rd ear fruits on the first ridge are harvested;

harvesting after the 4 th ear of fruit on the II, III and IV cultivation ridges is mature, and immediately performing seedling falling operation after the 4 th ear of fruit on the II ridge is harvested;

harvesting after the 5 th ear of fruit on the III and IV cultivation ridges is mature, and immediately performing seedling falling operation after the 5 th ear of fruit on the III ridge is harvested;

harvesting is performed after the 6 th ear of fruit on the IV cultivation ridges is ripe.

Before the step 1, a ridging link

In a sunlight greenhouse with the span of 8.5-10 meters, 4 east-west cultivation ridges are formed by using a ridge forming machine, the first ridge, the second ridge, the third ridge and the fourth ridge are sequentially arranged from the south side to the north side of the cultivation ridges, and the tomatoes are planted by using a transplanting machine.

The planting arrangement of the winter and spring crop rotation is as follows: planting 800-1000 tomatoes on a ridge I, wherein the planting distance is 17.5-14 cm; planting 700-750 tomatoes on ridges II, wherein the planting distance is 20-18.7 cm; planting 600 tomatoes on ridges, wherein the planting distance is 23.3cm; and planting 500 tomatoes on the ridges with the plant spacing of 28cm.

The planting arrangement of the autumn and winter crop is as follows: planting 500-600 tomatoes on the ridge I, wherein the planting distance is 23.3-28 cm; planting 400-500 tomatoes on ridges II, wherein the planting distance is 35-28 cm; 300-400 tomatoes are planted on the III ridges, and the planting distance is 46.7-35 cm; and IV, planting 200-300 tomatoes on the ridges, wherein the planting distance is 70-46.7 cm.

After the step 4, the step 5 of stubble cleaning and soil preparation is carried out

After all the tomatoes in the four ridges are harvested, the tomato stalks are returned to the field in situ, the stubble cleaning machine can simultaneously complete three operations of crushing the stalks, ploughing soil and leveling the soil, and a zymogen is matched to accelerate the stalks to be thoroughly decomposed during the stubble cleaning operation.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

1. the problem of illumination shielding of the south side plants of autumn and winter crop plants to the north side plants in the planting process of the east-west ridge tomatoes is solved, the utilization efficiency of illumination is effectively improved, and the luminous environment of the tomato plants is optimized.

2. The concept of three-dimensional cultivation is skillfully and reasonably applied.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of a greenhouse tomato opportunistic east-west planting method in a sunlight greenhouse of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a vine hanging link after plant traction according to an embodiment of the present invention;

fig. 3 is a flowchart of the operation of the embodiment of the present invention.

Wherein: 1-sunlight greenhouse, 10-I ridges, 20-II ridges, 30-III ridges, 40-IV ridges, 100-north rows and 200-south rows.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

In the embodiment of the invention shown in the figures 1 and 2, in order to ensure the quality and the yield of tomato fruits, the unlimited growth type tomatoes generally keep 6 spikes at most in one cultivation crop, the tomatoes are planted in east-west ridge directions, the total number of planted plants in the whole year is 4000 plants/mu, and 4 cultivation ridges can be formed in a sunlight greenhouse with the span of 8.5-10 meters by using a ridging machine and matched with a transplanting machine.

The method comprises the following steps:

before step 1, ridging

In a sunlight greenhouse 1, 4 east-west cultivation ridges are formed by using a ridge forming machine, the cultivation ridges are a ridge I10, a ridge II 20, a ridge III 30 and a ridge IV 40 from the south side to the north side in sequence, and tomatoes are planted by using a transplanting machine;

specifically, the tomatoes are planted in a sunlight greenhouse with the span of 9m and the length of 75m all the year around, and two ends of the indoor things in the greenhouse are respectively reserved with the length of 2.5 meters as the ground for the entering and exiting of agricultural implements and the turning of operation. A YT10-A100 type garden management machine is used as a ridging machine to perform ridging, film mulching and drip tape laying operations. The width of the ridge bottom is 80cm, the width of the ridge top is 60cm, the height of the ridge is 15cm-20cm, and the inter-ridge aisle distance is 100cm. The tomato variety is 'Gem No. 1' of Shandong Zecheng agriculture company, and the planting method is planting on the ridge in east and west directions;

step 1, a field planting link (from south ridge I to north ridge IV, the planting density is decreased, the adjacent planting distance is increased, and the precondition for ensuring the unchanged yield is provided for the implementation of the following measures)

