CN1125267A - 快速等离子处理的设备和方法 - Google Patents

快速等离子处理的设备和方法 Download PDF

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CN1125267A
CN1125267A CN95115696A CN95115696A CN1125267A CN 1125267 A CN1125267 A CN 1125267A CN 95115696 A CN95115696 A CN 95115696A CN 95115696 A CN95115696 A CN 95115696A CN 1125267 A CN1125267 A CN 1125267A
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J·T·费尔斯
H·查塔姆
J·康特里伍德
R·J·纳尔逊
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Abstract

本发明的等离子处理设备适宜用较高淀积速率使基片涂敷出具有防潮性能之薄膜。该设备包括一个易抽空的空腔,在该空腔内限定一个面向等离子体的表面的供电电极,和一个与该面向等离子体表面横向间距为△的护罩。在等离子处理期间,等离子体被约束在距离△范围内,同时基片被连续进给而通过被约束的等离子体。

Description

快速等离子处理的设备和方法
本发明涉及对基片的等离子处理,更具体地涉及在基片上沉积以硅氧化物作基本组分的薄膜的快速等离子增强型淀积,以便为包装密封作用提供有用的透气隔档。
等离子聚合,有时称为“等离子增强型化学汽相淀积”或“PECVD”,在各种基片上成膜已成为已知技术。例如,在有氧或无氧情况下,使硅烷同氧化氮或氨的混合物产生等离子聚合作用,以形成氧化硅膜。在1985年12月10日颁布的Sacher等人的美国专利4,557,946描述了通过加热衬底并控制等离子的功率采用有机硅化合物的等离子聚合涂敷技术,以形成该基片上的防潮层。在1986年7月8日颁布的Wertheimer等人的美国专利4,599,678揭示了将衬底加热至50℃以上时,以辉光放电形式用有机硅涂敷薄膜电容器的方法。
一般来说,由有机硅形成薄膜,通常是在比较低的淀积率下形成(例如,同磁控溅射时比较而论),故所形成的薄膜较软而且往往模糊不清。如Sacher等人和Wertheimer等人所用方法要求对衬底加热,对某些衬底而言也是不利因素。
采用有机硅化合物的等离子增强型沉积之另一问题是淀积期间聚合条件的变化和缺乏控制。用于控制等离子体操作的传统方法乃是采用功率、压力和流量来监视和试图控制该操作过程。然而,这三种变晕都为输入量因而不能控制所产生的薄膜。因此,对这样一种工艺过程的比例放大是极其复杂的。
就早期的微电子PECVD反应器(reactors)而言,等离子体产生于两个平行的圆形电极之间。晶片(wafers)加到电气接地的下部电极。上部电极则通过一个阻抗匹配网络连接到一个射频(rf)发生器。用气体环流输入反应剂,这些反应剂在被送入的反应剂等离子体外缘进入等离子体区(即,两电极之间的区域),并径向地流入电极中心处的泵出口。这些反应器通常称之为“辐向流动”反应器。
在“逆向”的辐向流动反应器情况下,气体入口在下部电极的中心,而气体朝着辐向向外流动。一个磁驱动组件使下部电极能转动,因而使基片位置随机化,同时使淀积均匀度最佳化。
在热壁型批量(hot-wall batcb)PECVD系统中,淀积室包括一个置于一耐热炉内的石英管。垂直排列方向的石墨板将晶片载入槽内。每隔一个的石墨板被连接到同一rf电源端,于是在相邻电极间产生辉光放电。反应剂沿淀积室石英管的轴向和在电极之间定向导入。
最近,PECVD工艺已用来涂敷其片,例如供食品包装用软膜的塑料容器和卷筒。在1989年10月24日提交的序号为07/426,514,与本文一起转让的专利申请中所描述的等离子聚合作用是用于淀积来自挥发性有机硅化合物的硅氧化物为基本成份的薄膜工艺。这种淀积一种粘附的硬氧化硅基本组分的薄膜方法包括:提供具有若干成分的气流,在一预先抽真空的反应室内,建立由该气流,或其成分之一导出的辉光放电等离子体,同时在该等离子体中具有可移动放置的基片以及使该气流可控地流入该等离子体,在置于等离子体中的基片上沉积氧化硅。所述气流成分包括一种挥发性的有机硅化合物,氧和诸如氦或氩之类的一种隋性气体。
