CN112166094A - 陶瓷、其生产方法及其用途 - Google Patents

陶瓷、其生产方法及其用途 Download PDF

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CN112166094A
CN112166094A CN201980035754.1A CN201980035754A CN112166094A CN 112166094 A CN112166094 A CN 112166094A CN 201980035754 A CN201980035754 A CN 201980035754A CN 112166094 A CN112166094 A CN 112166094A
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oxide
ceramic
metal oxide
compound
temperature
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A·保莱拉
S·萨沃伊
V·加里皮
朱文
A·盖尔斐
K·扎吉布
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Quebec Power Co
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Quebec Power Co
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Abstract

本发明涉及生产含锂的陶瓷的方法,其用于电化学应用中、用于电解质组合物中以及用于阴极和阳极材料中。此方法使用牺牲性的碳添加剂,其可以随后在热处理期间被去除。当使用具有低于热处理温度的熔点的锂离子源、例如碳酸锂时,碳添加剂可以用作分散剂或表面活性剂。另一种方法可以在添加或不添加碳酸盐材料的情况下进行。此方法包括:混合碳酸锂、第一金属氧化物和第二金属氧化物以得到粉末混合物,在惰性气体流动下在低于Li2CO3分解温度的温度下加热,停止该惰性气体,并在高于第一温度的第二温度下进行热处理。

Description

陶瓷、其生产方法及其用途
相关申请
本申请依据适用法律要求2018年5月30日递交的美国临时专利申请No.62/678,020和2019年1月11日递交的美国临时专利申请No.62/791,144的优先权益,将所述申请的内容全部引入本文以供参考。
技术领域
本申请的技术领域总体涉及陶瓷及其在固体电解质中的用途,它们的生产方法以及包含它们的电化学电池。
背景技术
对容量损失和/或锂电池失效负责的重要现象是形成穿过电解质和隔膜的金属锂树枝状体,进而导致电池短路。所以,在电池中使用金属锂阳极优选需要固体电解质,从而防止形成这种锂树枝状体(参见例如Xu,R.等,Funct.Mater.Adv.,2018,1705838,1-7)。最近,开发了不同类型的固体电解质,它们是基于聚合物、陶瓷(例如LLZO)或陶瓷-聚合物混杂材料(例如聚氧化乙烯和LLZO的复合材料)(例如参见Stephan,A.M.&Nahm,K.S.,Polymer(Guildf),2006,47,5952-5964;Hongxia,G.等,Rare metal Mater.Eng.,2016,45,612-616;和Chen,L.等,Nano Energy,2018,Vol.46,176-184)。
通过固态合成方式生产基于陶瓷的固体电解质的方法需要使用锂盐(例如碳酸锂)和金属氧化物,然后在高温下处理(在900℃以上)。与此技术相关的一个主要问题是这些组分与坩埚反应(Shin,D.O.等,Sci.Rep.,2015,5,18503)。陶瓷的合成也通常需要长的反应时间。
Kim等报告了用碳使得Li2CO3和Na2CO3进行碳热分解(Kim,J.&Lee,H.,Metall.Mater.Trans.B,2001,32,17–24)。Zaghib等在美国专利申请No.US2010/0173160中也描述了在钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12,也称为LTO)和陶瓷(例如LTO与Y2O3和ZrO2组合)合成期间使用碳。
在立方相中的LLZO通常是在掺杂剂的存在下制备的,例如铝(Hubaud,A.A.等,J.Mater.Chemsitry 1,8813–8818(2013))或镓(Li,C.“在基于锆酸盐的快速离子传导陶瓷中的镓替代”(2016)All Theses,Clemson University.2457)。
因此,需要生产陶瓷的替代方法,例如可用于电化学领域中。
发明概述
本发明的一个方面涉及生产基于锂的陶瓷的方法,此方法至少包括以下步骤:
a)混合锂离子源、至少一种金属氧化物或磷酸盐和碳材料以得到粉末混合物;和
b)在处理温度下加热在步骤(a)中得到的粉末混合物;
其中在步骤(a)中使用的锂离子源具有低于步骤(b)的处理温度的熔点。
