CN112753397A - Grafting cultivation method suitable for dwarfing interstock apple seedlings of apples in alpine regions - Google Patents
Grafting cultivation method suitable for dwarfing interstock apple seedlings of apples in alpine regions Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 235000021016 apples Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 18
- 244000134336 Malus baccata Species 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 235000005079 Malus baccata Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000005648 plant growth regulator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000002054 transplantation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
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- 241001643642 Viticis Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 claims description 12
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 12
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- TWFZGCMQGLPBSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbendazim Natural products C1=CC=C2NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 TWFZGCMQGLPBSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006013 carbendazim Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- JNPZQRQPIHJYNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbendazim Chemical compound C1=C[CH]C2=NC(NC(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 JNPZQRQPIHJYNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- LKPLKUMXSAEKID-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentachloronitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1Cl LKPLKUMXSAEKID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 210000003813 thumb Anatomy 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002087 whitening effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims description 3
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- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
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- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000693079 Maloideae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000008589 Obesity Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
Abstract
The invention discloses a grafting cultivation method of apple seedlings suitable for dwarfing interstock in alpine regions, belonging to the technical field of apple grafting cultivation, the method comprises three steps of cultivating seedling stock, grafting dwarfing interstock and bud grafting cultivation variety, preparing seeds of malus baccata in 1-2 months of the first year for accelerating germination, and sowing the seeds of malus baccata in a greenhouse after accelerating germination; after the seeds of the malus baccata germinate, screening out qualified seedlings of the malus baccata for outdoor transplantation; buying MM106 dwarfing rootstock and malus baccata for grafting in the first 9 months; in 8-9 months of the second year, selecting the scions of the cultivars with the age of 4-6 years, processing the scions for 1-2 days, grafting the scions to the dwarfing interstock for seedling, and spraying a plant growth regulator after 10-15 days. The survival rate of the dwarf interstock apple seedlings obtained by the method in alpine regions reaches more than 96 percent, and the method is favorable for reducing the seedling cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of apple seedling grafting cultivation, in particular to a grafting cultivation method suitable for dwarfing interstock apple seedlings in alpine regions.
Background
The apple is a plant of Malus of Maloideae of Rosaceae, and its tree is deciduous tree. The apple has high nutritive value, is rich in minerals and vitamins, has rich calcium content, is helpful for metabolizing excessive salt in vivo, and malic acid can metabolize heat to prevent obesity of lower body. China is a big apple producing country, and the yield accounts for 65 percent of the total apple yield.
Apple trees are temperate fruit trees which are favored to be dried at low temperature, and are required to have no severe cold in winter and no severe summer heat in summer. The suitable temperature range is that the annual average temperature is 9-14 ℃, the extreme low temperature is not lower than minus 12 ℃ in winter, and the average temperature is not higher than 20 ℃ in the highest month in summer. Generally speaking, the apple can be cultivated in the area with the average annual temperature of 7.5-14 ℃. The natural dormancy period of the apple is longer. If the temperature is high in winter and the low temperature required by the winter dormancy stage cannot be met, irregular germination occurs in spring. The method has the advantages that the day and night temperature difference is large in northwest areas of China, the illumination is sufficient, the method is suitable for planting apples, but the temperature is too low in winter, the apple trees cannot grow easily, so that people mostly adopt a grafting method when planting apples, and the growth of apples is facilitated. The malus baccata has good cold resistance and drought resistance, and is an original material for cultivating cold-resistant apple varieties. The interstock is a section of rootstock grafted between a seedling stock and a scion, the middle part of the interstock is dwarfing interstock, and in order to enable the fruit trees to bear more yield, a spindle-shaped tree form is selected on the tree form, so that the branch level is greatly reduced.