该气流是通过使有机硅在反应室外挥发和计量有机硅同氧和隋性气体混合而可控地流入等离子体的。使气流流入等离子体的控制过程最好包括在淀积期间调节进入反应室的有机硅的量。可利用在1989年7月11日颁布的美国专利4847469由Hafmann等发明人所描述的流量蒸发器来实现该控制。
对包装食品等各种不同应用场合来说,为减少对诸如水汽,氧和二氧化碳等之渗透率的薄膜是有用的。这种薄膜一般由几种材料合成,例如,经常是一层象聚乙烯或聚丙烯之类的软聚合物,而另一层是涂在其上或同一起挤压而用作保护层。保护层一般可视为基本为有机组分或基本为无机组分的。
除了象如上所述的涂层应用外,等离子辅助或增强工艺过程还包括等离子刻蚀或改善衬底表面的等离子清洗过程。例如,等离子刻蚀工艺用于制造集成电路。
供等离子处理用的不少设备是已知的。发明人为Hartig等人,于1989年9月5日颁布的美国专利4863756所描述的等离子涂敷设备包括:置于一个电极之一侧的磁铁,而另一电极侧则固定面对等离子体的待涂敷的衬底。
发明人为Kondo等人于1990年11月6日颁布的美国专利4,968,918揭示了一种有多个供电电极的等离子体处理设备。使待进行等离子处理的基片在供电电极附近通过。
发明人为Gruenwald,于1991年4月23日颁布的美国专利5009738揭示了一种等离子体刻蚀设备,待进行处理的基片在设备中受到相对阴极的挤压,据说,该设备是为实现改善刻蚀过程中基片的排热性的。
发明人为Murayama,于1991年5月7日颁布的美国专利5,013,416揭示了一种利用离子镀制造透明导电膜的设备,该方法借助一个有压力梯度的等离子枪和中间电极用以控制等离子体。据说,该设备能在基片高速运行条件下制造导体膜。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种如下所述设备,人们用此设备能以工业可行的较快淀积速率可重复地在大或小衬底上淀积附着的以硅氧化物为基本组分,并最好具有予选的隔气(gas barrier)性能的硬薄膜。
图1是表示可利用本发明实施例的一个等离子体真空系统的简略示意图;和
图2概略地示出利用本发明各特点的反应室及其相关装置的一个侧面剖视图。
就本发明的一个方面而言,一个等离子体处理设备包括一个易抽空的真空室,用于在该真空室中形成等离子体的装置,在该室中限定一面向等离子体之表面的供电电极,用于电气连通所述电极至基片,并将该基片的连续可变部分暴露于等离子体中的装置,以及用于约束毗邻被处理的所述连续可变基片部分之等离子体的约束装置。该约束装置与所述设备的某些元件配合将在被等离子体处理的基片部分处的等离子体约束在一个距离为△的范围内,以便获得以较快速度淀积提供气密封保护性合的薄膜。该约束装置相对于负偏压电极形成一个地平面(ground plane)。
就本发明的另一方面而言,是淀积具有防潮(vapor barrier)生能的基本组分为氧化硅的薄膜。本发明的实践允许制备特别好的软聚合物,能使涂上该聚合物的基片实物在淀积速率约大于250A/秒薄膜厚度小于1000A的情况下氧气的渗透率小于0.1cc/100英寸/天左右。上述这种基片对于需要具有极好防潮和气密封性能;不起化学作用的软包装场合是极其有用的,例如在商品包覆速率下,可应用于医用血清和血液袋和对氧气十分敏感的食品的包装。
本发明等离子型处理设备适用于涂层以及等离子刻蚀或欲改善基片表面的等离子清洗。予料用本发明的等离子型处理设备的最佳方式是待进行等离子处理的基片是可挠曲的。待处理基片的可挠曲适应性归因于等离子处理期间携带该基片通过等离子体的整个系统的最佳构型。此后还将对这点作更充分的论述。
各种软塑料,无论其是导体,半导体还是非导体均适于按本发明方法进行涂层。例如用于食品包装的聚苯二甲酸乙醇酯(PET)或聚碳酸脂(PC)树脂进类的各种软塑料均可根据本发明进行涂层,以抑制氧气,二氧化碳或潮气的渗透。虽然软基片的厚度可达大约10密耳,但食品包装应用的基片厚度通常为0.5-1密耳。
