CN106258485A - A kind of high altitudes and cold area efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers - Google Patents

A kind of high altitudes and cold area efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106258485A
CN106258485A CN201610656696.2A CN201610656696A CN106258485A CN 106258485 A CN106258485 A CN 106258485A CN 201610656696 A CN201610656696 A CN 201610656696A CN 106258485 A CN106258485 A CN 106258485A
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pers
morchella esculenta
soil
mycelia
compartment
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杨敬军
何淑玲
常毓巍
马令法
李瑛萍
杨国辉
马宝平
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National College Of Education In Gansu
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National College Of Education In Gansu
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/20—Liquid fertilisers
    • C05G5/23—Solutions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of high altitudes and cold area efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, comprise the steps: 1: the separating clone of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers sporophore；2: the making of cultigen；3: the making of foreign aid's nutrient bag；The inventive method is not limited by natural conditions in natural conditions badly areas such as high and cold, High aititude; can anniversary scale, standardized planting Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers; material therefor wide material sources, convenient; can turn waste into wealth; and recycle the junks such as life, production such as waste paper, litter decoration, plant ash, agricultural crop straw, fall leaves, the poultry become thoroughly decomposed, animal waste etc.; this technology not only fruiting repeatability is high, and yield is high and stable, and economy, the heliogreenhouse Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers off-season cultivation technology of environmental protection.

Description

A kind of high altitudes and cold area efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers
Technical field
The invention belongs to industrialized agriculture planting edible mushroom technical field, particularly to a kind of high altitudes and cold area Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers Efficiently implantation methods.
Background technology
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers (Morchella esculenta) is a kind of famous and precious edible and medicinal fungi, and Morchellaceae, morchella are multiple The general name of fungus, especially nutrition and the highest fungus of medical value.Wild species often occur in the end of spring and the beginning of summer, and Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers nutrition is rich Richness, plants aminoacid containing multiple proteins, polysaccharide, vitamin, mineral element and more than 20, is identified as the senior benefit of human nutrition Product, become one of the most foremost Precious Edible Fungi.And, Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers also has stronger antitumor, strengthens human body and exempt from Epidemic disease power, kidney invigorating and YANG supporting, preventing cold, building body etc. act on.In addition to edible, medical value, it is special that modern society is also directed to it Different nutritional labeling develops business-like flavoring agent, health promoting beverage, food (aminoacid) additive, a series of products such as steep in wine. As can be seen here, Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers is the rare edible and medical fungi that a kind of DEVELOPMENT PROSPECT is wide.More domestic high-grade hotel and electricity Shang cities Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers recipe or hard-cover merchandise sales all can be seen in field, such as Taobao's 196 yuan/50 grams dry products of marked price, the Gaster caprae seu Ovis of Alibaba Bacterium dry product wholesale price is at 800～2000 yuan/jin, and its demand is the biggest.And Chinese Wild Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers is become by bad environments at present Changing and artificially wantonly excavate impact, wild toadstool yield is drastically reduced, and is often only product about 10 tons, the every year output of artificial culture Less than 500 tons, and whole world Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers aggregate demand is anticipated more than 100,000 tons, therefore, only the most remote by gathering wild toadstool Far from satisfying social needs, and off-season cultivation Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers brings good economic well-being of workers and staff surely.Additionally Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers food, Health product, medication chemistry etc. are multi-field to be had broad application prospects, and is China's main exit food to European countries such as France Use bacterium product, and along with the demand of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers is increased by the countries such as moral, method, meaning, U.S., its price constantly rises.But by Big in Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers artificial culture difficulty, artificial culture progress is slow, wild toadstool its can not meet far away domestic and state The demand in market, border, and owing to wild toadstool is excavated in transition in recent years, the bio-diversity of heavy damage Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers and Forest, Grassland ecosystems balance.Therefore, the most international edible fungi of artificial or Semi-artificial cultivation technology of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers is studied Focus, experiment in cultivation is even to be had successfully, but its poor repeatability, fruiting is unstable, yields poorly, it is impossible to carry out commercialization cultivation.Therefore, The artificial culture that the high yield of research Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers is of fine quality then has huge market prospect and economic benefit, ecological benefits, the most right In the exploitation of minimizing wild mushrooms, preserve the ecological environment, have great importance.
In recent years, the tame research of China's Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers was concentrated mainly on strain production technology, various lands for growing field crops, woods Ground, Semen Tritici aestivi, ground bionic cultivation technology, Interplanting technique aspect Radix Ophiopogonis, the most then be concentrated mainly on indoor industrially cultivation technique side Face.On the Sichuan of China, Chongqing, Yunnan, Hubei and other places, substantially carry out the scale of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, commercially produced, mesh Before, both at home and abroad to Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers (M.esculenta), balck vein hickory chick (M.angusticeps), Morchellaconica (M.conica) Cultivation condition have been carried out studying widely and.The Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers cultivated area gone into operation for 2014～2015 has reached more than 8000 Mu, per mu yield reaches 10～150kg/ mus.The history of the existing last 100 years of the research and probe of artificial culture Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, in the U.S. in 1986 San Francisco State University Ron Ower has been authorized to the United States Patent (USP) of two Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers cultivations nineteen eighty-two and 1986.In 20 generation The Liu Bo fifties that records has carried out Semi-artificial cultivation aspect experimental study, and uses fresh natural mycelium to cultivate, with fresh Cultivate, use the mycelium cultivation etc. of pure culture with dry sporophore, can successfully grow sporophore.Simultaneously.Semi-artificial cultivation Training aspect, Taiwan Province has also carried out Semi-artificial cultivation test by bacterium soil inocalation method, sporophore inocalation method；Abroad, at 1898 5 ～Baron dyvoire in June is by being seeded in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) Seedling the sporophore block of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers In bed cave, autumn executes people's pomace in Jerusalem artichoke basal part of stem surrounding, and 1～2 Zhou Houzai cover dry branches and fallen leaves, remove deadwood spring in next year The method of fallen leaves has carried out Semi-artificial cultivation test, finds under conditions of moister, and the mycelium of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers is in substrate Spread growth, have Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers sporophore to grow the most every year；At Repin in 1892 by the Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers mycelium through cultivating many months It is sprinkling upon the cultivation on the ground of kind of flower as strain, obtains mycelium after 4 years, and processing the seedbed of the cured leaf composition to alkalescence through calcium carbonate Above and also grow Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers sporophore from the gully that the residual thing of Fructus Mali pumilae fills up；J.Pelmas reports, with pH value < apple pulp of 7 or Old newspaper all can plant out sporophore, but experiment can not repeat；Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers has been planted out on Molliard pomaces in 1904～1905 Sporophore；1909～1910Matruchat paper pulp, rotten wood mixture cultivation Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, also obtain sporophore.Outdoor planting Aspect, China has carried out numerous studies.The Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers cultural method in 1997 Zhu Dou stannum reported first.Qingchuan County, Sichuan is in previous generation Recording and be also carried out the field production experiment of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers the nineties, fruiting is not the most stable.Therefore, find one and there is stable high yield Amount especially stablizes the Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers artificial cultivation technique of high yield at extremely frigid zones, it appears the most urgent.Therefore, the purpose of this research Be to solve in Qinghai, Tibet, Gannan, Gansu etc. is high and cold, how high altitude localities better profits from day-light greenhouse carries out sheep The off-season cultivation of tripe bacterium, to realize that extremely frigid zones Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers yield is high, quality better and with this to promote extremely frigid zones economy Development and peasants and herdsmen increase income, create the purpose of benefit.
1. Chinese patent application CN201310113092.X, discloses the cultivation of a kind of Semen Tritici aestivi interplanting Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers artificial bionic Method, the method includes: the 1) production of hybrid seeds；2) furrow are done；3) inoculation and earthing；4) hair tube reason；5) Additional nutrient solution；6) fruiting pipe Reason.
2. Chinese patent application 201310129134.9, disclose the cultural method of a kind of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.
3. Chinese patent application CN201310152370.2, discloses a kind of cultivation under woods method of big legs Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.
4. Chinese patent application CN201210339140.2, discloses the new method for cultivating of a kind of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.
5. Chinese patent application CN201310115468.0 discloses the cultural method of ladder rib Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.
6. Chinese patent application CN201310597665.0 discloses the method utilizing cultivation in raw material Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.
