CN111630072A - 光不稳定的巴比妥酸酯化合物 - Google Patents
光不稳定的巴比妥酸酯化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111630072A CN111630072A CN201980009316.8A CN201980009316A CN111630072A CN 111630072 A CN111630072 A CN 111630072A CN 201980009316 A CN201980009316 A CN 201980009316A CN 111630072 A CN111630072 A CN 111630072A
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Abstract
本公开提供了一种用于引发聚合的氧化还原引发剂体系,所述氧化还原引发剂体系包含氧化剂、来源于巴比妥酸酯的光不稳定还原剂和参与氧化还原循环的过渡金属络合物。在暴露于光化辐射诸如UV时,光不稳定化合物光解,从而释放所述还原剂并引发氧化还原引发的聚合。
Description
背景技术
氧化还原反应代表用于引发丙烯酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯和其它基于乙烯基的树脂(包括粘合剂制剂)的固化的重要方法。氧化还原引发的固化相比于光引发的固化通常具有优点,包括固化深度改善和在固化的初始阶段期间应力积聚较慢。
使用氧化还原引发体系的巨大挑战在于在稳定性与反应性之间找到最佳平衡。氧化还原体系的反应性需要足够高,以便在短时间段内完全固化并达到机械特性。然而,如果反应性过高,则可能遇到诸如过早固化、应力积聚和制剂储存稳定性差的问题。
在过氧化物和/或氧气、卤盐和铜化合物(诸如乙酰丙酮酸铜)的存在下使用某些β-二羰基(即,1,3-二羰基)化合物对一种或多种乙烯基化合物进行自由基聚合已在美国专利3,347,954(Bredereck等人)中有所描述。此类组合物引起一种或多种乙烯基化合物随时间推移进行自由基聚合,其中通常优选更短的时间。因为组合物是自发反应的,常见的做法是将其作为两部分体系提供,诸如例如在使用之前立即组合的部分A和部分B。
发明内容
申请人提供了一种通过产生“按需”氧化还原引发的固化来克服这些问题的方法,其中氧化还原固化引发剂体系的还原剂在储存和递送制剂时具有潜在活性,然后可以在需要时触发该潜在活性。
本公开提供了一种用于引发聚合的氧化还原引发剂体系,该氧化还原引发剂体系包含氧化剂、光不稳定还原剂和参与氧化还原循环的过渡金属络合物。在暴露于光化辐射诸如UV时,光不稳定化合物光解,从而生成还原剂并引发氧化还原引发的聚合。有利的是,可通过暴露于光化辐射来引发本发明组合物的聚合,但不需要继续辐照。当氧化还原引发剂体系与可聚合组分单体或低聚物组合以形成可聚合组合物时,可引发聚合,然后在不存在光的情况下随着组合物继续固化构建分子量和物理特性。
在一些实施方案中,本文所述的可聚合组合物组合了呈单组分光触发的压敏粘合剂(PSA)对(半)结构丙烯酸类粘合剂形式的PSA和结构粘合剂的优点。该粘合剂在其未固化或部分固化状态下充当常规PSA,从而提供易于施加性、高润湿度和初始强度。施加短UV光触发引发产生自由基的氧化还原反应,该反应在移除光之后继续进行,从而引起稳定的固化速率和伴随的内聚强度增加。最后,固化将在足以赋予粘合剂结构性能或半结构性能的水平平稳。
在许多实施方案中,在两个不透明基材之间的永久性粘结的常见情况下,这种特性和固化行为的集合将尤其有用。在不存在UV触发的情况下,粘合剂的模量低于Dahlquist标准所规定的水平,这意味着该材料具有粘性并且其仅可在施加压力的情况下形成与基材的粘结。接着,将UV触发施加到粘合剂的暴露面,从而引发自持的氧化还原反应,但使表面发粘并且能够在合理的时间段(“晾置时间”)内润湿第二基材。在粘结结束之后,粘合剂继续固化,直至其模量达到足以获得结构强度的水平。
在一个方面,本公开提供了一种可聚合组合物,该可聚合组合物包含一种或多种烯属不饱和的可聚合单体或低聚物以及在辐照时参与可逆氧化还原循环的引发剂体系。
在另一方面,本公开提供了一种结构化粘合剂组合物,该结构化粘合剂组合物包含含有两个(优选地三个)或更多个(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体、和/或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物和任选的(甲基)丙烯酸酯官能稀释剂、以及在辐照时参与可逆氧化还原循环的引发剂体系。
具体实施方式
可化学聚合的组合物包含可聚合组分(例如,烯属不饱和的可聚合单体或低聚物)和氧化还原引发剂体系,该氧化还原引发剂体系包含过渡金属络合物、氧化剂和下式的光不稳定还原剂:
其中
R1、R2和R3各自独立地为H、C1-18烃基;并且
R光为光不稳定基团。异构体Ia和Ib将被认为是功能等同物。
R1、R2和R3可独立地表示具有1至18个碳原子的烃基基团或取代的烃基基团。优选地,R1和R2各自具有1至12个碳原子,更优选地1至8个碳原子,并且甚至更优选地1至4个碳原子。示例性基团R1和R2包括甲基、乙基、异丙基、正丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、辛基、癸基、十二烷基、十六烷基和十八烷基。一般来讲,取代的烃基基团(可为单取代或多取代)中取代基的性质并不是特别重要的,不同之处在于阻碍自由基聚合的取代基应当少量使用或完全不用。示例性取代的烃基基团包括羟基烃基基团(例如,羟乙基和羟丙基)、烷氧基烃基基团(例如,甲氧基乙基和甲氧基乙氧基)、烷酰基烃基基团(例如,乙酰基乙基和苯甲酰基乙基)、卤代烷基基团(例如,氯乙基和二氯丙基)和二烷氨基烃基基团(例如,二甲氨基丙基和二乙氨基乙基)。
式Ia和Ib的合适的巴比妥酸衍生物的示例包括来源于以下的那些:1,3,5-三甲基巴比妥酸、1,3,5-三乙基巴比妥酸、1,3-二甲基-5-乙基巴比妥酸、1,5-二甲基巴比妥酸、1-甲基-5-乙基巴比妥酸、1-甲基-5-丙基巴比妥酸、5-乙基巴比妥酸、5-丙基巴比妥酸、5-丁基巴比妥酸、1-苄基-5-苯基巴比妥酸和l-环己基-5-乙基巴比妥酸。
可使用可辐照并且裂解或破碎以释放过渡金属的任何已知的光不稳定基团(R光)。可以参考Petr Klan等人,化学和生物学中光可去除的保护基团:反应机制和效率,《化学评论》,2013年,第113卷,第119-191页(Petr Klan et al.,Photoremovable ProtectingGroups in Chemistry and Biology:Reaction Mechanisms and Efficiency,ChemReviews,2013,Vol.113,pp.119-191)和Jacob Wirz等人,光可去除的保护基团:反应机制和应用,《光化学和光生物学科学》,2002年,第1卷,第441-458页(Jacob Wirz et al.,Photoremovable Protecting Groups:Reaction Mechanisms and Applications,Photochem.Photobiol.Sci.,2002,Vol.1,pp.441-458)。
参照式I,可用的光不稳定基团“R光”包括但不限于苯甲酰甲基基团、2-烷基苯甲酰甲基基团、亚乙基桥接的苯甲酰甲基基团、邻或对羟基苯甲酰甲基基团、苯偶姻基团、邻硝基苄基基团、邻硝基-2-苯乙基氧基羰基基团、香豆素-4-基甲基基团、苄基基团、邻羟基苄基基团、邻羟基萘基基团、2,5-二羟基苄基基团、9-苯基噻吨基、9-苯基呫吨基基团、蒽醌-2-基基团、8-卤代-7-羟基喹啉-2-基甲基基团和新戊酰基乙二醇基团。
式I的光不稳定化合物一般通过本领域已知的用于制备β-二羰基化合物的烯醇醚或酯的方法来制备。在一些实施方案中,β二羰基化合物可用碱或酸处理,并且然后所得烯醇/烯醇化物用R光基团烷基化或酯化。式Ia和Ib的化合物可通过对应卤代化合物的加成消除来制备。
氧化还原引发体系包含参与氧化还原循环的过渡金属络合物。可用的过渡金属化合物具有通式
[MLp]n+A-,其中M为参与氧化还原循环的过渡金属,
L为配体,A-为阴离子,n为过渡金属上的整数值为1至7,优选地1至3的形式电荷,并且p为过渡金属上的数值为1至9,优选地1至2的配体数目。
可用的过渡金属M包括Cu、Fe、Ru、Cr、Mo、Pd、Ni、Pt、Mn、Rh、Re、Co、V、Au、Nb和Ag的催化活性价态。优选的低价金属包括Cu(II)、Fe(II)、Ru(II)和Co(II)。可使用这些相同金属的其它价态,并且原位产生活性低价态。
可用的阴离子A-包括卤素、C1-C6烷氧基、NO3 2-、SO4 2-、PO4 3-、HPO4 2-、PF6、三氟甲磺酸根、六氟磷酸根、甲磺酸根、芳基磺酸根、CN-、烷基羧酸根和芳基羧酸根。
配体L用于使过渡金属盐溶于合适的溶剂中,并且调节过渡金属的氧化还原电势以实现适当的反应性和选择性。配体可引导金属络合物经历所需的单电子原子转移过程,而非双电子过程,诸如氧化加成/还原消除。配体还可增强络合物在不同单体和溶剂的存在下或在不同温度下的稳定性。酸性单体和强络合过渡金属的单体仍可通过适当选择配体而有效聚合。
可用的配体包括可通过σ键与过渡金属配位的具有一个或多个氮、氧、磷和/或硫原子的那些;可通过π键与过渡金属配位的含有两个或更多个碳原子的配体;以及可通过μ键或η键与过渡金属配位的配体。
可用的配体包括可通过σ键与过渡金属配位的具有一个或多个氮、氧、磷和/或硫原子的那些,这些配体由单齿和多齿化合物提供,该单齿和多齿化合物优选地含有至多约30个碳原子和至多10个杂原子,该杂原子选自铝、硼、氮、硫、非过氧化氧、磷、砷、硒、锑和碲,其中在添加金属原子后,在损失零个、一个或两个氢之后,该多齿化合物优选地与金属Mn+形成4元、5元或6元饱和或不饱和环。合适的单齿化合物或基团的示例为一氧化碳,醇诸如乙醇、丁醇和苯酚;吡啶、亚硝鎓离子(即,NO+);第15族元素的化合物,诸如氨、膦、三甲胺、三甲基膦、三丁基膦、三苯胺、三苯基膦、三苯基胂、亚磷酸三丁酯;腈,诸如乙腈、苯甲腈;异腈,诸如苯基异腈、丁基异腈;卡宾基团,诸如乙氧基甲基卡宾、二硫甲氧基卡宾;亚烷基,诸如亚甲基和亚乙基。
合适的多齿化合物或基团包括联吡啶,1,2-双(二苯基膦基)乙烷,1,2-双(二苯基胂基)乙烷,双(二苯基膦基)甲烷,聚胺诸如乙二胺、丙二胺、四甲基乙二胺、六甲基三氨基乙胺、二亚乙基三胺,1,3-二异氰基丙烷和氢化三吡唑基硼酸盐;羟基羧酸,诸如乙醇酸、乳酸、水杨酸;多元酚,诸如儿茶酚和2,2'-二羟基联苯;羟基胺,诸如乙醇胺、丙醇胺和2-氨基苯酚;二硫代氨基甲酸酯,诸如二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸酯、二苄基二硫代氨基甲酸酯;黄原酸酯,诸如黄原酸乙酯、黄原酸苯酯;二硫烯,诸如双(全氟甲基)-1,2-二硫烯;氨基羧酸,诸如丙氨酸、甘氨酸和邻氨基苯甲酸;二羧酸二胺,如草酰胺、双缩脲;二酮,诸如,2,4-戊二酮;羟基酮,诸如2-羟基苯乙酮;α-羟肟,诸如水杨醛肟;酮肟,诸如苯偶酰肟;1,10-菲咯啉、卟啉、穴醚和冠醚,诸如18-冠-6和乙二肟诸如二甲基乙二肟。