However, the dwarfing interstock apple seedlings need to be grafted twice, the process is complex, the qualification rate of the seedlings is reduced, the production cost of the seedlings is increased, and the difficulty is increased in severe cold areas. In order to improve the survival rate of the dwarf interstock apple seedlings in the alpine regions, a grafting cultivation method suitable for the dwarf interstock apple seedlings in the alpine regions is provided.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a grafting cultivation method suitable for dwarfing interstock apple seedlings in alpine regions, the survival rate of the dwarfing interstock apple seedlings in the alpine regions reaches more than 96 percent, and the seedling cultivation cost is reduced.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a grafting cultivation method suitable for dwarfing interstock apple seedlings of apples in alpine regions comprises the following three steps:
(1) cultivating a seedling stock: preparing seeds of the malus baccata in 1-2 months of the first year for accelerating germination, and sowing the seeds of the malus baccata in a greenhouse after accelerating germination; after the seeds of the malus baccata germinate, screening out qualified seedlings of the malus baccata for outdoor transplantation, and spraying a pesticide fertilizer on the transplanted malus baccata;
(2) grafting and dwarfing interstock: purchasing MM106 dwarfing stocks and fructus viticis negundo in 9 months of the first year for grafting, screening out interstocks failed in grafting in 30-45 days after grafting, and loosening soil and fertilizing seedlings successfully grafted by the interstocks;
(3) bud grafting cultivars: in 8-9 months of the second year, selecting the scions of the cultivars with the age of 4-6 years, processing the scions for 1-2 days, grafting the scions to the dwarfing interstock for seedling, and spraying a plant growth regulator after 10-15 days.
Preferably, the grafting cultivation method for apple seedlings with dwarfing interstock suitable for alpine regions as described above comprises the following steps: soaking seeds of fructus Viticis negundo in 28-30 deg.C warm water for 1-1.5 days, taking out the seeds, draining, soaking in a potassium permanganate solution for 40-60min, taking out, draining, mixing the seeds with river sand 1.5-2 times the volume of the seeds, keeping the temperature of the river sand at 5-8 deg.C and water content at 50-60%, adjusting the temperature of the river sand to 18-20 deg.C after 25-30 days, and treating for 5-7 days.
Preferably, the grafting cultivation method for apple seedlings with dwarfing interstock suitable for alpine regions as described above comprises the following sowing method in the first cultivation of seedling stock: controlling the temperature of the greenhouse to 18-25 ℃ and the humidity to 40-50%,the illumination intensity is 1800-2200 lx; uniformly mixing soil, river sand and humus according to the ratio of 3:3:1, paving the mixture into a seedbed, and disinfecting the seedbed by using 35-40% of quintozene aqueous solution after irrigation; sowing the seeds of the malus baccata after the pregermination treatment on a seedbed, and controlling the sowing amount to be 90-110g/m2。
Preferably, the grafting cultivation method for apple seedlings with dwarfing interstock suitable for alpine regions as described above comprises the following steps: selecting a malus baccata seedling without plant diseases and insect pests and with 4-6 leaves to transplant to an outdoor nursery, controlling the plant spacing to be 5-8cm, spraying carbendazim diluted by 800 times of water, loosening the soil after 10-15 days, applying an organic fertilizer once, spraying water after fertilization, and spraying water once every 5-7 days.
Preferably, the grafting cultivation method for apple seedlings suitable for dwarfing interstock in alpine regions as described above, the method for grafting dwarfing interstock in the second step is as follows: selecting a malus baccata seedling with the height of 15-18cm and the diameter of more than 0.65cm, cleaning branches of the seedling within the range of less than 15cm away from the ground, cutting the malus baccata seedling at a position 6-8cm away from the ground after 2-3 days to serve as a seedling stock, trimming the seedling stock to be flat, and vertically cutting the part with 0.1-0.2cm of wood on one smooth side of the seedling stock by using a cutter, wherein the length of the section is 2.5-3 cm; inserting the cut surface of the MM106 dwarfing rootstock into the incision of the seedling stock inwards, aligning cambium layers on two sides, and exposing the upper end of the MM106 dwarfing rootstock by 0.15-0.25cm for whitening; the incisions were tied with plastic tape of width 0.45-0.55 and coated with an adhesive wax.
Preferably, the grafting cultivation method for apple seedlings with dwarfing interstock suitable for alpine regions as described above comprises the following three steps of standard grafting cultivation of varieties: the growth height of the dwarfing interstock seedling is more than 30cm, no plant diseases and insect pests exist, and the diameter of the bud grafting part is more than 0.6 cm.
Preferably, the grafting cultivation method for apple dwarf interstock apple seedlings in alpine regions as described above comprises the following steps of: selecting a new branch with plump buds as a scion from the periphery of the crown of a high-yield fruit tree without diseases and insect pests, and cutting the scion and putting the scion into a bucket filled with water for 1-2 days.