7. Chinese patent application CN200910060399.1 discloses Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers culture material formula and toadstool natural cultivation Method.
8. Chinese patent application CN200810058482.0 discloses a kind of ecological cultivation method for spire morel,.
9. Chinese patent application CN201310549990.X discloses a kind of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers compost and cultivation technique thereof.
10. Chinese patent application CN201010148565.6 discloses the indoor cultivation method for Ganoderma of a kind of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers and used Greenhouse.
11. Chinese patent application CN200610010962.0 disclose method for breeding and reproduction of hickory chick.
12. Chinese patent application CN201010287662.3 disclose New method for commercial field cultivation of toadstool.
13. according to agriculture networking (http://www.agrilink.cn) 2013-03=21, Department of Agriculture of Sichuan Province in 2013 Academy of agricultural sciences of associating province in Shifang, Jintang, the ground such as Chongzhou City, use rice dish bacterium Compound Planting Model cultivation Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, per mu yield reaches 300～500 jin, be a kind of new cropping pattern of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.
14. Chinese patent application CN105218252 A disclose a kind of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers cultivation special solid nutritional solution earthing material The preparation method of material.
15. Chinese patent application CN 105154342 A disclose the cultural method of a kind of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers liquid strain.
16. Chinese patent application CN 105191667 A disclose Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers nutrient formulation, nutrient bag and preparation method thereof With Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers cultural method.
The method that 17. Chinese patent application CN 103907471 A disclose naked interplanting a kind of Radix Ophiopogonis Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.
18. Chinese patent application CN 103907481 A disclose the production technology of a kind of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers good quality strain.
19. Chinese patent application CN 103583232 A disclose a kind of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers compost and cultivation technique thereof.
20. Chinese patent application CN 103190292 A disclose the cultivation under woods method of big legs Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.
But, said method all has a disadvantage in that by its technology and method regional at high altitudes and cold, plants Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers Yield is the lowest, even because of limited by low temperature and can not fruiting, the most all can not extremely frigid zones realize the anniversary metaplasia produce.
The raw material mentioned in above technology and method is extremely limited at extremely frigid zones, it is impossible to recycle waste paper, The work such as litter decoration, agricultural crop straw, domestic refuse, need to put into lot of materials expense, for plantation family, need meanwhile The sophisticated equipment of strain to be produced and place, technology requires that height, plantation family are difficult to operation, therefore make its production cost increase；? When implant mass only uses sunshade net cool canopy, owing to high altitudes and cold area wind-force is big, it is easy to thrown by strong wind, in addition purple Outside line is very strong, and sunshade net is prone to aging, often change, and causes management trouble and cost to increase, meanwhile, in kind cold season Plant and do not have thermal effect；After Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers is plucked, shading screen also needs to carry out manual recovery, and reclaiming later material can not circulate Utilize, and time-consuming, and sunshade net material remains in soil, soil also can cause pollution further, affect next stubble Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers is planted.
In sum, raw material and formula that currently used Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers artificial method for planting is generally selected are more complicated, Especially as 6～the medicine such as benzyladenine, gibberellins plant family and obtain more difficult and relatively costly, simultaneously during the production of hybrid seeds Needing advanced, high-end equipment, price is much more expensive, meanwhile, the sunshade net that large area is discarded after using, management can be caused tired The problems such as difficult, pollution environment.Therefore, at present in the urgent need to a kind of new method, to solve the problems referred to above.
Summary of the invention
For solving the problem that above-mentioned prior art exists, it is an object of the invention to provide a kind of high altitudes and cold area sheep The efficient implantation methods of tripe bacterium, is not limited by natural conditions in natural conditions badly areas such as high and cold, High aititude, can anniversary scale Change, standardized planting Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, material therefor wide material sources, convenient, can turn waste into wealth, and recycle life, production etc. and give up Past heritage such as waste paper, litter decoration, plant ash, agricultural crop straw, fall leaves, the poultry become thoroughly decomposed, animal waste etc., this technology not only fruiting Repeatability is high, and yield is high and stable, and economy, the heliogreenhouse Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers off-season cultivation technology of environmental protection.
For reaching above-mentioned purpose, the technical scheme is that
A kind of high altitudes and cold area efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, is made up of following steps:
Step 1: the separating clone of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers sporophore:
Culture base-material divides five layers of setting in a reservoir, and according to mass fraction, each layer is particularly as follows: ground floor is 25～80 parts Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing+3～5 parts of quick lime+72 of soil～15 parts of cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed, sheep or chicken manure, the second layer is 85～65 parts of agricultural crop straws Powder+15～35 parts of weed tree sawdusts, third layer is 10～30 portions of Semen Tritici aestivis+85～65 parts of agricultural residues powder+1～3 parts of vitamin B complexes+4 ～2 parts of plant ash, the 4th layer is 85～65 parts of agricultural residues powder+15～35 parts of weed tree sawdusts, and layer 5 is 10～35 parts of Semen Maydiss Core+10～30 parts of weed tree sawdusts+70～30 parts pulverize waste paper+10～5 parts of carbamide, vessel port tampon beyond the Great Wall, are 125 DEG C in temperature, Pressure is autoclaving 1 hour, at room temperature natural cooling under 0.15Mpa；Wild or cultivation Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers sporophore are taken wheat grain 1～2 block organizations of size are seeded on above-mentioned test tube the first layered material, are placed on by test tube at 12～28 DEG C, and air humidity is 60% ～95%, lower lucifuge is cultivated, and after inoculation the 2nd day starts to grow mycelia, within 10～15 days, treats to cover with mycelia in test tube until growing bacterium Take after core the mycelia bottom test tube or sclerotium or have mycelia, sclerotium culture medium direct inoculation on cultigen compost；
Step 2: the making of cultigen
Cultivating major ingredient formula is 10%～35% Semen Tritici aestivi+75%～30% diameter 0.2～the corn stalk pellets of 0.5 centimetre + 10%～30% plant ash+1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+3% phosphate fertilizer+1% Calx；2. by soak the Semen Tritici aestivi of 24～48 hours boil to The inside non-whitening but do not pull out after bark rot and drain away the water, add that corn stalk pellets, plant ash are mixed thoroughly；3. by potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Phosphate fertilizer and Calx are dissolved completely in water to mix makes compost in said mixture, water content 50%～65%；4. compost Sealing compound formula is: 60%～82% Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, 38%～14% plant ash, 1%～3% quick lime, 1% di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate Hydrogen potassium, water content 30%～45%, pH is 7.0～7.5；5. sealing compound bottling or pack: first by compost major ingredient load bottle or In Dai, bottle or pack, reinstalling sealing compound；6. sterilizing is sealed: 121 DEG C～125 DEG C, 0.12Mpa～0.15Mpa autoclaving 4～2 hours；7. inoculation: cooled down by the material after sterilizing, the mycelia or the sclerotium that access step 1 isolated in gnotobasis connect Taking soybean grain size with compost to be seeded on sealing compound and compress and be fully contacted with material, 20mm × 200mm test tube regards bacterium Silk and sclerotium growing way can connect 30～55 bottles or bag, wherein orlop connect 15～25 bottles or bag, the second layer connects 10～20 bottles, first Layer connects 5 bottles～10 bottles；8. cultivate: at temperature is 10～28 DEG C, lucifuge is cultivated, and air humidity is 55%～90%, after inoculation the 2～4 days start to grow mycelia, and 10～20 days full bottles of mycelia or purseful are cultigen until growing sclerotium；
Step 3: the making of foreign aid's nutrient bag
(1) foreign aid's nutrient bag nutriment formula: 60%～85% waste paper, 35%～10% carbamide, 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5% magnesium sulfate, 0.5% zinc sulfate, 3% Gypsum Fibrosum；
Step 4: heliogreenhouse shed is planted, and Zhou Nianjun can plant, and this step includes:
