CN111543238A - Tending method for apple branch blight resistant bergamot pear trees - Google Patents
Tending method for apple branch blight resistant bergamot pear trees Download PDFInfo
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- 244000185180 Pyrus betulifolia Species 0.000 claims abstract description 19
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- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of disease control of bergamot pear trees, and particularly relates to a tending method for an apple branch blight resistant bergamot pear tree. The method comprises the following steps: (1) screening disease-resistant seedlings: screening a high-disease-resistant pyrus betulaefolia variety to cultivate stock seedlings; (2) excavating a planting pit; (3) and (5) planting seedlings. (4) Shaping seedlings; (5) bridging seedlings; (6) preferably, the pear scions: preferably selecting and storing collected scions of the bergamot pear trees with strong tree vigor, complete branches and trunks, high fruit setting rate and good fruit shape; or in the serious disease bergamot pear orchard, selecting bergamot pear trees with no disease symptoms or mild disease and intact branches and trunks for collecting and storing; (7) grafting fragrant pear scions: multi-head grafting according to a method for cultivating the seedling dry pear trees; (8) and (5) managing after grafting. According to the method, a high-disease-resistant Chinese pear variety is adopted to plant Chinese pear stock seedlings in a one-hole multi-plant mode, main seedlings and auxiliary seedlings are bridged, interconnected, fused and grown, disease-resistant Chinese pear scions are preferably selected, a seedling dry structure of a Chinese pear tree is constructed, and the fostering success rate reaches 80-90%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of disease control of bergamot pear trees, and particularly relates to a tending method for an apple branch blight resistant bergamot pear tree.
Background
The Korla bergamot pear is a famous and high-quality variety with unique characteristics in Xinjiang, and is reputed at home and abroad. The area of the bergamot pears taking the Kuerle city as the main production area is developed to 60 ten thousand mu, the output value is 20 hundred million yuan, and the bergamot pear is an important income source of 10 ten thousand fruit growers. In recent years, due to the influence of various natural disasters such as freezing damage, wind damage, hail and the like, the yield is unstable, the product quality is reduced, particularly, a large number of pear tree diseases are caused by rampant outbreak of newly introduced apple branch blight, branches are withered, serious trees are killed, the orchard is damaged, the conservation scale of an orchard is obviously reduced, and the loss is very large. In order to accelerate the restoration and reconstruction pace of a pear orchard and stabilize the industrial scale, disease-resistant bergamot pear varieties must be planted, the pest prevention and control technology is improved, the cultivation mode is improved, and the sustainable and healthy development of the bergamot pear industry is ensured through technical innovation.
The traditional garden building method of the bergamot pears is to plant the birch pear seedlings according to a certain plant row spacing, graft the birch pear seedlings in the next year, carry out fruit bearing in 5-6 years, enter a full bearing period in 10 years, and last for 50-60 years. After plants are deficient in an orchard, the replacement planting of the Chinese gooseberry in the original planting hole is carried out, the newly planted Chinese gooseberry trees grow slowly, the land utilization rate is low, and after the replacement planting, the sizes of the Chinese gooseberry trees are different, so that the unified management is difficult, the orchard recovery period is long, and the effect is slow. In a word, the traditional bergamot pear planting mode has high input cost, low water and soil resource utilization rate and slow effect, one field of frost damage or destructive diseases occurs, the previous work is abandoned, and farmers return to the place before liberation. According to data of government departments, 179 thousands of pear dead plants in the area of Bazhou, Xinjiang in 2018, 23 thousands of pear dead plants in the area of newly-increased Xiang in 2019, the yield reduction range of 2018 and 2019 exceeds 50%, and the Xiang pear industry suffers from serious innovation.
The stocks of bergamot pears and pears planted in northern China are mainly the birch pears, the birch pears are propagated by seeds, four wild birch pear distribution areas exist in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and Gansu of China, and are the main sources of birch pear seeds, and the birch pear seeds are wide in source, large in seed quantity and easy to propagate, so that the birch pear seedlings are low in cost, good in stress resistance and wide in application range.
The invention changes the traditional pear tree planting mode, one hole single seedling is one hole multiple seedling planting, the seedlings are connected into a whole through the bridging agricultural technology, the optimized disease-resistant and high-yield bergamot pear scion multi-head grafting in the field is used, the seedling and multi-stem bergamot pear tree body is cultivated, the tree body structure can increase the root absorption range through the fusion growth, the tree body supporting and transporting functions are enhanced, and the important aims of accelerating the growth and development of bergamot pear seedlings and enhancing the disease resistance and stress resistance of the tree body are realized.
According to the actual field operation practice, the implementation period of the method for planting and tending the bergamot pear seedlings is about 3-4 years, the growth amount of tree bodies and the formed biomass are increased by more than 50% compared with the conventional planting mode, the bergamot pears are planted for 5 years, and the bergamot pears enter the high-yield period in 8-9 years, so that the disease resistance and stress resistance of the bergamot pears are greatly enhanced, the yield and the fruit quality of the bergamot pears are improved, and a new mode of quickly building a garden and realizing early high yield is realized.
By the date of the present application, no public information about a method for nursing bergamot pears to resist apple branch blight has been retrieved at present.
In order to save the bergamot pear industry in China, a new method for tending the bergamot pears to resist apple branch blight is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a novel apple branch blight resistant bergamot pear tending method, wherein stock seedlings of the bergamot pears are planted in three plants in one hole and are mutually connected in a bridging method to realize fusion growth, and meanwhile, a novel tree body structure is constructed in a mode of preferentially grafting the bergamot pears by adopting multiple heads, so that the absorption effect, the supporting and conducting effects of a tree body root system are enhanced, the growth and development process is accelerated, and a robust tree body is cultivated.