Preferably, the grafting cultivation method for apple seedlings with dwarfing interstock suitable for alpine regions as described above comprises the following three steps: selecting a bud filled in the middle of the scion, transversely cutting 0.55-0.65cm above the bud once, wherein the cut surface is straight and deep to xylem, feeding the bud from the position 0.9-1.1cm below the bud, and pinching the shield-shaped bud piece with a thumb and a forefinger when the xylem with the length of 0.1-0.2cm is pushed upwards to the transverse cutting position from shallow to deep; selecting a smooth straight part at the position 3-5cm away from the ground of the seedling stock and the position 27-29cm away from the ground of the dwarfing interstock, transversely cutting the smooth straight part by a knife with the width reaching 1/2 of the dry circumference, not damaging xylem and being vertical to the axis of the stock, and then vertically scribing a knife edge of 0.3-0.5cm at the center of the transverse knife edge; lightly opening a joint on the stock by using a tool tip, inserting the taken bud slices into a stock seam, lightly pressing 3-4 times at the edge of the joint to enable the bud slices to be tightly attached to the xylem of the stock, then binding 3-5 times at the bud grafting position by using a plastic belt, tightly binding the upper part and the lower part of a leaf stalk but not pressing the bud slices and the leaf stalk, and finally knotting the leaf stalk opposite to the bud slices by using a slipknot so as to be released.
Preferably, in the grafting cultivation method for dwarf interstock apple seedlings of apples in alpine regions, the plant growth regulator in the step three-bud grafting cultivar is any one of pulomalin and 6-BA.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the grafting cultivation method of the dwarf interstock apple seedlings, a T-shaped bud grafting method is adopted when scions of varieties are grafted, the operation is simple, the method is convenient to master, the grafting speed is improved, the sprouting rate of the apple seedlings is increased by applying a plant growth regulator, the survival rate of the dwarf interstock apple seedlings cultivated by the method finally reaches more than 96%, and the reduction of seedling cultivation cost is facilitated.
Detailed Description
Example one
A grafting cultivation method suitable for dwarfing interstock apple seedlings of apples in alpine regions is characterized by comprising the following three steps:
(1) cultivating a seedling stock: preparing seeds of the malus baccata seeds for accelerating germination in the first 2 months, wherein the accelerating germination method comprises the following steps: soaking seeds of the malus baccata in warm water at 28 ℃ for 1 day, fishing out the seeds and draining, soaking in a potassium permanganate aqueous solution of five per thousand for 40-60min, fishing out and draining, mixing the seeds with river sand with 1.5 times of volume, keeping the temperature of the river sand at 5 ℃ and the water content at 50%, and adjusting the temperature of the river sand to 18 ℃ after 25 days for treatment for 5 days;
after the germination accelerating treatment, seeds of the malus baccata seeds are sown in a greenhouse, the temperature of the greenhouse is controlled to be 18 ℃, the humidity is 40%, and the illumination intensity is 1800 lx; uniformly mixing soil, river sand and humus according to the ratio of 3:3:1, paving the mixture into a seedbed, and disinfecting the seedbed by using 35% of quintozene water solution after irrigation; sowing the seeds of the malus baccata on a seedbed, and controlling the sowing quantity to be 90g/m2(ii) a Selecting malus baccata seeds without plant diseases and insect pests after germination, transplanting malus baccata seedlings with 4 leaves to an outdoor nursery, controlling the plant spacing to be 5cm, spraying carbendazim diluted by 800 times with water, loosening the soil after 10 days, applying an organic fertilizer once, spraying water after fertilization, and spraying water once every 5 days;
(2) grafting and dwarfing interstock: the MM106 dwarfing rootstock and the malus baccata are purchased in the first 9 months for grafting, and the method for grafting the dwarfing interstock comprises the following steps: selecting a fructus viticis nursery stock with the height of 15cm and the diameter of 0.7cm, cleaning branches of the nursery stock within the range of less than 15cm away from the ground, cutting off the fructus viticis nursery stock at a position 6cm away from the ground after 2 days to serve as a seedling stock, trimming the seedling stock to be flat, vertically cutting the part with 0.1cm of wood on one smooth side of the seedling stock by using a cutter, wherein the length of a cut surface is 2.5 cm; inserting the cut surface of the MM106 dwarfing rootstock into the incision of the seedling stock inwards, aligning cambium layers on two sides, and exposing the upper end of the MM106 dwarfing rootstock for 0.15cm for whitening; binding the cut with a plastic tape with the width of 0.45, and coating the connecting wax;