(1) whole ground and sowing: 1. basal dressing: organic fertilizer and Rapeseed meal as base manure, 2. soil disinfection: by railway carriage or compartment soil Earth scarifying, leveling, first comprehensively sterilize with Calx, lime consumption is 250kg/ mu～350kg/ mu, water the most permeable after, Dry in the sun 2-5 days, then spread plant ash and the medium sand of one layer of 5 cm thick of one layer of 1 cm thick, spray concentration is 0.5% cypermethrin And the phoxim mixed aqueous solution parasite killing of 50%；3. greenhouse booth sterilizing: ground is ploughed deeply after soil disinfection airtight booth after once again Suffocating sterilization is carried out 3 days, then ventilation process 2 days with potassium permanganate and formaldehyde；4. railway carriage or compartment is played: the planting soil ground surface after smooth is opened If face, railway carriage or compartment, railway carriage or compartment face width degree is 80～120cm, then offers irrigation ditch, railway carriage or compartment in face, railway carriage or compartment surrounding, and the width 15～30cm of irrigation ditch is poured water The degree of depth of ditch is 15～20cm, is then sown in by cultigen on face, railway carriage or compartment, and this technology requires big application rate, point spring, autumn, season in winter three Sowing；
(2) sterilization: use the ethanol of 75% strain is taken utensil, hold basin, after inoculation personnel's both hands etc. carry out disinfection, Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers strain is placed in holds in utensil by taking utensil by inoculation personnel；
(3) seed dressing: triglyceride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (1～3:1) are mixed and made into seed dressing solution with water, cultigen is mixed Even, the consumption of seed dressing solution is 25% the 35% of cultivation quality, because Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers must store enough at vegetative growth phase Nutrition, and triglyceride can be stored in mycelia to meet the needs of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers reproductive growth as nutrient substance, therefore, Extending reproductive growth period, decrease the generation of pest and disease damage, fruiting is stable, greatly increases plantation yield；This technology is The three of the core technology of the present invention；
(4) sowing: on face, railway carriage or compartment first with 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+1% gibberellins+0.5% magnesium sulfate+0.5% zinc sulfate+ The mixotrophism liquid of 10% plant ash spills face, wet whole railway carriage or compartment, more directly broadcasts sowing on face, railway carriage or compartment, the soil of rear covering 2～4cm, then Soil in railway carriage or compartment being carried out the sprinkling irrigation of 4～6 hours, until making soil moisture reach 95%, then covering one layer (2～3cm on face, railway carriage or compartment Thick) crop material, be beneficial to moisturizing；Purpose is the mycelia entrance reproduction making growing by carrying out primary spun lacing to swash Growth；If the first season was sowed at the beginning of 2 months, mycelia nourishes and grows 2,3 and April, and sporophore reproductive growth is in mid-May to 6 At the beginning of the month, within 25～40 days, growth cycle terminates, and in whole growth stage, is not less than Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers life at extremely frigid zones temperature of shed The minimum growth temperature of history, sporophore growth finishes whole life cycle for about 1 month, the first season fruiting yield be about 100～ 150kg/ mu；Then carrying out the sowing second season at the beginning of 6 months summer, mycelia nourishes and grows at the beginning of 6,7 and August, mid-August to 9 month Start fruiting, in this season, be not more than the maximum growth temperature of its life cycle, sporophore growth 30 in extremely frigid zones temperature ～within 50 days, completing whole life cycle, the second season, fruiting yield was about 150～kg/ mus, then carried out at the beginning of October broadcasting the third quarter Kind, mycelia nourishes and grows 10,11,12 and January, owing to the morning and evening temperature difference is relatively big, and 3:00～5:00 temperature in morning in canopy in a day For minimum～5 DEG C～3 DEG C, growth period of hypha extends, sporophore reproductive growth at Second Year by the end of January at the beginning of 2 months, this season Joint, is also not less than the bottom growth temperature of its life cycle in high altitudes and cold area greenhouse booth temperature, sporophore growth 40～ Within 55 days, complete whole life cycle, the second season fruiting yield 170～200kg/ mu；It is thereby achieved that the anniversary in 1 year three season Produce, and due to, high altitudes and cold area is almost without the season higher than 30 DEG C, and fruiting can extend to 30～40 days, and in temperature Spend district's Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers sporophore fruiting higher and be only 10～15 days；Strengthening application rate is one of key improving yield, additionally uses It can be that mycelial growth provides the materials such as the inorganic salt of necessity, hormone that nutritional solution sprays face, railway carriage or compartment, and additionally Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers continuous cropping more can be rich The microbiota of rich soil, thus greatly increase yield than nonoculture；
(5) foreign aid's nutrient bag is thrown in
In step 4 Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers after planting the: 7～10 days, pricking hole on nutriment bag, the side resting pocket perforate lies against Soil surface, is depressed into all with soil be fully contacted, if hole exposed in atmosphere, will cause nutrient bag in porose with institute Nutriment bacteria infection and go mouldy, the distance between foreign aid's nutrient bag is 25cm～45cm, line-spacing 30cm～50cm；
(6) vegetative stage management
In step 5 Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers after planting, it is necessary to carry out irrigation ditch, soil when causing soil to turn white because of soil water evaporation Flood irrigation and the sprinkling irrigation of face, railway carriage or compartment process, when irrigating, plus triglyceride 0.5mL/L, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and thin in water Born of the same parents mitogen 0.05mL/L, to provide the nutrition of mycelial growth, meanwhile, keeps face, railway carriage or compartment soil moisture 50%～70%, and air is wet Degree 70%～95%, temperature 12～22 DEG C；
(7) foreign aid's nutrient bag is taken away: nutrient bag is thrown in 7～40 days, covers with mycelia, and mycelia is the closeest in Nutrient bag Take away after collection, take away exogenous nutrition bag mycelia and enter one of inducement of reproductive growth, after carry out moisturizing 2L/m for the first time2, the most often Carry out spun lacing every water of 7 days benefits to swash, until former base occurs, in water, during moisturizing, add potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and cell Mitogen 0.05mL/L, the speed that spun lacing swashs is 250～1000mL/ hour square metre, each 12 hours by 40 hours, at water Before stimulating, soil wants relative being dried, the post-stimulatory soil moisture content of water 50%～65%, air humidity 85%～90%, temperature 12～22 DEG C；
(8) Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers management of producing mushroom
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. Mycelium is differentiated to form former base to after having the immature sporophore of stem and cap, enters Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers fruiting rank Section, former base occur to during growing to 3cm be a crucial period during this period of time, face, railway carriage or compartment soil moisture controls at field capacity 50%～60%, air humidity controls 85%～90%, temperature 12～22 DEG C, and condition is the most uncomfortable, and former base will be a large amount of Dead；
(9) gather
Sporophore growth 5～after 10 days, when color is become sallow by Lycoperdon polymorphum Vitt, sporophore surface begins with a small amount of white spore Reaching ripeness standard when powder occurs to gather in time, gather one for ripe one, every morning, noon, afternoon respectively pluck 1 Secondary；During harvesting, with wooden cutter from the junction of stem base portion Yu soil, neatly cut off, directly do not pull out from soil with hands Rise, in order to avoid the immature former base around damage and immature sporophore.
Further, in described step one, ground floor loading amount is test tube volume 15%, and water content is 50～75%, second Layer loading amount be test tube volume 25%, water content is 55～70%, and third layer loading amount is test tube volume 15%, water content be 40～ 55%, the 4th layer of loading amount is test tube volume 25%, and water content is 35～50%, and layer 5 loading amount is test tube volume 20%, aqueous Amount is 55～80%, and test tube mouth reserves the space of 5% and is beneficial to inner air tube circulation.
Further, in described step 2, compost major ingredient loading amount standard is no more than 3/5, reinstalls sealing compound, sealing Material loading amount standard is no less than 1/5, and charging can not be too real, plugs a batten, and bottle or bag to reserve the sky of 1/5 in the middle of material Between, to guarantee the aeration of material.
Further, in described step 3, mixing thoroughly with water after being mixed by each raw material, water content is 45%～60%, to obtain final product Foreign aid's nutrient bag nutriment, carries out nutriment successively packing, sealing, it is not necessary to autoclaving, obtains nutriment bag.
Further, in described step 4, the usage amount of fertilizer is 800～1200kg/ mus, the usage amount of Rapeseed meal It is 120～130kg/ mus.
Further, in described step 4, carrying out moisturizing for the first time after taking away foreign aid's nutrient bag, rate of water make-up is 2L/m2After, Carry out spun lacing every water of 7 days benefits to swash, until former base occurs.
