CN111373980A - Northern morchella fruiting time control method - Google Patents
Northern morchella fruiting time control method Download PDFInfo
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- CN111373980A CN111373980A CN202010350947.0A CN202010350947A CN111373980A CN 111373980 A CN111373980 A CN 111373980A CN 202010350947 A CN202010350947 A CN 202010350947A CN 111373980 A CN111373980 A CN 111373980A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
Abstract
The invention relates to a northern toadstool fruiting time control method, which is applied to the northern artificial cultivation field of toadstool. In order to solve the major problems of yield reduction and dead-end production of morchella in production, the invention adopts the principle of freezing and drying at first, controls the fruiting time by reducing the water content of soil, controls the water content of sandy soil to be less than or equal to 10.0 percent, the water content of loam to be less than or equal to 14.0 percent and the water content of clay loam to be less than or equal to 18.0 percent, thus reducing the nutrient loss, effectively avoiding the death of primordia caused by low temperature, preserving the primordia and young mushrooms.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a northern toadstool fruiting time control method, which is applied to the northern artificial cultivation field of toadstool.
Background
The common morel is also called morchella, belongs to Ascomycotina, Panorales, Morchellacaceae and Morchella, and is one of rare edible fungi in the world. Morchella, a low-temperature and high-humidity fungus, is fond of yin, and has various soil environments and vegetation types required by growth, so that the yield of the morchella is directly related to the rainfall in spring and summer.
It is a famous rare edible and medicinal fungus recognized in the world, has unique fragrance, rich nutrients, complete functions and obvious eating effect, is rich in amino acids and organic germanium required by human body, and has the functions of invigorating kidney, strengthening Yang, nourishing brain, refreshing, etc. The sea cucumber fish is obvious in anti-cancer effect, has strong inhibition effect on myoma cells, has high edible value and medical value, is called as 'land fish' in the United states, and is always used as a high-grade tonic for human nutrition in developed countries such as Europe and America. It is mainly distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Liaoning places, etc., and Morchella is also found in Anhui and Henan. Due to the rich nutrient components and important medicinal value of morchella, the morchella is called as a natural, nutritional and multifunctional health food.
The artificial cultivation is mainly distributed in southern areas such as Yunnan, Sichuan and the like, but the fruiting period in the southern areas is short. Meanwhile, the success of the facility cultivation in the north is far higher than that in the south in yield and quality, and the fresh goods supply period can be from 10 months per year to 6 months end in the next year. Therefore, in recent years, the cultivation area has gradually moved to the north.
There are three cultivation modes of culturing morchella in the north, under forest (field), in spring and autumn shed, in sunlight greenhouse, there are two problems: on one hand, the natural fruiting problem is solved, the temperature rises, the toadstool naturally grows, and the temperature falls to cause death of a large amount of the toadstool. The natural temperature is usually over 10 ℃ and even in rainy and snowy days. The climate is repeated, the morchella is repeatedly dead, and the nutrition stored by the hypha is gradually consumed. On the other hand, regarding the problem of moisture retention during the germination period, the current growers adopt a moisture retention method during the germination period, and hyphae may die due to water shortage. The method often results in large-area top-crop, the yield per mu is dozens of jin, and the economic loss is serious. Therefore, the north always suffers from great loss caused by unstable temperature in the fruiting period in the actual production.
The key to solve the major problems of yield reduction and no yield in production is to artificially control the fruiting of morchella esculenta instead of the natural fruiting. Therefore, after the toadstool hypha completes the vegetative growth, the metabolic strength of the toadstool hypha can be reduced to the maximum extent, the growth and the reproduction of the hypha are inhibited, the toadstool hypha is in a dormant state, and the vegetative storage is increased. Can also avoid irreversible damage to primordium and young mushrooms at low temperature, and achieve the aims of young mushroom preservation and yield preservation.
The method has a definite purpose, and utilizes the principle of freezing firstly and then drying to reduce the water content of the soil, thereby controlling the fruiting time.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a northern morchella fruiting time control method, which adopts the principle of freezing firstly and drying secondly, controls the fruiting time by reducing the water content of soil, can reduce the nutrition loss, effectively avoids the death of primordia caused by low temperature, and protects the primordia and young mushrooms.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a northern toadstool fruiting time control method is characterized in that the northern toadstool fruiting time is controlled by freezing and then drying to reduce the water content of soil.