The pear germplasm genetic resources provided by the invention comprise bergamot pear stock resources and bergamot pear scion resources, which are both from the main production place of the Korla bergamot pears, namely Kurla city, Yuli county and Taiwan county in Bay of Xinjiang.
The technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
a tending method for apple branch blight resistant bergamot pear trees comprises the following steps:
(1) screening disease-resistant seedlings: screening a high-disease-resistant variety of pyrus betulaefolia to cultivate stock seedlings as seedlings;
(2) excavating a tree planting hole: in autumn or spring tree planting season, excavating long planting holes in the planned land along the traveling direction;
(3) planting seedlings: uniformly arranging the prepared seedlings along the tree planting holes according to 2-3 seedlings in one hole, planting the largest seedlings as main seedlings in the center of the hole, planting the auxiliary seedlings at two sides of the hole closely to two ends of the tree planting hole, arranging the auxiliary seedlings in a straight line, burying the root system of each seedling, and banking and treading;
(4) shaping seedlings: shaping and pruning are carried out in the growing process of the stock seedlings, the shaping methods of main seedling pruning and auxiliary seedling pruning are different, the main seedling is fixed to be dry at the height of 80cm, 4-5 branches in different directions are reserved, and the nearest branch under the cut is cultivated to be a central stem; auxiliary seedlings are not fixed, 1-3 branches facing the main seedlings are reserved, and branches in other directions are cut off;
(5) seedling bridging: timely bridging the auxiliary seedling to the main seedling, bridging the branch of the auxiliary seedling to the main trunk or main branch part of the main seedling, preferably bridging the grafting part of the branch to the diameter of 0.5cm, and bridging 1-3 times between the main seedling and the auxiliary seedling; bridging can be carried out for multiple times in the growth period; the seedling bridging operation method comprises the following steps: (a) the diameter of the two branch to be bridged is about 0.5 cm; (b) the two bridged branches are close to each other or grow in a crossed manner; (c) the two branches to be bridged need to face upwards or have basically the same direction, and the branches growing oppositely cannot be bridged; (d) bridging by adopting a grafting method, cutting a plane with the length of about 1.0cm at the grafting position of two branches by using a sharp edge or a blade on one opposite surface, longitudinally cutting the two ends to be uniform, ensuring that the depth is not more than one third of the diameter of the branches, fitting the two ends to be consistent, tightening the branches by using a plastic film, and cutting auxiliary seedling branches from the grafting position; (e) bridging the main trunk of the main seedling, and bridging other suitable grafting parts on the auxiliary seedling on the main branch of the main seedling; (f) the main seedlings and the auxiliary seedlings are preferably bridged at 2-3 positions, and the auxiliary seedlings which grow vigorously can be bridged at multiple positions as long as the bridging conditions are suitable; (g) the main seedling and the auxiliary seedling are bridged, and the grafting of the bergamot pear scion on the main seedling does not have the sequence, and can be carried out simultaneously or in a crossed way as long as the bergamot pear scion grows to the degree suitable for grafting; (h) bridging the whole growing season, the operation can be carried out, and the bud of the tree is preferably germinated in spring;
(6) preferably, the pear scions: in a seriously ill area of apple branch blight and a bergamot pear orchard with serious diseases, selecting mature bergamot pear trees which have no disease symptoms or mild diseases, complete and intact branches and trunks, strong tree vigor, high fruit setting rate in successive years and good fruit shape as scion stock trees; harvesting the scion wood and storing for later use when the scion wood is cut in winter;
(7) grafting fragrant pear scions: performing multi-head grafting on the optimized fragrant pear scions obtained in the step (6) on stock seedlings according to a method for cultivating seedling dry pear trees, wherein the method is preferably used when tree buds sprout in the middle and last ten days of 3 months; the method for cultivating the seedling dry pear trees comprises the following steps: A. and (3) scion collection and storage: collecting scions in winter or early spring, cutting full annual thick and strong branches on a scion-collecting mother tree, cutting the branches into 50-60 cm, sealing the scions with wax, preserving moisture at low temperature, storing, and taking out when grafting; or selecting the current-year development branches with full leaf buds as bud grafting materials from the peripheral parts of the crown of the scion mother tree under the conditions in the first 6-7 months, and grafting the development branches in real time; B. and (3) culturing the seedling: the trunk setting height of the main seedlings is 1.5-1.8 m, the first layer of branches is remained at 50-80 cm, and 3-5 branches which spirally rise in different directions are remained; leaving a group of 3-4 branches in different directions on the central trunk above the first layer of branches every 30-35 cm until reaching the fixed trunk, and cutting off redundant branches; C. selecting a grafting mode and time: grafting in a grafting mode in the middle 3-4 months of spring and grafting in the bud grafting mode in the first 6-7 months of summer; branches remained on the main seedlings reach the diameter of about 0.5cm in time division; D. and (3) implementation of grafting operation: (a) taking out the stored scions, and cutting the scions into branch sections with 2-3 plump buds for later use; (b) when the scions are grafted in spring, the buds on the scions are in downward or lateral positions; (c) grafting the buds under the backs of the branches in summer;
(8) and (3) management after grafting: after seedling bridging in the step (5) and grafting of the bergamot pear scion in the step (7), post-grafting management is required, and the method comprises the following steps: cutting a film after grafting for 45 days to inspect a grafting opening, continuing to retain the film if callus appears, fixing the film by using an adhesive tape if necessary, removing the film after 90 days, spraying or coating a protective agent for 3-4 times to prevent the damage of diseases and insects on the grafting opening, wherein the interval is 15-25 days each time; if no callus appears, grafting again; after the grafting survives, redundant branches of seedlings are removed, water and fertilizer management is enhanced, and sufficient nutrients are ensured to promote growth.