The planting and transplanting operations are carried out on the film by adopting a 2ZB-2 type self-propelled transplanter, which are all in a double-row staggered planting mode.

The number of the crop rotation plants in autumn and winter is 1600-1800 plants/mu, the number of the crop rotation plants in winter and spring is 2400-2200 plants/mu, the total number of the plants planted in the whole year is 4000 plants/mu, and the row spacing is 35cm-45cm in two crop rotation.

The winter and spring crop rotation mainly means that the field planting is finished from the middle of January to the middle of June. The sunshine time is longer and longer, the illumination intensity is stronger and stronger, the tomato plants are subjected to better illumination conditions, and the tomato plant is suitable for close planting; in addition, in the initial stage of field planting, seedlings are short, and light is rarely blocked from south to north ridges and from south to north rows on the same ridge. Autumn and winter crops mainly refer to planting from bottom of october to early September to harvesting in the next year and the end of the first month, the sunshine time is shorter and shorter, the illumination intensity is weaker and weaker, and along with the length of tomato plants, the condition that the south ridge blocks light to the north ridge and the south row on the same ridge blocks light to the north row is more and more serious, so that the illumination condition is poorer, and the tomato planting method is suitable for thin planting.

The planting arrangement of the winter and spring crops for rotation is as follows: planting 800-1000 tomatoes on a ridge I, wherein the planting distance is 17.5-14 cm; planting 700-750 tomatoes on ridges II, wherein the planting distance (east-west direction) is 20-18.7 cm; planting 600 tomatoes on ridges, wherein the planting distance is 23.3cm; and planting 500 tomatoes on the ridges with the plant spacing of 28cm.

The planting arrangement of autumn and winter crops is as follows: planting 500-600 tomatoes on the ridge I, wherein the planting distance is 23.3-28 cm; 400-500 tomatoes are planted on the ridge II, and the planting distance (east-west direction) is 35-28 cm; 300-400 tomatoes are planted on the III ridges, and the planting distance is 46.7-35 cm; and IV, planting 200-300 tomatoes on the ridges, wherein the planting distance is 70-46.7 cm.

Step 2, hanging tendril (solving the problem of shading the illumination of south side row to north side row on the same ridge)

The plants in the south-north rows planted on the same ridge are directly and vertically hung on the tendrils in the south-side rows, and the plants in the north-side rows are pulled to the positions of the south-side rows where the tendrils are vertically hung and then hung; specifically, in this embodiment, the north row 100 is directly hung vertically, and the south row 200 is pulled to the position of the north row 100 and then hung. Therefore, the height difference of the row spacing of two adjacent rows on the same ridge is formed between the seedlings in the south and north rows, and is about 0.3-0.4m. Therefore, the light shading of the south row plants to the north row can be reduced. When in traction, due to the characteristic that the tomato stalks are crisp, the seedlings in the south and north rows cannot be completely superposed in the same row, so the distance between the seedlings in the south and north rows in the south and north direction after the vine hanging link is 0-5cm;

step 3, plant management link (solving the problem of shading the north ridge from the south ridge)

Under the premise of controlling the total number of the tomato clusters on each ridge to be unchanged, the planting density is decreased progressively from the ridge I on the south side to the ridge IV on the north side, the adjacent plant spacing is increased progressively, the number of the clusters left on each plant is increased progressively, and the plant height is increased progressively. Manually topping and pinching heads, and reserving 3 spikes of fruits on the plants on the first ridges, wherein the height of the plants is the lowest; II, reserving 4 spikes of fruits on the plants on ridges; III, reserving 5 spikes of fruits on the plants on ridges; and IV, reserving 6 spikes of fruits on the plants on ridges, wherein the height of the plants is the highest. Therefore, the total number of the ears on each ridge is ensured to be unchanged, the total yield is ensured to be unchanged, and meanwhile, the plant height is increased progressively between different ridges from south to north.