Further, in described step 4, in water, during moisturizing, add potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and the basic element of cell division 0.05mL/L, the speed that spun lacing swashs is 250～1000mL/ hour square metre, each 12 hours to 40 hours, before spun lacing swashs Soil wants relative being dried, the post-stimulatory soil moisture content of water 50%～65%, air humidity 85%～90%, temperature 12～22 ℃。
Relative to prior art, the invention have the benefit that
1. the separating clone technology of the sporophore that the present invention wild (or cultivation) plants have employed five layers special and different former Material formula, because mycelia has reached the purpose of purification and rejuvenation through the growth of five layers of different compost, can directly use Produce cultigen, eliminate female kind and the making of original seed, significantly shorten the production of hybrid seeds cycle.2. the raw material when cultigen makes Mainly with Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, plant ash, cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed (or sheep, chicken) excrement, farming powder of straw, corn cob, wheat bran are main, material used Material source is the most convenient, extensive, cheap, and less investment greatly reduces cost, but improves yield.3. at nutrient bag nutriment Formula is that main used material therefor source is the most convenient, extensive, cheap with shredded paper and carbamide, less investment, greatly drop Low cost, and follow bad make use of life, work waste product, also protects ecological environment.4. carried out when whole ground basal dressing, Soil disinfection, three links of greenhouse booth sterilizing, therefore, do not have pest and disease damage to occur during planting, and improve yield.5. dress seed The mixed liquor of Shi Caiyong triglyceride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is as seed dressing liquid, because triglyceride can store as nutrient substance To meet the needs of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers reproductive growth in mycelia, therefore, extend reproductive growth period, and decrease pest and disease damage Occur, improve plantation yield.6. spraying face, railway carriage or compartment with nutritional solution before sowing can be that mycelial growth provides the inorganic salt of necessity, swashs The materials such as element, after planting carry out the sprinkling irrigation of 4～6 hours by face, railway carriage or compartment soil, it is therefore an objective to by carrying out, primary spun lacing is sharp just to be made Mycelia in growth enters reproductive growth, thus fruiting in advance, can shorten crop cycle, then cover on face, railway carriage or compartment one layer (2～ 3cm is thick) crop material, be beneficial to moisturizing and indirectly improve yield.7. Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers continuous cropping more can enrich the microorganism of soil Fauna, thus greatly increase yield than nonoculture.8. throw in foreign aid's nutrient bag Best Times be Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers after planting the 7th～ 10 days.9. taking away foreign aid's nutrient bag optimum time is 16 days, because now having overgrowed with intensive mycelia, now in nutrient bag Taking away exogenous nutrition can induce Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers to enter reproductive growth earlier, carries out moisturizing 2L/m for the first time simultaneously2Every 7 after, It water of benefit carries out spun lacing and swashs, until former base occurs, adds potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and cell divides during moisturizing in water Splitting element 0.05mL/L, the speed that spun lacing swashs is 250～1000mL/ hour square metre 2, each 12 hours by 40 hours, in spun lacing Before swashing, soil wants relative being dried, the post-stimulatory soil moisture content of water 50%～65%, air humidity 85%～90%, temperature 12 ～22 DEG C.10. when vegetative stage is irrigated, in water plus triglyceride 0.5mL/L, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and Basic element of cell division 0.05mL/L, to provide the nutrition of mycelial growth, when former base grows to period crucial for 3cm, face, railway carriage or compartment soil moisture Controlling at the 50%～60% of field capacity, air humidity controls 85%～90%, temperature 12～22 DEG C, optimum temperature 18 DEG C, condition is the most uncomfortable, and former base will mortality.
In sum, beneficial effects of the present invention: 1) at high altitudes and cold area whole year production Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, and annual production is high Reach 422kg～520kg/ mu.2) sporophore piece shape is rectified, size is uniform, bacterium emits average 2.5cm～4.0cm of girth, and bacterium emits length 2.0～3.5cm, stem girth 0.5～1.5cm, stem length 1～2cm, it is plump that bacterium emits meat, and all good rate of quality may be up to 92%.
3) fully recycled life, work waste product and leftover bits and pieces, reduced planting cost, improve yield, protection With repaired ecological environment.
Meanwhile, the present invention eliminates technology in production of hybrid seeds program and requires the highest female making planted, and wild species clone, system Waste paper common in life, litter decoration, corn cob, Semen Tritici aestivi, jade is selected when making original seed, cultigen, planting material and foreign aid's nutrient bag The cheap composts such as rice straw, wheat bran, fallen leaves, chicken manure, cattle manure, have fully recycled the production of locality, life leftover bits and pieces and material Garbages etc. had both managed simple to operation, had ecological, environmental protective, invested yield that is little and that substantially increase Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with detailed description of the invention, technical solution of the present invention is described in further detail:
A kind of high altitudes and cold area efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, is made up of following steps:
Step 1: the separating clone of the sporophore that wild (or cultivation) plants
Equipment used and technical essential: the test tube of (1) all size: 10mm × l00mm, 12mm × l00mm, 15mm × l50mm、18mm×180mm、20mm×200mm；(2) raw material: Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed (or sheep, chicken) excrement, Semen Tritici aestivi, agriculture Make powder of straw, phosphate fertilizer, white sugar, corn cob, wheat bran, pulverizing waste paper, carbamide, vitamin B1；(3) technical essential: test tube ground floor Being 25～80 parts of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footings+3～5 parts of quick lime+72 of soil～15 parts of cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed, sheep or chicken manure, the second layer is 85～65 parts Agricultural residues powder+15～35 parts of weed tree sawdusts, third layer is 10～30 portions of Semen Tritici aestivis+85～65 parts of agricultural residues powder+1～3 parts Vitamin B complex+4～2 parts of plant ash, the 4th layer is 85～65 parts of agricultural residues powder+15～35 parts of weed tree sawdusts, and layer 5 is 10 ～35 parts of corn cobs+10～30 parts of weed tree sawdusts+70～30 parts pulverize waste paper+10～5 parts of carbamide, ground floor loading amount is test tube volume 15%, water content is 50～75%, and second layer loading amount is test tube volume 25%, and water content is 55～70%, and third layer loading amount is Test tube volume 15%, water content is 40～55%, and the 4th layer of loading amount is test tube volume 25%, and water content is the 35～50%, the 5th Layer loading amount is test tube volume 20%, and water content is 55～80%, and test tube mouth reserves the space of 5% and is beneficial to inner air tube circulation. Vessel port tampon beyond the Great Wall, is 125 DEG C in temperature, and pressure is autoclaving 1 hour, at room temperature natural cooling under 0.15Mpa；Will Wild or cultivation Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers sporophore takes 1～2 block organizations of wheat grain size and is seeded on above-mentioned test tube the first layered material, is put by test tube At 12～28 DEG C, air humidity is 60%～95%, and lower lucifuge is cultivated, and after inoculation the 2nd day starts to grow mycelia, 10～15 days Until test tube covers with mycelia until take after growing sclerotium the mycelia bottom test tube or sclerotium or have mycelia, sclerotium culture medium direct It is seeded on cultigen compost；Because mycelia has reached the mesh of purification and rejuvenation through the growth of three layers of different compost , can be used directly to produce cultigen, eliminate female kind and the making of original seed, significantly shorten the production of hybrid seeds cycle.
Become dry because piece of tissue is dehydrated for a long time when ground floor Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil content is less than 25%, cause sending out Bacterium；Become thoroughly decomposed cattle, sheep or chicken manure content less than 15% time mycelia mycelia do not twist together, poor growth, even stop growing；Quick lime contains When amount is less than 3%, material easily goes mouldy, and even separates failure.Third layer is 10%～30% Semen Tritici aestivi；Third layer Semen Tritici aestivi content 10%, Vitamin B complex less than 1% and plant ash content less than 2% time also will not twist together this layer of mycelia, the most minimal amount of bacterium Silk could enter the 4th layer.Layer 5 pulverize waste paper content less than 30% and urea content less than 5% time, mycelial growth is slow, Also being formed without sclerotium, cause yield to reduce, when corn cob content is less than 10%, compost aeration is poor, easily goes mouldy.