本发明设备最好用于制作具有减小对水蒸气,氧和二氧化碳等的渗透率的软膜。正如与本文共同转让,于1990年8月3日提交的序号为07/562,119专利申请所述,人们已发现二气体传递性能是软基片上薄膜厚度的一个函数并出乎意料地具有能提供最大保护性能的最佳厚度范围,在该最佳范围之外,较厚与较薄膜的保护性能均不太理想。根据本发明制作的成品最好为聚合物基片和附着在该基片上的薄膜的共同透氧率约小于0.1ccl/100英寸2/天,该薄膜厚度约小于1000,小于600A左右时更好,而薄膜厚度最佳值在大约100至400左右之间,此时该涂膜塑料的透氧率约小于0.04cc/100英寸2/天。
在本发明的一个实施例中,具有隔气保护性能的氧化硅基本组分膜是由一气(体)流导出的辉光放电等离子体淀积的,该气流包括易挥发的有机硅化合物,氧和一种隋性气体。虽然该最佳工艺过程是以有机硅化合物作为一种起始材料的,但经过键分析证明,由其产生的薄膜基本上为无机物。不过,以后还要进一步说明的是,实际上需要时,可制作硅酮膜。根据本发明淀积的实质上为典型无机硅氧化物基本组分的薄膜,其特点在于高交联度的(由付利叶变换红外分光仪,或FTIR测定)。正如发明人为Felts和Lopata的1989年12月19日颁布的美国专利4,888,199所述,对这种实施例的气流控制最好利用等离子体诊断。
人们已发现氧成分和隋性气体成分同易挥发的有机硅成分的组合大大增强了薄膜的硬度性能。将有机硅只同氧组合所制成的薄膜,或将有机硅只同氦或氩之类的一种隋性气组合制成的薄膜,经ASTMD3363-74铅笔硬度测试(薄膜硬度的标准测试法)的硬度只有2或3。反之,根据本发明方法将有机硅,氧和隋性气体组合而制得的薄膜经此测试法测得的硬度约为7至9+。以上所记录的数值是基于0至10间的一个刻度值,其中0表示最小的抗擦痕性,而10意味着当按照ASTMD3363-74标准法磨损薄膜时,薄膜无一点损伤。因此,一般可使制得的薄膜硬度比用易挥发的有机硅成分同样给合或者同惰性气体结合所淀积的薄膜硬度高1倍或2倍。
供气流用的适宜有机硅化合物在环境温度左右呈液态,并当挥发时有一个约高于环境温度的汽化点。这些化合物包括甲基硅烷,二甲基硅烷,三甲基硅烷,二乙基硅烷,丙基硅烷,苯基硅烷,六甲基乙硅烷,1,1,2,2-四甲基乙硅烷,双(三甲基甲硅烷基)甲烷,双(二甲基甲硅烷基)甲烷,六甲基二硅氧烷,乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷,乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷,乙基甲氧基硅烷,乙基三甲氧基硅烷,二乙烯基四甲基二硅氧烷,二乙烯基六甲基三硅氧烷,和三乙烯基五甲基三硅氧烷。
在有机硅中,最佳者为1,1,3,3-四甲基二硅氧烷,六甲基二硅氧烷,乙烯基三甲基硅烷,甲基三甲氧基硅烷,乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷和六甲基乙硅烷(hexamethyldisilazane)。这些最佳有机硅化合物的汽化点分别为71℃,101℃,55.5℃,102℃,123℃和127℃。
这种易挥发的有机硅组分最好在流入真空室前,使其同氧元素和隋性气体组分相混合。这些气体进行混合的数量由流量控制器控制,使其可调节地控制所述气流各组分的流量比例。
淀积期间气流中的有机硅化合物与氧的流量之比例,例如,可约为0.1∶1.0;同时气流的隋性气体可取氦或氩,最好为氦。当隋性气体为氦或氩时,则有机硅化合物,氧及隋性气体的适宜流量比例约为0.1∶1.0∶1.0。不过,按需要也可采用其它的流量比例。
在气流中除了有机硅,氧和隋性气体之外,为某些特殊性能所需,也可包含少量的一种或几种气态形式的附加化合物(某数量相对于有机硅的比例不大于1∶1,最好对有机硅的比例约为0.4至0.1∶1)。例如,诸如丙烯之类的低级碳氢化合物杂质可改善所淀积薄膜的经常需要的许多性能(除外光传输性能),而且键分析表明,该膜实质为二氧化硅。然而采用甲烷或乙炔时产生的薄膜,实际上为硅酮。当气流中包含少量气整氮时会提高淀积速度,改善玻璃的透射和光反射性能并随着N量的变化而改变其折射率。将氮的氧化物添加到气流中会提高淀积速率并改善光学性能,但往往会减小薄膜硬度。一种特佳气流成分为500至1000SCCM的有机硅,3000至8000SCCM的O2和3000至5000SCCM的He。