可通过σ键与过渡金属配位的其它合适的配体是无机基团,诸如例如F-、OH-、Cl-、Br-、I-和H-;以及有机基团,诸如例如CN-、SCN-、乙酰氧基、甲酰氧基、苯甲酰氧基等。配体也可以是聚合物单元;例如聚(亚乙基胺)中的氨基基团;聚(4-乙烯基苯基二苯基膦)中的膦基基团;聚(丙烯酸)中的羧酸基团;以及聚(4-乙烯基苯基异腈)中的异腈基基团。
可通过π键与过渡金属配位的含有两个或更多个碳原子的可用配体由具有可触及的不饱和基团(即,烯属-C=C-基团;炔属-C≡C-基团;或具有可触及的π电子的芳族基团)的任何单体或聚合化合物提供,与化合物的总分子量无关。
例示性的π键配体为具有小于100个碳原子(当为单体时),优选地具有小于60个碳原子,和0至10个杂原子的直链和环状烯属和炔属化合物,该杂原子选自氮、硫、非过氧化氧、磷、砷、硒、硼、铝、锑、碲、硅、锗和锡,该配体是诸如以下项的那些:乙烯、乙炔、丙烯、甲基乙炔、α-丁烯、2-丁烯、联乙炔、丁二烯、1,2-二甲基乙炔、环丁烯、戊烯、环戊烯、己烯、环己烯、1,3-环己二烯、环戊二烯、1,4-环己二烯、环庚烯、1-辛烯、4-辛烯、3,4-二甲基-3-己烯和1-癸烯;η3-烯丙基、η3-戊烯基、降冰片二烯、η5-环己二烯基、环庚三烯、环辛四烯、以及具有至多25个环和至多100个碳原子以及至多10个杂原子的取代和未取代的碳环和杂环芳族配体,该杂原子选自氮、硫、非过氧化氧、磷、砷、硒、硼、铝、锑、碲、硅、锗和锡,该芳族配体诸如例如η5-环戊二烯基、苯、均三甲苯、甲苯、二甲苯、四甲基苯、六甲基苯、芴、萘、蒽、芘、η7-环庚三烯基、三苯甲烷、对环芳烷、1,4-二苯基丁烷、η5-吡咯、η5-噻吩、η5-呋喃、吡啶、γ-甲基吡啶、喹哪啶、苯并吡喃、硫色素、苯并噁嗪、吲哚、吖啶、咔唑、苯并菲、硅杂苯、砷杂苯、锑杂苯、2,4,6-三苯基磷杂苯、η5-硒吩、二苯并锡杂卓、η5-碲吩、吩噻嗪、硒士林、吩噁磷、吩吡嗪、吩碲嗪、η5-甲基环戊二烯基、η5-五甲基环戊二烯基和1-苯基硼杂苯。其它合适的芳族化合物可通过查阅许多化学手册中的任一本来找到。
优选的配体包括未取代和取代的吡啶和联吡啶、叔胺(包括多齿胺,诸如四甲基乙二胺和六甲基三氨基乙胺)、乙腈、亚磷酸盐(诸如(CH3O)3P)、1,10-菲咯啉、卟啉、穴醚和冠醚(诸如18-冠-6)。最优选的配体为多齿胺、联吡啶和亚磷酸盐。可用于本发明的引发剂体系中的可用配体和配体-金属络合物描述于Matyjaszewski和Xia,《化学评论》,第101卷,第2921-2990页,2001年(Matyjaszewski and Xia,Chem.Rev.,Vol.101,pp.2921-2990,2001)。
(式I的)光不稳定还原剂相对于过渡金属络合物的摩尔比通常可有效聚合一种或多种所选择的可聚合组分,但可为1000:1至5:1,优选地500:1至25:1,更优选地250:1至50:1,并且最优选地200:1至75:1。氧化还原引发剂体系的氧化剂和光不稳定还原剂以大约等摩尔的量使用。一般来讲,氧化剂与光不稳定还原剂的摩尔比为1:1.5至1.5:1,优选地1:1.1至1.1:1。
合适的氧化剂也是本领域技术人员熟悉的,并且包括但不限于过硫酸及其盐,诸如钠盐、钾盐、铵盐、铯盐和烷基铵盐。优选的氧化剂包括过氧化物诸如过氧化苯甲酰,氢过氧化物诸如枯基过氧化氢、叔丁基过氧化氢和戊基过氧化氢,以及过渡金属的盐诸如氯化钴(III)和氯化铁、硫酸铈(IV)、过硼酸及其盐、高锰酸及其盐、过磷酸及其盐,以及它们的混合物。
还原剂和氧化剂以足以允许足够的自由基反应速率的量存在。通过将可聚合组合物中除任选的填料以外的所有成分组合在一起,并且观察是否获得固化物质,来评估此速率。
优选地,基于可聚合组合物的单体组分的总重量计,光不稳定还原剂以至少0.01重量份,并且更优选地至少0.1重量份的量存在。优选地,基于可聚合组合物的可聚合组分的总重量计,还原剂以不大于10重量份,并且更优选地不大于5重量份的量存在。
优选地,基于可聚合组合物的可聚合组分的总重量计,氧化剂以至少0.01重量份,并且更优选地至少0.10重量份的量存在。优选地,基于可聚合组合物的可聚合组分的总重量计,氧化剂以不大于10重量份,并且更优选地不大于5重量份的量存在。
可固化组合物任选地包含可加快自由基聚合速率的季铵卤化物。合适的季铵卤化物包括具有四个烃基(例如,烷基、烯基、环烷基、芳烷基、烷芳基和/或芳基)基团的那些。优选地,烃基基团独立地选自具有1至18个碳原子,更优选地1至12个碳原子,并且更优选地1至4个碳原子的烃基基团。合适的烃基基团的示例包括甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、己基、辛基、十二烷基、十六烷基和十八烷基、苄基、苯基、甲苯基、环己基以及甲基环己基。示例性合适的季铵化合物包括四甲基卤化铵、四乙基卤化铵、四丙基卤化铵、四丁基卤化铵、乙基三甲基卤化铵、二乙基二甲基卤化铵、三甲基丁基卤化铵、三辛基甲基卤化铵和苄基三丁基卤化铵。任何卤(例如,F、Cl、Br、I)离子都可用于季铵卤化物中,但优选地,卤离子为氯化物或溴化物。
季铵盐可以任意量存在于可固化组合物中,虽然也可使用其它量,但相对于100份的可聚合单体,优选地量为0.01重量%至5重量%,优选地0.1重量%至2重量%。
本公开还提供了一种可聚合组合物,该可聚合组合物包含氧化还原引发剂体系(包括过渡金属络合物、氧化剂和光不稳定还原剂)和至少一种可聚合组分单体(诸如乙烯基单体和(甲基)丙烯酰基单体(包括丙烯酸酯、酰胺和酸以产生(甲基)丙烯酸酯均聚物和共聚物))。基于可聚合组合物的100重量份的可聚合组分计,氧化还原引发剂体系以约0.1重量份至约10重量份,优选地0.1重量份至5重量份的量存在于组合物中。
在一些实施方案中,可聚合组合物包含氧化还原引发剂体系和一种或多种乙烯基单体。可用于可聚合组合物中的乙烯基单体包括乙烯基醚(例如,甲基乙烯基醚、乙基乙烯基醚)、乙烯基酯(例如,乙酸乙烯酯和丙酸乙烯酯)、苯乙烯、取代的苯乙烯(例如,α-甲基苯乙烯)、乙烯基卤化物、二乙烯基苯、烯烃(例如,丙烯,丁烯、戊烯、己烯直至十二碳烯、异戊二烯、丁二烯的异构体)以及它们的混合物。
在一些实施方案中,可聚合组合物包含一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体。可用于制备(甲基)丙烯酸酯(共)聚合物的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体为非叔醇的单体(甲基)丙烯酸酯,其中该醇含有1至14个碳原子,并且优选地平均含有4至12个碳原子。
适合用作(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体的单体的示例包括丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸与非叔醇的酯,该非叔醇诸如乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇、1-戊醇、2-戊醇、3-戊醇、2-甲基-1-丁醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、1-己醇、2-己醇、2-甲基-1-戊醇、3-甲基-1-戊醇、2-乙基-1-丁醇、3,5,5-三甲基-1-己醇、3-庚醇、1-辛醇、2-辛醇、异辛醇、2-乙基-1-己醇、1-癸醇、2-丙基庚醇、1-十二烷醇、1-十三烷醇、1-十四烷醇、香茅醇、二氢香茅醇等。在一些实施方案中,优选的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体是(甲基)丙烯酸与丁醇或异辛醇或它们的组合的酯,但是两种或更多种不同的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体的组合也是合适的。在一些实施方案中,优选的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体为(甲基)丙烯酸与来源于可再生来源的醇(诸如2-辛醇、香茅醇或二氢香茅醇)的酯。
在一些实施方案中,期望(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体包括高玻璃化转变(Tg)单体。这些高Tg单体的均聚物具有至少25℃,并且优选地至少50℃的Tg。可用于本发明中的合适单体的示例包括但不限于丙烯酸叔丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸异丙酯、甲基丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸仲丁酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、甲基丙烯酸十八烷基酯、甲基丙烯酸苯酯、甲基丙烯酸环己酯、丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸苄酯、丙烯酸3,3,5三甲基环己酯、丙烯酸环己酯、N-辛基丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酸丙酯或组合。
基于用于制备聚合物的100份的全部单体含量计,(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体以至多100重量份,优选地85重量份至99.5重量份的量存在,不包括多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯的量在内。优选地,基于100份的全部单体含量计,(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体以90重量份至95重量份的量存在。当包含高Tg单体时,共聚物可以包含至多50重量份,优选地至多20重量份的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体组分。
可聚合组合物可包含酸官能单体,其中酸官能团可为酸本身,诸如羧酸,或者一部分可为其盐,诸如碱金属羧酸盐。可用的酸官能单体包括但不限于选自烯属不饱和羧酸、烯属不饱和磺酸、烯属不饱和膦酸或磷酸,以及它们的混合物的那些。此类化合物的示例包括选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、衣康酸、富马酸、巴豆酸、柠康酸、马来酸、油酸、(甲基)丙烯酸β-羧乙酯、甲基丙烯酸2-磺乙酯、苯乙烯磺酸、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙烷磺酸、乙烯基膦酸以及它们的混合物的那些。
由于它们的可用性,酸官能共聚物的酸官能单体通常选自烯属不饱和羧酸,即(甲基)丙烯酸。当期望甚至更强的酸时,酸性单体包括烯属不饱和磺酸和烯属不饱和膦酸。基于100重量份的全部单体计,酸官能单体通常以0.5重量份至15重量份,优选地1重量份至15重量份,最优选地5重量份至10重量份的量使用。