screening out the intermediate stocks which are failed to be grafted at 30 days after grafting, and loosening and fertilizing the seedlings which are successfully grafted by the intermediate stocks;
(3) bud grafting cultivars: in 8 months of the second year, selecting new branches with plump buds as scions from the periphery of crown of a fruit tree with 4 years of age, high yield and no diseases and insect pests, cutting the scions, and putting the scions into a bucket filled with water for 1 day;
selecting and filling the middle part of the scion to be full, transversely cutting 0.55cm above the scion once, wherein the section is flat and straight and reaches the xylem, then feeding the scion from 0.9 part below the scion, and pinching the shield-shaped bud piece with a thumb and a forefinger when the xylem with the depth of 0.1cm is pushed upwards to the transverse cutting position from shallow to deep; selecting a smooth and straight part at the position of the seedling stock, which is 3cm away from the ground, and the position of the dwarfing interstock, which is 27cm away from the ground, for transversely cutting a knife, wherein the width of the knife reaches 1/2 in the dry circumference, the xylem is not damaged, the xylem is vertical to the axis of the stock, and then a knife edge of 0.3cm is vertically cut in the center of the transverse knife edge; lightly opening an interface on the stock by using a tool tip, inserting the taken bud sheet into an anvil slot, lightly pressing 3 times at the edge of the interface to enable the bud sheet to be tightly attached to the xylem of the stock, then binding 3 times at the bud grafting position by using a plastic tape, tightly binding the upper part and the lower part of a petiole but not pressing the bud sheet and the petiole, and finally knotting the opposite side of the bud sheet by using a loose button so as to be conveniently released; after 10 days, spray pulomalin.
Example two
A grafting cultivation method suitable for dwarfing interstock apple seedlings of apples in alpine regions is characterized by comprising the following three steps:
(1) cultivating a seedling stock: preparing seeds of the malus baccata seeds for accelerating germination in the first 2 months, wherein the accelerating germination method comprises the following steps: soaking seeds of the malus baccata in warm water at 30 ℃ for 1.5 days, fishing out the seeds and draining, soaking in a potassium permanganate aqueous solution of five thousandths of a thousand for 60min, fishing out and draining, mixing the seeds with river sand with 2 times of volume, keeping the temperature of the river sand at 8 ℃ and the water content at 60%, and adjusting the temperature of the river sand to 20 ℃ after 30 days for 7 days;
after the germination accelerating treatment, seeds of the malus baccata seeds are sown in a greenhouse, the temperature of the greenhouse is controlled to be 25 ℃, the humidity is 50%, and the illumination intensity is 2200 lx; uniformly mixing soil, river sand and humus according to the ratio of 3:3:1, paving the mixture into a seedbed, and disinfecting the seedbed by using a 40% quintozene aqueous solution after irrigation; sowing the seeds of the malus baccata seeds on a seedbed, and controlling the sowing amount to be 110g/m2(ii) a Selecting fructus Viticis negundo seedlings without diseases and insect pests after germination, transplanting the fructus Viticis negundo seedlings with 6 leaves to an outdoor nursery, controlling the plant spacing to be 8cm, spraying carbendazim diluted by 1000 times with water, loosening the soil after 15 days, and applyingSpraying water after fertilizing the organic fertilizer once, and spraying water every 7 days later;
(2) grafting and dwarfing interstock: the MM106 dwarfing rootstock and the malus baccata are purchased in the first 9 months for grafting, and the method for grafting the dwarfing interstock comprises the following steps: selecting a fructus viticis nursery stock with the height of 15-18cm and the diameter of 0.8cm, cleaning branches of the nursery stock within a range of being less than 15cm from the ground, cutting off the fructus viticis nursery stock at a position 8cm away from the ground after 3 days to serve as a seedling stock, trimming the seedling stock to be flat, vertically cutting down the part with 0.2cm of wood on one smooth side of the seedling stock by using a cutter, wherein the length of a section is 3 cm; inserting the cut surface of the MM106 dwarfing rootstock into the incision of the seedling stock inwards, aligning cambium layers on two sides, and exposing the upper end of the MM106 dwarfing rootstock by 0.25cm for whitening; binding the cut with a plastic tape with the width of 0.55, and coating the connecting wax;