Further included in the invention are the following optimizations or/and improvements:
in one preferred scheme, during the screening of the disease-resistant seedlings in the step (1), the pyrus betulaefolia varieties with high apple branch blight resistance are used as target seedlings for propagation, and after 2-3 years of cultivation, the standard of national first-grade pyrus betulaefolia seedlings is achieved;
in the second preferred scheme, the tree planting holes in the step (2) are 60-80 cm long, 35-40 cm wide and 40-50 cm deep; if the soil is barren or barren, the planting hole is enlarged and a proper amount of fully decomposed organic fertilizer is filled;
preferably, in the third scheme, 3 seedlings in a hole are preferably selected as the seedlings for field planting in the step (3), and the seedlings can be planted after being soaked by rooting powder;
the fourth preferred scheme is that the multi-head grafting method for grafting the bergamot pear scion in the step (7) is as follows: (1) stock seedling planting: using a birchleaf pear stock seedling for field planting according to the bergamot pear seedling culture standard; (2) and (3) scion collection and storage: collecting the stock tree of the scion as a middle-aged fragrant pear tree with strong tree vigor, high yield and high quality and no plant diseases and insect pests; selecting thick and strong development branches or bearing branches at the periphery of a full-grown annual, collecting scions in winter or early spring, sealing the scions with wax, preserving moisture at low temperature, storing, and taking out when grafting; or selecting the current-year development branch with plump leaf buds as a bud grafting material from the peripheral part of the crown of the mother tree under the conditions; (3) and (3) culturing the seedling: the fixed trunk height of the stock seedling is 1.5-1.8 m, the first layer of branches is remained at 50-80 cm, and 3-5 branches which are spirally raised in different directions are remained; leaving a group of 3-4 branches in different directions on the central trunk above the first layer of branches every 30-35 cm until reaching the fixed trunk, and cutting off redundant branches; grafting can be carried out when the diameter of the branch reaches more than 0.5 cm; (4) selecting a grafting mode and time: grafting in a branch grafting manner in spring, wherein the bud grafting period can be in spring, summer and autumn, the grafting operation can be carried out when the cortex can be stripped, and the grafting operation is carried out for times when the branches remained on the seedling stem meet the thickness requirement; (5) and (3) implementation of grafting operation: (a) taking out the stored scions, and cutting the scions into branch sections with 2-3 plump buds for later use; (b) when the scions are grafted in spring, the buds on the scions are required to be at the downward or lateral positions; (c) grafting the seedling onto the back of the branch in summer and autumn; (6) after the scion survives, culturing new shoots growing obliquely and growing at the back of the scion, and removing the new shoots growing at the back of the scion to avoid forming upright branches; when the scion is not alive, carrying out grafting operation again in the next grafting period; (7) after the grafting survives, removing the film, spraying a protective agent on a grafting opening to prevent the damage of diseases and pests, and implementing for 2-3 times with 15-20 days between two times; (8) after grafting, implementing cultivation protection measures;
fifthly, in the preferable scheme, the organic fertilizer in the step (2) is fully decomposed stable manure or oil residue;
further, the method for nurturing the apple branch blight-resistant fragrant pear trees is also suitable for nurturing pear trees such as pear, Dangshan pear, No. 7 new pear, Yulu fragrant pear and early crisp pear.
The innovation points of the technical scheme of the invention mainly lie in that:
1. the method adopts the Du pear variety resisting apple branch blight as stock seedling, and preferably selects the disease-resistant bergamot pear scion as grafting material.
2. The stock seedling planting mode of 'one hole with multiple plants' is adopted, the main seedlings and the auxiliary seedlings are connected with each other in a bridging mode, fusion growth is realized, and the success rate can reach 80-90%.
3. And (3) constructing a seedling dry structure of the fragrant pear tree by adopting a mode of grafting fragrant pears at multiple ends and preferably selecting scions on the main seedlings.
4. The fruit tree bridging generally adopts one rootstock and one scion for bridging, only one grafting opening is provided, the structure is single, the multi-head bridging is adopted, the plurality of grafting openings are provided, the stability of the tree body structure and a nutrient moisture conveying channel can be enhanced, and the effects of enhancing the disease resistance and the tree vigor of the fruit tree are obvious.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the method uses the bred apple branch blight resistant pyrus betulaefolia varieties and the field-preferred disease-resistant pyrus betulaefolia scions as materials, changes the traditional pear tree planting mode, adopts a one-hole multi-plant planting mode, connects seedlings into a whole through a bridging agricultural technology, uses the field-preferred pyrus betulaefolia scions for multi-head bridging to cultivate the pyrus betulaefolia tree bodies with novel structures, can accelerate growth and development of the multi-seedling through bridging and fusing the growing bergamot trees, enhances the disease resistance and the stress resistance of the tree bodies, and shortens the cycle period of building the post-disaster reconstructed bergamot pear gardens by 2-3 years.
The method comprises the following aspects:
1. the disease-resistant Chinese pear nursery stocks are selected, so that the disease of apple branch blight germs can be resisted to infect the stocks and the root systems, and the method is a fundamental measure for preventing the death of the whole plant caused by the disease of Chinese pears.
2. By using the bergamot pear scion which is bred in the field and has good disease resistance and seed properties, the disease susceptibility probability of the bergamot pear can be reduced, the excellent characters of the bergamot pear variety are maintained, and the fruit quality is improved.