在一个实施方案中,步骤(b)是在惰性气氛下进行,并且此方法还包括步骤(c):在氧气的存在下(例如在空气中)加热步骤(b)的产物。或者,步骤(b)是在氧气的存在下(例如在空气中)进行。例如,在空气存在下的加热步骤进行足以去除碳材料的时间。
在另一个实施方案中,此方法还包括步骤(b)(i)混合在步骤(b)中得到的产物与金属氧化物或磷酸盐和碳材料;和步骤(b)(ii)在第二处理温度下加热在(b)(i)中得到的混合物以得到第二产物,其中步骤(b)的产物具有高于步骤(b)(ii)的处理温度的熔点。
在一个实施方案中,至少一种金属氧化物或磷酸盐是选自锆、钛、锗、镓、钽、铁和铌的金属的氧化物或磷酸盐。例如,至少一种金属的氧化物或磷酸盐包含选自镧、铝、锆、钛、锗、镓、钽、铁和铌的金属的至少两种氧化物或磷酸盐,前提是至少一种金属是镧或铝。根据另一个实例,至少一种金属氧化物或磷酸盐包含至少三种金属氧化物或磷酸盐。
在另一个实施方案中,至少一种氧化物或磷酸盐是镧或铝的氧化物。例如,至少一种氧化物或磷酸盐是氧化镧,并且此方法还包含选自氧化锆物和氧化钛的第二金属氧化物。此方法也可以包含选自铝、锗、镓、钽、铌、铁、钡、硼和硅的元素的第三氧化物。
在任何一个上述实施方案中,“锂离子:碳”的摩尔比率是在0.50-2.4的范围内,其中锂离子来自锂离子源。
本技术的第二方面涉及生产陶瓷的方法,此方法包括以下步骤:
a)混合碳酸锂、第一金属氧化物和碳材料以得到第一粉末混合物;
b)在至少800℃的温度下加热在步骤(a)中得到的第一粉末混合物;
c)将步骤(b)的产物与第二金属氧化物和任选地第三金属氧化物混合以得到第二粉末混合物;
d)在至少800℃的温度下加热在步骤(c)中得到的第二粉末混合物;
其中第一金属氧化物是与第二金属氧化物不同的。
在一个实施方案中,第一金属氧化物包含至少一种选自氧化锆、氧化钛、氧化锗、氧化镓、氧化钽、氧化铁和氧化铌的金属氧化物。在另一个实施方案中,第二和第三金属氧化物包含至少一种选自氧化镧、氧化锆和氧化铝的金属氧化物。根据再一个实施方案,步骤(b)的产物包含具有式Li5MvO4或Li5MwO5的锂金属氧化物,其中Mv是Ga、Al或Fe,并且Mw是Ta或Nb。在一些实施方案中,混合步骤(c)包含第三金属氧化物。混合步骤也可以还包含磷酸盐。
优选,“Li2CO3:碳”摩尔比率是在0.25-1.2的范围内。
根据上述两种方法的一个实施方案,碳材料是选自炭黑(例如乙炔黑、KetjenTMBlack等)、石墨烯、石墨、碳纳米管、碳纤维或纳米纤维,及其组合。
上述方法的加热步骤可以在800-1400℃范围内的温度下进行,例如进行30分钟至3小时的时间,或进行45分钟至1.5小时的时间,优选进行约1小时。
本技术的第三方面涉及生产陶瓷的方法,此方法包括以下步骤:
a)混合碳酸锂(Li2CO3)、第一金属氧化物和第二金属氧化物以得到粉末混合物;
b)将在步骤(a)中得到的粉末混合物在惰性气体流动下加热达到低于Li2CO3分解温度的第一温度;
c)停止步骤(b)的惰性气体流动,并在高于第一温度的第二温度下进行热处理;
其中第一金属氧化物是与第二金属氧化物不同的。
根据一个实施方案,第一金属氧化物具有式Mz 2O3,其中Mz是氧化态III的金属(例如La、Al、Ga等),优选Mz是镧。在另一个实施方案中,第二金属氧化物是氧化态(IV)的金属的二氧化物(例如Zr、Ti、Ge等),优选第二金属氧化物是二氧化锆。根据另一个实施方案,陶瓷包含具有立方晶体结构的化合物。
在一些实施方案中,第一温度是等于或低于800℃,或者等于或低于750℃,或者等于或低于700℃。根据一个实施方案,第二温度是在800-1400℃的范围内,或在800-1200℃的范围内,或在850-1100℃的范围内,或在900-1000℃的范围内。例如,在步骤(b)中的加热操作进行30分钟至3小时的时间,或进行1-3小时,或进行约2小时。
根据第三方面的一个实施方案,步骤(a)还包含碳材料,例如选自炭黑(例如乙炔黑、KetjenTMBlack等)、石墨烯、石墨、碳纳米管、碳纤维或纳米纤维,及其组合。根据第三方面的另一个实施方案,步骤(a)不包含添加的碳材料。
根据一个实施方案,在一个或另一个上述方法中的混合步骤是通过球研磨或在行星式混合器中进行。优选,混合是通过球研磨进行,例如在二氧化锆容器中使用二氧化锆球进行。
第四方面涉及通过或可通过本文所述方法获得的陶瓷。根据一个实施方案,陶瓷包含选自式(I)至(IV)化合物的化合物:
Li7La3Zr2O12 (I)
Li7-xLa3Zr2MxO12 (II)
Li3yLa(2/3)-yTi1-y’My y’O3 (III)
Li1+zAlzMx 2-z(PO4)3 (IV)
其中:
M是选自Al、Ga、Ta、Fe和Nb;
Mx是选自Ti和Ge;
My是选自Ba、B、Al、Si和Ta;
x是在0-1的范围内;
y是大于0并且小于或等于0.67;
y’是在0至小于1的范围内;和
z是在0-1的范围内。
根据一个实施方案,所述化合物包含离子价。根据另一个实施方案,所述化合物不包含离子价。