screening out the intermediate stocks which are failed to be grafted at 45 days after grafting, and loosening and fertilizing the seedlings which are successfully grafted by the intermediate stocks;
(3) bud grafting cultivars: selecting new branches with plump buds as scions from the periphery of crown of a fruit tree with 6 years old, high yield and no diseases and insect pests in 9 months of the second year, cutting the scions, and soaking the scions in a bucket filled with water for 2 days;
selecting and filling buds in the middle of the scion, transversely cutting 0.65cm above the buds once, wherein the section is flat and straight and reaches the xylem, then feeding the scion from a position 1.1cm below the buds, and pinching the shield-shaped bud piece with a thumb and a forefinger when the xylem with the depth of 0.2cm is pushed upwards to the transverse cutting position from shallow to deep; selecting a smooth and straight part to transversely cut a knife at a position 5cm away from the ground of the seedling stock and a position 29cm away from the ground of the dwarfing intermediate stock, wherein the width of the smooth and straight part reaches 1/2 of the dry circumference, the xylem is not damaged, the xylem is vertical to the axis of the stock, and then a knife edge of 0.5cm is vertically cut in the center of the transverse knife edge; lightly opening an interface on the stock by using a tool tip, inserting the taken bud sheet into an anvil slot, lightly pressing 4 times at the edge of the interface to enable the bud sheet to be tightly attached to the xylem of the stock, then binding 5 times at the bud grafting position by using a plastic belt, tightly binding the upper part and the lower part of a petiole but not pressing the bud sheet and the petiole, and finally knotting the opposite side of the bud sheet by using a loose knot so as to be convenient for removing; 6-BA was sprayed after 15 days.
EXAMPLE III
A grafting cultivation method suitable for dwarfing interstock apple seedlings of apples in alpine regions is characterized by comprising the following three steps:
(1) cultivating a seedling stock: preparing seeds of the malus baccata seeds for accelerating germination in 1 month of the first year, wherein the accelerating germination method comprises the following steps: soaking seeds of the malus baccata in warm water at 29 ℃ for 1.5 days, fishing out the seeds and draining, soaking in a potassium permanganate aqueous solution of five thousandths of a year for 50min, fishing out and draining, mixing the seeds with river sand with 2 times of volume, keeping the temperature of the river sand at 7 ℃, keeping the water content at 55%, and adjusting the temperature of the river sand to 19 ℃ after 28 days for treatment for 6 days;
after the germination accelerating treatment, sowing seeds of the malus baccata seeds in a greenhouse, controlling the temperature of the greenhouse to be 22 ℃, controlling the humidity to be 45% and controlling the illumination intensity to be 2000 lx; uniformly mixing soil, river sand and humus according to the ratio of 3:3:1, paving the mixture into a seedbed, and disinfecting the seedbed by using a 40% quintozene aqueous solution after irrigation; sowing the seeds of the malus baccata seeds on a seedbed, and controlling the sowing quantity to be 100g/m2(ii) a Selecting malus baccata seeds without plant diseases and insect pests after germination, transplanting malus baccata seedlings with 5 leaves to an outdoor nursery, controlling the plant spacing to be 6cm, spraying carbendazim diluted by 900 times with water, loosening the soil after 13 days, applying an organic fertilizer once, spraying water after fertilization, and spraying water once every 6 days;
(2) grafting and dwarfing interstock: the MM106 dwarfing rootstock and the malus baccata are purchased in the first 9 months for grafting, and the method for grafting the dwarfing interstock comprises the following steps: selecting a fructus viticis nursery stock with the height of 17cm and the diameter of 0.9cm, cleaning branches of the nursery stock within the range of less than 15cm away from the ground, cutting off the fructus viticis nursery stock 7cm away from the ground after 3 days to serve as a seedling stock, trimming the seedling stock to be flat, vertically cutting the part with 0.2cm of wood on one smooth side of the seedling stock by using a cutter, wherein the length of a section is 3 cm; inserting the cut surface of the MM106 dwarfing rootstock into the incision of the seedling stock inwards, aligning cambium layers on two sides, and exposing the upper end of the MM106 dwarfing rootstock by 0.2cm for whitening; binding the cut with a plastic belt with the width of 0.5cm, and coating the connecting wax;