可聚合组合物可包含极性单体。可用于制备共聚物的极性单体有某种程度的油溶性和水溶性两者,这引起极性单体在乳液聚合中分布于水相与油相之间。如本文所用,术语“极性单体”不包括酸官能单体。
合适的极性单体的代表性示例包括但不限于(甲基)丙烯酸2-羟乙酯;N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮;N-乙烯基己内酰胺;丙烯酰胺;单或二-N-烷基取代的丙烯酰胺;叔丁基丙烯酰胺;二甲氨基乙基丙烯酰胺;N-辛基丙烯酰胺;(甲基)丙烯酸四氢糠酯,聚(烷氧基烷基)(甲基)丙烯酸酯,包括(甲基)丙烯酸2-(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-乙氧基乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-甲氧基乙氧基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸2-甲氧基乙酯、聚乙二醇单(甲基)丙烯酸酯;烷基乙烯基醚,包括乙烯基甲基醚;以及它们的混合物。优选的极性单体包括选自(甲基)丙烯酸四氢糠酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2-羟乙酯和N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮的那些。基于100重量份的全部单体计,极性单体可以0重量份至10重量份,优选地0.5重量份至5重量份的量存在。
当制备丙烯酸类共聚物时,可聚合组合物还可包含乙烯基单体。当使用时,可用于(甲基)丙烯酸酯聚合物中的乙烯基单体包括乙烯基酯(例如,乙酸乙烯酯和丙酸乙烯酯)、苯乙烯、取代的苯乙烯(例如,α-甲基苯乙烯)、乙烯基卤化物、二乙烯基苯以及它们的混合物。如本文所用,乙烯基单体不包括酸官能单体、丙烯酸酯单体和极性单体。当制备丙烯酸类共聚物时,基于100重量份的全部单体计,此类乙烯基单体通常以0重量份至5重量份,优选地1重量份至5重量份使用。
可将多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯掺入到可聚合单体的共混物中。可用的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯的示例包括但不限于二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三(甲基)丙烯酸酯和四(甲基)丙烯酸酯,诸如1,6-己二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚丁二烯二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯二(甲基)丙烯酸酯和丙氧基化甘油三(甲基)丙烯酸酯,以及它们的混合物。多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯的量和种类根据粘合剂组合物的应用例如粘合剂或硬质涂层来定制。
通常,基于100重量份剩余的可聚合单官能单体计,多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯以至多100份,优选地0.1份至100份的量存在。在一些实施方案中,基于100重量份剩余的可聚合单体计,多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯以大于50重量份的量使用。在一些实施方案中,基于用于粘合剂应用的可聚合组合物的100份的全部单体计,多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯可以0.01份至5份,优选地0.05份至1份的量存在,并且在硬质涂层中的量更高。
在此类实施方案中,丙烯酸类共聚物可由可聚合组合物制备,该可聚合组合物包含:
i.至多100重量份,优选地85重量份至99.5重量份的(甲基)丙烯酸酯;
ii.0重量份至15重量份,优选地0.5重量份至15重量份的酸官能烯属不饱和单体;
iii.0重量份至15重量份的非酸官能烯属不饱和极性单体;
iv.0重量份至5重量份的乙烯基单体;
v.相对于i-iv,0重量份至100重量份的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯,优选地50重量份至100重量份;
以及
vi相对于100份的全部单体i-v,量为约0.1重量%至约5.0重量%的氧化还原引发剂体系(包括络合物、氧化剂和光不稳定还原剂)。
可聚合组合物还可以包含其它添加剂。合适的添加剂的示例包括增粘剂(例如,松香酯、萜烯、酚,以及脂族合成烃树脂、芳族合成烃树脂或脂族合成烃树脂和芳族合成烃树脂的混合物)、表面活性剂、增塑剂(不同于物理发泡剂)、成核剂(例如,滑石、二氧化硅或TiO2)、颜料、染料、增强剂、固体填料、稳定剂(例如,UV稳定剂)以及它们的组合。添加剂可以足以获得所制备的固化组合物的所需特性的量添加。所需特性在很大程度上由所得聚合物制品的预期应用决定。
可任选地将助剂添加到组合物中,诸如着色剂、磨料颗粒、抗氧化稳定剂、热降解稳定剂、光稳定剂、导电粒子、增粘剂、流平剂、成膜性聚合物、增稠剂、消光剂、惰性填料、粘结剂、发泡剂、杀真菌剂、杀细菌剂、表面活性剂、增塑剂、橡胶增韧剂,以及本领域技术人员已知的其它添加剂。它们还可以是基本上无反应活性的,诸如无机填料和有机填料两者。这些助剂(如果存在的话)可以有效实现其预期目的的量添加。
在一些实施方案中,可使用增韧剂。可用于本发明中的增韧剂是具有橡胶相和热塑性相两者的聚合化合物,诸如:具有聚合的二烯橡胶核和聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯壳的接枝聚合物;具有聚丙烯酸酯橡胶核与聚丙烯酸酯或聚甲基丙烯酸酯壳的接枝聚合物;以及在环氧化物和可共聚的聚合物稳定剂中原位聚合的弹性体粒子,该环氧化物来自可自由基聚合的单体。
第一类可用增韧剂的示例包括具有聚合的二烯橡胶主链或核的接枝共聚物,在该主链或核上接枝有丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯、单乙烯基芳族烃或它们的混合物的壳,诸如U.S.3,496,250(Czerwinski)中所公开,其以引用方式并入本文。优选的橡胶主链包含聚合的丁二烯,或丁二烯和苯乙烯的聚合混合物。包含聚合的甲基丙烯酸酯的优选的壳为低级烷基(C1-C4)取代的甲基丙烯酸酯。优选的单乙烯基芳族烃为苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、乙烯基甲苯、乙烯基二甲苯、乙基乙烯基苯、异丙基苯乙烯、氯苯乙烯、二氯苯乙烯和乙基氯苯乙烯。重要的是接枝共聚物不含会使催化剂中毒的官能团。
第二类可用增韧剂的示例为丙烯酸酯核-壳接枝共聚物,其中核或主链为玻璃化转变温度低于约0℃的聚丙烯酸酯聚合物,诸如聚丙烯酸丁酯或聚丙烯酸异辛酯,其上接枝有玻璃化转变温度高于约25℃的聚甲基丙烯酸酯聚合物(壳),诸如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯。
第三类可用于本发明中的增韧剂包括弹性体粒子,该弹性体粒子在与组合物的其它组分混合之前具有低于约25℃的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。这些弹性体粒子由可自由基聚合的单体和可溶于树脂中的可共聚的聚合物稳定剂聚合而成。可自由基聚合的单体为烯属不饱和单体,或与共反应性双官能氢化合物(诸如二醇、二胺和链烷醇胺)组合的二异氰酸酯。
可用的增韧剂包括核/壳聚合物,诸如其中核为交联的苯乙烯/丁二烯橡胶且壳为聚丙烯酸甲酯的甲基丙烯酸酯-丁二烯-苯乙烯(MBS)共聚物(例如,购自宾夕法尼亚州费城的罗门哈斯公司(Rohm and Haas,Philadelphia,PA)的ACRYLOID KM653和KM680)、具有包含聚丁二烯的核和包含聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)的壳的那些(例如,购自得克萨斯州休斯顿的钟渊公司(Kaneka Corporation,Houston,TX)的KANE ACE M511、M521、B11A、B22、B31和M901,以及购自宾夕法尼亚州费城的阿托菲纳公司(ATOFINA,Philadelphia,PA)的CLEARSTRENGTH C223)、具有聚硅氧烷核和聚丙烯酸酯壳的那些(例如,购自阿托菲纳公司(ATOFINA)的CLEARSTRENGTH S-2001和购自德国慕尼黑的瓦克化学股份有限公司的瓦克有机硅(Wacker-Chemie GmbH,Wacker Silicones,Munich,Germany)的GENIOPERL P22)、具有聚丙烯酸酯核和聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)壳的那些(例如,购自罗门哈斯公司(Rohm and Haas)的PARALOID EXL2330和购自日本大阪的武田化学公司(Takeda Chemical Company,Osaka,Japan)的STAPHYLOID AC3355和AC3395)、具有MBS核和聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)壳的那些(例如,购自罗门哈斯公司(Rohm and Haas)的PARALOID EXL2691A、EXL2691和EXL2655)等,以及它们的混合物。优选的改性剂包括以上列出的ACRYLOID和PARALOID改性剂等,以及它们的混合物。
相对于可聚合组合物的100重量份的可聚合组分,增韧剂可以等于约1重量份至35重量份,优选地约3重量份至25重量份的量使用。增韧剂增加了固化之后组合物的强度,而不与可聚合组合物的组分反应或阻碍固化。
在一些实施方案中,可聚合组合物可包括一种或多种不可自由基聚合的成膜性聚合物。术语“成膜性有机聚合物”是指一旦干燥就会均匀聚结的有机聚合物。适用于组合物中的成膜性聚合物通常为热塑性有机聚合物。
合适的聚合物的示例包括:聚酯,例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯或聚己内酯;共聚酯,例如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯共间苯二酸酯;聚酰胺,例如聚己二酰己二胺;乙烯基聚合物,例如聚(乙酸乙烯酯/丙烯酸甲酯)、聚(偏二氯乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯);聚烯烃,例如聚苯乙烯,以及苯乙烯与一种或多种丙烯酸酯的共聚物,诸如例如聚(苯乙烯-共-丙烯酸丁酯);聚二烯,例如聚(丁二烯/苯乙烯);丙烯酸类聚合物,例如聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯-共-丙烯酸乙酯)、聚(甲基丙烯酸酯-共-丙烯酸);聚氨酯,例如脂族、脂环族或芳族二异氰酸酯与聚酯二醇或聚醚二醇的反应产物;以及纤维素衍生物,例如纤维素醚诸如乙基纤维素和纤维素酯诸如乙酸/丁酸纤维素。也可以使用成膜性聚合物的组合。用于制备此类聚合物的水性乳液或乳胶的方法和材料是公知的,并且许多可广泛得自商业来源。
