CN112074976A - 固态电池 - Google Patents

固态电池 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN112074976A
CN112074976A CN201980030085.9A CN201980030085A CN112074976A CN 112074976 A CN112074976 A CN 112074976A CN 201980030085 A CN201980030085 A CN 201980030085A CN 112074976 A CN112074976 A CN 112074976A
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China
Prior art keywords
solid
lithium
state battery
group
battery according
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CN201980030085.9A
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CN112074976B (zh
Inventor
M·雅科夫列娃
K·B·菲奇
J·夏
W·A·小格里特尔
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Livent USA Corp
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FMC Lithium USA Corp
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Priority claimed from PCT/US2019/023390 external-priority patent/WO2019183368A1/en
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Abstract

本申请提供包含正极、负极和固体电解质的固态电池。在一个实施方案中,所述正极、负极和/或固体电解质由可印刷锂组合物形成,其中所述可印刷锂组合物包含锂金属粉末、与所述锂金属粉末相容的聚合物粘合剂、与所述锂金属粉末相容的流变改性剂以及与所述锂金属粉末且与所述聚合物粘合剂相容的溶剂。在另一个实施方案中,使用锂可印刷锂组合物在所述固体电解质上沉积锂,其中所述锂可印刷锂组合物包含锂金属粉末、与所述锂金属粉末相容的聚合物粘合剂、与所述锂金属粉末相容的流变改性剂以及与所述锂金属粉末且与所述聚合物粘合剂相容的溶剂。

Description

固态电池
相关应用
以下申请要求2019年3月20日提交的美国非临时性No.16/359,707、2019年3月20日提交的美国非临时性No.16/359,725、2019年3月20日提交的美国非临时性No.16/359,733、2018年3月22日提交的美国临时62/646,521和2018年6月29日提交的美国临时62/691,819的优先权,其公开内容在此整体并入作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及包含可印刷锂组合物的固态电池。
背景技术
锂和锂离子二次电池或可再充电电池已用于某些应用中,例如在手机、便携式摄像机和笔记本电脑中,甚至在最近的更大功率应用中,例如在电动汽车和混合电动汽车中。在这些应用中,优选的是,二次电池具有尽可能高的比容量,但仍提供安全的操作条件和良好的可循环性,从而在随后的充电和放电循环中保持高的比容量。
尽管二次电池有多种构造,但是每种构造包括正极(或阴极)、负极(或阳极)、将正极和负极分开的隔膜、与正极和负极以电化学连通的电解质。对于二次锂电池,当二次电池放电时,即用于其具体应用时,锂离子通过电解质从负极转移到正极。在放电过程中,电子从负极收集并通过外部电路传递到正极。当二次电池充电或再充电时,锂离子通过电解质从正极转移到负极。
历史上,二次锂电池使用具有高比容量的非锂化的化合物作为正极活性物质生产,其中所述非锂化的化合物例如TiS2、MoS2、MnO2和V2O5。这些正极活性材料与锂金属负极耦合。当二次电池放电时,锂离子通过电解质从锂金属负极转移到正极。不幸的是,在循环时,锂金属会形成树晶,最终导致电池中的不安全状况。结果,在1990年代初停止了这类二次电池的生产,转为锂离子电池。