screening out the intermediate stocks which are failed to be grafted at 40 days after grafting, and loosening and fertilizing the seedlings which are successfully grafted by the intermediate stocks;
(3) bud grafting cultivars: selecting new branches with plump buds as scions from the periphery of crown of a fruit tree with the age of 5 years, high yield and no diseases and insect pests in 9 months of the second year, cutting the scions, and putting the scions into a bucket filled with water for 2 days;
selecting and filling buds in the middle of the scion, transversely cutting 0.6cm above the buds once, wherein the section is straight and deep to xylem, feeding the scion from 1cm below the buds, and pinching the shield-shaped bud piece with a thumb and a forefinger when the xylem with the depth of 0.15cm is pushed upwards to the transverse cutting position from shallow to deep; selecting a smooth and straight part to transversely cut a knife at the position 4cm away from the ground of the seedling stock and the position 28cm away from the ground of the dwarfing interstock, wherein the width of the smooth and straight part reaches 1/2 of the trunk circumference, the xylem is not damaged, the xylem is vertical to the axis of the stock, and then a knife edge of 0.4cm is vertically cut in the center of the transverse knife edge; lightly opening an interface on the stock by using a tool tip, inserting the taken bud sheet into an anvil slot, lightly pressing 4 times at the edge of the interface to enable the bud sheet to be tightly attached to the xylem of the stock, then binding 4 times at the bud grafting position by using a plastic belt, tightly binding the upper part and the lower part of a petiole but not pressing the bud sheet and the petiole, and finally knotting the opposite side of the bud sheet by using a loose knot so as to be convenient for removing; after 12 days, spray pulomalin.
In the description herein, references to the description of "one embodiment," "an example," "a specific example" or the like are intended to mean that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the schematic representations of the terms used above do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments or examples.
The preferred embodiments of the invention disclosed above are intended to be illustrative only. The preferred embodiments are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention. The invention is limited only by the claims and their full scope and equivalents.
Claims (9)
1. A grafting cultivation method suitable for dwarfing interstock apple seedlings of apples in alpine regions is characterized by comprising the following three steps:
(1) cultivating a seedling stock: preparing seeds of the malus baccata in 1-2 months of the first year for accelerating germination, and sowing the seeds of the malus baccata in a greenhouse after accelerating germination; after the seeds of the malus baccata germinate, screening out qualified seedlings of the malus baccata for outdoor transplantation, and spraying a pesticide fertilizer on the transplanted malus baccata;
(2) grafting and dwarfing interstock: purchasing MM106 dwarfing stocks and fructus viticis negundo in 9 months of the first year for grafting, screening out interstocks failed in grafting in 30-45 days after grafting, and loosening soil and fertilizing seedlings successfully grafted by the interstocks;
(3) bud grafting cultivars: in 8-9 months of the second year, selecting the scions of the cultivars with the age of 4-6 years, processing the scions for 1-2 days, grafting the scions to the dwarfing interstock for seedling, and spraying a plant growth regulator after 10-15 days.
2. The grafting cultivation method of dwarf interstock apple seedlings for the apples in the alpine regions according to the claim 1, wherein the step one of cultivating the seedling stock, the method of accelerating germination of the seeds of the malus baccata comprises the following steps: soaking seeds of fructus Viticis negundo in 28-30 deg.C warm water for 1-1.5 days, taking out the seeds, draining, soaking in a potassium permanganate solution for 40-60min, taking out, draining, mixing the seeds with river sand 1.5-2 times the volume of the seeds, keeping the temperature of the river sand at 5-8 deg.C and water content at 50-60%, adjusting the temperature of the river sand to 18-20 deg.C after 25-30 days, and treating for 5-7 days.