After sowing, the toadstool mycelium grows for 35 to 45 days to finish vegetative growth. Afterwards, reproductive growth is entered. The optimal fruiting conditions are that when the soil temperature is 5-10 ℃, the lowest temperature of the air temperature is not lower than 5 ℃, and the highest temperature is not higher than 25 ℃, fruiting management can be carried out. At this time, the soil is frozen at low temperature, and after the soil is naturally thawed after the temperature is raised, the water content of sandy loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 10%, the water content of loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 14%, and the water content of clay loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 18%, so that the natural fruiting can be controlled, the death of young mushrooms can be prevented, the fruiting is neat, and the yield is high. The yield of cultivation under the forest and in the field is stabilized at 400.9-516.0 jin; the yield of the winter planting mode of the sunlight greenhouse is stabilized at 759.0-1020.5 jin; the yield is stabilized at 737.5-1034.6 jin in the spring and autumn shed cultivation mode. Realizes the situation that loss is converted into profit in the cultivation process of the morchella esculenta.
Further, freezing and drying the morchella, and the step of reducing the water content of the soil to control the fruiting time of the morchella comprises the following steps:
when the morchella is cultivated in a mode of under-forest and field cultivation, the method comprises the following specific steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: after sowing, watering enough water for one time, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 35-40 d, the natural temperature is reduced, the cultivation land is frozen, and the sunshade is pulled up after the frozen land is frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 1 cm-3 cm, and the water content in 2cm of the surface layer of the soil is respectively as follows: the water content of sandy loam is less than or equal to 10.0 percent, the water content of loam is less than or equal to 14.0 percent, the water content of clay loam is less than or equal to 18.0 percent, and the mulching film is paved back again after the soil surface layer is dried;
step 4, fruiting: when the ground temperature reaches 5-10 ℃, fruiting management is carried out.
Further, when the morchella is cultivated in a sunlight greenhouse winter mode, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: after sowing, watering enough water for one time, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 35-40 d, the natural temperature is reduced, and the cultivation land is frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 1 cm-3 cm, and the water content in 2cm of the surface layer of the soil is respectively as follows: the water content of sandy loam is less than or equal to 10.0 percent, the water content of loam is less than or equal to 14.0 percent, and the water content of clay loam is less than or equal to 18.0 percent;
step 4, fruiting: when the ground temperature reaches about 5-10 ℃, fruiting management is carried out.
Further, when the morchella esculenta adopts a spring and autumn shed cultivation mode, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: after sowing, watering enough water for one time, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 35-40 d, the natural temperature is reduced, and the cultivation land is frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 1 cm-3 cm, and the water content in 2cm of the surface layer of the soil is respectively as follows: the water content of sandy loam is less than or equal to 10.0 percent, the water content of loam is less than or equal to 14.0 percent, and the water content of clay loam is less than or equal to 18.0 percent;
step 4, fruiting: when the ground temperature reaches 5-10 ℃, fruiting management is carried out.
Further, the sowing time of the under-forest and field cultivation mode is 10-11 months, and the freezing in the step 2 of the under-forest and field cultivation mode is natural freezing.
Further, the sowing time of the sunlight greenhouse winter cultivation mode is 10-12 months, and the step 2 of the sunlight greenhouse winter cultivation mode is to open a vent or freeze a greenhouse film.
Further, the sowing time of the spring and autumn shed cultivation mode is 10-11 months, and the step 2 of the spring and autumn shed cultivation mode is to open a shed film for freezing.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. soil freezing: after the morchella mycelium finishes the vegetative growth, the soil is frozen, the metabolic strength of the morchella mycelium can be reduced to the maximum extent, the growth and the propagation of the mycelium are inhibited, the morchella mycelium is in a dormant state, and the nutritional storage is increased.
2. Reducing the water content of the soil: the drying principle is adopted to reduce the water content of the soil, the water content of sandy loam is less than or equal to 10.0 percent, the water content of loam is less than or equal to 14.0 percent, and the water content of clay loam is less than or equal to 18.0 percent. The fruiting can be controlled, and the loss of natural fruiting due to transient temperature rise and death due to temperature reduction is reduced; the irreversible damage of low temperature to primordium and young mushroom is avoided. The aims of protecting young mushrooms and yield are achieved.