锂离子电池通常使用锂金属氧化物,例如LiCoO2和LiNiO2作为正极活性材料,并与活性负极材料,例如碳基材料耦合。认识到基于氧化硅、硅颗粒等的其他负极类型。在使用基于碳的负极系统的电池中,基本上避免了在负极上形成锂枝晶,从而使电池更安全。然而,其量决定电池容量的锂完全由正极供应。这限制了正极活性材料的选择,这是因为所述活性材料必须包含可去除的锂。另外,在充电和过充电期间形成的与LixCoO2、LixNiO2相对应的脱锂产品并不稳定。具体而言,这些脱锂产物倾向与电解质反应并产生热量,这会引起安全隐患。
新的锂离子电池或电池最初处于放电状态。在锂离子电池的第一次充电期间,锂从正极材料移动到负极活性材料。从正极移动到负极的锂与石墨负极表面的电解质材料发生反应,从而在负极上形成钝化膜。在石墨负极上形成的钝化膜是固体电解质界面(SEI)。在随后的放电中,通过形成SEI而消耗的锂不会返回到正极。与初始充电容量相比,这导致锂离子电池具有较小的容量,这是因为一些锂已经通过SEI的形成而消耗。在第一循环中部分消耗的可用的锂会降低锂离子电池的容量。这种现象称为不可逆容量,并且已知会消耗锂离子电池约10%至大于20%的容量。因此,在锂离子电池初次充电后,锂离子电池会损失约10%至超过20%的容量。
一种解决方案是使用稳定化的锂金属粉末以使负极进行预锂化。例如,可以通过用二氧化碳钝化金属粉末表面而使锂粉末稳定,例如在美国专利5,567,474、5,776,369和5,976,403中所述,这些文献的公开内容在此整体引用作为参考。CO2钝化的锂金属粉末在锂金属含量下降以前,只能在低水分含量的空气中使用有限的时间,这是因为锂金属与空气的反应。另一种解决方案例如是第7,588,623、8,021,496、8,377,236号美国专利和美国专利公开2017/0149052中描述的向锂金属粉末施加诸如氟、蜡、磷或聚合物的涂层。
然而,仍然需要具有锂化或预锂化的组件的固态电池以实现提高的能量密度以及改善的安全性和可制造性。
发明内容
为此,本发明提供具有用可印刷锂组合物预锂化或锂化的一种或多种组件的固态电池。包含所述可印刷锂组合物的固态电池具有提高的能量密度以及改善的安全性和可制造性。
本发明的可印刷锂组合物包含锂金属粉末、聚合物粘合剂、以及与所述锂粉末和所述聚合物粘合剂相容的流变改性剂,其中所述聚合物粘合剂与所述锂粉末相容。所述可印刷锂组合物中可包含溶剂,其中该溶剂与锂粉末相容且与聚合物粘合剂相容(例如能够形成悬浮液或溶解于其中)。所述溶剂可以在所述可印刷锂组合物的初始制备期间作为组分包括在内,或者在制备所述可印刷锂组合物之后加入。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的一个实施方案的固态电池的示意图;
图2是用于SLMP/苯乙烯丁二烯/甲苯可印刷锂组合物的反应性测试的温度和压力曲线;及
图3是显示具有可印刷锂衍生的薄锂膜作为负极与商购薄锂箔的袋式电池的循环性能的曲线图。
具体实施方式
现在将相对于本文提供的说明书和方法更详细地描述本发明的前述和其他方面。应理解的是,本发明可以以不同的形式实施,并且不应解释为限于在此阐述的实施方案。而且,提供这些实施方案以使本公开将是透彻和完整的,并将向本领域技术人员充分传达本发明的范围。
在此,在本发明的描述中使用的术语仅出于描述特定实施方案的目的,无意于限制本发明。如在本发明的实施方案所附权利要求书中的描述所使用,单数形式“一”、“一个”和“该”也意欲包括复数形式,除非另外明确指出。而且,如本文所用,“和/或”是指且涵盖一个或多个相关联的所列项目的任何和所有可能的组合。
如本文所用,术语“约”在指可测量值(例如化合物的量,剂量,时间,温度等)时,是指包括指定量的20%、10%、5%、1%、0.5%或甚至0.1%的变化,其中所述可测量值例如化合物、剂量、时间、温度等。除非另有定义,否则所有术语,包括说明书中使用的技术和科学术语,具有与本发明所属领域的普通技术人员之一通常所理解的相同含义。
如本文中所用,术语“包含”、“包含”、“包含”、“包括”、“包括”和“包括”指定存在所陈述的特征、整数、步骤、操作、元素和/或组分,但不并排除存在或增加一个或多个其他特征、整数、步骤、操作、元素、组分和/或其组。
如本文所用的术语“基本上由……组成”(及其语法变体),用于本发明的组合物和方法时,是指所述组合物/方法可以含有其他组分,只要所述其他组分不会实质改变该组合物/方法。应用于组合物/方法的术语“实质上改变”是指组合物/方法的有效性增加或降低至少约20%或更多。