在一个实施方案中,所述化合物是式(I)化合物,例如具有四方或立方晶体结构。在另一个实施方案中,所述化合物是式(II)化合物,例如具有四方或立方晶体结构。根据一个实例,所述化合物是式(I)或(II)化合物并且具有立方晶体结构。根据另一个实例,所述化合物是未掺杂的式(I)化合物并且具有立方晶体结构。根据另一个实施方案,所述化合物是式(III)化合物,例如具有钙钛矿类型的晶体结构。根据再一个实施方案,所述化合物是式(IV)化合物,例如具有NASICON类型的晶体结构。
根据一个实施方案,陶瓷具有低于10重量%的残余碳含量,或低于5重量%的残余碳含量,或甚至低于2重量%,或低于1重量%。根据另一个实施方案,陶瓷不含残余碳。
第五方面涉及电解质,其包含如本文所定义的陶瓷。根据一个实例,电解质是固体电解质。根据一个实施方案,电解质还包含聚合物、溶剂(例如极性非质子溶剂)或其组合。优选,电解质显示在10-5至10-3S/cm范围内的离子传导率。
第六方面涉及电极材料,其包含如本文所定义的陶瓷,例如所述电极材料还包含电化学活性材料和任选地粘合剂和/或导电材料。
根据第七方面,本申请涉及电化学电池,其包含负极、正极和电解质,其中这三种元件中的至少一种包含本文所定义的陶瓷,在一个实施方案中,电解质是如本文中所定义的。在另一个实施方案中,正极或负极包含本文所定义的电极材料。在再一个实施方案中,正极或负极包含本文所定义的电极材料,并且电解质是本文所定义的。其它方面涉及电池,其包含至少一种本文所定义的电化学电池,例如所述电池是锂电池或锂离子电池。
附图简述
图1显示与参比标准相比,根据实施例1制备的LLZO的X-射线衍射分析结果。
图2显示与参比标准相比,根据实施例2制备的LLZO的X-射线衍射分析结果。
图3显示与参比标准相比,根据实施例3制备的LATP的X-射线衍射分析结果。
图4显示与参比标准相比,根据实施例4制备的LLZO的X-射线衍射分析结果。
图5显示与参比标准相比,在实施例5中作为中间体制备的Li5GaO4和La2O3和ZrO2的混合物的X-射线衍射分析结果。
图6显示与参比标准相比,在实施例5中制备的LLZO与LiGaO2的X-射线衍射分析结果。
图7显示与参比标准相比,(a)立方LLZO(加热且没有气体流动)和(b)四方LLZO(加热且有气体流动)的X-射线衍射分析的结果,其中LLZO都是未掺杂和根据实施例6制备的。
图8显示与参比标准相比,根据实施例7制备的未掺杂的立方LLZO(退火,在碳的存在下没有气体流动)的X-射线衍射分析结果。
发明详述
本文所用的所有技术和科学术语和表述具有与本领域技术人员理解的那些相同的含义。但是,为了清楚起见,下文也提供一些术语和表述的定义。
当本文使用术语“大约”或其等价用语“约”时,这表示在一个范围内和其周围。例如,当“大约”或“约”与数值联用时,其可以在相对于公称值的10%或5%范围内变化。此术语也可以考虑例如检测设备的实验误差或四舍五入。
本文描述了生产基于锂的陶瓷的新方法,其用于电化学应用中、用于电解质组合物中以及用于阴极和阳极材料中。此方法使用牺牲性的碳添加剂,其随后在热处理期间被去除。例如,当使用具有低于热处理温度的熔点的锂离子源、例如碳酸锂时,碳添加剂可以用作分散剂或表面活性剂。例如,这种分散可以帮助获得均匀的粒子分布和更小的陶瓷粒径,即比其同等商业产品更小的粒径。此方法也是简单和经济的,和/或需要更短的反应时间。
因此,本发明的生产基于锂的陶瓷的方法至少包括以下步骤:混合锂离子源、至少一种金属氧化物或磷酸盐和碳材料以提供粉末混合物;和在给定的处理温度下加热此粉末混合物。优选,锂离子源是具有低于处理温度的熔点的锂盐。例如,锂盐具有低于800℃的熔点,例如碳酸锂。碳酸锂可以按照Li2CO3:碳的摩尔比率为0.25-1.2使用,或0.5-1.1。例如,Li:碳的摩尔比率是0.50-2.4,或1-2.2。
应当理解的是,此方法可以包含一个混合/加热步骤序列,或者包含两个或更多个混合/加热序列。在后一种情况下,第一个混合/加热步骤序列包括将锂离子源和至少一种金属氧化物或磷酸盐和碳材料混合,并加热该混合物,从而得到第一锂化金属氧化物化合物。然后,此化合物在第二混合步骤中与至少一种额外的金属氧化物或磷酸盐和碳材料混合,并且所得的混合物在第二处理温度下加热。如果第一加热在不会导致碳去除的情况下进行(例如在惰性气氛下加热,在不足以完全或部分燃烧碳的温度和/或时间下进行),则碳可以来自于第一个混合/加热序列。碳材料也可以是在第二混合步骤中加入的第二碳材料。在这种情况下,第二碳材料可以具有与第一碳材料相同或不同的性质。
碳材料可以是任何已知形式的碳,优选是可商购的,例如炭黑(例如乙炔黑、KetjenblackTM等)、石墨烯、石墨、碳纳米管、碳纳米线、碳纤维或纳米纤维,或其任何组合。
当此方法包括两个混合/加热步骤序列时,第一序列的产物优选具有高于第一加热步骤的处理温度的熔融温度。
根据一个变体,一个或多个加热步骤是在氧气的存在下进行,并且通过燃烧去除碳材料。根据另一个变体,一个或多个加热步骤是在惰性气氛中进行(例如在氩气中),并且此方法包括在氧气存在下的额外加热步骤以通过燃烧去除碳源。术语“去除”可以包括完全去除,以及部分或大部分去除,例如,残余碳含量低于10重量%,或低于5重量%,或低于2重量%,或甚至低于1重量%。
例如,金属氧化物或磷酸盐是选自镧、铝、锆、钛、锗、镓、钽、铁和铌的金属的氧化物或磷酸盐。此方法包括至少两种金属氧化物或磷酸盐与锂离子源反应,这在单个混合/加热步骤序列中或各自在分开的混合/加热序列中进行。