Through the display of a large amount of production data, the processing of the two stages can solve the great problem which always puzzles the reduction and the failure of the production in the production of the morchella esculenta.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the freezing in the germination period under forest;
FIG. 2 is a drying process of sand under forest;
FIG. 3 shows the fruiting in sandy loam under forest;
FIG. 4 is a solar greenhouse freeze treatment;
FIG. 5 shows fruiting in sunlight greenhouse and under-forest loam;
FIG. 6 shows fruiting in sandy loam in a sunlight greenhouse;
FIG. 7 shows fruiting in solar greenhouse with clay loam;
FIG. 8 is a view of uncovering the loam film in a shed in spring and autumn;
FIG. 9 shows the fruiting in spring and autumn shed loam.
Detailed Description
Materials and methods
Test strains: six sister strains of Morchella (Morchella sexteta) were used.
The method comprises the following steps:
and analyzing the relation between the water content of the soil and the yield according to the data of the three-year cultivation in 2017, 2018 and 2019. The soil types are: sandy loam, clay loam. The sunshade is built by adopting cotton felt.
Soil water content: and measuring the water content of the soil by adopting a drying method. The water content of the soil with the soil surface layer of 2cm is respectively 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16% and 20% by a natural air drying method.
Mortality rate of young mushrooms: the dead young mushrooms are not damaged irreversibly due to low temperature, and can be seen by naked eyes with a depth of less than 3 cm. In terms of number of deaths per square meter.
The fruiting uniformity refers to the fruiting tide uniformity. The three grades are regular, generally regular and irregular.
The yield is the weight of fresh morchella esculenta through holes which reach the harvest standard by taking mu as a unit.
The natural fruiting refers to the condition that primordium is naturally formed without artificial mushroom hastening treatment after the temperature rises.
Example 1
A northern toadstool fruiting time control method controls the fruiting time of toadstool by reducing the water content of soil, and comprises the following steps:
when the morchella is cultivated in a mode of under-forest and field cultivation, the method comprises the following specific steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: sowing in 10 months, watering once after sowing, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 38 days, the natural temperature is reduced, the cultivation land is naturally frozen, and after freezing, the sunshade is pulled up to prevent wind from being blown down and snow from being collapsed in winter;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 2cm, and the water content in the soil surface layer within 2cm is respectively controlled as follows: the water content of sandy loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the water content of clay loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the mulching film is paved back again after the soil surface layer is dried;
step 4, fruiting: when the ground temperature reaches 8 ℃, fruiting management is carried out
TABLE 1 fruiting in sandy loam
TABLE 2 soil fruiting Condition
TABLE 3 fruiting in three years in clay loam
The implementation data of 3 soil types in 2017, 2018 and 2019 are shown in tables 1-3. As can be seen from the table, sandy loam contains water>The mushroom naturally grows in 10 percent of the total number of the young mushrooms, and the death rate of the young mushrooms is 10.9-17.5 mushrooms/m2The yield is 21.3-216.1 jin; the water content of the sandy soil is less than or equal to 10 percent, the mushroom cannot grow naturally, the young mushroom does not die at low temperature, and the yield is 466.0-510.7 jin. Water content of loam>The 14 percent of the mushroom will grow naturally, and the death rate of the young mushroom is 13.2-18.2 mushrooms/m2The yield is 21.3-154.6 jin; the water content of the loam is less than or equal to 14 percent and cannot be automatically removedWhen the mushrooms grow, the young mushrooms do not die at low temperature, and the yield is 400.9-508.5 jin. Water content of clay loam>The mushroom can grow naturally in 18 percent, and the death rate of the young mushroom is 17.6-18.5 mushrooms/m2The yield is 13.3-37.4 jin; the water content of clay loam is less than or equal to 18 percent, no mushroom can grow naturally, no young mushroom dies due to low temperature, and the yield is 427.6-516.0 jin.
Thus, it can be seen that yield is directly related to soil moisture content and there is a clear boundary. When the natural environment does not reach stable fruiting conditions, the water content of sandy loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 10 percent, the water content of loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 14 percent, and the water content of clay loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 18 percent, so that stable yield and high yield can be achieved.
Example 2
A northern toadstool fruiting time control method controls the fruiting time of toadstool by reducing the water content of soil, and comprises the following steps:
when the morchella is cultivated in a mode of under-forest and field cultivation, the method comprises the following specific steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: sowing in 10 months, watering once after sowing, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the morchella is subjected to vegetative growth for 35d, the natural temperature is reduced, the cultivation land is naturally frozen, and after freezing, the sunshade is pulled up to prevent wind erosion and snow collapse in winter;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 1cm, and the water content in the soil surface layer within 2cm is respectively controlled as follows: the water content of sandy loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the water content of clay loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the mulching film is paved back again after the soil surface layer is dried;
step 4, fruiting: when the ground temperature reaches 5 ℃, fruiting management is carried out.