3. The grafting cultivation method of dwarf interstock apple seedlings for the apples in the alpine regions according to claim 1, wherein the sowing method in the first cultivation of the seedling stock comprises the following steps: controlling the temperature of the greenhouse to 18-25 ℃, the humidity to 40-50% and the illumination intensity to 180%0 to 2200 lx; uniformly mixing soil, river sand and humus according to the ratio of 3:3:1, paving the mixture into a seedbed, and disinfecting the seedbed by using 35-40% of quintozene aqueous solution after irrigation; sowing the seeds of the malus baccata after the pregermination treatment on a seedbed, and controlling the sowing amount to be 90-110g/m2。
4. The grafting cultivation method of dwarf interstock apple seedlings for the apples in the alpine regions according to the claim 1, wherein the transplanting method in the cultivation of the seedling stock in the first step is as follows: selecting a malus baccata seedling without plant diseases and insect pests and with 4-6 leaves to transplant to an outdoor nursery, controlling the plant spacing to be 5-8cm, spraying carbendazim diluted by 800 times of water, loosening the soil after 10-15 days, applying an organic fertilizer once, spraying water after fertilization, and spraying water once every 5-7 days.
5. The grafting cultivation method of apple seedlings suitable for dwarfing interstock in alpine regions according to claim 1, characterized in that the grafting dwarfing interstock in step two is: selecting a malus baccata seedling with the height of 15-18cm and the diameter of more than 0.65cm, cleaning branches of the seedling within the range of less than 15cm away from the ground, cutting the malus baccata seedling at a position 6-8cm away from the ground after 2-3 days to serve as a seedling stock, trimming the seedling stock to be flat, and vertically cutting the part with 0.1-0.2cm of wood on one smooth side of the seedling stock by using a cutter, wherein the length of the section is 2.5-3 cm; inserting the cut surface of the MM106 dwarfing rootstock into the incision of the seedling stock inwards, aligning cambium layers on two sides, and exposing the upper end of the MM106 dwarfing rootstock by 0.15-0.25cm for whitening; the incisions were tied with plastic tape of width 0.45-0.55 and coated with an adhesive wax.
6. The grafting cultivation method of apple seedlings with interstock suitable for dwarfing of apples in alpine regions according to claim 1, wherein the standard of the three-step grafting cultivar is as follows: the growth height of the dwarfing interstock seedling is more than 30cm, no plant diseases and insect pests exist, and the diameter of the bud grafting part is more than 0.6 cm.
7. The grafting cultivation method of dwarf interstock apple seedlings for the apples in the alpine regions according to claim 1, wherein the scions in the three-step bud grafting cultivar are selected and processed by the following steps: selecting a new branch with plump buds as a scion from the periphery of the crown of a high-yield fruit tree without diseases and insect pests, and cutting the scion and putting the scion into a bucket filled with water for 1-2 days.
8. The grafting cultivation method of dwarf interstock apple seedlings for the apples in the alpine regions according to the claim 1, wherein the method of three-step bud grafting of the cultivated varieties comprises the following steps: selecting a bud filled in the middle of the scion, transversely cutting 0.55-0.65cm above the bud once, wherein the cut surface is straight and deep to xylem, feeding the bud from the position 0.9-1.1cm below the bud, and pinching the shield-shaped bud piece with a thumb and a forefinger when the xylem with the length of 0.1-0.2cm is pushed upwards to the transverse cutting position from shallow to deep; selecting a smooth straight part at the position 3-5cm away from the ground of the seedling stock and the position 27-29cm away from the ground of the dwarfing interstock, transversely cutting the smooth straight part by a knife with the width reaching 1/2 of the dry circumference, not damaging xylem and being vertical to the axis of the stock, and then vertically scribing a knife edge of 0.3-0.5cm at the center of the transverse knife edge; lightly opening a joint on the stock by using a tool tip, inserting the taken bud slices into a stock seam, lightly pressing 3-4 times at the edge of the joint to enable the bud slices to be tightly attached to the xylem of the stock, then binding 3-5 times at the bud grafting position by using a plastic belt, tightly binding the upper part and the lower part of a leaf stalk but not pressing the bud slices and the leaf stalk, and finally knotting the leaf stalk opposite to the bud slices by using a slipknot so as to be released.
9. The grafting cultivation method of dwarf interstock apple seedlings for apples in alpine regions according to claim 1, wherein the plant growth regulator in the step three-bud-grafting cultivar is any one of promimalin and 6-BA.
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