在一些实施方案中,可交联组合物可包含填料。在一些实施方案中,填料的总量为最多50重量%,优选地最多30重量%,并且更优选地最多10重量%的填料。填料可选自如本领域中已知的多种材料中的一种或多种材料,并且包括有机和无机填料。无机填料粒子包括二氧化硅、亚微米二氧化硅、氧化锆、亚微米氧化锆,以及美国专利4,503,169(Randklev)中所描述类型的非玻璃态微粒。
填料组分包括纳米级二氧化硅粒子、纳米级金属氧化物粒子以及它们的组合。纳米填料还在U.S.7,090,721(Craig等人)、7,090,722(Budd等人)、7,156,911(Kangas等人)和7,649,029(Kolb等人)中有所描述。
在一些实施方案中,填料可经过表面改性。可用于使纳米粒子的表面改性的多种常规方法包括例如向纳米粒子中添加表面改性剂(例如,以粉末或胶态分散体的形式),并且允许表面改性剂与纳米粒子反应。其它可用的表面改性方法在例如美国专利2,801,185(Iler)、美国专利4,522,958(Das等人)、U.S.6,586,483(Kolb等人)中有所描述,这些专利各自以引用方式并入本文。
表面改性基团可来源于表面改性剂。示意性地,表面改性剂可由式X-Y表示,其中X基团能够附接到粒子的表面(即二氧化硅粒子的硅烷醇基团)并且Y基团为反应性或非反应性官能团。非官能团不与体系(例如,基材)中的其它组分反应。可选择非反应性官能团,以使得粒子相对极性增强、相对极性减弱或相对非极性。在一些实施方案中,非反应性官能团“Y”为亲水基团,诸如酸基团(包括羧酸酯基团、磺酸酯基团和膦酸酯基团)、铵基团或聚(氧乙烯)基团或羟基基团。在其它实施方案中,“Y”可为反应性官能团,诸如烯属不饱和的可聚合基团,包括乙烯基、烯丙基、乙烯氧基、烯丙氧基和(甲基)丙烯酰基,该基团可与可聚合树脂或单体自由基聚合。
此类任选的表面改性剂可以使得二氧化硅纳米粒子的表面官能团(Si-OH基团)的0%至100%,通常1%至90%(如果存在的话)被官能化的量使用。以实验方法确定官能团的数目,其中使大量纳米粒子与过量表面改性剂反应,使得所有可用的反应性部位均被表面改性剂官能化。然后可以由结果计算官能化百分比下限。一般来讲,表面改性剂的用量足以提供相对于无机纳米粒子的重量至多两倍的表面改性剂的相等重量。当使用时,表面改性剂与无机纳米粒子的重量比优选地为2:1至1:10。如果期望表面改性的二氧化硅纳米粒子,那么优选的是在掺入到涂料组合物之前使纳米粒子改性。
本发明的可聚合组合物也可用于制备硬质涂层和结构或半结构粘合剂。术语“硬质涂层”或“硬质涂料层”意指位于物体外表面上的层或涂料,其中层或涂料已被设计成至少保护物体免于磨蚀。
本公开提供了硬质涂层组合物,该硬质涂层组合物包含氧化还原引发剂体系和包含两个(优选地三个)或更多个(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体和/或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物,并任选地包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯官能稀释剂。
可用的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体包含三个或更多个(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团。多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体可用于本发明的实践中,因为它们增加了硬质涂料层的耐磨性。优选的包含三个或更多个(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体包括三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯(TMPTA)、季戊四醇三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇四(甲基)丙烯酸酯、二季戊四醇三(甲基)丙烯酸酯(Sartomer 355)、二季戊四醇五(甲基)丙烯酸酯(Sartomer 399)、二季戊四醇羟基五(甲基)丙烯酸酯(DPHPA)、丙氧基三(甲基)丙烯酸甘油酯、三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯以及它们的混合物。本发明的另一种可用的可辐射固化的组分是具有两个或更多个(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团且平均分子量(Mw)在约400至2000范围内的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物类。
可用的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物包括聚酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯和(甲基)丙烯酸酯化环氧(甲基)丙烯酸酯。(甲基)丙烯酸酯化环氧(甲基)丙烯酸酯和聚酯(甲基)丙烯酸酯是最优选的,因为它们往往具有相对较低的粘度,并且因此允许通过旋涂法施加更均匀的层。具体地,优选的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物包括可从佐治亚州士麦那的UCB辐射固化公司(UCB Radcure,Inc.,Smyrna,Georgia)商购获得的那些,并以商品名EBECRYL(Eb)出售:Eb40(四官能丙烯酸酯化聚酯低聚物)、ENO(聚酯四官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物)、Eb81(多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯化聚酯低聚物)、Eb600(双酚A环氧二(甲基)丙烯酸酯)、Eb605(用25%三丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯稀释的双酚A环氧二(甲基)丙烯酸酯)、Eb639(酚醛聚酯低聚物)、Eb2047(三官能丙烯酸酯化聚酯低聚物)、Eb3500(二官能双酚A低聚物丙烯酸酯)、Eb3604(多官能聚酯低聚物丙烯酸酯)、Eb6602(三官能芳族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯低聚物)、Eb8301(六官能脂族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯)、EbW2(二官能脂族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯低聚物)以及它们的混合物。其中最优选的是Eb 600、Eb605、Eb80和Eb8l。
分子量可以通过使用链转移剂和链阻滞剂(包括硫醇、二硫化物、三乙基硅烷、四溴化碳、四氯化碳、α-甲基苯乙烯以及诸如本领域已知的其它)来控制。
在一些实施方案中,多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物可包括具有侧链可聚合基团的反应性低聚物,该反应性低聚物包含:
a)大于50重量份,优选地大于75重量份,最优选地大于80重量份的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体单元;
b)1重量份至10重量份,优选地1重量份至5重量份,最优选地1重量份至3重量份的具有可自由基聚合的侧链官能团的单体单元,
c)0重量份至20重量份的其它极性单体单元,其中单体单元的总和为100重量份。
反应性低聚物可由下式表示:
-[M不饱和]o[M酯]p[M极性]q-,II
其中
[M不饱和]表示具有可自由基聚合的侧链官能团的单体单元,并且下标“o”为其重量份数;
[M酯]表示(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体单元,并且下标“p”表示其重量份数;并且
[M极性]表示极性单体单元,并且下标“q”表示其重量份数。
组合物的反应性低聚物(II)包含一个或多个包括可自由基聚合的不饱和基团的侧基,该侧基包括(甲基)丙烯酰基、(甲基)丙烯酰氧基、炔丙基、乙烯基、烯丙基、乙炔基和(甲基)丙烯酰胺。即,单体单元[M不饱和]含有此类可聚合基团。
将侧链可聚合的不饱和基团引入低聚物中的间接方法是在前体低聚物的单体单元中包含反应性官能团,该反应性官能团还可用具有与前体低聚物的官能团共反应的官能团的烯属不饱和化合物进行官能化。
可用的反应性官能团包括但不限于羟基、氨基、噁唑酮基、噁唑啉基、乙酰乙酰基、吖内酯基、羧基、异氰酸基、环氧基、氮丙啶基、酰卤和环酐基团。这些当中优选的是羧基、羟基、氨基、吖内酯基和氮丙啶基基团。这些侧链反应性官能团与不饱和化合物进行反应,该不饱和化合物包含与反应性侧链官能团共反应的官能团。当两个官能团反应时,会产生具有侧链不饱和的低聚物。在一些应用中,可能期望使用小于化学计量当量的包含共反应性官能团的不饱和化合物,使得一种或多种低聚物上的侧链官能团中的一些保持不反应。具体地,式III的反应性低聚物可由具有式[MFG]的单体单元的前体低聚物制备,该单体单元具有可被官能化以提供式II的反应性低聚物的反应性官能团。
使用引入可自由基聚合的侧链官能团的“间接方法”时,可用的反应性官能团包括羟基、仲氨基、噁唑啉基、噁唑酮基、乙酰基、丙酮基、羧基、异氰酸基、环氧基、氮丙啶基、酰卤、乙烯氧基和环酐基团。在侧链反应性官能团是异氰酸基官能团的情况下,共反应性官能团优选地包括仲氨基或羟基基团。在侧链反应性官能团包括羟基基团的情况下,共反应性官能团优选地包括羧基、酯、酰卤、异氰酸基、环氧基、酸酐、吖内酯基或噁唑啉基基团。在侧链反应性官能团包括羧基基团的情况下,共反应性官能团优选地包括羟基、氨基、环氧基、异氰酸酯基或噁唑啉基基团。最一般地,反应在亲核的官能团与亲电子的官能团之间发生。
可用于官能化前体低聚物的优选的烯属不饱和化合物具有通式:
其中R21为氢、C1至C4烷基基团或苯基基团,优选地氢或甲基基团;R20为单键或二价连接基团,其将烯属不饱和基团连接至共反应性官能团“FG”并且优选地含有至多34个,优选地至多18个,更优选地至多10个碳以及任选的氧和氮原子,并且当R20不为单键时,其优选地选自