第一金属氧化物或磷酸盐的例子包括金属的氧化物或磷酸盐,所述金属可以选自锆、钛、锗、镓、钽、铁和铌。第二金属氧化物的实例包括氧化镧和氧化铝。例如,此方法包括选自镧、铝、锆、钛、锗、镓、钽、铁和铌的至少两种金属的氧化物或磷酸盐,前提是至少一种金属是镧或铝。一个实例也包括三种金属氧化物或磷酸盐、
本发明方法可以包含以下金属氧化物的组合的非限制性实例(除了基于锂离子的材料和任选地碳之外):
-La和Zr的氧化物,任选地在Al、Ge、Ga、Ta、Nb或Fe的氧化物的存在下;
-La和Ti的氧化物,任选地在Ba、B、Al、Ta或Si的氧化物的存在下;和
-Al的氧化物和Ti或Ge的氧化物,在磷酸盐离子的存在下(优选磷酸铵,例如[NH4][H2PO4])。
本发明方法的另一个实例包括以下步骤:
a)混合Li2CO3、第一金属氧化物和碳材料以得到第一粉末混合物;
b)在至少800℃的温度下加热在步骤(a)中得到的第一粉末混合物;
c)将步骤(b)的产物与第二金属氧化物和任选地第三金属氧化物混合以得到第二粉末混合物;
d)在至少800℃的温度下加热在步骤(c)中得到的第二粉末混合物;
其中第一金属氧化物是与第二金属氧化物不同的。
第一金属氧化物的例子包括选自氧化锆、氧化钛、氧化锗、氧化镓、氧化钽、氧化铁和铌氧化物的至少一种金属氧化物。例如,第二氧化物可以包含选自氧化镧、氧化锆和氧化铝的至少一种金属氧化物。
根据一个实例,步骤(b)的产物包含具有式Li5MvO4或Li5MwO5的锂金属氧化物,其中Mv是Ga、Al或Fe,并且Mw是Ta或Nb。
在本发明方法中的一个或多个混合步骤可以通过本领域公知的任何方式进行,例如球研磨、行星式混合器等。优选,一个或多个混合步骤是通过球研磨进行,例如在装有二氧化锆球的二氧化锆罐子中进行。
如上所述,加热步骤可以在氧气的存在下(同时去除碳)进行,或在惰性气氛下进行,前提是最后一个加热步骤是在氧气的存在下进行以进行碳反应和碳的去除。例如,步骤(b)是在惰性气氛下进行,并且步骤(d)是在氧气的存在下进行。根据一个变体,步骤(b)和(d)是在惰性气氛下进行,并且此方法还包括步骤(e):在氧气的存在下在至少800℃的温度下加热。在本发明方法中的加热步骤是在能耐受至少800℃温度的坩埚中进行,例如在石墨或氧化铝坩埚中进行。
或者,本发明方法包括以下步骤:
a)混合Li2CO3、第一金属氧化物和第二金属氧化物以得到粉末混合物;
b)将在步骤(a)中得到的粉末混合物在气体(例如惰性气体,例如氩气或氮气)流动下加热达到低于Li2CO3分解温度的第一温度;
c)停止步骤(b)的气体流动,并在高于第一温度的第二温度下进行热处理;
其中第一金属氧化物是与第二金属氧化物不同的。
在此替代方法的一个实例中,第一金属氧化物具有式Mz 2O3,其中Mz是氧化态III的金属,例如La、Al、Ga等。例如,第一氧化物是氧化镧。在另一个实例中,第二金属氧化物可以是任何金属氧化物,例如是氧化态(IV)的金属的二氧化物。第二氧化物的例子包括锆、钛、锗等的氧化物。优选,第二氧化物是氧化锆。在一些情况下,使用此方法可以提供具有立方晶体结构的化合物,同时避免使用掺杂元素。所以,所得的陶瓷可以包含具有立方晶体结构的化合物。
在此方法中,第一温度通常是等于或低于800℃,或者等于或低于750℃,或者等于或低于700℃;并且第二温度是在800-1400℃的范围内,或是800-1200℃,或是850-1100℃,或是900-1000℃。例如,步骤(b)的热处理操作可以进行30分钟至3小时的时间,或进行1-3小时,或进行约2小时。此方法的混合步骤可以通过球研磨或在行星式混合器中进行,例如,通过在二氧化锆容器中使用二氧化锆球进行球研磨。
在此方法中,混合步骤(a)可以在添加或不添加碳质材料的情况下进行。在添加的情况下,碳质材料可以选自炭黑(例如乙炔黑,KetjenblackTM等)、石墨烯、石墨、碳纳米管、碳纤维或纳米纤维,及其组合。根据一个实例,在此方法的混合步骤(a)中不添加碳材料。
本技术也考虑可通过本发明方法获得的陶瓷。如上所述,通过本发明方法制得的陶瓷可以具有均匀的粒子分布和更小的陶瓷粒径,例如粒径小于同等商购产品的粒径。
例如,陶瓷包含至少一种以下式(I)至(IV)的化合物:
Li7La3Zr2O12 (I)
Li7-xLa3Zr2MxO12 (II)
Li3yLa(2/3)-yTi1-y’My y’O3 (III)
Li1+zAlzMx 2-z(PO4)3 (IV)
其中:
M是选自Al、Ga、Ta、Fe和Nb;
Mx是选自Ti和Ge;
My是选自Ba、B、Al、Si和Ta;
x是在0-1的范围内;
y是大于0且小于0.67;
y’是大于0且小于1;和
z是在0-1的范围内。
任何一种上述化合物还可以包含离子价(未显示)。陶瓷也可以包含氧化物和/或磷酸盐的混合物。例如,陶瓷是具有任何一种上式的化合物和至少一种其它金属氧化物的混合物。陶瓷也可以包含上式之一的化合物和还包含掺杂材料,例如额外的金属氧化物。优选,陶瓷包含至少50重量%的式I-IV化合物之一,或至少60重量%,或至少70重量%,或至少80重量%,或至少90重量%,或甚至至少90重量%.