本文中引用的所有专利、专利申请和出版物均在此整体并入作为参考。在术语冲突的情况下,以本说明书为准。
现有参照图1,根据本发明的一个实施方案,提供固态电池10,其包含负极12、正极14和固体电解质16。所述固态电池可以进一步包含负极集流体20和正极集流体22。将可印刷锂组合物施加或沉积在固态电池的集流体、电极和/或固体电解质上。例如,所述可印刷锂组合物可用于形成用于固态电池的具有不同的厚度和宽度的单体锂金属负极,包括如在美国专利8,252,438和9,893,379中所述的固态电池,其公开内容整体并入作为参考。在另一个实施方案中,所述可印刷锂组合物可以进行施加或沉积以形成用于固态电池的固体电解质,并且包括将油墨组合物与聚合物或陶瓷材料结合以形成固体电解质。所述可印刷锂组合物包含锂金属粉末、一种或多种聚合物粘合剂、一种或多种流变改性剂,并且可以进一步包含溶剂或助溶剂。
可以通过不同方法,包括挤出、涂覆、印刷、涂抹、浸渍和喷射,将所述可印刷锂组合物施加至集流体、电极或固体电解质,如美国申请____________(代理人事宜ID073396.1183,本申请与之同时提交,并且在此整体并入作为参考)中所公开。例如,所述负极可以通过将所述可印刷锂组合物印刷在负极或集流体上而锂化或预锂化,其中可以形成具有受控制的厚度和宽度的薄锂膜,或者用所述可印刷锂组合物涂覆负极。
在一个实施方案中,所述可印刷锂组合物可用于预锂化固体电解质,如美国专利7,914,930中所述,该专利在此整体并入作为参考。固态二次电池的一个实例可以包括能够电化学地吸收和解吸锂的正极;和能够电化学地吸收和解吸锂的负极,所述负极包括包含活性物质的活性物质层和非水电解质,所述活性物质层负载于在集电器上。方法包括以下步骤:通过使可所述可印刷锂组合物与负极的活性物质层的表面进行接触而使锂与负极的活性物质反应;然后将所述负极与正极组合以形成电极组件。
如在美国申请____________(代理人事宜073396.1116,与本申请同时提交)中所公开,并且在此整体并入作为参考,所述可印刷锂组合物包含锂金属粉末、聚合物粘合剂、流变改性剂,且可进一步包括溶剂。所述聚合物粘合剂可以与锂金属粉末相容。所述流变改性剂可以与锂金属粉末和聚合物粘合剂相容。所述溶剂可以与锂金属粉末和聚合物粘合剂相容。
锂金属粉末可以呈细分粉末的形式。所述锂金属粉末的平均粒度通常小于约80微米,通常小于约40微米,有时小于约20微米。锂金属粉末可以是可由FMC Lithium Corp.商购的低自燃性稳定化的锂金属粉末
Figure BDA0002758580320000061
所述锂金属粉末还可以包括氟、蜡、磷或聚合物或其组合物的基本连续的层或涂层(如美国专利5,567,474、5,776,369、和5,976,403中所公开)。所述锂金属粉末与湿气和空气具有显著下降的反应性。
所述锂金属粉末也可以与金属合金化。例如,锂金属粉末可以与I-VIII族的元素合金化。来自IB族的合适元素可以例如包括铜、银或金。来自IIB族的合适元素可以例如包括锌、镉或汞。来自元素周期表第IIA族的合适元素可以包括铍、镁、钙、锶、钡和镭。可用于本发明中的来自IIIA族的元素可以例如例如硼、铝、镓、铟或铊。可以用于本发明中的来自IVA族的元素可以例如包括碳、硅、锗、锡或铅。可用于本发明的来自VA族的元素可以例如包括氮、磷或铋。来自VIIIB族的合适元素可以例如包括镍、钯或铂。
聚合物粘合剂的选择应使其与锂金属粉末相容。“与……相容”或“相容性”旨在表示所述聚合物粘合剂不会与锂金属粉末剧烈反应,从而导致安全隐患。锂金属粉末和聚合物粘合剂可能反应以形成锂-聚合物配合物,然而,所述配合物在多种温度下应稳定。公认的是锂和聚合物粘合剂的量(浓度)有助于稳定性和反应性。聚合物粘合剂可以具有约1,000至约8,000,000的分子量,并且通常具有2,000,000至5,000,000的分子量。合适的聚合物粘合剂可以包括聚环氧乙烷、聚苯乙烯、聚异丁烯、天然橡胶、丁二烯橡胶、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、聚异戊二烯橡胶、丁基橡胶、氢化丁腈橡胶、环氧氯丙烷橡胶、丙烯酸酯橡胶、硅橡胶、丁腈橡胶、聚丙烯酸、聚偏氯乙烯、聚乙酸乙烯酯、乙烯-丙烯二烯三聚体、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、乙烯-丙烯共聚物,乙烯-丙烯三元共聚物、聚丁烯中的一种或多种。所述粘合剂也可以是蜡。