Example 3
A northern toadstool fruiting time control method controls the fruiting time of toadstool by reducing the water content of soil, and comprises the following steps:
when the morchella is cultivated in a mode of under-forest and field cultivation, the method comprises the following specific steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: sowing in 11 months, watering once after sowing, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the morchella is subjected to vegetative growth for 40 days, the natural temperature is reduced, the cultivation land is naturally frozen, and after freezing, the sunshade is pulled up to prevent wind erosion and snow collapse in winter;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 3cm, and the water content in the soil surface layer within 2cm is respectively controlled as follows: the water content of sandy loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the water content of clay loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the mulching film is paved back again after the soil surface layer is dried;
step 4, fruiting: and when the ground temperature reaches 10 ℃, performing fruiting management.
Example 4
A northern toadstool fruiting time control method controls the fruiting time of toadstool by reducing the water content of soil, and comprises the following steps:
when the morchella esculenta is cultivated in a solar greenhouse winter cultivation mode, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: sowing in 11 months, watering once after sowing, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 38d, the natural temperature is reduced, and a ventilation opening is opened in a cultivation field or a shed film is frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 2cm, and the water content in the soil surface layer within 2cm is respectively controlled as follows: the water content of sandy loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the water content of clay loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%;
step 4, fruiting: and when the ground temperature in the sunlight greenhouse can stably reach 8 ℃, fruiting management is carried out.
TABLE 4 fruiting in sandy loam
TABLE 5 soil fruiting Condition
TABLE 6 fruiting in three years in clay loam
The implementation data of 3 soil types in 2017, 2018 and 2019 are shown in tables 4-6. As can be seen from the table, sandy loam contains water>The mushroom naturally grows in 10 percent of the total number of the young mushrooms, and the death rate of the young mushrooms is 12.4-24.3 mushrooms/m2The yield is 352.7-681.3 jin; the water content of the sandy soil is less than or equal to 10 percent, the mushroom cannot grow naturally, the young mushroom does not die at low temperature, and the yield is 779.5-1006.6 jin. Water content of loam>The 14 percent of the mushroom will grow naturally, and the death rate of the young mushroom is 13.1 to 21.2 pieces/m2The yield is 436.1-650.3 jin; the water content of the loam is less than or equal to 14 percent, the mushroom can not grow naturally, no young mushroom dies due to low temperature, and the yield is 759.0-1020.5 jin. Water content of clay loam>The mushroom can grow naturally in 18 percent, and the death rate of the young mushroom is 17.2-19.7/m2The yield is 458.2-500.6 jin; the water content of clay loam is less than or equal to 18 percent, no mushroom can grow naturally, no young mushroom dies due to low temperature, and the yield is 789.4-1019.5 jin.
Thus, it can be seen that yield is directly related to soil moisture content and there is a clear boundary. When the natural environment does not reach stable fruiting conditions, the water content of sandy loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 10 percent, the water content of loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 14 percent, and the water content of clay loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 18 percent, so that stable yield and high yield can be achieved.
Example 5
A northern toadstool fruiting time control method controls the fruiting time of toadstool by reducing the water content of soil, and comprises the following steps:
when the morchella esculenta is cultivated in a solar greenhouse winter cultivation mode, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: sowing in 10 months, watering once after sowing, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 35d, the natural temperature is reduced, and a ventilation opening or a shed film is opened in a cultivation place to be frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 1cm, and the water content in the soil surface layer within 2cm is respectively controlled as follows: the water content of sandy loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the water content of clay loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%;
step 4, fruiting: and when the ground temperature in the sunlight greenhouse can be stabilized to 5 ℃, fruiting management is carried out.
Example 6
A northern toadstool fruiting time control method controls the fruiting time of toadstool by reducing the water content of soil, and comprises the following steps:
when the morchella esculenta is cultivated in a solar greenhouse winter cultivation mode, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: sowing in 12 months, watering once after sowing, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 40 days, the natural temperature is reduced, and a ventilation opening is opened in a cultivation field or a shed film is frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 3cm, and the water content in the soil surface layer within 2cm is respectively controlled as follows: the water content of sandy loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the water content of clay loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%;
step 4, fruiting: and when the ground temperature in the sunlight greenhouse can stably reach 10 ℃, fruiting management is carried out.