陶瓷可以包含式(I)或(II)的化合物,例如具有四方或立方晶体结构,或其混合物。例如,所述化合物可以是未掺杂的具有立方晶体结构的式(I)化合物。或者,陶瓷可以包含式(III)化合物,例如具有钙钛矿类型的晶体结构。根据另一个方案,陶瓷包含式(IV)化合物,例如具有NASICON类型的晶体结构。
陶瓷可以不含或基本上不含碳,或可以包含低于10重量%、或低于5重量%、或低于2重量%、或甚至低于1重量%的残余碳含量。
上述陶瓷可以例如用于电化学中,或用于其中需要锂离子交换的任何应用。例如,本申请也涉及电解质,其包含单独的本发明陶瓷,或包含本发明陶瓷和电解质组分的组合,电解质组分例如是其它无机粒子、锂盐、隔膜、溶剂和溶剂化聚合物。例如,电解质是固体或凝胶电解质,优选固体电解质。电解质优选显示在10-5至10-3S/cm范围内的离子传导率。
例如,溶剂是非水性的极性非质子溶剂。非水性溶剂的例子包括环状碳酸酯,例如碳酸亚乙基酯(EC),碳酸亚丙基酯(PC),碳酸亚丁基酯(BC)和碳酸亚乙烯基酯(VC);无环的碳酸酯,例如碳酸二甲基酯(DMC),碳酸二乙基酯(DEC),碳酸乙基甲基酯(EMC)和碳酸二丙基酯(DPC);内酯,例如γ-丁内酯(γ-BL)和γ-戊内酯(γ-VL);无环醚,例如1,2-二甲氧基乙烷(DME),1,2-二乙氧基乙烷(DEE),乙氧基甲氧基乙烷(EME)和三甲氧基甲烷;环醚,例如四氢呋喃,2-甲基四氢呋喃,1,3-二氧戊环,以及它们的衍生物;和其它溶剂,例如二甲基亚砜,甲酰胺,乙酰胺,二甲基甲酰胺,乙腈,丙腈,硝基甲烷,磷酸三酯,环丁砜,甲基环丁砜,以及它们的混合物。
适用于电解质中的溶剂化聚合物的非限制性例子包括聚氧化乙烯和包含氧化乙烯单元的共聚物,聚氧化丙烯和包含氧化丙烯单元的共聚物,聚(二甲基硅氧烷)和包含二甲基硅氧烷单元的共聚物,聚(碳酸亚烷基酯)和包含碳酸亚烷基酯单元的共聚物,聚(亚烷基砜)和包含亚烷基砜单元的共聚物,聚(亚烷基磺酰胺)和包含亚烷基磺酰胺单元的共聚物,聚氨酯和包含氨基甲酸酯单元的共聚物,聚乙烯醇和包含乙烯醇单元的共聚物,及其组合。另外,溶剂化聚合物可以是线性的、支化的或交联的。
本发明也涉及电极材料,其包含一种本发明的陶瓷,例如与其它电极材料组分的组合,其它电极材料组分例如是电化学活性材料、导电材料、无机粒子、锂盐和粘合剂.