流变改性剂的选择应使其与锂金属粉末和聚合物粘合剂相容。所述流变改性剂提供流变特性,例如粘度。根据流变改性剂的选择,所述流变改性剂还可以提供导电性、改善的容量和/或改善的稳定性/安全性。为此,流变改性剂可以是两种或更多种化合物的组合物,以提供不同的性质或提供添加剂性质。示例性的流变改性剂可以包括炭黑、碳纳米管、石墨烯、硅纳米管、石墨、硬碳及其混合物、气相二氧化硅、二氧化钛、二氧化锆和其他IIA、IIIA、IVB、VB和VIA族的元素/化合物和其混合物或共混物中的一种或多种。
与锂相容的溶剂可以包括无环烃、环状烃、芳族烃、对称醚、不对称醚、环状醚、烷烃、砜、矿物油及其混合物、共混物或共溶剂。合适的无环和环状烃的实例包括正己烷、正庚烷、环己烷等。合适的芳族烃的实例包括甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、异丙苯(枯烯)等。合适的对称、不对称和环状醚的实例包括二正丁基醚、甲基叔丁基醚、四氢呋喃、乙二醇二甲醚等。商购的具有指定沸点范围的异链烷烃合成烃溶剂,例如Shell
Figure BDA0002758580320000071
(Shell Chemicals)或
Figure BDA0002758580320000072
(Exxon)也是合适的。
聚合物粘合剂和溶剂的选择,应使其彼此相容并且与锂金属粉末相容。通常,所述粘合剂或溶剂应与锂金属粉末不发生反应,或以一定量反应以使任何反应保持在最低程度,并避免剧烈反应。所述粘合剂和溶剂应在所述可印刷锂组合物的制造和应用的温度下彼此相容。优选,溶剂(或助溶剂)具有足够的挥发性以易于从所述可印刷锂组合物(例如,以浆料形式)中蒸发,以在施加后干燥所述可印刷锂组合物(浆料)。
所述可印刷锂组合物的组分可以作为浆料或糊剂混合在一起以具有高浓度的固体。因此,浆料/糊剂可以呈浓缩物的形式,在沉积或施用之前,不必添加所有溶剂。在一个实施方案中,锂金属粉末应均匀地悬浮在溶剂中,以使在施用或沉积时,基本上均匀分布的锂金属粉末得以沉积或施用。可以例如通过剧烈搅拌或搅拌以施加高剪切力而使干燥的锂粉末分散。
在另一个实施方案中,可以形成聚合物粘合剂、流变改性剂、涂覆试剂和用于锂金属粉末的其他潜在添加剂的混合物,并在分散过程中,在高于锂熔点的温度下,或者例如在美国专利7,588,623中所述,在锂分散体已经冷却之后的较低温度下将其加入以接触锂液滴,该专利的公开内容整体并入作为参考。如此改性的锂金属可以以结晶形式或以在所选溶剂中的溶液形式加入。应理解的是,可以将不同工艺参数的组合用于实现特定应用的特定涂层和锂粉末特性。
常规的预锂化表面处理需要具有非常低的粘合剂含量和非常高的锂的组合物;例如参见美国专利9,649,688,其公开内容整体并入作为参考。然而,本发明的可印刷锂组合物的实施方案可以适应更高的粘合剂比率,包括以干基计为多达20%。所述可印刷锂组合物的多种性质,例如粘度和流动性,可以通过增加粘合剂和改性剂的含量高至干基的50%来改变,而不会损失锂的电化学活性。粘合剂含量的增加有利于印刷期间所述可印刷锂组合物的负载和流动。例如,在一个实施方案中,所述可印刷锂组合物包含约70%锂金属粉末和约30%聚合物粘合剂和流变改性剂。在另一个实施方案中,所述可印刷锂组合物可包含约85%锂金属粉末和约15%聚合物粘合剂和流变改性剂。
所述可印刷锂组合物的重要方面是悬浮液的流变稳定性。由于锂金属具有0.534g/cc的低密度,因此很难防止锂粉末从溶剂悬浮液中分离出来。通过选择锂金属粉末的负载量、聚合物粘合剂和常规改性剂的类型和数量,可以调整粘度和流变性以产生本发明的稳定悬浮液。一个优选的实施方案显示大于90天都没有分离。这可以通过设计具有1×104cps至1×107cps的非常高的零剪切粘度的组合物来实现。然而,对于本应用方法非常重要的是,当组合物在受到剪切作用时表现出所要求范围内的粘度特性。
所得的可印刷锂组合物优选在10s-1下的粘度为约20至约20,000cps,并且通常为约100至约10,000cps。在该粘度下,所述可印刷锂组合物是可流动的悬浮液或凝胶。所述可印刷锂组合物优选在室温下具有延长的保存期限,并且在高至60℃,经常高至120℃,有时高至180℃的温度下对金属锂的损失稳定。所述可印刷锂组合物会随着时间有些分离,但是可以通过温和搅拌和/或加热将其放回至悬浮液中。