Step 2: the making of cultigen
Equipment used and technical essential: (1) 450～the seed bottle of 750mL or polypropylene strain bag or clean discarded Cans, infusion bottle；(2) raw material: Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, plant ash, cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed (or sheep, chicken) excrement, farming powder of straw, phosphate fertilizer, White sugar, corn cob, wheat bran, carbamide；(3) technical essential: 1. cultivating major ingredient material formula is 10%～35% Semen Tritici aestivi+75%～30% Diameter 0.2～the corn stalk pellets+10% of 0.5 centimetre～30% plant ash+1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+3% phosphate fertilizer+1% stone Ash.Sending out bacterium when Semen Tritici aestivi content and plant ash content are less than 10% very slow, mycelia is not twisted together, and the sclerotium of formation is less, not even Form sclerotium, cause fruiting few, yield poorly.When Semen Tritici aestivi Content is higher than 30%, the overnutrition of mycelial growth, causes resource Waste, improves production cost simultaneously, and when corn stalk pellets is less than 10%, the aeration of raw material is poor, and the mould variability of material increases High.2. boil soaking the Semen Tritici aestivi of 24～48 hours to the inside non-whitening but do not pull out after bark rot and drain away the water, add corn straw Granule, weed tree sawdust, wheat bran are mixed thoroughly.3. potassium dihydrogen phosphate, phosphate fertilizer and Calx are dissolved completely in water and mix in said mixture Making compost, water content 50%～65%, pH is nature.4. compost sealing compound formula is: 60%～82% Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers base Foot soil, 38%～14% plant ash, 1%～3% quick lime, 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, water content 30%～45%, pH be 7.0～ 7.5；Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil content is less than 60% and plant ash content is less than 14%, sends out bacterium and waits a moment late, and the water retention property of material is poor, water Divide evaporation fast, be unfavorable for Sclerotia forming.When quick lime content is less than 1%, the most raw nematicide of sealing compound, higher than 3%, the pH value of material will Higher than 7.5, alkalescence is too strong, is unfavorable for mycelial growth.5. sealing compound bottling or pack: first compost major ingredient is loaded bottle or bag In, to bottle or pack, loading amount standard is 3/5, reinstalls sealing compound, and loading amount standard is 1/5, and charging can not be too real, interleaves in material A upper batten, to guarantee the aeration of material.6. sterilizing is sealed: 121 DEG C～125 DEG C, 0.12Mpa～0.15Mpa autoclaving 2 ～4 hours.7. inoculation: cooled down by the material after sterilizing, accesses the mycelia of step 1 isolated or sclerotium in gnotobasis, and one Test tube can connect 30～55 bottles or bag, wherein orlop connect 15～25 bottles or bag, the second layer connects 10～20 bottles, and ground floor connects 5 Bottle～10 bottles.8. cultivate: at temperature is 10～28 DEG C, lucifuge is cultivated, and optimum temperature is 18～20 DEG C, and air humidity is 55% ～90%, optimum humidity is 65%～75%, and after inoculation, starts to grow mycelia for 2-4 days, and 10～20 days mycelia bottles or purseful are straight It is cultigen to growing sclerotium.
Step 3: the making of foreign aid's nutrient bag
(1) foreign aid's nutrient bag nutriment formula: 60%～85% waste paper, 35%～10% carbamide, 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5% magnesium sulfate, 0.5% zinc sulfate, 3% Gypsum Fibrosum；Waste paper content less than 60% and urea content less than 10% time, mycelia enter The time lengthening of nutrient bag, extends the time taking away foreign aid's inter space, thus extends the vegetative growth phase of mycelia, postpone The reproductive growth time, therefore, fruiting is later, makes the growth cycle of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers extend, it is impossible to realize the production in 1 year three season, indirectly Reduce yield.(2) mixing thoroughly with water after being mixed by each raw material, water content is 45%～60%, obtains foreign aid's nutrient bag nutriment, Carry out nutriment successively packing, sealing, it is not necessary to autoclaving, obtain nutriment bag.Nutrient bag food material source is convenient, wide General, cheap, the highest to equipment requirements, less investment, greatly reduce cost, technology is simple.
Step 4: heliogreenhouse shed (having ventilation, irrigation equipment) is planted, and Zhou Nianjun can plant, and this step includes following mistake Journey: (stereo planting can also be carried out with plantation layer frame in canopy, spatial planting technology is researched and developed)
(1) whole ground and sowing: 1. basal dressing: organic fertilizer and Rapeseed meal are as base manure, and the usage amount of fertilizer is 800 ～1200kg/ mu, the usage amount of Rapeseed meal is 120～130kg/ mus；2. soil disinfection: by soil scarifying in railway carriage or compartment, flattens, first Comprehensively sterilizing with Calx, lime consumption is 250kg/ mu～350kg/ mu, water the most permeable after, dry in the sun 2-5 days, then spread The plant ash of one layer of 1 cm thick and the medium sand of one layer of 5 cm thick, spray 0.5% cypermethrin and the mixing of 50% phoxim is water-soluble Liquid parasite killing；3. greenhouse booth sterilizing: ground is ploughed deeply after soil disinfection airtight booth potassium permanganate and formaldehyde after once again and smokes Steam sterilizing 3 days, then ventilation process 2 days；4. play railway carriage or compartment: the planting soil ground surface after smooth offers face, railway carriage or compartment, railway carriage or compartment face width degree be 80～ 120cm, then offer irrigation ditch, railway carriage or compartment in face, railway carriage or compartment surrounding, the width 15～30cm of irrigation ditch, the degree of depth of irrigation ditch is 15～20cm, so After cultigen is sown on face, railway carriage or compartment, this technology requires big application rate, point spring, autumn, the sowing of season in winter three.
(2) sterilization: use the ethanol of 75% strain to be taken utensil, holds basin, after inoculation personnel's hands etc. carries out disinfection, connect Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers strain is placed in holds in utensil by taking utensil by kind of personnel.
(3) seed dressing: triglyceride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (1～3:1) are mixed and made into seed dressing solution with water, cultigen is mixed Even, the consumption of seed dressing solution is 25% the 35% of cultivation quality, because Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers must store enough at vegetative growth phase Nutrition, and triglyceride can be stored in mycelia to meet the needs of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers reproductive growth as nutrient substance, therefore, Extending reproductive growth period, decrease the generation of pest and disease damage, fruiting is stable, greatly increases plantation yield.This technology is The three of the core technology of the present invention.
(4) sowing: on face, railway carriage or compartment first with 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+1% gibberellins+0.5% magnesium sulfate+0.5% zinc sulfate+ The mixotrophism liquid of 10% plant ash spills face, suitable whole railway carriage or compartment, sprays this nutritional solution, can effectively break the dormancy of mycelia, provide simultaneously Mycelia nourishes and grows required various salt.Directly broadcast sowing on face, railway carriage or compartment again, the soil of rear covering 2～4cm, then railway carriage or compartment soil is entered Row 4～the sprinkling irrigation of 6 hours, until making soil moisture reach 95%, then cover the crop straw of a layer (2～3cm is thick) on face, railway carriage or compartment Stalk, is beneficial to moisturizing.Purpose is the mycelia entrance reproductive growth making growing by carrying out primary spun lacing to swash.If the One season was sowed at the beginning of 2 months, and mycelia nourishes and grows 2,3 and April, sporophore reproductive growth at the beginning of mid-May to 6 month, 25～40 It growth cycle terminates, and in whole growth stage, is not less than the minimum life of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers life cycle at extremely frigid zones temperature of shed Long temperature, sporophore growth finishes whole life cycle for about 1 month, and the first season, fruiting yield was about 100～150kg/ mus.Connect And carrying out the sowing second season at the beginning of 6 months summer, mycelia nourishes and grows and is starting fruiting at the beginning of 6,7 and August, mid-August to 9 month, this In individual season, it is not more than the maximum growth temperature of its life cycle in extremely frigid zones temperature, sporophore growth 30～complete for 50 days Whole life cycle, the second season, fruiting yield was about 150～kg/ mus, then carry out third quarter sowing, mycelia nutrition at the beginning of October Be grown in 10,11,12 and January, owing to the morning and evening temperature difference is relatively big, in one day in canopy morning 3:00～5:00 temperature be minimum～5 DEG C ～3 DEG C, growth period of hypha extends, sporophore reproductive growth at Second Year by the end of January at the beginning of 2 months, this season, in high and cold high sea District's greenhouse booth temperature of rising sheer from level ground also is not less than the bottom growth temperature of its life cycle, and sporophore growth 40～55 completes whole life Live history, the second season fruiting yield 170～200kg/ mu.It is thereby achieved that the whole year production in 1 year three season, and due to, high and cold High altitude localities is almost without the season higher than 30 DEG C, and fruiting can extend to 30～40 days, and at temperature district's Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers higher Sporophore fruiting only has 10～15 days.Strengthening application rate is one of key improving yield, and additionally spraying face, railway carriage or compartment with nutritional solution can Thinking that mycelial growth provides the materials such as the inorganic salt of necessity, hormone, additionally Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers continuous cropping more can enrich the microbiota of soil System, thus greatly increase yield than nonoculture.