电化学活性材料的例子包括、但不限于:钛酸盐和钛酸锂(例如TiO2,Li2TiO3,Li4Ti5O12,H2Ti5O11,H2Ti4O9,或其组合),锂化金属磷酸盐(例如LiMaPO4,其中Ma是Fe、Ni、Mn、Co或其组合),锂化或非锂化的氧化钒(例如LiV3O8,V2O5,LiV2O5等),和其它锂化金属氧化物,例如LiMn2O4,LiMbO2(其中Mb是Mn、Co、Ni或其组合),Li(NiMc)O2(其中Mc是Mn、Co、Al、Fe、Cr、Ti、Zr等,或其组合),石墨,元素硫,元素硒,氟化铁(III),氟化铜(II),碘化锂和碘,或当相容时两种或更多种这些材料的组合。例如,活性材料是选自锂铁磷酸盐(LFP),锂锰铁磷酸盐(LMFP),钛酸锂(LTO),氧化锂镍钴铝(NCA),氧化锂钴(LCO)和氧化锂镍锰钴(NMC)。粒子可以是新形成的,或来自商购,是微粒子或纳米粒子的形式,和可以还包括碳涂层。
导电材料的例子包括炭黑,KetjenTMBlack,乙炔黑,石墨,石墨烯,碳纤维(或纳米纤维)(例如VGCF),碳纳米管,或其组合。
粘合剂的例子包括一种上述聚合物,以及水溶性粘合剂,例如SBR(苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶)、NBR(丁二烯-丙烯腈橡胶)、HNBR(氢化NBR)、CHR(表氯醇橡胶)、ACM(丙烯酸烷基酯橡胶)和其它相似的粘合剂,以及基于纤维素的粘合剂(例如羧基烷基纤维素和羟基烷基纤维素),或两种或更多种上述粘合剂的组合。例如,羧基烷基纤维素可以是羧基甲基纤维素(CMC)或羧基乙基纤维素。羟基烷基纤维素的例子是羟基丙基纤维素。其它粘合剂的例子包括含氟聚合物粘合剂,例如PVDF和PTFE。
本发明也涉及电化学电池,在其至少一种组分中包含至少一种本发明的陶瓷,即在用于正极或负极的材料中或在电解质中。例如,电化学电池包含本文所述的含有本发明陶瓷的电解质、负极和正极。
电化学电池也可以包含本文所述的含有本发明陶瓷的电解质、负极和正极,其中负极是如上所述的并包含至少一种本发明的陶瓷。
电化学电池也可以包含本文所述的含有本发明陶瓷的电解质、负极和正极,其中正极是如上所述的并包含至少一种本发明的陶瓷。
用于本发明电化学电池中的电极材料可以在不添加本发明陶瓷的情况下制备,例如从如上所述的电化学活性材料以及任选的额外组分制备,例如导电材料、无机粒子、盐和粘合剂。电极材料也可以包含金属锂或其合金的膜,例如挤出的锂膜,或从诸如石墨的材料制备。
本发明也涉及电池,其包含至少一种本文所述的电化学电池。例如,电池是锂电池或锂离子电池。本发明陶瓷的其它用途也可以包括电致变色设备(ECD)以及电致发光设备。
实施例
以下非限制性实施例用于说明目的,并不用于进一步限制本发明的范围。参考附图将能更好地理解这些实施例。
实施例1-Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO)
将Li2CO3(3.38g)、La2O3(5.82g)、ZrO2(2.93g)和乙炔黑(0.500g)在装有氧化锆球的氧化锆罐子中一起研磨10分钟。然后将由此得到的粉末置于氧化铝坩埚中,并在静止空气炉中于900℃加热1小时。在冷却到室温之后,最终的粉末用X-射线衍射进行分析,并观察到具有四方相的Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO)(参见图1)。
实施例2:Li7La3Zr2O12与Al2O3
将Li2CO3(2.99g)、Al2O3(0.150g)、La2O3(5.76g)、ZrO2(2.90g)和乙炔黑(0.500g)在装有氧化锆球的氧化锆罐子中一起研磨10分钟。然后将由此得到的粉末置于氧化铝坩埚中,并在静止空气炉中于900℃加热1小时。在冷却到室温之后,最终的粉末用X-射线衍射进行分析。图2显示主要观察到具有立方结构的Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO)以及Al2O3。也观察到作为次要相的一些四方结构LLZO。
实施例3:Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3(LATP)
将Li2CO3(0.79g)、Al2O3(0.22g)、TiO2(2.03g)、NH4H2PO4(5.17g)和乙炔黑(0.12g)在装有氧化锆球的氧化锆罐子中一起研磨10分钟。然后将由此得到的粉末置于氧化铝坩埚中,并在静止空气炉中于1000℃加热1小时。在冷却之后,最终的粉末用X-射线衍射进行分析。观察到具有NASICON类型结构的Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3(LATP)以及TiO2次要相(参见图3)。
实施例4:Li7La3Zr2O12
将Li2CO3(3.38g)、La2O3(5.82g)、ZrO2(2.93g)和乙炔黑(0.750g)粉末在装有氧化锆球的氧化锆罐子中一起研磨10分钟。然后将由此得到的粉末置于氧化铝坩埚中,并在静止空气炉中于900℃加热1小时。在冷却到室温之后,最终的粉末用X-射线衍射进行分析。观察到具有四方结构的La2Zr2O7(LZO)和Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO)(参见图4)。
实施例5:Li7La3Zr2O12与LiGaO2