其中R22为具有1至6个碳原子的亚烷基基团、具有5至10个碳原子的5元或6元亚环烷基基团、或者其中每个亚烷基包含1至6个碳原子的亚烷基-氧化烯,或者为具有6至16个碳原子的二价芳族基团;并且FG为共反应性官能团,其能够与低聚物的侧链反应性官能团反应以用于引入可自由基聚合的官能团。
具有共反应性官能团的式III的可用化合物的代表性示例包括(甲基)丙烯酸羟烷基酯,诸如(甲基)丙烯酸2-羟乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸3-羟丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸2,3-二羟基丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸4-羟丁酯和(甲基)丙烯酸2-(2-羟乙氧基)乙酯;(甲基)丙烯酸氨基烷基酯,诸如(甲基)丙烯酸3-氨基丙酯和4-氨基苯乙烯;噁唑啉基化合物,诸如2-乙烯基-1,3-噁唑啉-5-酮、2-乙烯基-4,4-二甲基-1,3-噁唑啉-5-酮、2-异丙烯基-4,4-二甲基-1,3-噁唑啉-5-酮和2-丙烯基-4,4-二甲基-1,3-噁唑啉-5-酮;羧基取代的化合物,诸如(甲基)丙烯酸和(甲基)丙烯酸4-羧苄基酯;异氰酸基取代的化合物,诸如(甲基)丙烯酸异氰酸基乙酯和(甲基)丙烯酸4-异氰酸基环己酯;环氧基取代的化合物,诸如(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯;氮丙啶基取代的化合物,诸如N-丙烯酰氮丙啶和1-(2-丙烯基)-氮丙啶;以及丙烯酰卤化物,诸如(甲基)丙烯酰氯。
反应性低聚物本身可以是氧化还原聚合的,或可以利用多官能丙烯酸酯,诸如二(甲基)丙烯酸己二醇酯。可以如US 7598298(Lewandowski等人)、US 7342047(Lewandowski等人)和US 7074839(Fansler等人)中所述制备具有侧链可聚合基团的反应性低聚物,这些专利各自以引用方式并入本文。
可聚合反应性低聚物组分还可包含稀释剂单体。(甲基)丙烯酸酯-官能稀释剂在本文中也称为“反应性稀释剂”,其为分子量相对较低的单官能或二官能非芳族(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体。这些分子量相对较低的反应性稀释剂有利的是具有相对低的粘度,例如在25℃下的粘度小于约30厘泊(cps)。二官能非芳族(甲基)丙烯酸酯一般相比单官能非芳族(甲基)丙烯酸酯是优选的,因为二官能非芳族(甲基)丙烯酸酯允许更快的固化时间。优选的反应性稀释剂包括二(甲基)丙烯酸1,6-己二醇酯(HDDA,来自佐治亚州士麦那的UCB辐射固化公司(UCB Radcure,Inc.,Smyrna,Georgia))、二(甲基)丙烯酸三丙二醇酯、(甲基)丙烯酸异冰片酯(1130A,辐射固化公司(Radcure))、(甲基)丙烯酸2(2-乙氧基乙氧基)乙酯(以商品名Sartomer 256出售,来自宾夕法尼亚州埃克斯顿的沙多玛公司(SARTOMER Company,Inc.,Exton,Pennsylvania))、n-乙烯基甲酰胺(Sartomer 497)、(甲基)丙烯酸四氢糠酯(Sartomer 285)、聚乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯(Sartomer 344)、三丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯(辐射固化公司(Radcure))、新戊二醇二烷氧基二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯以及它们的混合物。
在一些实施方案中,基于可聚合组合物的100重量份的可聚合组分计,可聚合组合物可包含:
20重量份至80重量份的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体和/或多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯反应性低聚物,
0重量份至重量份的(甲基)丙烯酸酯稀释剂,
20重量%至75重量%的二氧化硅(本身,无论是否官能化),和
约0.1重量%至约5.0重量%的氧化还原引发剂体系。
在一些实施方案中,可聚合组合物提供结构和半结构粘合剂组合物,其中部分固化的组合物可设置在两个基材(或粘附体)之间,并随后完全固化以产生基材之间的结构或半结构粘结。“半结构粘合剂”是搭接剪切强度为至少约0.5MPa,更优选地至少约1.0MPa,并且最优选地至少约1.5MPa的那些固化粘合剂。然而,那些具有特别高搭接剪切强度的固化粘合剂被称为结构粘合剂。“结构粘合剂”是搭接剪切强度为至少约3.5MPa,更优选地至少约5MPa,并且最优选地至少约7MPa的那些固化粘合剂。
在一些实施方案中,本公开提供了一种粘合剂组合物,该粘合剂组合物包含氧化还原引发剂体系和a)包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体单元、羟基官能单体单元和具有可聚合基团的单体单元的第一反应性低聚物;b)包含C2-C4亚烷基氧重复单元和可聚合末端基团的第二组分,以及c)稀释剂单体组分。
第一组分反应性低聚物具有以下通式:
~[M酯]a-[MOH]b-[M极性]c-[M甲硅烷基]e-[M聚]d~,
其中
-[M酯]-表示互聚的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体单元,并且下标a大于50重量份;
-[MOH]-表示具有侧链羟基基团的互聚的(甲基)丙烯酰基单体单元,其中下标b表示0重量份至20重量份,
[M极性]表示任选的极性单体单元,其中下标c为0重量份至20重量份,优选地1重量份至10重量份,
[M甲硅烷基]表示甲硅烷基官能单体单元,其中下标e为0重量份至10重量份,优选地1重量份至5重量份;并且
[M聚]表示包含可聚合基团硅烷官能单体单元的单体单元,并且下标d表示1重量份至10重量份。下标a至e的总和为100重量份。波浪号表示连续的聚合物链。此类反应性低聚物在申请人的共同未决的US 2015/0284601(Yurt等人,以引用方式并入本文)和WO 2014/078115(Behling等人)中进一步描述。如在Yurt的‘601中所提出,通过官能化MOH单体的羟基侧基,用可聚合基团(M聚单元)使低聚物官能化。Yurt的‘601组合物的第二组分包含C2-C4亚烷基氧单元和1至3个末端可聚合基团,诸如(甲基)丙烯酸酯基团。
在一些实施方案中,二氧化硅的量(包括用常规的表面改性剂改性的二氧化硅和未改性的二氧化硅)为20重量%至75重量%,优选地50重量%至70重量%。
填料组分包括纳米级二氧化硅粒子、纳米级金属氧化物粒子以及它们的组合。纳米填料还在美国专利7,090,721(Craig等人)、7,090,722(Budd等人)、7,156,911(Kangas等人)和7,649,029(Kolb等人)中有所描述。
本发明的聚合可以本体或在溶剂中进行。可以使用溶剂,优选地有机溶剂来帮助引发剂和引发剂体系在可聚合单体中的溶解,并且作为加工助剂。优选地,此类溶剂不与组分反应。可能有利的是在少量溶剂中制备过渡金属络合物的浓溶液,以简化可聚合组合物的制备。
合适的溶剂包括醚,诸如二乙醚、乙基丙基醚、二丙基醚、甲基叔丁基醚、二叔丁基醚、甘醇二甲醚(glyme)(二甲氧基乙烷)、二甘醇二甲醚、二乙二醇二甲醚;环醚,诸如四氢呋喃和二噁烷;烷烃;环烷烃;芳族烃溶剂,诸如苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯;卤代烃溶剂;乙腈;内酯,诸如丁内酯和戊内酯;酮,诸如丙酮、甲基乙基酮、甲基异丁基酮、环戊酮和环己酮;砜,诸如四亚甲基砜、3-甲基环丁砜、2,4-二甲基环丁砜、丁二烯砜、甲基砜、乙基砜、丙基砜、丁基砜、甲基乙烯基砜、2-(甲磺酰)乙醇和2,2'-磺酰二乙醇;亚砜,诸如二甲基亚砜;环状碳酸酯,诸如碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯和碳酸亚乙烯酯;羧酸酯,诸如乙酸乙酯、甲氧基乙醇TM(Methyl CellosolveTM)和甲酸甲酯;以及其它溶剂,诸如二氯甲烷、硝基甲烷、乙腈、乙二醇亚硫酸酯和1,2-二甲氧基乙烷(甘醇二甲醚),此类溶剂的混合物,以及超临界溶剂(诸如CO2)。本发明的聚合还可根据已知的悬浮聚合、乳液聚合和沉淀聚合方法进行。
优选地,选择一种或多种单体和氧化还原引发剂体系的组分,使得引发速率比生成的自由基基团向聚合物自由基的传播和/或转移的速率慢不小于1000倍(优选地不小于100倍)。在本申请中,“传播”是指聚合物自由基与单体反应以形成聚合物-单体加合物自由基。
聚合可在-78℃至200℃,优选地0℃至160℃,并且最优选地20℃至100℃的温度下进行。该反应应进行足以将至少10%(优选地至少50%,更优选地至少75%,并且最优选地至少90%)的单体转化成聚合物的时长。通常,完全固化的反应时间将为几分钟至5天,优选地30分钟至3天,并且最优选地1小时至24小时。
优选地,可聚合组合物包含“两部分”体系,其中过渡金属络合物在第一混合物中,并且氧化剂、光不稳定还原剂和任何填料通常在第一混合物中。可聚合单体可以是第一混合物和/或第二混合物的一部分,并且优选地在第一混合物中。将这两部分组合,任选地涂覆在基材上,并且通过暴露于光化辐射来引发氧化还原反应。在另一个实施方案中,可聚合组合物包含“两部分”体系,其中过渡金属络合物、光不稳定还原剂和可聚合单体组分在第一混合物中,并且氧化剂在第二混合物中。
可将可聚合组合物和氧化还原引发剂体系组合,并且通过激活UV辐射来辐照,以裂解或破碎光不稳定过渡金属络合物,引发氧化还原循环,并且使一种或多种可聚合组分聚合。UV光源可具有两种类型:1)相对低强度的光源诸如背光源,其在280纳米至400纳米的波长范围内提供通常为10mW/cm2或更低的强度(根据美国国家标准与技术研究所(UnitedStates National Institute of Standards and Technology)批准的程序来测量,例如用由弗吉尼亚州斯特林的电子仪表与技术有限公司(Electronic Instrumentation&Technology,Inc.(Sterling,VA))制造的UvimapTMUM 365L-S辐射计来测量),以及2)相对高强度的光源诸如中压汞灯,其提供通常大于10mW/cm2,优选地介于15mW/cm2和450mW/cm2之间的强度。在使用光化辐射完全或部分地聚合可聚合组合物的情况下,高强度和短暴露时间是优选的。例如,可以成功地使用600mW/cm2的强度和约1秒的暴露时间。强度可在约0.1mW/cm2至约150mW/cm2,优选地约0.5mW/cm2至约100mW/cm2,并且更优选地约0.5mW/cm2至约50mW/cm2的范围内。也可以使用UV LED,诸如Clearstone UV LED灯(明尼苏达州霍普金斯的清石技术公司(Clearstone Technologies Inc.,Hopkins,MN)385nm)。