在一个实施方案中,所述可印刷锂组合物包含基于溶液为约5至50%锂金属粉末,约0.1至20%聚合物粘合剂,约0.1至30%流变改性剂和约50至95%溶剂。在一个实施方案中,所述可印刷锂组合物包含基于溶液为约15至25%锂金属粉末,约0.3至0.6%分子量为4,700,000的聚合物粘合剂,约0.5至0.9%流变改性剂和约75至85%溶剂。通常而言,在压制之前,将所述可印刷锂组合物施用或沉积至约50微米至200微米的厚度。在压制之后,该厚度可以减小到约1至50微米。压制技术的例子例如在美国专利3,721,113和6,232,014中所描述,在此将其整体并入作为参考。
在一个实施方案中,将所述可印刷锂组合物沉积或施加到集电器上的活性负极材料上,即形成预锂化的负极。合适的活性负极材料包括石墨和其他碳基的材料、合金,例如锡/钴、锡/钴/碳、硅-碳、多种硅酮/锡基的复合化合物、锗基的复合材料、钛基的复合材料、元素硅和锗。所述负极材料可以是箔、网或泡沫。可以经由喷射、挤出、涂布、印刷、涂刷、浸渍和喷射进行施用,并且在共同待决的美国专利____________(代理人事宜073396.1183)中进行描述,该申请与之同时提交,并且在此整体并入作为参考。
在一个实施方案中,将活性负极材料和所述可印刷锂组合物一起提供并挤出到集电器(例如,铜、镍等)上。例如,可以将活性负极材料和所述可印刷锂组合物混合且共挤出在一起。所述活性负极材料的实例包括石墨、石墨-SiO、石墨-SnO、SiO、硬碳和其他锂离子电池及锂离子电容器负极材料。在另一个实施方案中,将活性负极材料和所述可印刷锂组合物共挤出以在集电器上形成可印刷锂组合物层。包括上述挤出技术的可印刷锂组合物的沉积可以包括沉积为不种图案(例如,点、条纹)、厚度、宽度等。例如,所述可印刷锂组合物和活性负极材料可以作为一系列条纹沉积,例如在美国公开2014/0186519中所描述,在此将其整体并入作为参考。所述条纹将形成3D结构,是在锂化期间活性负极材料膨胀的原因。例如,在锂化过程中,硅可能会膨胀300%至400%。该膨胀对负极及其性能具有潜在的不利影响。通过将可印刷锂作为薄带沉积在Y平面中,作为硅负极条纹之间的交替图案,所述硅负极材料可以在X平面中膨胀,从而减轻了电化学研磨和颗粒电接触的损失。因此,该打印方法可以提供膨胀的缓冲器。在另一个实例中,在将可印刷锂配制剂用于形成负极下,可以将其与正极和隔膜一起以层状共挤出,从而得到固态电池。
在一个实施方案中,所述可印刷锂组合物可用于使负极进行预负极化,如第9,837,659号美国专利所述,该专利在此整体并入作为参考。例如,该方法包括在预制/预形成的负极的表面附近设置可印刷锂组合物层。所述预制电极包括电活性材料。在某些变型方案中,可以通过沉积方法将所述可印刷锂组合物施加到载体/基材上。可以在其上设置可印刷锂组合物层的载体基材可以选自:聚合物膜(例如聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯、聚环氧乙烷、聚酯、聚丙烯、聚四氟乙烯)、陶瓷膜、铜箔、镍箔,或金属泡沫作为非限制性实例。然后可以将热量施加到基材或预制负极上的可印刷锂组合物层上。在施加的压力下,可以将所述基材或预制负极上的可印刷锂组合物层进一步压制在一起。加热和任选的施加压力有助于将锂转移到所述基材或负极的表面上。在转移到预制负极的情况下,压力和热量可以会导致机械锂化,特别是在该预制负极包含石墨的情况下。以此方式,锂转移到电极,并且由于有利的热力学结合到所述活性材料中。
在额外的实施方案中,可以在组装电池之前将至少一部分所述可印刷锂组合物供应至负极活性材料。换言之,所述负极可以包含部分负载锂的硅基活性材料,其中部分负载的活性材料通过嵌入/合金化等而具有选定等级的锂负载量。
在一个实施方案中,可以将所述可印刷锂组合物加入三维电极结构中,如美国公开2018/0013126中所述,该专利在此整体并入作为参考。例如,可以将所述可印刷锂组合物加入三维多孔负极、多孔集电器或多孔聚合物或陶瓷膜中,其中可以将所述可印刷锂组合物沉积在其中。
在某些实施方案中,使用所述可印刷锂组合物进行预锂化的电极可以组装成电池,其中电极要预加载有锂。可以在分别电极之间放置隔膜。在电极之间可以允许电流流动。例如,使用本发明的可印刷锂组合物进行预锂化的负极可以形成二次电池,例如在美国专利16,706,447中所描述,其在此整体并入作为参考。