将Li2CO3(3.83g)、Ga2O3(1.94g)和乙炔黑(1.24g)在装有氧化锆球的氧化锆罐子中一起研磨10分钟。所得的粉末在碳坩埚中在氩气气氛下加热。然后,黑色粉末(1.29g)与La2O3(0.53g)和ZrO2(0.26g)混合,并在装有氧化锆球的氧化锆罐子中再次研磨10分钟。中间体粉末用X-射线衍射进行分析,显示存在Li5GaO4、La2O3和ZrO2(参见图5)。然后,将此粉末在石墨坩埚中在氩气气氛下加热到1200℃,最后在空气中在氧化铝坩埚中于900℃加热1小时。通过X-射线衍射进行分析,可以确认具有立方结构的Li7La3Zr2O12与LiGaO2(参见图6)。
实施例6–立方Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO)(无掺杂)
将Li2CO3(6.77g)、La2O3(11.94g)和ZrO2(5.87g)在空气气氛下与氧化锆球混合10分钟。然后,所得的粉末在管式炉中在石墨船上加热。从室温到700℃,在炉中的氮气流动保持为2L/min。然后停止氮气流动,并升高温度直到达到950℃。粉末在此温度(950℃)下在没有氮气流动的静态条件下退火2小时,然后冷却。所得的粉末具有立方结构,如图7(a)的X-射线衍射图案所示。
相比之下,如果遵循相同的工序、但同时保持气体流动恒定直至结束,所得的粉末将具有四方结构,如X-射线衍射观察所示(参见图7(b))。
实施例7–立方Li7La3Zr2O12(LLZO)(包含碳,无掺杂)
将Li2CO3(6.77g)、La2O3(11.94g)、ZrO2(5.87g)和石墨(1g)在空气气氛下与氧化锆球混合10分钟。然后,所得的粉末在管式炉中在石墨船上加热。从室温到700℃,在炉中的氮气流动保持为2L/min。然后停止氮气流动,并升高温度直到达到950℃。粉末在此温度(950℃)下在没有氮气流动的静态条件下退火2小时,然后冷却。所得的粉末具有立方结构,如图8的X-射线衍射图案所示。也检测到一些La2Zr2O7作为杂质。
可以在不偏离本发明范围的情况下对上述任何实施方案进行许多改变。将本文中提到的文献、专利或科技文件的全部内容引入本文以供参考。

Claims (59)

1.一种生产基于锂的陶瓷的方法,此方法至少包括以下步骤:
a)混合锂离子源、至少一种金属氧化物或磷酸盐和碳材料以得到粉末混合物;和
b)在处理温度下加热在步骤(a)中得到的粉末混合物;
其中在步骤(a)中使用的锂离子源具有低于步骤(b)的处理温度的熔点。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(b)是在惰性气氛下进行,并且此方法还包括步骤(c):在氧气的存在下(例如在空气中)加热步骤(b)的产物。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其中步骤(b)是在氧气的存在下(例如在空气的存在下)进行。
4.根据权利要求2或3的方法,其中在空气存在下加热的步骤进行足以去除碳材料的时间。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的方法,其中还包括步骤(b)(i)混合在步骤(b)中得到的产物与金属氧化物或磷酸盐和碳材料;和步骤(b)(ii)在第二处理温度下加热在(b)(i)中得到的混合物以得到第二产物,其中步骤(b)的产物具有高于步骤(b)(ii)的处理温度的熔点。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项的方法,其中至少一种金属氧化物或磷酸盐是选自锆、钛、锗、镓、钽、铁和铌的金属的氧化物或磷酸盐。
7.根据权利要求1-5中任一项的方法,其中至少一种金属氧化物或磷酸盐包含选自镧、铝、锆、钛、锗、镓、钽、铁和铌的金属的至少两种氧化物或磷酸盐,前提是至少一种金属是镧或铝。
8.根据权利要求7的方法,其中至少一种金属氧化物或磷酸盐包含至少三种金属氧化物或磷酸盐。
9.根据权利要求1-5中任一项的方法,其中至少一种氧化物或磷酸盐是镧或铝的氧化物。
10.根据权利要求9的方法,其中至少一种氧化物或磷酸盐是氧化镧,此方法还包括选自氧化锆和氧化钛的第二金属氧化物。
11.根据权利要求10的方法,其中还包括选自铝、锗、镓、钽、铌、铁、钡、硼和硅的元素的氧化物。
12.根据权利要求1-11中任一项的方法,其中锂离子:碳的摩尔比率是在0.5-2.4的范围内。
13.一种生产陶瓷的方法,此方法包括以下步骤:
a)混合碳酸锂、第一金属氧化物和碳材料以得到第一粉末混合物;
b)在至少800℃的温度下加热在步骤(a)中得到的第一粉末混合物;
c)将步骤(b)的产物与第二金属氧化物和任选地第三金属氧化物混合以得到第二粉末混合物;
d)在至少800℃的温度下加热在步骤(c)中得到的第二粉末混合物;
其中第一金属氧化物是与第二金属氧化物不同的。
14.根据权利要求13的方法,其中第一金属氧化物包含至少一种选自氧化锆、氧化钛、氧化锗、氧化镓、氧化钽、氧化铁、氧化和氧化铌的金属氧化物。
15.根据权利要求13或14的方法,其中第二和第三金属氧化物包含至少一种选自氧化镧、氧化锆和氧化铝的金属氧化物。
16.根据权利要求13-15中任一项的方法,其中步骤(b)的产物包含具有式Li5MvO4或Li5MwO5的锂金属氧化物,其中Mv是Ga、Al或Fe,并且Mw是Ta或Nb。
17.根据权利要求13-16中任一项的方法,其中混合步骤(c)还包括第三金属氧化物。
18.根据权利要求13-17中任一项的方法,其中Li2CO3:碳的摩尔比率是在0.25-1.2的范围内。
19.根据权利要求1-18中任一项的方法,其中混合步骤(a)还包括磷酸盐。