3. By adopting the method to nurture the seedlings, the nutrients supplied to the roots are sufficient, so that the nutrient quantity obtained by the fruit trees is increased, the fruit setting quantity and the fruit quality of the bergamot pears are improved and stabilized, the stress resistance of the fruit trees is enhanced, and the survival and production economic years are prolonged.
4. The implementation period of the method for planting and tending the bergamot pear seedlings is shortened from 6-7 years to 3-4 years, and the growth amount of the tree body and the formed biomass of the young tree in the tending period are increased by more than 50% compared with the conventional planting mode.
5. The implementation of the method for planting the bergamot pears becomes a new mode of quickly building gardens and early yielding.
The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood by those skilled in the art, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following examples.
Example 1: after severe apple blight occurs in a large area in an orchard of farmers in Korla city in 2017 years, most of bergamot pear trees die, and the method for tending the apple tree to resist the apple blight is adopted when the bergamot pears are planted again, and is implemented according to the following steps:
(1) screening disease-resistant seedlings: screening a high-disease-resistant variety of pyrus betulaefolia to cultivate stock seedlings as seedlings;
(2) excavating a tree planting hole: in autumn or spring tree planting season, excavating long planting holes in the planned land along the traveling direction;
(3) planting seedlings: uniformly arranging the prepared seedlings along the tree planting holes according to 2-3 seedlings in one hole, planting the largest seedlings as main seedlings in the center of the hole, planting the auxiliary seedlings at two sides of the hole closely to two ends of the tree planting hole, arranging the auxiliary seedlings in a straight line, burying the root system of each seedling, and banking and treading;
(4) shaping seedlings: shaping and pruning are carried out in the growing process of the stock seedlings, the shaping methods of main seedling pruning and auxiliary seedling pruning are different, the main seedling is fixed to be dry at the height of 80cm, 4-5 branches in different directions are reserved, and the nearest branch under the cut is cultivated to be a central stem; auxiliary seedlings are not fixed, 1-3 branches facing the main seedlings are reserved, and branches in other directions are cut off;
(5) seedling bridging: timely bridging the auxiliary seedling to the main seedling, bridging the branch of the auxiliary seedling to the main trunk or main branch part of the main seedling, preferably bridging the grafting part of the branch to the diameter of 0.5cm, and bridging 1-3 times between the main seedling and the auxiliary seedling; bridging can be carried out for multiple times in the growth period; the seedling bridging operation method comprises the following steps: (a) the diameter of the two branch to be bridged is about 0.5 cm; (b) the two bridged branches are close to each other or grow in a crossed manner; (c) the two branches to be bridged need to face upwards or have basically the same direction, and the branches growing oppositely cannot be bridged; (d) bridging by adopting a grafting method, cutting a plane with the length of about 1.0cm at the grafting position of two branches by using a sharp edge or a blade on one opposite surface, longitudinally cutting the two ends to be uniform, ensuring that the depth is not more than one third of the diameter of the branches, fitting the two ends to be consistent, tightening the branches by using a plastic film, and cutting auxiliary seedling branches from the grafting position; (e) bridging the main trunk of the main seedling, and bridging other suitable grafting parts on the auxiliary seedling on the main branch of the main seedling; (f) the main seedlings and the auxiliary seedlings are preferably bridged at 2-3 positions, and the auxiliary seedlings which grow vigorously can be bridged at multiple positions as long as the bridging conditions are suitable; (g) the main seedling and the auxiliary seedling are bridged, and the grafting of the bergamot pear scion on the main seedling does not have the sequence, and can be carried out simultaneously or in a crossed way as long as the bergamot pear scion grows to the degree suitable for grafting; (h) bridging the whole growing season, the operation can be carried out, and the bud of the tree is preferably germinated in spring;
(6) preferably, the pear scions: in a seriously ill area of apple branch blight and a bergamot pear orchard with serious diseases, selecting mature bergamot pear trees which have no disease symptoms or mild diseases, complete and intact branches and trunks, strong tree vigor, high fruit setting rate in successive years and good fruit shape as scion stock trees; harvesting the scion wood and storing for later use when the scion wood is cut in winter;
(7) grafting fragrant pear scions: performing multi-head grafting on the optimized fragrant pear scions obtained in the step (6) on stock seedlings according to a method for cultivating seedling dry pear trees, wherein the method is preferably used when tree buds sprout in the middle and last ten days of 3 months;
(8) and (3) management after grafting: and (5) carrying out post-grafting management after seedling bridging and grafting of the bergamot pear scions in the step (7), wherein the post-grafting management comprises the following steps: cutting a film after grafting for 45 days to inspect a grafting opening, continuing to retain the film if callus appears, fixing the film by using an adhesive tape if necessary, removing the film after 90 days, spraying or coating a protective agent for 3-4 times to prevent the damage of diseases and insects on the grafting opening, wherein the interval is 15-25 days each time; if no callus appears, grafting again; after the grafting survives, redundant branches of seedlings are removed, water and fertilizer management is enhanced, and sufficient nutrients are ensured to promote growth.
The orchard in the embodiment has good control effect, the incidence of the fragrant pear trees with apple branch blight is lower than 15%, other diseases and frost damage do not occur, and the orchard establishment period of the fragrant pear orchard reconstructed after disasters is shortened by 1 year.