正极由通常与含碳材料和粘合剂聚合物结合的活性材料形成。正极中使用的活性材料优选是可以进行锂化的材料。优选,非锂化材料,例如MnO2、V2O5、MoS2、金属氟化物或其混合物、硫和硫复合物可以用作活性材料。然而,也可以使用可以进一步锂化的锂化材料,例如LiMn2O4和LiMO2、其中M是Ni、Co或Mn。优选非锂化的活性材料,这是因为在这种构造中,它们通常具有更高的比容量、更低的成本和正极材料的更广泛选择,与包括锂化活性材料的常规二次电池相比,它们可以提供改善的能量和功率。
实施例
实施例1
通过在21℃下搅拌12小时将10克溶液丁苯橡胶(S-SBR Europrene Sol R 72613)溶于90克甲苯(99%无水,Sigma Aldrich)中。将在甲苯(溶剂)中的6克10重量%的SBR(聚合物粘合剂)与0.1克炭黑(Timcal Super P)(流变改性剂)和16克甲苯混合,并在ThinkyARE 250行星式混合器中以2000rpm分散6分钟。将9.3克具有20至200μm的聚合物涂层且d50为20μm的稳定化的锂金属粉末(
Figure BDA0002758580320000122
Livent Corp.)添加到该悬浮液中,并在Thinky混合器中以1000rpm分散3分钟。然后,将可印刷锂通过180μm的开口不锈钢网进行过滤。然后,将可印刷的锂悬浮液以2mil(~50μm)的湿厚度刮涂到铜集流体上。图3是显示具有可印刷的锂衍生的薄锂膜作为负极与商购薄锂箔的袋式电池的循环性能图。
实施例2
通过在21℃下搅拌12小时将10克分子量为135,000的乙烯丙烯二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)(Dow Nordel IP 4725P)溶于90克对二甲苯(99%无水,Sigma Aldrich)中。将在对二甲苯(溶剂)中的6克10重量%的EPDM(聚合物粘合剂)与0.1克TiO2(Evonik Industries)(流变改性剂)和16克甲苯混合,并在Thinky ARE 250行星式混合器中以2000rpm分散6分钟。将9.3克具有20至200μm的聚合物涂层且d50为20μm的稳定化的锂金属粉末(
Figure BDA0002758580320000121
Livent Corp.)添加到该悬浮液中,并在Thinky混合器中以1000rpm分散3分钟。然后,将可打印的锂通过180μm的开口不锈钢网进行过滤。然后,将所述可印刷锂组合物以2mil(~50μm)的湿厚度刮涂到铜集电器上。
保质期稳定性
必须选择可印刷的锂组分,以确保在室温下在较长的保质期具有化学稳定性,并在升高温度下具有较短持续时间的稳定性,例如在运输或干燥过程中。所述可印刷锂组合物的稳定性使用量热法进行测定。将1.5克SLMP加入10ml体积的Hastelloy ARC钢瓶(bomb)样品容器中。将2.4克4%的SBR粘合剂溶液加入该容器中。该容器配有24欧姆电阻加热器和热电偶,以监视和控制样品的温度。将钢瓶样品装置连同绝缘材料一起装入350ml的密闭容器中。使用Fauske Industries的Advance Reactive Screening Systems Tool量热仪来评估在以恒定速率升温至190℃期间的可印刷锂溶液的相容性。升温速率为2℃/min,样品温度保持在190℃60分钟。该测试在200psi氩气压力下进行以防止溶剂沸腾。图2显示了用于SLMP/苯乙烯丁二烯/甲苯可印刷锂组合物的反应性测试的温度和压力曲线。
印刷性能
所述可印刷锂组合物关于可印刷性的质量通过几个因素进行衡量,例如,直接影响其控制在基材或电极表面上的锂负载的能力的流量的一致性。一种测量流量的有效方法是流导率,其是每平方厘米负载相对于控制负载的因素的表述,其中所述因素是挤出过程中的压力和打印头的速度。可以简单地将其视为流阻的倒数。
该表述用于比较变化的压力和速度的打印件,流导率的变化可以警告人们流量与压力的非线性关系。这些对于根据负极或正极的需要而向上或向下变化可印刷锂的负载是重要的。理想的可印刷锂组合物以线性方式表现出挤出压力的变化。
为了测试可印刷性,将所述可印刷锂组合物通过180μm开口不锈钢网进行过滤,然后装入Nordson EFD 10ml注射器中。将该注射器装入Nordson EFD HP4x注射器分配器中,并连接到狭缝模头打印头。该狭缝模头打印头配有100μm–300μm厚的垫片,其通道开口设计为提供所需的可印刷锂组合物负载量。将该狭缝模头安装在Loctite 300系列机器人上。根据垫片和通道设计,将打印头速度设定为200mm/s,打印压力为20至200psi氩气。打印长度为14厘米。在一个示例性印刷试验中,所述可印刷锂组合物从单个注射器以80psi至200psi的分配器设置印刷30次。对于该印刷试验,流导率平均值为