20.根据权利要求1-19中任一项的方法,其中碳材料是选自炭黑(例如乙炔黑、KetjenTMBlack等)、石墨烯、石墨、碳纳米管、碳纤维或纳米纤维,及其组合。
21.根据权利要求1-20中任一项的方法,其中加热步骤是在800-1400℃范围内的温度下进行。
22.根据权利要求1-21中任一项的方法,其中加热步骤进行30分钟至3小时的时间,或进行45分钟至1.5小时,优选进行约1小时。
23.一种生产陶瓷的方法,此方法包括以下步骤:
a)混合碳酸锂(Li2CO3)、第一金属氧化物和第二金属氧化物以得到粉末混合物;
b)将在步骤(a)中得到的粉末混合物在惰性气体流动下加热达到低于Li2CO3分解温度的第一温度;
c)停止步骤(b)的惰性气体流动,并在高于第一温度的第二温度下进行热处理;
其中第一金属氧化物是与第二金属氧化物不同的。
24.根据权利要求23的方法,其中第一金属氧化物具有式Mz 2O3,其中Mz是氧化态III的金属(例如La、Al和Ga),优选第一金属氧化物是氧化镧。
25.根据权利要求23或24的方法,其中第二金属氧化物是氧化态(IV)的金属(例如Zr、Ti和Ge)的二氧化物,优选第二金属氧化物是二氧化锆。
26.根据权利要求23-25中任一项的方法,其中陶瓷包含具有立方晶体结构的化合物。
27.根据权利要求23-26中任一项的方法,其中第一温度是等于或低于800℃,或者等于或低于750℃,或者等于或低于700℃。
28.根据权利要求23-27中任一项的方法,其中第二温度是在800-1400℃的范围内,或在800-1200℃的范围内,或在850-1100℃的范围内,或在900-1000℃的范围内。
29.根据权利要求23-28中任一项的方法,其中步骤(b)的加热操作进行30分钟至3小时的时间,或进行1-3小时,或进行约2小时。
30.根据权利要求23-29中任一项的方法,其中步骤(a)还包括碳材料。
31.根据权利要求30的方法,其中碳材料是选自炭黑(例如乙炔黑、KetjenTMBlack等)、石墨烯、石墨、碳纳米管、碳纤维或纳米纤维,及其组合。
32.根据权利要求23-29中任一项的方法,其中在步骤(a)中不包含碳材料。
33.根据权利要求1-32中任一项的方法,其中混合操作是通过球研磨或在行星式混合器中进行。
34.根据权利要求33的方法,其中混合操作是通过球研磨进行。
35.根据权利要求34的方法,其中球研磨是在二氧化锆容器中使用二氧化锆球进行。
36.陶瓷,其是通过或可通过根据权利要求1-35中任一项所述的方法获得。
37.根据权利要求36的陶瓷,其中所述陶瓷还包含选自式(I)至(IV)化合物的化合物:
Li7La3Zr2O12 (I)
Li7-xLa3Zr2MxO12 (II)
Li3yLa(2/3)-yTi1-y’My y’O3 (III)
Li1+zAlzMx 2-z(PO4)3 (IV)
其中:
M是选自Al、Ga、Ta、Fe和Nb;
Mx是选自Ti和Ge;
My是选自Ba、B、Al、Si和Ta;
x是在0-1的范围内;
y是大于0且小于或等于0.67;
y’是在0至小于1的范围内;和
z是在0-1的范围内;
其中所述化合物还可以包含离子价。
38.根据权利要求37的陶瓷,其中所述化合物是式(I)化合物。
39.根据权利要求37的陶瓷,其中所述化合物是式(II)化合物。
40.根据权利要求37的陶瓷,其中所述化合物是式(III)化合物。
41.根据权利要求37的陶瓷,其中所述化合物是式(IV)化合物。
42.根据权利要求38或39的陶瓷,其中所述化合物具有四方晶体结构。
43.根据权利要求38或39的陶瓷,其中所述化合物具有立方晶体结构。
44.根据权利要求43的陶瓷,其中所述化合物是未掺杂的具有立方晶体结构的式(I)化合物。
45.根据权利要求40的陶瓷,其中所述化合物具有钙钛矿类型的晶体结构。
46.根据权利要求41的陶瓷,其中所述化合物具有NASICON类型的晶体结构。
47.根据权利要求36-46中任一项的陶瓷,其中所述陶瓷具有低于10重量%的残余碳含量。
48.根据权利要求47的陶瓷,其中所述陶瓷具有低于5重量%的残余碳含量。
49.一种电解质,其包含在权利要求36-48任一项中所定义的陶瓷。
50.根据权利要求49的电解质,其中所述电解质是固体电解质。
51.根据权利要求49或50的电解质,其还包含聚合物、溶剂(例如极性非质子溶剂)或其组合。
52.根据权利要求49-51中任一项的电解质,所述电解质显示在10-5至10-3S/cm范围内的离子传导率。
53.一种电极材料,其包含在权利要求36-48任一项中所定义的陶瓷。
54.根据权利要求53的电解质,其还包含电化学活性材料和任选地粘合剂和/或导电材料。
55.一种电化学电池,其包含负极、正极和电解质,其中电解质是根据权利要求49-52任一项中所定义的。
56.一种电化学电池,其包含负极、正极和电解质,其中正极或负极包含在权利要求53或54中所定义的电极材料。
57.一种电化学电池,其包含负极、正极和电解质,其中正极或负极包含在权利要求53或54中所定义的电极材料,并且电解质是根据权利要求49-52任一项中所定义的。
58.一种电池,其包含至少一种根据权利要求55-57任一项中所定义的电化学电池。
59.根据权利要求58的电池,其中所述电池是锂电池或锂离子电池。
CN201980035754.1A 2018-05-30 2019-05-30 陶瓷、其生产方法及其用途 Pending CN112166094A (zh)

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