使用改进的适用于具体基材的常规涂覆技术,将上述组合物涂覆在基材上。例如,可通过诸如辊涂、流涂、浸涂、旋涂、喷涂、刮涂和模涂的方法将这些组合物施加到多种固体基材。这些各种涂覆方法允许组合物以可变的厚度放置在基材上,从而允许组合物的更广泛的使用范围。
可以使用常规的涂覆技术将可聚合组合物涂覆在多种柔性和刚性的基材上,以制备涂覆制品。柔性基材在本文中被定义为常规用作胶带背衬或可具有任何其它柔性材料的任何材料。示例包括但不限于塑性膜,诸如聚丙烯、聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚酯(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)、聚碳酸酯、聚(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、乙酸纤维素、三乙酸纤维素和乙基纤维素。可使用泡沫背衬。
在一些优选的实施方案中,可以选择基材以便对用于引发氧化还原循环的UV辐照透明。然后可以通过透明基材的厚度来引发涂覆制品。
在一些实施方案中,基材为剥离衬垫以形成构造基材/粘合剂层/剥离衬垫或剥离衬垫/粘合剂/剥离衬垫的粘合剂制品。粘合剂层可为固化的、未固化的或部分固化的。剥离衬垫通常对可固化组合物具有低亲和力。示例性剥离衬垫可以由纸材(例如牛皮纸)或其它类型的聚合物材料制备。一些剥离衬垫涂覆有剥离剂,诸如含有机硅的材料或含碳氟化合物的材料的外层。剥离涂层可以通过溶剂或无溶剂的方法施加。
实施例
材料
材料及其来源列于表1中。除非另外说明,否则所有其它试剂均获自或购自精细化学品供应商诸如密苏里州圣路易斯的西格玛-奥德里奇公司(Sigma-Aldrich Company,St.Louis,Missouri),或者可通过已知的方法合成。
表1:材料列表
制备例1(PE 1):2-硝基苄基封端的1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸的合成
在冰水浴中冷却1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸(7.80克(g),50.0毫摩尔(mmol))在POCl3(60.0毫升(mL),660mmol)中的悬浮液,并逐滴添加去离子水(2.5mL,140mmol)。将所得的浑浊混合物回流加热1小时,在此期间它变得透明和浅黄色。减压去除过量的POCl3,并且将黄色残余物溶于CH2Cl2中,并依次用饱和NaHCO3水溶液、水和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤。然后将有机层经MgSO4干燥,过滤,并浓缩成浅黄色固体。经由抽吸过滤柱(SiO2,EtOAc洗脱液)纯化,得到白色结晶固体(7.70克)。将该材料的一部分(3.49g)溶于CH2Cl2(50mL)中,并添加到2-硝基苄醇(4.59g,30.0mmol)、苄基三丁基氯化铵(0.62g,2.0mmol)和NaOH(4.0g,100mmol)的混合物在去离子水(80mL)中的溶液中。允许所得的两相混合物在环境温度下剧烈搅拌过夜。然后依次用水和饱和氯化钠水溶液洗涤有机层,然后经MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,得到黄色固体。经由抽吸过滤柱(SiO2,EtOAc洗脱液)纯化,得到呈浅黄色固体的产物(4.60克,两步产率为70%)。1H NMR谱与所需产物相符。
以下实施例分别由根据表2和3的基础树脂和促进剂的10:1混合物组成。基础树脂由丙烯酸类单体、过渡金属盐和任选的卤化铵盐组成。通过将所有组分添加到DAC混合杯(南卡罗来纳州兰德拉姆的FlackTek公司(FlackTek Inc.,Landrum,SC))中并混合直至均匀来制备基础树脂。
表2:基础制剂1至6(B1至B6)
*氯化铵溶液为含5重量%苄基三丁基氯化铵的HEMA。
**乙酸铜为含4重量%乙酸铜(II)一水合物的HEMA。
***乙酸铜为含4重量%乙酸铜(II)一水合物的7:1TEGDMA/SP200。
****乙酸铜为含4重量%乙酸铜(II)一水合物的3:1TEGDMA/SP200。
促进剂由稀释剂、引发剂分子和过氧化物组成(表3)。通过将所有组分添加到配备有搅拌棒的小玻璃瓶中并搅拌以确保均匀来制备促进剂。
表3:促进剂制剂1(A1)
组分 | A1 |
BF9-88 | 2.18g |
引发剂溶液* | 0.75g |
CHP** | 0.07g |
总计 | 3.00g |
*引发剂溶液包含碳酸亚丙酯中的10重量%的PE 1。
**CHP为技术级异丙苯过氧化氢。
下表4展示了PE 1用作引发剂化合物,实施例1-6(EX 1-6)。通过将1.50g适用的基础树脂(表2)和0.15g促进剂(表3)添加到小玻璃瓶中并摇动大约30秒以确保均匀来制备制剂。紧接着,将1滴混合制剂置于玻璃显微镜载玻片(75mm×38mm×1.0mm,来自宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的飞世尔科技公司(Fisher Scientific,Pittsburgh,PA))上并用显微镜盖玻片(22mm×22mm,来自宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的飞世尔科技公司(Fisher Scientific,Pittsburgh,PA))覆盖。当适用时,使用配备有365nm LED灯的LX-400仪器(加拿大安大略省密西沙加的流明动力公司(Lumen Dynamics,Mississauga,Ontario,Canada))辐照样品,使灯保持距盖玻片的表面1厘米(cm)以内,持续30秒。固化时间被定义为盖玻片不再能够用手移动的时间点。在没有辐照的情况下,不含氯化铵的所有两部分混合制剂都稳定超过420分钟。在掺入氯化铵后,这些两部分混合制剂的稳定性降低,其中固化在240分钟内发生。对于EX 1-6,简短辐照在触发氧化还原固化方面高度有效。在辐照含有氯化铵盐的制剂后,观察到最快的固化。
表4:实施例1-6(EX 1-6)
制备例2(PE 2):2-硝基苄基封端的5-苯基-1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸(b-PhDMBA)的合
成
向1,3-二甲基脲(2.66克,30.0mmol)和苯丙二酸(5.40克,30.0mmol)在CHCl3(70mL)中的溶液中添加AcOH(5.5mL,96.0mmol)。将所得的反应混合物在50℃下加热。添加乙酸酐(11.3mL,120.0mmol)和三氟乙酸(0.5mL,6.6mmol),并且然后将反应混合物回流加热,同时搅拌过夜。次日早晨,减压去除挥发性组分,并将残余物添加到水(100mL)中。在搅拌2小时之后,经由过滤收集形成的固体,用附加的水洗涤。然后将固体溶于CH2Cl2中,并用饱和NaCl水溶液(sat.aq.)洗涤。将有机层经MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,得到呈白色固体的1,3-二甲基-5-苯基巴比妥酸(4.20克,产率60%)。
将1,3-二甲基-5-苯基巴比妥酸(4.20克,18.08mmol)溶于POCl3(30mL)中。将水(1.0mL)逐滴添加到混合物中,这导致显著放热。一旦放热平息,将混合物回流加热4小时。然后减压去除大部分POCl3,并且将冷水添加到残余物中。将混合物用CH2Cl2(3×75mL)萃取。将组合的有机层依次用sat.aq.NaHCO3、水和sat.aq.NaCl洗涤,然后经MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,提供橙色的油状物。该材料经由抽吸过滤柱(SiO2,3:1己烷/EtOAc洗脱液)纯化,得到呈白色固体的1,3-二甲基-5-苯基-6-氯尿嘧啶(4.30克,产率95%)。
将苄基三正丁基氯化铵(0.54克,1.7mmol)和2-硝基苄醇(3.94克,25.7mmol)添加到NaOH(3.43克,85.8mmol)在H2O(80mL)中的溶液中。然后添加1,3-二甲基-5-苯基-6-氯尿嘧啶(4.30克,17.15mmol)在CH2Cl2(50mL)中的溶液。允许所得的两相混合物在室温下剧烈搅拌过夜。次日早晨,将水层调节至pH为约6,然后用CH2Cl2(3×75mL)萃取。然后将组合的有机层依次用H2O和sat.aq.NaCl洗涤,然后经MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩成橙色的油状物。该材料经由抽吸过滤柱(SiO2,1:1己烷/EtOAc洗脱液)纯化,得到呈白色固体的产物(3.14克,产率50%)。
制备例3(PE 3):2-硝基苄基封端的5-苄基-1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸(b-BnDMBA)的合
成
向1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸(3.90克,25.0mmol)在100mL热H2O中的溶液中添加苯甲醛(2.65克,25.0mmol)在EtOH(20mL)中的溶液。将所得混合物在回流加热的同时剧烈搅拌。在5小时之后,允许混合物冷却至室温,并且经由过滤收集沉淀物,用附加的水洗涤。在干燥过夜之后,这提供呈浅黄色固体的5-亚苄基-1,3-二甲基嘧啶-2,4,6-三酮(5.90克,产率97%)。
将5-亚苄基-1,3-二甲基嘧啶-2,4,6-三酮(5.90克,24.15mmol)添加到EtOH(70mL)中,并且在几分钟内分批添加NaBH4(0.91克,24.15mmol)。在2小时之后,减压去除大部分EtOH,并将残余物用100mL 1N HCl水溶液淬灭。将该混合物用EtOAc(3×75ml)萃取,并将组合的有机层用sat.aq.NaCl洗涤,经MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,得到呈白色结晶固体的5-苄基-1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸(5.83克,产率98%)。
将1,3-二甲基-5-苄基巴比妥酸(7.39克,30.0mmol)溶于POCl3(41.4克,270mmol)中。将水(1.35mL)逐滴添加到混合物中,这导致显著放热。一旦放热平息,将混合物回流加热3小时。然后减压去除大部分POCl3,并且将冷水添加到残余物中。将混合物用CH2Cl2(3×75mL)萃取。将组合的有机层依次用sat.aq.NaHCO3、水和sat.aq.NaCl洗涤,然后经MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,提供橙色的油状物。该材料经由抽吸过滤柱(SiO2,7:1己烷/EtOAc洗脱液)纯化,得到呈橙色油状物的1,3-二甲基-5-苄基-6-氯尿嘧啶(7.94克,定量产率),其缓慢结晶为固体。