Example 2: after severe apple deadwood outbreaks occur in a large area in an orchard of a farmer in Yuli county in Xinjiang in 2017, most of bergamot pear trees die, and the method for tending the bergamot pears with the apple branch blight resistance is adopted when the bergamot pears are re-planted and is implemented according to the following steps:
(1) screening disease-resistant seedlings: screening a high-disease-resistant variety of pyrus betulaefolia to cultivate stock seedlings as seedlings; when screening disease-resistant seedlings, breeding with a variety of the pyrus betulaefolia with high resistance to apple branch blight as target seedlings, and cultivating for 2 years to reach the national standard of first-grade pyrus betulaefolia seedling standard;
(2) excavating a tree planting hole: in autumn or spring tree planting season, excavating long planting holes in the planned land along the traveling direction; the tree planting holes are 60-80 cm long, 35-40 cm wide and 40-50 cm deep; if the soil is barren or barren, increasing 20-40% of the planting holes and filling a proper amount of fully decomposed organic fertilizer;
(3) planting seedlings: the prepared seedlings are uniformly arranged along the tree planting holes according to 3 holes, the largest seedling is selected as a main seedling and planted in the center of the hole, the seedlings on two sides are auxiliary seedlings and tightly close to two ends of the tree planting holes, the seedlings are orderly arranged, the root systems of the seedlings are buried, and the seedlings are banked up and trampled; soaking the nursery stock in rooting powder and planting;
(4) shaping seedlings: shaping and pruning are carried out in the growing process of the stock seedlings, the shaping methods of main seedling pruning and auxiliary seedling pruning are different, the main seedling is fixed to be dry at the height of 80cm, 4-5 branches in different directions are reserved, and the nearest branch under the cut is cultivated to be a central stem; auxiliary seedlings are not fixed, 1-3 branches facing the main seedlings are reserved, and branches in other directions are cut off;
(5) seedling bridging: timely bridging the auxiliary seedling to the main seedling, bridging the branch of the auxiliary seedling to the main trunk or main branch part of the main seedling, preferably bridging the grafting part of the branch to the diameter of 0.5cm, and bridging 1-3 times between the main seedling and the auxiliary seedling; bridging can be carried out for multiple times in the growth period; the seedling bridging operation method comprises the following steps: (a) the diameter of the two branch to be bridged is about 0.5 cm; (b) the two bridged branches are close to each other or grow in a crossed manner; (c) the two branches to be bridged need to face upwards or have basically the same direction, and the branches growing oppositely cannot be bridged; (d) bridging by adopting a grafting method, cutting a plane with the length of about 1.0cm at the grafting position of two branches by using a sharp edge or a blade on one opposite surface, longitudinally cutting the two ends to be uniform, ensuring that the depth is not more than one third of the diameter of the branches, fitting the two ends to be consistent, tightening the branches by using a plastic film, and cutting auxiliary seedling branches from the grafting position; (e) bridging the main trunk of the main seedling, and bridging other suitable grafting parts on the auxiliary seedling on the main branch of the main seedling; (f) the main seedlings and the auxiliary seedlings are preferably bridged at 2-3 positions, and the auxiliary seedlings which grow vigorously can be bridged at multiple positions as long as the bridging conditions are suitable; (g) the main seedling and the auxiliary seedling are bridged, and the grafting of the bergamot pear scion on the main seedling does not have the sequence, and can be carried out simultaneously or in a crossed way as long as the bergamot pear scion grows to the degree suitable for grafting; (h) bridging the whole growing season, the operation can be carried out, and the bud of the tree is preferably germinated in spring;
(6) preferably, the pear scions: in a seriously ill area of apple branch blight and a bergamot pear orchard with serious diseases, selecting mature bergamot pear trees which have no disease symptoms or mild diseases, complete and intact branches and trunks, strong tree vigor, high fruit setting rate in successive years and good fruit shape as scion stock trees; harvesting the scion wood and storing for later use when the scion wood is cut in winter;
(7) grafting fragrant pear scions: performing multi-head grafting on the optimized fragrant pear scions obtained in the step (6) on stock seedlings according to a method for cultivating seedling dry pear trees, wherein the method is preferably used when tree buds sprout in the middle and last ten days of 3 months;
(8) and (3) management after grafting: after seedling bridging in the step (5) and grafting of the bergamot pear scion in the step (7), post-grafting management is required, and the method comprises the following steps: cutting a film after grafting for 45 days to inspect a grafting opening, continuing to retain the film if callus appears, fixing the film by using an adhesive tape if necessary, removing the film after 90 days, spraying or coating a protective agent for 3-4 times to prevent the damage of diseases and insects on the grafting opening, wherein the interval is 15-25 days each time; if no callus appears, grafting again; after the grafting survives, redundant branches of seedlings are removed, water and fertilizer management is enhanced, and sufficient nutrients are ensured to promote growth.
The orchard in the embodiment has good control effect, the incidence of the fragrant pear trees with apple branch blight is less than 10%, other diseases and frost damage do not occur, and the orchard establishment period of the fragrant pear orchard reconstructed after disasters is shortened by 2 years.