Example 7
A northern toadstool fruiting time control method controls the fruiting time of toadstool by reducing the water content of soil, and comprises the following steps:
when the morchella esculenta is cultivated in a spring and autumn shed mode, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: sowing in 10 months, watering once after sowing, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 38d, the natural temperature is reduced, and the shed film of the cultivation land is opened and frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 2cm, and the water content in the soil surface layer within 2cm is respectively controlled as follows: the water content of sandy loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the water content of clay loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%;
step 4, fruiting: and when the ground temperature reaches 8 ℃, performing fruiting management.
TABLE 7 fruiting in sandy loam
TABLE 8 soil fruiting Condition
TABLE 9 fruiting in three years in clay loam
The implementation data of 3 soil types in 2017, 2018 and 2019 are shown in tables 7-9. As can be seen from the table, sandy loam contains water>The 10 percent of the mushroom will grow naturally, and the death rate of the young mushroom is 13.2 to 25.8 pieces/m2The yield is 311.1-648.8 jin; the water content of the sandy soil is less than or equal to 10 percent, the mushroom cannot grow naturally, the young mushroom does not die at low temperature, and the yield is 790.6-974.2 jin. Water content of loam>The 14 percent of the mushroom will grow naturally, and the death rate of the young mushroom is 13.5 to 24.3 mushrooms/m2The yield is 352.0-640.3 jin; the water content of the loam is less than or equal to 14 percent, the fruiting can not occur naturally, no young mushroom dies due to low temperature, and the yield is 760.3-1034.6 jin. Water content of clay loam>The 18 percent of the mushroom will grow naturally, and the death rate of the young mushroom is 19.1 to 21.4 pieces/m2The yield is 430.6-490.6 jin; the water content of clay loam is less than or equal to 18 percent, no mushroom can grow naturally, no young mushroom dies due to low temperature, and the yield is 737.5-1030.3 jin.
Thus, it can be seen that yield is directly related to soil moisture content and there is a clear boundary. When the natural environment does not reach stable fruiting conditions, the water content of sandy loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 10 percent, the water content of loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 14 percent, and the water content of clay loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 18 percent, so that stable yield and high yield can be achieved.
Example 8
A northern toadstool fruiting time control method controls the fruiting time of toadstool by reducing the water content of soil, and comprises the following steps:
when the morchella esculenta is cultivated in a spring and autumn shed mode, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: sowing in 10 months, watering once after sowing, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 35d, the natural temperature is reduced, and the shed film of the cultivation land is opened and frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 1cm, and the water content in the soil surface layer within 2cm is respectively controlled as follows: the water content of sandy loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the water content of clay loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%;
step 4, fruiting: and when the ground temperature reaches 5 ℃, performing fruiting management.
Example 9
A northern toadstool fruiting time control method controls the fruiting time of toadstool by reducing the water content of soil, and comprises the following steps:
when the morchella esculenta is cultivated in a spring and autumn shed mode, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: sowing in 11 months, watering once after sowing, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 40 days, the natural temperature is reduced, and the shed film of the cultivation land is opened and frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 3cm, and the water content in the soil surface layer within 2cm is respectively controlled as follows: the water content of sandy loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%, the water content of clay loam is 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 20%;
step 4, fruiting: and when the ground temperature reaches 10 ℃, performing fruiting management.
In conclusion, when the natural environment does not reach stable fruiting conditions, after the vegetative growth is completed, the water content of sandy loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 10%, the water content of loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 14%, the water content of clay loam is controlled to be less than or equal to 18%, the fruiting is neat, and the yield is stable. The yield is not much related to the cultivation mode, mainly the soil type and the water content. Beyond the desired moisture content, the higher the moisture content, the lower the yield, which may be associated with recurrent formation of primordia, and death.