Table 1 shows the number of plants, plant spacing and fruit cluster remaining on different cultivation ridges of crops in winter and spring.

	I-shaped ridge	II ridges	III Ridge	IV ridges
					Stubble number (plant) for winter and spring crops	1000	750	600	500
Row spacing of crops for winter and spring (cm)	14	18.7	23.3	28
					Autumn and winter crop rotation number (plant)	600	500	400	300
Autumn and winter crop rotation spacing (cm)	23.3	28	35	46.7
					Number of fruit ears (ear/plant)	3	4	5	6

Step 4, harvesting link (solving the problem of shading the illumination of the south ridge to the north ridge)

After 3 spikes of fruits are harvested on the first ridge on the south side, seedling falling operation is carried out immediately, namely vine hanging is not carried out, so that plants on the second ridge can be fully illuminated, and the ripening and coloring of fruits are promoted. After 4 spikes of fruits are harvested on the second ridge on the south side, seedling falling operation is carried out immediately, so that plants on the third ridge can be fully illuminated, and the ripening and coloring of the fruits are promoted. And so on to III ridges and IV ridges. Thus, the illumination shielding of the south ridge plants to the north ridge is gradually reduced.

Thereby specifically divide into again:

step 401, harvesting the 1 st and 2 nd ear simultaneously

According to the characteristics of the growth and development cycle of the tomatoes, the ripening time of each cluster fruit is about 40-50 days, and harvesting is carried out after the 1 st cluster fruit and the 2 nd cluster fruit on each cultivation ridge are fully ripe.

Step 402, harvesting other ears and fruits, and performing seedling dropping operation

Harvesting after the 3 rd ear of fruit on each cultivation ridge is mature, and immediately performing seedling dropping operation after the 3 rd ear of fruit on the first ridge on the south side is harvested;

immediately performing seedling falling operation after the 4 th ear of fruit on the II ridges on the south side is harvested;

after the 5 th ear of fruit on the III-ridge on the south side is harvested, immediately carrying out seedling falling operation;

and (4) after the 6 th ear of fruit on the IV cultivation ridge is ripe and harvested, finishing cultivation.

The tomato yield was determined after harvest. The result shows that the total yield of 4 cultivation ridges is 5800kg/667m ² Compared with the traditional cultivation mode, the yield is improved by about 5 percent. From different cultivarsIn the view of ridge cultivation yield distribution, the tomato yields of the I ridge to the IV ridge of the south side respectively account for 18.2 percent, 23.7 percent, 25.4 percent and 32.7 percent of the total yield, and the yield characteristics of staged ridge-by-spike harvesting are met; the illumination distribution characteristics of the canopy are analyzed by detecting the illumination intensity and the light transmittance of different cultivation beds, and the result shows that the illumination interception of tomatoes in each cultivation ridge is good, and the light transmittance of the main fruit setting parts of the ridges I-IV exceeds 50%; pearson correlation analysis is carried out on the light transmittance at the height of 0.5m and the quality index and the yield of the tomato fruit, and the light transmittance at the height of 0.5m of a tomato plant is obviously and positively correlated with the VC content and the yield of the fruit. Therefore, the plant spacing is enlarged, the density is reduced, the tomato fruits can be fully illuminated, and the fruit quality and the yield are improved.