Example 3: after severe apple withered branches are developed in a large area in an orchard of farmers in Retutai county in Xinjiang in 2017, most of bergamot pear trees die, and the method for tending the bergamot pears with the apple branch blight resistance is adopted when the bergamot pears are planted again, and is implemented according to the following steps:
(1) screening disease-resistant seedlings: screening a high-disease-resistant variety of pyrus betulaefolia to cultivate stock seedlings as seedlings; when screening disease-resistant seedlings, breeding with a variety of the pyrus betulaefolia with high resistance to apple branch blight as target seedlings, and cultivating for 2-3 years to reach the national standard of first-grade pyrus betulaefolia seedlings;
(2) excavating a tree planting hole: in autumn or spring tree planting season, excavating long planting holes in the planned land along the traveling direction; the tree planting holes are 60-80 cm long, 35-40 cm wide and 40-50 cm deep; if the soil is barren or barren, enlarging 30-60% of the planting holes and filling a proper amount of fully decomposed animal manure or oil residues;
(3) planting seedlings: the prepared seedlings are uniformly arranged along the tree planting holes according to 3 holes, the largest seedling is selected as a main seedling and planted in the center of the hole, the seedlings on two sides are auxiliary seedlings and tightly close to two ends of the tree planting holes, the seedlings are orderly arranged, the root systems of the seedlings are buried, and the seedlings are banked up and trampled; soaking the nursery stock in rooting powder and planting;
(4) shaping seedlings: shaping and pruning are carried out in the growing process of the stock seedlings, the shaping methods of main seedling pruning and auxiliary seedling pruning are different, the main seedling is fixed to be dry at the height of 80cm, 4-5 branches in different directions are reserved, and the nearest branch under the cut is cultivated to be a central stem; auxiliary seedlings are not fixed, 1-3 branches facing the main seedlings are reserved, and branches in other directions are cut off;
(5) seedling bridging: timely bridging the auxiliary seedling to the main seedling, bridging the branch of the auxiliary seedling to the main trunk or main branch part of the main seedling, preferably bridging the grafting part of the branch to the diameter of 0.5cm, and bridging 1-3 times between the main seedling and the auxiliary seedling; bridging can be carried out for multiple times in the growth period; the seedling bridging operation method comprises the following steps: (a) the diameter of the two branch to be bridged is about 0.5 cm; (b) the two bridged branches are close to each other or grow in a crossed manner; (c) the two branches to be bridged need to face upwards or have basically the same direction, and the branches growing oppositely cannot be bridged; (d) bridging by adopting a grafting method, cutting a plane with the length of about 1.0cm at the grafting position of two branches by using a sharp edge or a blade on one opposite surface, longitudinally cutting the two ends to be uniform, ensuring that the depth is not more than one third of the diameter of the branches, fitting the two ends to be consistent, tightening the branches by using a plastic film, and cutting auxiliary seedling branches from the grafting position; (e) bridging the main trunk of the main seedling, and bridging other suitable grafting parts on the auxiliary seedling on the main branch of the main seedling; (f) the main seedlings and the auxiliary seedlings are preferably bridged at 2-3 positions, and the auxiliary seedlings which grow vigorously can be bridged at multiple positions as long as the bridging conditions are suitable; (g) the main seedling and the auxiliary seedling are bridged, and the grafting of the bergamot pear scion on the main seedling does not have the sequence, and can be carried out simultaneously or in a crossed way as long as the bergamot pear scion grows to the degree suitable for grafting; (h) bridging the whole growing season, the operation can be carried out, and the bud of the tree is preferably germinated in spring;
(6) preferably, the pear scions: in a seriously ill area of apple branch blight and a bergamot pear orchard with serious diseases, selecting mature bergamot pear trees which have no disease symptoms or mild diseases, complete and intact branches and trunks, strong tree vigor, high fruit setting rate in successive years and good fruit shape as scion stock trees; harvesting the scion wood and storing for later use when the scion wood is cut in winter;
(7) grafting fragrant pear scions: performing multi-head grafting on the optimized fragrant pear scions obtained in the step (6) on stock seedlings according to a method for cultivating seedling dry pear trees, wherein the method is preferably used when tree buds sprout in the middle and last ten days of 3 months; the adopted multi-head grafting method comprises the following steps: (1) stock seedling planting: using a birchleaf pear stock seedling for field planting according to the bergamot pear seedling culture standard; (2) and (3) scion collection and storage: collecting the stock tree of the scion as a middle-aged fragrant pear tree with strong tree vigor, high yield and high quality and no plant diseases and insect pests; selecting thick and strong development branches or bearing branches at the periphery of a full-grown annual, collecting scions in winter or early spring, sealing the scions with wax, preserving moisture at low temperature, storing, and taking out when grafting; or selecting the current-year development branch with plump leaf buds as a bud grafting material from the peripheral part of the crown of the mother tree under the conditions; (3) and (3) culturing the seedling: the fixed trunk height of the stock seedling is 1.5-1.8 m, the first layer of branches is remained at 50-80 cm, and 3-5 branches which are spirally raised in different directions are remained; leaving a group of 3-4 branches in different directions on the central trunk above the first layer of branches every 30-35 cm until reaching the fixed trunk, and cutting off redundant branches; grafting can be carried out when the diameter of the branch reaches more than 0.5 cm; (4) selecting a grafting mode and time: grafting in a branch grafting manner in spring, wherein the bud grafting period can be in spring, summer and autumn, the grafting operation can be carried out when the cortex can be stripped, and the grafting operation is carried out for times when the branches remained on the seedling stem meet the thickness requirement; (5) and (3) implementation of grafting operation: (a) taking out the stored scions, and cutting the scions into branch sections with 2-3 plump buds for later use; (b) when the scions are grafted in spring, the buds on the scions are required to be at the downward or lateral positions; (c) grafting the seedling onto the back of the branch in summer and autumn; (6) after the scion survives, culturing new shoots growing obliquely and growing at the back of the scion, and removing the new shoots growing at the back of the scion to avoid forming upright branches; when the scion is not alive, carrying out grafting operation again in the next grafting period; (7) after the grafting survives, removing the film, spraying a protective agent on a grafting opening to prevent the damage of diseases and pests, and implementing for 2-3 times with 15-20 days between two times; (8) after grafting, implementing cultivation protection measures;
(8) and (3) management after grafting: after seedling bridging in the step (5) and grafting of the bergamot pear scion in the step (7), post-grafting management is required, and the method comprises the following steps: cutting a film after grafting for 45 days to inspect a grafting opening, continuing to retain the film if callus appears, fixing the film by using an adhesive tape if necessary, removing the film after 90 days, spraying or coating a protective agent for 3-4 times to prevent the damage of diseases and insects on the grafting opening, wherein the interval is 15-25 days each time; if no callus appears, grafting again; after the grafting survives, redundant branches of seedlings are removed, water and fertilizer management is enhanced, and sufficient nutrients are ensured to promote growth.