FIG. 1 shows the under-forest germination period with the freeze, which can be seen as a natural freeze; FIG. 2 is a view showing the drying treatment of the under-forest sandy soil, which is dried by natural air drying; FIG. 3 shows the fruiting of sandy loam in forest when the local temperature reaches 5-10 ℃.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a freezing process in a sunlight greenhouse, which is to be seen in the freezing process in which a greenhouse film is opened in the greenhouse; FIG. 5 shows fruiting of loam in sunlight greenhouse and under forest, wherein the water content of the loam is less than or equal to 14.0%; FIG. 6 shows fruiting in sandy soil in a sunlight greenhouse, wherein the water content of the sandy soil is less than or equal to 10.0%; FIG. 7 shows fruiting in solar greenhouse with clay loam; the water content is less than or equal to 18.0 percent.
FIG. 8 is a diagram of uncovering the loam film in the spring and autumn shed, and uncovering the mulching film before the temperature rises again in the next year and the soil is not unfrozen, so that the loam is naturally air-dried; FIG. 9 shows the fruiting of loam in spring and autumn shed, the ground temperature reaches 5-10 deg.C and the water content of loam is less than or equal to 14.0%.
Claims (10)
1. A northern toadstool fruiting time control method is characterized in that the northern toadstool fruiting time is controlled by freezing and then drying to reduce the water content of soil.
2. The northern toadstool fruiting time control method according to claim 1, wherein the step of freezing and then drying is carried out, and the step of reducing the water content of soil to control the fruiting time of the toadstool comprises the following steps:
when the morchella is cultivated in a mode of under-forest and field cultivation, the method comprises the following specific steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: after sowing, watering enough water for one time, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 35-40 d, the natural temperature is reduced, the cultivation land is frozen, and the sunshade is pulled up after the frozen land is frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 1 cm-3 cm, and the water content in 2cm of the surface layer of the soil is respectively as follows: the water content of sandy loam is less than or equal to 10.0 percent, the water content of loam is less than or equal to 14.0 percent, the water content of clay loam is less than or equal to 18.0 percent, and the mulching film is paved back again after the soil surface layer is dried;
step 4, fruiting: when the ground temperature reaches 5-10 ℃, fruiting management is carried out.
3. The northern toadstool fruiting time control method according to claim 1, wherein the steps of freezing and drying are carried out firstly, and the step of reducing the water content of soil to control the fruiting time of the toadstool comprises the following steps:
when the morchella esculenta adopts a sunlight greenhouse winter cultivation mode, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: after sowing, watering enough water for one time, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 35-40 d, the natural temperature is reduced, and the cultivation land is frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 1 cm-3 cm, and the water content in 2cm of the surface layer of the soil is respectively as follows: the water content of sandy loam is less than or equal to 10.0 percent, the water content of loam is less than or equal to 14.0 percent, and the water content of clay loam is less than or equal to 18.0 percent;
step 4, fruiting: when the ground temperature reaches about 5-10 ℃, fruiting management is carried out.
4. The northern toadstool fruiting time control method according to claim 1, wherein the step of freezing and then drying is carried out, and the step of reducing the water content of soil to control the fruiting time of the toadstool comprises the following steps:
when the morchella esculenta adopts a spring and autumn shed cultivation mode, the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step 1, seeding and watering: after sowing, watering enough water for one time, and not watering before freezing;
step 2, freezing: after the toadstool grows for 35-40 d, the natural temperature is reduced, and the cultivation land is frozen;
step 3, drying the soil: and (3) after the air temperature rises again in the next year and before the soil is unfrozen, uncovering the mulching film to allow the soil to be naturally air-dried, wherein the depth of a dry soil layer is 1 cm-3 cm, and the water content in 2cm of the surface layer of the soil is respectively as follows: the water content of sandy loam is less than or equal to 10.0 percent, the water content of loam is less than or equal to 14.0 percent, and the water content of clay loam is less than or equal to 18.0 percent;
step 4, fruiting: when the ground temperature reaches 5-10 ℃, fruiting management is carried out.
5. The northern morchella fruiting time control method according to claim 2, wherein the sowing time of the under-forest and field cultivation mode is 10-11 months.
6. The northern morchella fruiting time control method according to claim 2, wherein the step 2 freezing is natural freezing.
7. The northern morchella fruiting time control method according to claim 3, wherein the sowing time of the solar greenhouse winter cultivation mode is 10-12 months.
8. The northern toadstool fruiting time control method according to claim 3, wherein the step 2 of freezing is to open an air vent or to freeze a shed film.
9. The northern morchella fruiting time control method according to claim 4, wherein the sowing time of the spring and autumn shed cultivation mode is 10-11 months.
10. The northern morchella fruiting time control method according to claim 4, wherein the step 2 of freezing is opening a shed film for freezing.
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