Figure BDA0002758580320000131
标准偏差为0.02。尽管该可印刷组合物没有以完美线性的方式表现,但是响应分配器中压力变化的组合物流量是可预测的,从而允许本领域技术人员将锂负载微调至所需水平。因此,在固定的分配器压力条件下,锂负载可以非常一致地加以控制。例如,对于
Figure BDA0002758580320000141
的锂金属的打印,CV约为5%。
电化学测试
所述可印刷锂组合物的预锂化效果可通过将所需量的可印刷锂印刷在预制电极的表面上来进行评估。通过以半电池形式测试负极材料,并计算补偿由于形成SEI或其他副反应导致的第一循环损耗所需的锂,来确定预锂化的锂的量。为了计算所需量的可印刷锂,必须知道该组合物作为锂金属的容量,并且对于用作实施例的组合物约为3600mAh/g干锂基重。
使用石墨-SiO/NCA袋式电池对预锂化效果进行测试。石墨-SiO负极片具有以下配方:人造石墨(90.06%)+SiO(4.74%)+炭黑(1.4%)+SBR/CMC(3.8%)。所述电极的容量负载为3.59mAh/cm2,第一循环CE(库伦效率)为87%。将可印刷锂以0.15mg/cm2的锂金属施加到石墨-SiO负极上。将该电极在80℃下干燥100分钟,然后在约75%电极厚度的辊隙处进行层压。由用可印刷锂处理过的负极片冲压出7cm×7cm的电极。正极具有如下配方:NCA(96%)+炭黑(2%)+PVdF(2%)。该正极为6.8cm×6.8cm,容量负载为3.37mAh/cm2。NCA正极具有90%的第一循环CE。负极与正极的容量比为1.06,且全电池第一循环CE的基线为77%。组装单层袋式电池,并将1M LiPF6/EC+DEC(1:1)用作电解质。将该电池在21℃下预处理12小时,然后在40℃下进行化成循环。化成条件为:0.1C充电至4.2V,恒定电压至0.01C,0.1C放电至2.8V。在所述测试中,第一循环CE为89%。
尽管在此已经参考优选实施方案及其具体实施例而对本方法进行了阐述和描述,但是对于本领域的普通技术人员而言显而易见的是,其他实施方案和实施例可以执行类似的功能和/或实现类似的结果。所有这些等效的实施方案和实施例均在本方法的精神和范围内。

Claims (36)

1.包含正极、负极和固体电解质的固态电池,其中至少所述负极、正极和/或固体电解质由可印刷锂组合物形成,其中所述可印刷锂组合物包含锂金属粉末、与所述锂金属粉末相容的聚合物粘合剂、与所述锂金属粉末相容的流变改性剂以及与所述锂金属粉末且与所述聚合物粘合剂相容的溶剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池,其中所述负极和/或正极是通过将所述可印刷锂组合物印刷在所述负极和/或正极上而形成的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池,其中所述负极是通过将所述可印刷锂组合物印刷在集流体上而形成的。
4.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池,其中所述负极和/或正极是通过用所述可印刷锂组合物涂覆所述负极而形成的。
5.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池,其中所述负极和/或正极是通过使用电流在所述负极上沉积所述可印刷锂组合物而形成的。
6.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池,其中所述锂粉末是稳定化的锂金属粉末。
7.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池,其中所述流变改性剂选自以下组中:含碳材料、含硅材料、含锡材料、IIA族氧化物、IIIA族氧化物、IVB族氧化物、VB族氧化物和VIA族氧化物。
8.根据权利要求7所述的固态电池,其中所述含碳材料选自以下组中:炭黑、碳纳米管、石墨、硬碳和石墨烯。
9.根据权利要求7所述的固态电池,其中所述含硅材料选自以下组中:硅纳米管和火成二氧化硅。
10.根据权利要求7所述的固态电池,其中所述IVB族氧化物选自以下组中:二氧化钛和二氧化锆。
11.根据权利要求7所述的固态电池,其中所述IIIA族氧化物是氧化铝。