The orchard in the embodiment has good control effect, the incidence of the pear trees with apple branch blight is lower than 8%, other diseases and freeze injury do not occur, and the orchard construction period of the newly-built pear orchard is shortened by 2 years.
It should be understood that the above embodiments are merely exemplary embodiments adopted to illustrate the principle of the present invention, however, the present invention is not limited thereto, and specific embodiments may be determined according to the technical solutions and practical situations of the present invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and improvements can be made without departing from the spirit and substance of the invention, and such modifications and improvements added thereto are considered to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (7)
1. A tending method for an apple branch blight resistant bergamot pear tree is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) screening disease-resistant seedlings: screening a high-disease-resistant variety of pyrus betulaefolia to cultivate stock seedlings as seedlings;
(2) excavating a tree planting hole: in autumn or spring tree planting season, excavating long planting holes in the planned land along the traveling direction;
(3) planting seedlings: uniformly arranging the prepared seedlings along the tree planting holes according to 2-3 seedlings in one hole, planting the largest seedlings as main seedlings in the center of the hole, planting the auxiliary seedlings at two sides of the hole closely to two ends of the tree planting hole, arranging the auxiliary seedlings in a straight line, burying the root system of each seedling, and banking and treading;
(4) shaping seedlings: shaping and pruning are carried out in the growing process of the stock seedlings, the shaping methods of main seedling pruning and auxiliary seedling pruning are different, the main seedling is fixed to be dry at the height of 80cm, 4-5 branches in different directions are reserved, and the nearest branch under the cut is cultivated to be a central stem; auxiliary seedlings are not fixed, 1-3 branches facing the main seedlings are reserved, and branches in other directions are cut off;
(5) seedling bridging: timely bridging the auxiliary seedling to the main seedling, bridging the branch of the auxiliary seedling to the main trunk or main branch part of the main seedling, preferably bridging the grafting part of the branch to the diameter of 0.5cm, and bridging 1-3 times between the main seedling and the auxiliary seedling; bridging can be carried out for multiple times in the growth period; the seedling bridging operation method comprises the following steps: (a) the diameter of the two branch to be bridged is about 0.5 cm; (b) the two bridged branches are close to each other or grow in a crossed manner; (c) the two branches to be bridged need to face upwards or have basically the same direction, and the branches growing oppositely cannot be bridged; (d) bridging by adopting a grafting method, cutting a plane with the length of about 1.0cm at the grafting position of two branches by using a sharp edge or a blade on one opposite surface, longitudinally cutting the two ends to be uniform, ensuring that the depth is not more than one third of the diameter of the branches, fitting the two ends to be consistent, tightening the branches by using a plastic film, and cutting auxiliary seedling branches from the grafting position; (e) bridging the main trunk of the main seedling, and bridging other suitable grafting parts on the auxiliary seedling on the main branch of the main seedling; (f) the main seedlings and the auxiliary seedlings are preferably bridged at 2-3 positions, and the auxiliary seedlings which grow vigorously can be bridged at multiple positions as long as the bridging conditions are suitable; (g) the main seedling and the auxiliary seedling are bridged, and the grafting of the bergamot pear scion on the main seedling does not have the sequence, and can be carried out simultaneously or in a crossed way as long as the bergamot pear scion grows to the degree suitable for grafting; (h) bridging the whole growing season, the operation can be carried out, and the bud of the tree is preferably germinated in spring;
(6) preferably, the pear scions: in a seriously ill area of apple branch blight and a bergamot pear orchard with serious diseases, selecting mature bergamot pear trees which have no disease symptoms or mild diseases, complete and intact branches and trunks, strong tree vigor, high fruit setting rate in successive years and good fruit shape as scion stock trees; harvesting the scion wood and storing for later use when the scion wood is cut in winter;
(7) grafting fragrant pear scions: performing multi-head grafting on the optimized fragrant pear scions obtained in the step (6) on stock seedlings according to a method for cultivating seedling dry pear trees, wherein the method is preferably used when tree buds sprout in the middle and last ten days of 3 months; the method for cultivating the seedling dry pear trees comprises the following steps: A. and (3) scion collection and storage: collecting scions in winter or early spring, cutting full annual thick and strong branches on a scion-collecting mother tree, cutting the branches into 50-60 cm, sealing the scions with wax, preserving moisture at low temperature, storing, and taking out when grafting; or selecting the current-year development branches with full leaf buds as bud grafting materials from the peripheral parts of the crown of the scion mother tree under the conditions in the first 6-7 months, and grafting the development branches in real time; B. and (3) culturing the seedling: the trunk setting height of the main seedlings is 1.5-1.8 m, the first layer of branches is remained at 50-80 cm, and 3-5 branches which spirally rise in different directions are remained; leaving a group of 3-4 branches in different directions on the central trunk above the first layer of branches every 30-35 cm until reaching the fixed trunk, and cutting off redundant branches; C. selecting a grafting mode and time: grafting in a grafting mode in the middle 3-4 months of spring and grafting in the bud grafting mode in the first 6-7 months of summer; branches remained on the main seedlings reach the diameter of about 0.5cm in time division; D. and (3) implementation of grafting operation: (a) taking out the stored scions, and cutting the scions into branch sections with 2-3 plump buds for later use; (b) when the scions are grafted in spring, the buds on the scions are in downward or lateral positions; (c) grafting the buds under the backs of the branches in summer;
(8) and (3) management after grafting: after seedling bridging in the step (5) and grafting of the bergamot pear scion in the step (7), post-grafting management is required, and the method comprises the following steps: cutting a film after grafting for 45 days to inspect a grafting opening, continuing to retain the film if callus appears, fixing the film by using an adhesive tape if necessary, removing the film after 90 days, spraying or coating a protective agent for 3-4 times to prevent the damage of diseases and insects on the grafting opening, wherein the interval is 15-25 days each time; if no callus appears, grafting again; after the grafting survives, redundant branches of seedlings are removed, water and fertilizer management is enhanced, and sufficient nutrients are ensured to promote growth.