(5) foreign aid's nutrient bag is thrown in
In step 4 Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers after planting the: 7～10 days, pricking hole on nutriment bag, the side resting pocket perforate lies against Soil surface, is depressed into all with soil be fully contacted, if hole exposed in atmosphere, will cause nutrient bag in porose with institute Nutriment bacteria infection and go mouldy, the distance between foreign aid's nutrient bag is 25cm～45cm, line-spacing 30cm～50cm.
(6) vegetative stage management
In step 5 Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers after planting, it is necessary to carry out irrigation ditch, soil when causing soil to turn white because of soil water evaporation Flood irrigation and the sprinkling irrigation of face, railway carriage or compartment process, when irrigating, plus triglyceride 0.5mL/L, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and thin in water Born of the same parents mitogen 0.05mL/L, to provide the nutrition of mycelial growth, meanwhile, keeps face, railway carriage or compartment soil moisture 50%～70%, the adaptability of soil Earth humidity 65%, air humidity 70%～95%, the suitableeest air humidity 75%, temperature 12～22 DEG C, optimum temperature 20 DEG C.
(7) foreign aid's nutrient bag is taken away: nutrient bag is thrown in 7～40 days, covers with mycelia, and mycelia is the closeest in Nutrient bag Exogenous nutrition bag is taken away after collection；Take away exogenous nutrition bag mycelia and enter one of inducement of reproductive growth, after carry out moisturizing for the first time 2L/m2Carry out spun lacing every water of 7 days benefits after, to swash, until former base occurs, in water, during moisturizing, add potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and basic element of cell division 0.05mL/L, the speed that spun lacing swashs is 250～1000mL/ hour square metre, each 12 hours By 40 hours, before spun lacing swashs, soil wanted relative being dried, the post-stimulatory soil moisture content of water 50%～65%, air humidity 85%～90%, temperature 12～22 DEG C；
(8) Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers management of producing mushroom
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. Mycelium is differentiated to form former base to after having the immature sporophore of stem and cap, enters Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers fruiting rank Section, former base occur to during growing to 3cm be a crucial period during this period of time, face, railway carriage or compartment soil moisture controls at field capacity 50%～60%, air humidity controls 85%～90%, temperature 12～22 DEG C, and condition is the most uncomfortable, and former base will be a large amount of Dead；
(9) gather
Sporophore growth 5～after 10 days, when color is become sallow by Lycoperdon polymorphum Vitt, sporophore surface begins with a small amount of white spore Reaching ripeness standard when powder occurs to gather in time, gather one for ripe one, every morning, noon, afternoon pluck 1 Secondary.During harvesting, with wooden cutter from the junction of stem base portion Yu soil, neatly cut off, directly do not pull out from soil with hands Rise, in order to avoid the immature former base around damage and immature sporophore.
Embodiment 1
Enforcement place: Gansu nationality normal college height fungal pathogens research and teaching practice base, Hezuo City, Gansu Province, height above sea level 3090 meters, average annual temperature 1.7 DEG C, without absolute frost-free period.
On April 15th, 2013 after the Hezuo City soil of high altitudes and cold just thaws on Gansu nationality normal college plateau Fungus research and teaching practice base sunshade net cool canopy conventional method 3 cloudy canopies of plantation, each canopy area 600m2, to August often See in individual canopy less than 10 sporophore, and sporophore is little.Then within 15th, two quarterly test kinds are carried out with same cool canopy, directly in JIUYUE To on April 20th, 2014 to May 20,3 cloudy canopies have grown 40 sporophore altogether.On March 15th, 2013 is simultaneously at sunlight Carry out planting technology in the canopy of room and improve test, achieve beyond thought technique effect, 2013～so far, through 4 years annual 3 Season repeat test, result of the test can repeat and obtain successfully.
Embodiment 2
Enforcement place: village of Zhuoni County township of Gansu Province, between mean sea level 2000-2920 rice, average annual temperature 4.6 DEG C, Annual precipitation 584 millimeters, heliogreenhouse shed plantation sum is 18 canopies, and area is 18 mu.The plantation enforcement time: March 10 in 2014 Day～on March 20th, 2016.
Specific implementation process is as follows.
Step 1: the separating clone of the sporophore that wild (or cultivation) plants
(1) test tube used by: 15mm × l50mm (2) raw material: Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed (or sheep, chicken) excrement, Semen Tritici aestivi, agriculture Make powder of straw, phosphate fertilizer, white sugar, corn cob, wheat bran, pulverizing waste paper, carbamide, vitamin B；(3) technical essential: test tube ground floor is 80 parts of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footings soil+15 parts of cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed of+5 parts of quick lime, sheep or chicken manure, the second layer is 65 parts of agricultural residues powder+35 parts Weed tree sawdust, third layer is+65 parts of agricultural residues powder of 30 portions of Semen Tritici aestivis+2 parts of plant ash of+3 parts of vitamin B complexes, and the 4th layer is 65 parts + 35 parts of weed tree sawdusts of agricultural residues powder, layer 5 is that+30 parts of weed tree sawdusts of 35 parts of corn cobs+30 parts pulverize+5 parts of carbamide of waste paper, examination Tampon on pipe close, sterilizing 1 hour, at room temperature natural cooling in 121 DEG C of pressure cookers.By wild or cultivation Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers sporophore Piece of tissue is with adopting with on the soil being seeded in humidity, and the method has reached simple open-sky technique, not by ambient environmental conditions Limitation and restriction.Being placed on by test tube at 20 DEG C, air humidity is 75%, and optimum humidity is that 80% time lucifuge is cultivated, after inoculation the 2nd It starts to grow mycelia, the culture medium direct inoculation taking mycelia, sclerotium after covering with mycelia in test tube and growing sclerotium in 13 days On cultigen compost.
Step 2: the making of cultigen
(1) the discarded Cans cleaned of 450mL, infusion bottle are selected；(2) raw material: Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, plant ash, Become thoroughly decomposed cattle (or sheep, chicken) excrement, farming powder of straw, phosphate fertilizer, white sugar, corn cob, wheat bran, carbamide；(3) technical essential: 1. cultivate master Material material formula is corn stalk pellets+30% plant ash+1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+3% of 35% Semen Tritici aestivi+30% diameter 0.5 centimetre Phosphate fertilizer+1% Calx.2. boil soaking the Semen Tritici aestivi of 48 hours to the inside non-whitening but do not pull out after bark rot and drain away the water, add jade Rice stalk particle, weed tree sawdust, wheat bran are mixed thoroughly.3. potassium dihydrogen phosphate, phosphate fertilizer and Calx are dissolved completely in water and mix above-mentioned mixed Making compost, water content 50% in compound, pH is nature.4. compost sealing compound formula is: 82% Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, 14% plant ash, 3% quick lime, 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, containing hydraulic quantity 40%, pH is nature.5. sealing compound bottling or pack: First being loaded in bottle or bag by compost major ingredient, bottle or pack, loading amount standard is 3/5, reinstalls sealing compound, and loading amount standard is 1/ 5, charging can not be too real, plugs a batten in the middle of material, to guarantee the aeration of material.6. sterilizing is sealed: 121 DEG C of autoclavings 3 Hour.7. inoculation: the material after sterilizing is cooled down, in mycelia or the sclerotium of access step 1 isolated in gnotobasis, one Test tube can connect 35 bottles, wherein orlop connect 15 bottles or bag, the second layer connects 10 bottles, and ground floor connects 5 bottles.8. cultivate: in temperature be 18 DEG C, air humidity is 55%, and optimum humidity is 75%, and after inoculation the 2nd day starts to grow mycelia, 13 days mycelia bottles and grow bacterium Core is cultigen.