12.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池,其中所述聚合物粘合剂的分子量为1,000至8,000,000,并且选自以下组中:不饱和弹性体、饱和弹性体、热塑性塑料、聚丙烯酸、聚偏二氯乙烯和聚乙酸乙烯酯。
13.根据权利要求12所述的固态电池,其中所述不饱和弹性体选自以下组中:丁二烯橡胶、异丁烯和丁苯橡胶。
14.根据权利要求12所述的固态电池,其中所述饱和弹性体选自以下组中:乙烯丙烯二烯单体橡胶和乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯。
15.根据权利要求12所述的固态电池,其中所述热塑性塑料选自以下组中:聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯以及环氧乙烷的聚合物。
16.根据权利要求15所述的固态电池,其中所述环氧乙烷的聚合物选自以下组中:聚乙二醇和聚环氧乙烷。
17.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池,其中所述溶剂选自以下组中:烷烃、甲苯、乙苯、枯烯、二甲苯、砜类、矿物油、乙二醇二甲醚和异石蜡合成烃溶剂。
18.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池,其中所述可印刷锂组合物基于溶液包含:
a)5至50%锂金属粉末;
b)0.1至20%聚合物粘合剂;
c)0.1至30%流变改性剂;
d)50至95%溶剂。
19.根据权利要求1所述的固态电池,其中使用所述可印刷锂组合物使锂沉积在所述固体电解质上。
20.包含正极、负极和固体电解质的固态电池,其中使用锂可印刷锂组合物在所述固体电解质上沉积锂,其中所述锂可印刷锂组合物包含锂金属粉末、与所述锂金属粉末相容的聚合物粘合剂、与所述锂金属粉末和所述聚合物粘合剂相容的流变改性剂以及与所述锂金属粉末且与所述聚合物粘合剂相容的溶剂。
21.根据权利要求20所述的固态电池,其中通过将所述可印刷锂组合物印刷在所述固体电解质上而使锂沉积在所述固体电解质上。
22.根据权利要求20所述的固态电池,其中通过用所述可印刷锂组合物涂覆所述固体电解质而使锂沉积在所述固体电解质上。
23.根据权利要求20所述的固态电池,其中所述锂粉末是稳定化的锂金属粉末。
24.根据权利要求20所述的固态电池,其中所述流变改性剂选自以下组中:含碳材料、含硅材料、含锡材料、IIA族氧化物、IIIA族氧化物、IVB族氧化物、VB族氧化物和VIA族氧化物。
25.根据权利要求24所述的固态电池,其中所述含碳材料选自以下组中:炭黑、碳纳米管、石墨、硬碳和石墨烯。
26.根据权利要求24所述的固态电池,其中所述含硅材料选自以下组中:硅纳米管和火成二氧化硅。
27.根据权利要求24所述的固态电池,其中所述IVB族氧化物选自以下组中:二氧化钛和二氧化锆。
28.根据权利要求24所述的固态电池,其中所述IIIA族氧化物是氧化铝。
29.根据权利要求20所述的固态电池,其中所述聚合物粘合剂的分子量为1,000至8,000,000,并且选自以下组中:不饱和弹性体、饱和弹性体、热塑性塑料、聚丙烯酸、聚偏二氯乙烯和聚乙酸乙烯酯。
30.根据权利要求29所述的固态电池,其中所述不饱和弹性体选自以下组中:丁二烯橡胶、异丁烯和丁苯橡胶。
31.根据权利要求29所述的固态电池,其中所述饱和弹性体选自以下组中:乙烯丙烯二烯单体橡胶和乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯。
32.根据权利要求29所述的固态电池,其中所述热塑性塑料选自以下组中:聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯以及环氧乙烷的聚合物。
33.根据权利要求32所述的固态电池,其中所述环氧乙烷的聚合物选自以下组中:聚乙二醇和聚环氧乙烷。
34.根据权利要求20所述的固态电池,其中所述溶剂选自以下组中:烷烃、甲苯、乙苯、枯烯、二甲苯、砜类、矿物油、乙二醇二甲醚和异石蜡合成烃溶剂。
35.根据权利要求20所述的固态电池,其中所述可印刷锂组合物基于溶液包含:
a)5至50%锂金属粉末;
b)0.1至20%聚合物粘合剂;
c)0.1至30%流变改性剂;
d)50至95%溶剂。
36.根据权利要求20所述的固态电池,其中所述负极是使用所述可印刷锂组合物锂化的。
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