2. The tending method of the apple branch blight resistant bergamot pear tree according to claim 1, characterized in that during screening of disease resistant seedlings in step (1), a birch pear variety with high apple branch blight resistance is used as a target seedling for propagation, and after cultivation for 2-3 years, the first-level quality standard of national standard (DB 65/T2046-2011) is achieved.
3. The tending method of the apple branch blight-resistant bergamot pear trees according to claim 1, wherein the planting holes in the step (2) are 60-80 cm long, 35-40 cm wide and 40-50 cm deep; for example, the planting hole is enlarged and a proper amount of fully decomposed organic fertilizer is filled in the barren soil or the barren land.
4. The tending method of the apple branch blight-resistant bergamot pear trees according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), seedlings are planted preferably in 3 holes, and the seedlings are planted after being soaked with rooting powder.
5. The tending method of the apple branch blight-resistant bergamot pear trees according to claim 1, wherein the multi-head grafting method adopted for grafting the bergamot pear scions in the step (7) is as follows: A. stock seedling planting: using a birchleaf pear stock seedling for field planting according to the bergamot pear seedling culture standard; B. and (3) scion collection and storage: collecting the stock tree of the scion as a middle-aged fragrant pear tree with strong tree vigor, high yield and high quality and no plant diseases and insect pests; selecting thick and strong development branches or bearing branches at the periphery of a full-grown annual, collecting scions in winter or early spring, sealing the scions with wax, preserving moisture at low temperature, storing, and taking out when grafting; or selecting the current-year development branch with plump leaf buds as a bud grafting material from the peripheral part of the crown of the mother tree under the conditions; C. and (3) culturing the seedling: the fixed trunk height of the stock seedling is 1.5-1.8 m, the first layer of branches is remained at 50-80 cm, and 3-5 branches which are spirally raised in different directions are remained; leaving a group of 3-4 branches in different directions on the central trunk above the first layer of branches every 30-35 cm until reaching the fixed trunk, and cutting off redundant branches; grafting can be carried out when the diameter of the branch reaches more than 0.5 cm; D. selecting a grafting mode and time: grafting in a branch grafting manner in spring, wherein the bud grafting period can be in spring, summer and autumn, the grafting operation can be carried out when the cortex can be stripped, and the grafting operation is carried out for times when the branches remained on the seedling stem meet the thickness requirement; E. and (3) implementation of grafting operation: (a) taking out the stored scions, and cutting the scions into branch sections with 2-3 plump buds for later use; (b) when the scions are grafted in spring, the buds on the scions are required to be at the downward or lateral positions; (c) grafting the seedling onto the back of the branch in summer and autumn; F. after the scion survives, culturing new shoots growing obliquely and growing at the back of the scion, and removing the new shoots growing at the back of the scion to avoid forming upright branches; when the scion is not alive, carrying out grafting operation again in the next grafting period; G. after the grafting survives, removing the film, spraying a protective agent on a grafting opening to prevent the damage of diseases and pests, and implementing for 2-3 times with 15-20 days between two times; H. cultivation protection measures should be implemented after grafting.
6. The method for tending the apple branch blight-resistant fragrant pear trees according to claim 3, wherein the organic fertilizer in the step (2) is fully decomposed animal manure or oil residue.
7. The method for using the pear tree nurturing method for resisting apple branch blight according to claim 1, is suitable for nurturing pear trees such as pear, Dangshan pear, New pear No. 7, jade dew and early crisp pear.
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| CN112930984A (en) * | 2021-03-15 | 2021-06-11 | 新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州农业科学研究院 | Method for preventing and treating pear apple branch blight |
| CN114158379A (en) * | 2021-11-30 | 2022-03-11 | 新疆农业科学院土壤肥料与农业节水研究所 | Method for quickly repairing frostbite of adult tree-age fruit trees of Xinjiang prune |
| CN114190177A (en) * | 2021-12-29 | 2022-03-18 | 四川省农业科学院园艺研究所 | Method for increasing yield and efficiency of kiwi fruits |
| CN114190177B (en) * | 2021-12-29 | 2023-07-18 | 四川省农业科学院园艺研究所 | Kiwi fruit yield increasing and efficiency increasing method |
| CN114521404A (en) * | 2022-01-24 | 2022-05-24 | 新疆生产建设兵团第一师农业科学研究所 | Method for cultivating novel tree body structure of fragrant pear tree |
| CN115053805A (en) * | 2022-07-29 | 2022-09-16 | 临高宝树农业开发有限公司 | Method for breeding disease-resistant variety of custard apple |
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