Step 3: the making of foreign aid's nutrient bag
(1) foreign aid's nutrient bag nutriment formula: 85% waste paper, 10% carbamide, 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5% magnesium sulfate, 0.5% zinc sulfate, 3% Gypsum Fibrosum；(2) mixing thoroughly with water after being mixed by each raw material, water content is 45%, obtains foreign aid's nutrient bag and supports Material, carries out nutriment successively packing, sealing, it is not necessary to autoclaving, obtains nutriment bag.
Step 4: having ventilation, the plantation of irrigation equipment heliogreenhouse shed, this step includes procedure below:
(1) whole ground and sowing: 1. basal dressing: organic fertilizer and Rapeseed meal as base manure, the usage amount of fertilizer are 800kg/ mu, the usage amount of Rapeseed meal is 120kg/ mu；2. soil disinfection: by soil scarifying in railway carriage or compartment, leveling, first enter with Calx Row comprehensively sterilization, lime consumption is 250kg/ mu, water the most permeable after, dry in the sun 2 days, then spread the plant ash of one layer of 1 cm thick With the medium sand of one layer of 5 cm thick, spray 0.5% cypermethrin and 50% phoxim mixed aqueous solution parasite killing；3. greenhouse booth sterilizing: Ground is ploughed deeply after soil disinfection airtight booth potassium permanganate and formaldehyde after once again and carries out suffocating sterilization 3 days, then ventilation Manage 2 days；4. playing railway carriage or compartment: the planting soil ground surface after smooth offers face, railway carriage or compartment, railway carriage or compartment face width degree is 80cm, then offers railway carriage or compartment filling in face, railway carriage or compartment surrounding Ditch, the width 15～30cm of irrigation ditch, the degree of depth of irrigation ditch is 15cm, is then sown on face, railway carriage or compartment by cultigen.Strain amount It is 1 bottle/m2。
(2) sterilization: use the ethanol of 75% strain to be taken utensil, holds basin, after inoculation personnel's hands etc. carries out disinfection, connect Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers strain is placed in holds in utensil by taking utensil by kind of personnel.
(3) seed dressing: triglyceride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (1:1) are mixed and made into seed dressing solution with water, cultigen is mixed thoroughly, The consumption of seed dressing solution is the 25% of cultivation quality.
(4) sowing: on face, railway carriage or compartment first with 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+1% gibberellins+0.5% magnesium sulfate+0.5% zinc sulfate+ The mixotrophism liquid of 10% plant ash spills face, suitable whole railway carriage or compartment, more directly broadcasts sowing on face, railway carriage or compartment, the rear soil covering 2cm, then will Railway carriage or compartment soil carries out the sprinkling irrigation of 4 hours, until making soil moisture reach 95%, then covers the crop of a layer (2cm is thick) on face, railway carriage or compartment Straw.The first season was sowed February 8, and mycelia nourishes and grows 2,3 and April, started fruiting, June 15, growth week on May 2 Phase terminates substantially, and in whole growth stage, in extremely frigid zones canopy, minimum temperature controls at 3～12 DEG C, and maximum temperature controls 14 DEG C～26 DEG C, sporophore growth finishes whole life cycle for nearly about 40 days, the first season fruiting yield 124kg/ mu～ 135kg/ mu.Then carrying out the sowing second season June 10 summer, mycelia nourishes and grows 6,7 and August, and JIUYUE starts on the 1st Mushroom, in this season, in extremely frigid zones canopy, maximum temperature controls at 12 DEG C～24 DEG C, and sporophore growth completes whole life in 48 days Living history, the second season, fruiting yield 139kg/ mu～148kg/ mu, then carried out the third quarter sowing October 15, and mycelia nourishes and grows 10,11,12, owing to the morning and evening temperature difference is relatively big, in one day in canopy morning 3:00～5:00 temperature be minimum-5 DEG C～3 DEG C, mycelia Trophophase extends, and sporophore reproductive growth completes whole life cycle in 55 days at the January 24 of Second Year, sporophore growth, the Three season fruiting yield 155kg/ mu～172kg/ mu.Gross annual output amount is about 419kg/ mu～445kg/ mu it is thereby achieved that one The whole year production of Nian Sanji.
(5) foreign aid's nutrient bag is thrown in
In step 4 Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers after planting the: 7 days, pricking hole on nutriment bag, the side resting pocket perforate lies against soil Surface, is depressed into all with soil be fully contacted, if by hole exposure in atmosphere, will cause nutriment nutrient bag in porose with institute Bacteria infection and go mouldy, the distance between foreign aid's nutrient bag is 25cm, line-spacing 30cm.
(6) vegetative stage management
After strain sowing, as long as occurring that soil turns white, just carrying out the flood irrigation of irrigation ditch, soil and the sprinkling irrigation of face, railway carriage or compartment processes, filling When irrigating, plus triglyceride 0.5mL/L, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and basic element of cell division 0.05mL/L in water, to provide bacterium The nutrition of silk growth, meanwhile, keeps face, railway carriage or compartment soil moisture 50%%, the suitableeest soil moisture 65%, air humidity 70%, the suitableeest sky Air humidity degree 75%, temperature 16 DEG C, optimum temperature 20 DEG C.
(7) take away foreign aid's nutrient bag: nutrient bag is thrown in 25 days, takes away after covering with mycelia in nutrient bag, take away external source battalion Support bag and carry out moisturizing 2L/m for the first time2Carry out spun lacing every water of 7 days benefits after, to swash, until former base occurs, to water during moisturizing Middle addition potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and basic element of cell division 0.05mL/L, the speed that spun lacing swashs is 250mL/ hour square metre 2, each 12 hours, before spun lacing swashs, soil wanted relative being dried, the post-stimulatory soil moisture content of water 50%%, air humidity 85%, temperature 16 DEG C.
(8) Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers management of producing mushroom
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. Mycelium is differentiated to form former base to after having the immature sporophore of stem and cap, enters Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers fruiting rank Section, former base occur to during growing to 3cm be a crucial period during this period of time, face, railway carriage or compartment soil moisture controls at field capacity 50%, air humidity controls 85%, temperature 15～22 DEG C, the phenomenon of former base mortality does not occur.
(9) gather
Sporophore growth 5～after 10 days, when color is become sallow by Lycoperdon polymorphum Vitt, sporophore surface begins with a small amount of white spore Reaching ripeness standard when powder occurs to gather in time, gather one for ripe one, every morning, noon, afternoon pluck 1 Secondary.During harvesting, with wooden cutter from the junction of stem base portion Yu soil, neatly cut off, directly do not pull out from soil with hands Rise, in order to avoid the immature former base around damage and immature sporophore.Respectively on June 18th, 2014, October 13, February 20 Day investigating sporophore generation quantity in canopy successively, the survey showed that, 18 canopy each canopy per season sporophore quantity For respectively 34～45/m2, 38～58/m2, 44～70/m2, the quantity of anniversary sporophore is 124～171/m2, single The weight of individual mature sporophore is 2.25～20.42g, and averagely according to 4.0g/ calculating, the annual production of each canopy of each canopy is 330.83kg/ mu～456.22kg/ mu, each canopy average annual productivity is 438.5kg/ mu.
Embodiment 3
Implement place: 20, village of Ledu County township of Qinghai Province canopy, the gross area is 19.3 mu.
The plantation enforcement time: on April 24th, 2015～on May 22nd, 2016.
(1) test tube of all size: 20mm × 200mm；(2) raw material: Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed (or sheep, chicken) excrement, Semen Tritici aestivi, farming powder of straw, phosphate fertilizer, white sugar, corn cob, wheat bran, pulverizing waste paper, carbamide, vitamin B；(3) technical essential: test tube Culture base-material divides five layers of setting in a reservoir, and according to mass fraction, each layer is particularly as follows: ground floor is 50 parts of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil + 46 parts of cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed of+4 parts of quick lime, sheep or chicken manure, the second layer is+25 parts of weed tree sawdusts of 75 parts of agricultural residues powder, and third layer is 20 Part+75 parts of agricultural residues powder of Semen Tritici aestivi+3 parts of plant ash of+2 parts of vitamin B complexes, the 4th layer is 75 parts of agricultural residues powder+25 parts Weed tree sawdust, layer 5 is that+20 parts of weed tree sawdusts of 25 parts of corn cobs+48 parts pulverize+7 parts of carbamide of waste paper, and ground floor loading amount is that test tube holds Long-pending 15%, water content is 50～75%, and second layer loading amount is test tube volume 25%, and water content is 55～70%, third layer loading amount For test tube volume 15%, water content is 40～55%, and the 4th layer of loading amount is test tube volume 25%, and water content is 35～50%, the Five layers of loading amount are test tube volume 20%, and water content is 55～80%, and test tube mouth reserves the space of 5% and is beneficial to inner air tube stream Logical, tampon on test tube plug, sterilizing 1 hour, at room temperature natural cooling in the pressure cooker at 125 DEG C.By wild or cultivation sheep Tripe mushroom solid tissue block is with adopting with on the soil being seeded in humidity, and it is at 16～20 DEG C that test tube is placed on temperature, and air humidity is 60%～95%, lower lucifuge is cultivated, and after inoculation the 2nd day starts to grow mycelia, cover with mycelia or grow bacterium in 10～15 days test tubes After core desirable test tube have mycelia, sclerotium culture medium direct inoculation on cultigen compost.