Step 5, stubble ploughing and soil preparation link (post-planting stalk treatment and land leveling)

After all four ridges of tomatoes are harvested, an YTMC-140 type precision vegetable stubble cleaner is selected to carry out in-situ returning operation on the tomato stems, and the stubble cleaner can simultaneously complete three operations of stem stalk crushing, soil turning and land leveling. The tomato stalks can be decomposed and matured after a certain period of time by using the fermentation fungicide in a matched manner during stubble cleaning operation, so that the labor amount for manually removing the stalks in the traditional method is reduced, the cyclic utilization of wastes is realized, and the environmental pollution is reduced.

Claims

1. A greenhouse tomato opportunist-oriented planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

step 1, a field planting link:

all cultivation ridges are in a double-row staggered planting mode, wherein the number of planted tomato plants in autumn and winter crops is 1600-1800 plants/mu, the number of planted plants in winter and spring crops is 2400-2200 plants/mu, and the planting arrangement of the autumn and winter crops is as follows: planting 500-600 tomatoes on the ridges with the row spacing of 23.3-28 cm; planting 400-500 tomatoes on ridges II, wherein the planting distance is 35cm-28cm; 300-400 tomatoes are planted on the III ridges in a field mode, and the planting distance is 46.7cm-35cm; IV, planting 200-300 tomatoes on the ridges, wherein the planting distance is 70cm-46.7 cm; the planting arrangement of the winter and spring crop rotation is as follows: planting 800-1000 tomatoes on the first ridge, wherein the planting distance is 17.5-14 cm; planting 700-750 tomatoes on ridges II, wherein the planting distance is 20-18.7 cm; planting 600 tomatoes on ridges, wherein the planting distance is 23.3cm; IV, planting 500 tomatoes on the ridges, wherein the planting distance is 28cm; the row spacing of two adjacent rows on the same ridge is 35cm-45cm in two crops;

step 2, vine hanging link:

the method comprises the following steps of planting two rows of tomatoes in the north and south on the same ridge, directly and vertically hanging tendrils from the tomato plants in the north row, and then drawing the plants in the south row to the positions of the tomato plants in the north row where the tendrils are vertically hung and then hanging the plants, so that the height of the plants in the south row is lower than that of the tomato plants in the north row and is about 0.3m-0.4m;

step 3, plant management link:

on the premise of controlling the total number of the tomato clusters on each ridge to be unchanged, the planting density is decreased from ridge I on the south side to ridge IV, the adjacent plant spacing is increased, the number of the clusters left on each plant is increased, and the plant height is increased; manually topping and pinching heads, reserving 3 spikes of fruits for the two rows of tomato plants on the ridge I, and keeping the height of the plants to be the lowest; II, reserving 4 ears of fruits on the tomato plants on ridges; III, reserving 5 spikes of fruits on tomato plants on ridges; IV, reserving 6 spikes of fruits on tomato plants on ridges, wherein the height of the plants is the highest;

step 4, harvesting, which is divided into step 401 and step 402:

step 401, harvesting the 1 st and 2 nd ear simultaneously:

step 402, harvesting other ear fruits, and performing seedling falling operation:

harvesting after the 4 th ear of fruit on the II, III and IV cultivation ridges are mature, and immediately performing seedling dropping operation after the 4 th ear of fruit on the II ridge is harvested;

harvesting is carried out after the 6 th ear of fruit on the IV cultivation ridges is mature.

2. The solar greenhouse tomato opportunistic east-west planting method according to claim 1, wherein prior to step 1, a ridging step:

3. The east-west planting method for the tomato opportunistically organizing in the sunlight greenhouse as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step 4 is followed by the step 5 of stubble ploughing and soil preparation:

after all four ridges of tomatoes are harvested, in-situ returning operation is carried out on the tomato stalks, the stubble cleaning machine can simultaneously complete three operations of crushing the stalks, ploughing soil and leveling soil, and a zymophyte agent is matched to accelerate the stalks to be thoroughly decomposed during the stubble cleaning operation.