虽然现将参照附图1和2更具体地描述的本发明设备最适用于由引自一气流的等离子体可重复地淀积基本组分为硅氧化物的硬粘附薄膜,(所述气体包括有机硅,氧和隋性气体)但人们也可利用本发明设备进行等离子刻蚀或清洁或非一SiOx的化学过程。
参见图1,图中概略示出了一个等离子处理设备10的实施例,该设备包括密封室11,等离子体在该室中形成,同时诸如基片13之类的衬底被不断地导入该室中,以便进行等离子体处理。一种或几种气体通过一供气系统15而被送至室11。例如,在人们希望制作具有汽阻保护性能的制品时,供气系统15可供氧气组分,隋性气体组分和易挥发的有机硅组分。然而,若人们欲进行等离子蚀刻时,则供气系统15,例如可供应氧,或氧和氦,或一种适宜的蚀刻剂的气体混合物(例如,氧和一种囟族元素)。
室11内的电场是由电源17产生的。在诸如汽阻保护涂层的等离子体处理期间,电源17一般提供大约8KW电功率。室11是易抽空的并由泵和压力控制系统19将其维持在某一低压下。在等离子处理期间,室11和泵/压力控制系统19应能将压力保持在0.1乇以下,最好能保持在0.05乇。
一个光辐射光谱仪21最好通过一光纤的透光介质23以适宜方式连接到室11,以将等离子体的可见和近可见辐射(特别是紫外光谱范围)光的辐射耦合至光谱仪。反应室侧壁上的石英窗25可用于光学地耦连等离子体辐射与外部光纤介质23。包括计算机控制部分的一个总的系统控制器27以某种方式连接到该系统的每个其余部件,以便接收来自那些部件的信息并对它们发出控制命令。通过利用光谱仪21的读数对涂层工艺进行控制已在本文所引证的美国专利4,888,199中作了更全面的描述。
现将参照图2对反应室1 1作更详细地解释,(这里用PECVD或等离子聚合工艺来举例说明等离子处理方法)。
反应室11包括用于在室11里形成等离子体的装置30。等离子体形成装置30包括一个在室11内面向—等离子体之表面34而限定的供电电极32。由图2所示实施例中的等离子体形成装置30还包括诸如带有气体入口36的供气系统15之类的膜成形气源。
基片13以带状,或输送带形式输入和通过室11,使基片13少连续可变部分暴露于等离子体,经受等离子体的处理,以便涂敷一层如具有汽阻保护等的薄膜,再从反应室11出来。在基片13的连续可变部分经受等离子体处理时,基片13还受到负偏压作用。这两种作用是通过装置38来实现的该装置用于当基片在室11内时将电极32电气连通至基片13并在等离子体处理期间使基片的连续可变部分受等离子体的作用。负偏压有助于淀积集中在基片上并使淀积过程具有较低的功率设置。然而,当基片是导电体时,则基本上可直接偏置(即,没有隔离电极)。
起连通和暴露作用的装置38的一个实施例是其中电极32或至少其面向—等离子体的表面34是圆柱形或鼓形的,不过,一般可采用沿轴40延伸的弓形结构。这种弓形或圆柱形构型的面向等离子体的表面34作用在于可将软基片13安置成同面向—等离子表面34呈滚动接触从而借助诸如辅助滚轮42a,42b,象输送带那样输入,所述滚轮可被调节以张紧基片13,当基片通过等离子体时,负偏压至少施加到基片部分,该基片部分在等离子处理期间,于任何时间暴露于等离子体中。由于装置44将等离子体约束成大小或宽度距离为△的一条带46,使上述基片部分处于受约束的等离子体中。距离△横向伸展到面向—等离子体的表面34和轴40。正如此后还要更详细讨论和举例说明的,等离子体的这种约束是实现高度利用(工艺)过程气体和功率从而获得高淀积率的关键。这样约束装置44将等离子体限制在基片13的连续可变部分的范围内,和封闭工离基片向外(当表面34为圆柱形时为径向向外)的距离△范围内。距离△应不大于12英寸左右,更可取的是不大于4英寸左右,其最佳范围约为2英寸至3英寸左右。距离△最好不小于0.5英寸左右,否则的话等离子体将趋于消失。
约束装置44最好包括一装在反应室11中的护罩48,以便配置从面向—等离子体的表面34起算的距离△。在面向—等离子体表面34为圆柱形的场合,则护罩48为与其同轴的圆鼓形表面,其弧长(从而定义等离子带46的长度)最好约为鼓表面的70%(也就是说,弧度大约为250°),但为能对软基片材料进行高速等离子处理,至少应为某个适宜弧长。