将苄基三正丁基氯化铵(0.94克,3.0mmol)和2-硝基苄醇(6.13克,40.0mmol)添加到NaOH(6.0克,150mmol)在H2O(90mL)中的溶液中。然后添加1,3-二甲基-5-苄基-6-氯尿嘧啶(7.94克,30.0mmol)在CH2Cl2(70mL)中的溶液。允许所得的两相混合物在室温下剧烈搅拌过夜。次日早晨,将水层调节至pH为约6,然后用CH2Cl2(3×75mL)萃取。然后将组合的有机层依次用H2O和sat.aq.NaCl洗涤,然后经MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩成橙色的油状物。该材料经由抽吸过滤柱(SiO2,梯度洗脱液为7:1己烷/EtOAc至EtOAc)纯化,得到呈浅桃色固体的产物(4.20克,产率37%)。
制备例4(PE 4):香豆素封端的5-苄基-1,3-二甲基巴比妥酸(Cou-BnDMBA)的合成
将1,3-二甲基-5-苄基巴比妥酸(7.39克,30.0mmol)溶于POCl3(41.4克,270mmol)中。将水(1.35mL)逐滴添加到混合物中,这导致显著放热。一旦放热平息,将混合物回流加热3小时。然后减压去除大部分POCl3,并且将冷水添加到残余物中。将混合物用CH2Cl2(3×75mL)萃取。将组合的有机层依次用sat.aq.NaHCO3、水和sat.aq.NaCl洗涤,然后经MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,提供橙色的油状物。该材料经由抽吸过滤柱(SiO2,7:1己烷/EtOAc洗脱液)纯化,得到呈橙色油状物的1,3-二甲基-5-苄基-6-氯尿嘧啶(7.94克,定量产率),其缓慢结晶为固体。
将3-甲氧基苯酚(3.72克,30.0mmol)和4-氯乙酰乙酸乙酯(7.41克,45.0mmol)于甲磺酸(40mL)中的溶液在室温下搅拌过夜。次日早晨,添加冰水(200mL),并且经由过滤收集所得灰色沉淀物,用附加的H2O洗涤。将收集的材料真空干燥,得到呈米色固体形式的4-氯甲基-7-甲氧基香豆素(6.40克,产率95%)。
向4-氯甲基-7-甲氧基香豆素(1.35克,6.00mmol)在1:1DMSO/H2O(30mL)中的溶液中添加三氟乙酸(1.0mL)。将所得混合物回流加热48小时。在冷却后,添加H2O(100mL),并且用CH2Cl2(3×50mL)萃取混合物。将组合的有机层依次用H2O和sat.aq.NaCl洗涤,然后经MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩成棕色固体。该材料经由抽吸过滤柱(SiO2,97:3CH2Cl2/MeOH洗脱液)纯化,得到呈浅棕褐色固体的6-甲氧基-1-羟甲基-3-氧代-3H-苯并吡喃(1.11克,产率90%)。
将苄基三正丁基氯化铵(0.16克,0.50mmol)添加到NaOH(1.0克,25.0mmol)在H2O(30mL)中的溶液中。然后添加6-甲氧基-1-羟甲基-3-氧代-3H-苯并吡喃(1.03克,5.00mmol)和1,3-二甲基-5-苄基-6-氯尿嘧啶(1.32克,5.00mmol)在CH2Cl2(30mL)中的溶液。允许所得的两相混合物在室温下剧烈搅拌过夜。次日早晨,将水层调节至pH为约6,然后用CH2Cl2(3×30mL)萃取。然后将组合的有机层依次用H2O和sat.aq.NaCl洗涤,然后经MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩成橙色的油状物。该材料经由抽吸过滤柱(SiO2,梯度洗脱液为7:1己烷/EtOAc至EtOAc)纯化,得到呈浅黄色固体的产物(0.24克,产率11%)。
以下实施例分别由根据表5或表6和表7的基础树脂和促进剂的10:1混合物组成。基础树脂由丙烯酸类单体、过渡金属盐和卤化铵盐组成。通过将所有组分添加到DAC混合杯(南卡罗来纳州兰德拉姆的FlackTek公司(FlackTek Inc.,Landrum,SC))中并混合直至均匀来制备基础树脂。
表5:基础制剂(含THFMA)7至9(B7至B9)
组分 | B7 | B8 | B9 |
THFMA | 9.45g | 9.45g | 9.45g |
氯化铵溶液* | 0.48g | 0.48g | 0.48g |
乙酸铜 | 0.07g** | 0.07g*** | 0.07g**** |
总计 | 10.00g | 10.00g | 10.00g |
*氯化铵溶液为含5重量%苄基三丁基氯化铵的HEMA
**乙酸铜为含4重量%乙酸铜(II)一水合物的7:1TEGDMA/SP200
***乙酸铜为含4重量%乙酸铜(II)一水合物的3:1TEGDMA/SP200
****乙酸铜为含4重量%乙酸铜(II)一水合物的1:1TEGDMA/SP200
表6:基础制剂(含HEMA)10至13(B10至B13)
组分 | B10 | B11 | B12 | B13 |
HEMA | 9.45g | 9.45g | 9.45g | 9.45g |
氯化铵溶液* | 0.48g | 0.48g | 0.48g | 0.48g |
乙酸铜 | 0.07g** | 0.07g*** | 0.07g**** | 0.07g***** |
总计 | 10.00g | 10.00g | 10.00g | 10.00g |
*氯化铵溶液为含5重量%苄基三丁基氯化铵的HEMA
**乙酸铜为含4重量%乙酸铜(II)一水合物的HEMA
***乙酸铜为含4重量%乙酸铜(II)一水合物的7:1TEGDMA/SP200
****乙酸铜为含4重量%乙酸铜(II)一水合物的3:1TEGDMA/SP200
*****乙酸铜为含4重量%乙酸铜(II)一水合物的1:1TEGDMA/SP200
促进剂由稀释剂、引发剂分子和过氧化物组成(表7)。通过将所有组分添加到配备有搅拌棒的小玻璃瓶中并搅拌以确保均匀来制备促进剂。
表7:促进剂制剂2至4(A2至A4)
组分 | A2 | A3 | A4 |
BF9-88 | 2.63g | 2.63g | 2.63g |
PE 2(b-PhDMBA) | 0.37g | - | - |
PE 3(b-BnDMBA) | - | 0.38g | - |
PE 4(cou-BnDMBA | - | - | 0.43g |
TBEC | 0.07g | 0.07g | 0.07g |
下表8展示了PE 2-PE 4用作引发剂化合物,实施例7-20(EX7-20)。通过将1.50g适用的基础树脂(表5或表6)和0.15g促进剂(表7)添加到小玻璃瓶中并摇动大约30秒以确保均匀来制备制剂。紧接着,将1滴混合制剂置于玻璃显微镜载玻片(75mm×38mm×1.0mm,来自宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的飞世尔科技公司(Fisher Scientific,Pittsburgh,PA))上并用显微镜盖玻片(22mm×22mm,来自宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的飞世尔科技公司(FisherScientific,Pittsburgh,PA))覆盖。当适用时,使用配备有365nm LED灯的LX-400仪器(加拿大安大略省密西沙加的流明动力公司(Lumen Dynamics,Mississauga,Ontario,Canada))辐照样品,使灯保持距盖玻片的表面1厘米(cm)以内,持续30秒。固化时间被定义为盖玻片不再能够用手移动的时间点。在没有辐照的情况下,所有两部分混合制剂都稳定超过400分钟。对于EX 7-20,简短辐照在触发氧化还原固化方面高度有效。
表8:实施例7-20(EX
7-EX
20)
反应性低聚物A的合成
反应性低聚物A通常根据以下程序制备。将2EHA(12g)、50gCHA、30g BA、5g Acm、3gHPA、0.1g VAZO-52、0.1g TDDM和100gEtOAc添加到玻璃瓶中。将内容物混合,并用氮气鼓泡4分钟,然后密封并置于60℃下的Launder-Ometer旋转水浴中24小时。在24小时之后,使用GPC分析样品以确定Mw和多分散指数。在第二步骤中,将0.52g IEM和40g MEK添加到瓶中。用聚四氟乙烯胶带密封该瓶,并在被设计成达到60℃的温度的IR灯加热的辊上滚动24h。所得聚合物的重均分子量为大约298kD,如通过常规的凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)方法来确定。GPC仪器获自马萨诸塞州米尔福德的沃特世公司(WatersCorporation(Milford,Massachusetts)),其包括高压液相色谱泵(型号1515HPLC)、自动进样器(型号717)、UV检测器(型号2487)和折射率检测器(型号2410)。该色谱仪配备有两根购自加利福尼亚州帕罗奥图的瓦里安公司(Varian Inc.(Palo Alto,California))的5微米PLgel MIXED-D柱。通过参考聚苯乙烯标准物进行最终确定。
测试方法
搭接剪切测试方法样品制备
将所选择的粘合剂组合物(在EtOAc/MEK溶液中)涂覆到RL1硅化聚酯剥离衬垫的紧密侧上,并在70℃的溶剂烘箱中干燥30分钟。通过用SCOTCH-BRITE通用手垫#7447(3M公司(3M))擦洗末端1”(2.54cm),然后用异丙醇洗涤并风干,制备1"×4"×0.064"(2.5cm×10.2cm×0.16cm)的铝基材。将粘合剂组合物的1/2"×1"(1.3cm×2.5cm)部分施加到一个基材的擦洗端部。移除剥离衬垫,并将组合物暴露于来自D灯泡微波源(马里兰州盖瑟斯堡的贺利氏特种光源美国公司(Heraeus Noblelight America,Gaithersburg,MD))的UV。如通过EITPowerPuck II辐射计(弗吉尼亚州斯特林的EIT公司(EIT,Inc.,Sterling,VA))所测量,施加到每个样品的辐射量为:在UVA中为2.0J/cm2,在UVB中为0.5J/cm2,在UVC中为0.2J/cm2,并且在UVV中为2.1J/cm2。将第二基材施加到经辐照的样品,从而闭合粘结部(粘结面积1/2"×1"(1.3cm×2.5cm))。通过施加指压来润湿组件。用大的粘结剂夹夹紧粘结部,并且允许其在测试之前在室温下静置18-24小时。
动态搭接剪切测试方法
使用型号55R1122 INSTRON拉伸测试仪(马萨诸塞州诺伍德的英斯特朗公司(Instron,Norwood,MA))在环境温度下进行动态搭接剪切测试。将测试样本加载到夹持件中,并使十字头以每分钟0.1"(0.25cm)操作,从而将样本装载至失效。断裂应力以psi为单位记录并转换为帕斯卡(或千帕斯卡)。对每个样品的三个样本进行测试,并计算平均结果。
实施例:
实施例21(EX
21):具有掩蔽的巴比妥酸衍生物的胶带
将(下)表9中的每种制剂在塑料杯中组合,并且用手剧烈搅拌直至均匀。
表9:实施例21的粘合剂组合物
21-A | 16.1 | 7.8 | 3.89 | 35 | - | 58 | 24 |