护罩48最好经由先有技术技已知的各种冷却装置(由冷却管49所概略表示)冷却。护罩48应电接地从而建立一个“接地板”(即,供电源返回的一个通路)。人们相信:最好使护罩48构成反应室11壁的一部分,同时护罩48中的压力(由距离△和护罩48的弧长限定)大于环绕反应室11的空间的压力,该空间的真空度大约≤10-3托。
约束装置44最好还包括在等离子体中产生磁场的磁性装置50。磁性装置50至少可为位于与护罩48毗邻的一对磁极52a,52b,例如,以下述方式安装在护罩48上,即安装在与面向等离子体的护罩侧面相对的护罩正侧面上。最好围绕整个护罩48以极性交替的构型设置多对磁极。正如图2所示,冷却管线49最好插入上述极性交替的磁极对之间。正如由图2实施例所举例说明,气体入口36相对于护罩48的弧长呈对称配置,而且泵56最好对称地置于护罩48的各开口端。
现将通过例1和例2适用本发明设备制备具有汽阻保护性能的基片来参考进一步举例说明上述的本发明设备(10)实施例,例2还例证了距离△的实验。
例1阐明借助本发明设备的基片制备方法的实践。
实例1
借助气体进气管将每分钟4/10个标准升(SLM)的1,1,3,3-四甲基二氧硅烷(TMDSO),5个SLM的氧和4个SLM的氦导入工艺反应室。真空泵被调到产生接近45毫乇的工艺区压力(process zone pressure)。滚轮的卷紧张力(capstan tensions)设为17磅左右,重卷和松开张力设为10磅左右。PET输送带的线速度设为100英尺/分钟。向所述鼓供以4千瓦50KHz的电功率。然后将泵调至工艺压力达60毫乇。将一种高导热率和极低导电率的液体冷却循环通过该鼓,以使鼓温保持在20℃。将等离子体约束罩用水冷却至40℃,并将10放磁棒以一定间隔并沿平行于带电鼓之轴向排列。沿每个磁棒的磁场面向同一方向,而磁棒到磁棒的磁场则反向180度,从而导致一种多极配置。淀积区的(弧)长为27英寸。
如上所述,该基片为涂有氧化硅基本组分的涂层,其厚度为12μm,涂层的平均透氧率为1.5cc/m2/天(五个样品的标准误差为0.2cc/m2/天)。该薄膜厚度约为30nm,其成分确定为33%左右的硅和67%的氧。
实例2
为确定最佳距离△,进行了统计法设计实验。在该设计实验中,TMDSO的流量变化从0.74至0.52SLM,氧流量从5变到3SLM,功率从6KW变到5KW,距离△则由3变到1英寸。在此变化范围内,距离△和TMDSO流量是对氧气透射率影响最为显著的两个变量。此外,在此变化范围内,实验结果表明:间隔△越小,透氧率则越低。现行工业制造机械的局限性一般允许最小△约为2英寸,即上述实例1中所用的间距值。
自然,上述结合最佳实施例所作的对本发明的描述,仅为举例说明起见,并不是对本发明范围的限制。本发明的范围仅由所附权利要求书限定。

Claims (6)

1.用于制备具有汽阻保护性能供包装用的基片的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
提供聚合物的基片;
建立从易挥发的有机硅化合物,氧和一种隋性气体在一真空室内所导出的辉光放电等离子体,同时维持真空室压力至少小于0.1乇左右;
将距离子体约束成一条带,它具有一维尺寸不大于12英寸的距离△,该距离△被限定在一个负偏置的面向等离子体的表面与一个相对的被冷却的护罩之间;
使至少一部分基片通过所述受约束的等离子体并经历一段在所述基片部分上有效淀积具有汽阻保护性能的氧化硅基本组分薄膜的时间,同时将所述负偏压连通至所述基片部分。
2.如权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于所述聚合物基片是柔软的。
3.如权利要求1所述方法,其特征在于所述聚合物基片是非导电的。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述基片部分以滚动地接触所述面对等离子体表面的方式通过受约束的等离子体。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于受冷却的护罩是电气接地的。
6.如权利要求1的所述方法,其特征在于所述对等离子体进行约束的步骤包括对其施加一个磁场。
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