21-B | 16.1 | 7.8 | 3.89 | - | 56 | 58 | 24 |
根据上述搭接剪切测试方法样品制备程序来制备来自上述制剂中的每一种的胶带构造和搭接剪切样品。根据上述动态搭接剪切测试方法测试所得样品。测试结果分别以psi和kPa报告于表10和表11中。
表10:实施例21的搭接剪切测试结果(结果以psi为单位)。
制剂 | 施加的UV | OLS 1,psi | OLS 2,psi | OLS 3,psi | 平均OLS强度,psi | 失效模式 |
21-A | 是 | 1006 | 937 | 1067 | 1003 | 混合粘合 |
21-A | 否 | 28 | 23 | 33 | 28 | 内聚 |
21-B | 是 | 920 | 786 | 644 | 783 | 混合粘合 |
21-B | 否 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 内聚 |
表11:实施例21的搭接剪切测试结果(结果以kPa为单位)。
制剂 | 施加的UV | OLS 1,kPa | OLS 2,kPa | OLS 3,kPa | 平均OLS强度,kPa | 失效模式 |
21-A | 是 | 6936 | 6460 | 7357 | 6915 | 混合粘合 |
21-A | 否 | 193 | 159 | 228 | 193 | 内聚 |
21-B | 是 | 6343 | 5419 | 4440 | 5399 | 混合粘合 |
21-B | 否 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 97 | 内聚 |
Claims (33)
2.根据权利要求1所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述光不稳定基团R光选自苯甲酰甲基基团、2-烷基苯甲酰甲基基团、亚乙基桥接的苯甲酰甲基基团、对羟基苯甲酰甲基基团、苯偶姻基团、邻或对硝基苄基基团、邻硝基-2-苯乙基氧基羰基基团、香豆素-4-基甲基基团、苄基基团、邻或对羟基苄基基团、邻或对羟基萘基基团、2,5-二羟基苄基基团、9-苯基噻吨基、9-苯基呫吨基基团、蒽醌-2-基基团、8-卤代-7-羟基喹啉-2-基甲基基团和新戊酰基乙二醇基团。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述过渡金属络合物具有下式:
[MLp]n+A-,其中M为参与氧化还原循环的过渡金属,
L为配体,A-为阴离子,n为所述过渡金属上的整数值为1至7,优选地1至3的形式电荷,并且p为所述过渡金属上的数值为1至9,优选地1至2的配体数目。
4.根据权利要求3所述的可聚合组合物,其中M选自Cu、Fe、Ru、Cr、Mo、Pd、Ni、Pt、Mn、Rh、Re、Co、V、Au、Nb和Ag。
5.根据权利要求4所述的可聚合组合物,其中M选自铜、铁、钴和铂。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中基于所述可聚合组合物的100重量份的所述可聚合组分计,所述氧化还原引发剂体系以0.05重量份至约10重量份的量存在于所述组合物中。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述可聚合组合物还包含第二还原剂,所述第二还原剂选自叔胺;芳族亚磺酸盐;硫脲;以及它们的混合物。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述氧化还原引发剂体系的所述氧化剂选自过硫酸及其盐;过氧化物、氢过氧化物;过渡金属、过硼酸及其盐、高锰酸及其盐、过磷酸及其盐,以及它们的混合物。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,所述可聚合组合物包含多于一种氧化剂。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述可聚合组分包含:
i.85重量份至100重量份的(甲基)丙烯酸酯;
ii.0重量份至15重量份的酸官能烯属不饱和单体;
iii.0重量份至10重量份的非酸官能烯属不饱和极性单体;
iv.0份至5份的乙烯基单体;以及
v.0份至5份的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯;
vi.基于100重量份的i)至v)计,0.1重量份至10重量份的所述氧化还原引发剂体系。
11.根据权利要求10所述的可聚合组合物,所述可聚合组合物还包含0.01份至5份的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯。
12.根据权利要求1-11中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,所述可聚合组合物还包含无机填料。
13.根据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,所述可聚合组合物包含一种或多种可聚合乙烯基单体和所述氧化还原引发剂体系。
14.根据权利要求13所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述乙烯基单体选自乙烯基醚、乙烯基酯、苯乙烯、取代的苯乙烯、乙烯基卤化物、二乙烯基苯、烯烃、异戊二烯、丁二烯以及它们的混合物。
15.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述过渡金属络合物相对于所述氧化剂的摩尔比为1:1000至1:5。
16.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述氧化剂与还原剂的摩尔比为1:1.5至1.5:1。
17.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中基于所述可聚合组合物的所述可聚合组分的总重量计,所述氧化剂和还原剂以0.01重量份至10重量份的量存在。
18.根据权利要求1-17中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述可聚合组分包含:
i.至多100重量份的(甲基)丙烯酸酯;
ii.0重量份至15重量份,优选地0.5重量份至15重量份的酸官能烯属不饱和单体;
iii.0重量份至15重量份的非酸官能烯属不饱和极性单体;
iv.0份至5份的乙烯基单体;
v.相对于100份i-iv,0份至100份的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯;以及
vii相对于100份的全部单体i-v,量为约0.1重量%至约5.0重量%的所述氧化还原引发剂体系(包括所述过渡金属络合物、氧化剂和光不稳定还原剂)。
19.根据权利要求18所述的可聚合组合物,基于100重量份的i.-iv.计,所述可聚合组合物包含大于50重量份的多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯。
20.根据权利要求1-18中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,相对于所述可聚合组合物的100重量份的所述可聚合组分,所述可聚合组合物还包含1重量份至35重量份的增韧剂。
21.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述过渡金属络合物为环烷酸铜(II)。
22.根据权利要求1-21中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述可聚合烯属不饱和组分包含具有侧链可聚合基团的反应性低聚物。
23.根据权利要求22所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述反应性低聚物包含:
a)大于50重量份,优选地大于75重量份,最优选地大于80重量份的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体单元;
b)0.5重量份至10重量份,优选地1重量份至5重量份,最优选地1重量份至3重量份的具有可自由基聚合的侧链官能团的单体单元,
c)0重量份至20重量份的其它极性单体单元,其中所述单体单元的总和为100重量份。
24.一种聚合的方法,所述方法包括将包含过渡金属络合物的第一混合物与包含氧化剂和光不稳定还原剂的第二混合物、所述第一混合物和/或所述第二混合物中的可聚合组分组合,以及照射所得的组合混合物以光解光不稳定过渡金属络合物并引发氧化还原聚合循环。
26.根据权利要求25所述的光不稳定还原剂,其中所述光不稳定基团R光选自苯甲酰甲基基团、2-烷基苯甲酰甲基基团、亚乙基桥接的苯甲酰甲基基团、对羟基苯甲酰甲基基团、苯偶姻基团、邻硝基苄基基团、邻硝基-2-苯乙基氧基羰基基团、香豆素-4-基甲基基团、苄基基团、邻羟基苄基基团、邻羟基萘基基团、2,5-二羟基苄基基团、9-苯基噻吨基、9-苯基呫吨基基团、蒽醌-2-基基团、8-卤代-7-羟基喹啉-2-基甲基基团和新戊酰基乙二醇基团。
27.根据权利要求25或26中任一项所述的光不稳定还原剂,所述光不稳定还原剂来源于以下的烯醇化物:1,3,5-三甲基巴比妥酸、1,3,5-三乙基巴比妥酸、1,3-二甲基-5-乙基巴比妥酸、1,5-二甲基巴比妥酸、1-甲基-5-乙基巴比妥酸、1-甲基-5-丙基巴比妥酸、5-乙基巴比妥酸、5-丙基巴比妥酸、5-丁基巴比妥酸、1-苄基-5-苯基巴比妥酸和l-环己基-5-乙基巴比妥酸。
28.一种多层制品,所述多层制品包括位于基材上的根据权利要求1至22中任一项所述的可聚合组合物的涂层。
29.根据权利要求28所述的多层制品,其中所述基材为剥离衬垫。
30.根据权利要求28所述的多层制品,其中所述基材为胶带背衬。
31.根据权利要求30所述的多层制品,其中所述可聚合组合物设置在两个基材之间。
32.根据权利要求1-22中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,所述可聚合组合物还包含成膜性聚合物。
33.根据权利要求1-22中任一项所述的可聚合组合物,其中所述可聚合组分包含一种或多种烯属不饱和的可聚合低聚物。
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PCT/US2019/013726 WO2019152187A1 (en) | 2018-01-31 | 2019-01-16 | Photolabile barbiturate compounds |
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EP3746489A1 (en) | 2020-12-09 |
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