Equipment used and technical essential: seed bottle (2) raw material of (1) 750mL: Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, plant ash, cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed (or sheep, chicken) excrement, farming powder of straw, phosphate fertilizer, white sugar, corn cob, wheat bran, carbamide；(3) technical essential: 1. cultivate major ingredient material and join Side be 20% Semen Tritici aestivi+35% diameter 0.5 centimetre corn stalk pellets+20% plant ash+20% wheat bran+1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+ 3% phosphate fertilizer+1% Calx.2. boil soaking the Semen Tritici aestivi of 36 hours to the inside non-whitening but do not pull out after bark rot and drain away the water, add Corn stalk pellets, weed tree sawdust, wheat bran are mixed thoroughly.3. potassium dihydrogen phosphate, phosphate fertilizer and Calx are dissolved completely in water and mix above-mentioned Making compost, water content 65% in mixture, pH is nature.4. compost sealing compound formula is: 85% Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, 15% plant ash, 1% quick lime, 1% sugar, containing hydraulic quantity 30%～45%, pH is nature.5. sealing compound bottling or pack: first Being loaded in bottle or bag by compost major ingredient, bottle or pack, loading amount standard is 3/5, reinstalls sealing compound, and loading amount standard is 1/5, Charging can not be too real, plugs a batten in the middle of material, to guarantee the aeration of material.6. sterilizing is sealed: 121 DEG C of autoclavings 2 are little Time.7. inoculation: cooled down by the material after sterilizing, accesses mycelia or sclerotium, a test tube of step 1 isolated in gnotobasis Connecing 30～40 bottles, wherein orlop connects 15～20 bottles, and the second layer connects 10～15 bottles, and ground floor connects 5 bottles～10 bottles.8. cultivate: Temperature be at 10～28 DEG C lucifuge cultivate, air humidity is 55%～65%, and after inoculation the 36th hour starts to grow mycelia, 10～ 20 days mycelia bottles also grow sclerotium and are cultigen.
Step 3: the making of foreign aid's nutrient bag
(1) foreign aid's nutrient bag nutriment formula: 85% waste paper, 10% carbamide, 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5% magnesium sulfate, 0.5% zinc sulfate, 3% Gypsum Fibrosum (2) by each raw material mix after mix thoroughly with water, water content is 60%, obtains foreign aid's nutrient bag nutriment, Carry out nutriment successively packing, sealing, it is not necessary to autoclaving, obtain nutriment bag.
Step 4: heliogreenhouse shed (having ventilation, irrigation equipment) is planted, and Zhou Nianjun can plant, and this step includes following mistake Journey: (stereo planting can also be carried out with plantation layer frame in canopy, spatial planting technology is researched and developed)
(1) whole ground and sowing: 1. basal dressing: organic fertilizer and Rapeseed meal as base manure, the usage amount of fertilizer are 1200kg/ mu, the usage amount of Rapeseed meal is 130kg/ mu；2. soil disinfection: by soil scarifying in railway carriage or compartment, leveling, first use Calx Comprehensively sterilizing, lime consumption is 350kg/ mu, water the most permeable after, dry in the sun 4 days, then spread the vegetation of one layer of 1 cm thick Ash and the medium sand of one layer of 5 cm thick, spray 0.5% cypermethrin and 50% phoxim mixed aqueous solution parasite killing；3. greenhouse booth goes out Bacterium: ground is ploughed deeply after soil disinfection airtight booth potassium permanganate and formaldehyde after once again and carries out suffocating sterilization 3 days, then ventilate Process 2 days；4. playing railway carriage or compartment: the planting soil ground surface after smooth offers face, railway carriage or compartment, railway carriage or compartment face width degree is 120cm, then offers in face, railway carriage or compartment surrounding Irrigation ditch, railway carriage or compartment, the width 30cm of irrigation ditch, the degree of depth of irrigation ditch is 20cm, is then sown on face, railway carriage or compartment by cultigen.Strain amount It is 2 bottles/m2。
(2) sterilization: use the ethanol of 75% strain to be taken utensil, holds basin, after inoculation personnel's hands etc. carries out disinfection, connect Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers strain is placed in holds in utensil by taking utensil by kind of personnel.
(3) seed dressing: triglyceride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (1～3) are mixed and made into seed dressing solution with water, cultigen is mixed Even, the consumption of seed dressing solution is the 35% of cultivation quality.
(4) sowing: on face, railway carriage or compartment first with 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+1% gibberellins+0.5% magnesium sulfate+0.5% zinc sulfate+ The mixotrophism liquid of 10% plant ash spills face, suitable whole railway carriage or compartment, more directly broadcasts sowing on face, railway carriage or compartment, the soil of rear covering 2～4cm, then Railway carriage or compartment soil being carried out the sprinkling irrigation of 6 hours, until making soil moisture reach 95%, then on face, railway carriage or compartment, covering the work of a layer (3cm is thick) Thing straw, is beneficial to moisturizing.Purpose is the mycelia entrance reproductive growth making growing by carrying out primary spun lacing to swash.As Really sowing in April 24 first season, mycelia nourishes and grows 5,6 and July, sporophore reproductive growth in June 18～July 10,8 Months about 20 days, growth cycle terminated, the first season fruiting yield 138～155kg/ mu.Then within 10th, second is carried out in JIUYUE summer Season is sowed, and mycelia nourishes and grows 10,11 and December, starts fruiting at 19 days on the 10th, and December sporophore on the 5th completes whole life Live history, the second season fruiting yield 161～180kg/ mu, then December carries out third quarter sowing on 20th, and mycelia nourishes and grows 2015 1,2 and March, owing to the morning and evening temperature difference is relatively big, in one day in canopy morning 3:00～5:00 temperature be minimum～4 DEG C～4 DEG C, Growth period of hypha extends, and March 6 started fruiting, completed whole life cycle April 26, and the fruiting phase is up to 55 days, and the third quarter goes out Mushroom yield 172～200kg/ mu.Therefore, also achieve the whole year production in 1 year three season, gross annual output amount be about 472kg/ mu～ 535kg/ mu, it is thereby achieved that the whole year production in 1 year three season, and obtain high yield.
(5) foreign aid's nutrient bag is thrown in
In step 4 Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers after planting the: 10 days, pricking hole on nutriment bag, the side resting pocket perforate lies against soil Earth surface, is depressed into and porose is all fully contacted with soil with institute, if by hole exposure in atmosphere, will cause in nutrient bag is foster Expecting that bacteria infection goes mouldy, the distance between foreign aid's nutrient bag is 45cm, line-spacing 50cm.
(6) vegetative stage management
In step 5 Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers after planting, as long as occurring that soil turns white it is necessary to carry out the flood irrigation of irrigation ditch, soil and the sprinkling irrigation of face, railway carriage or compartment Process, when irrigating, plus triglyceride 0.5mL/L, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and basic element of cell division 0.05mL/ in water L, to provide the nutrition of mycelial growth, meanwhile, keeps face, railway carriage or compartment soil moisture 50%～70%, air humidity 70%～95%, temperature Spend 12～22 DEG C.
(7) foreign aid's nutrient bag is taken away: nutrient bag is thrown in 40 days, covers with mycelia, and mycelia is the most intensive in Nutrient bag After take away, take away exogenous nutrition bag mycelia and enter one of inducement of reproductive growth, after carry out moisturizing 2L/m for the first time2Every 7 after, It water of benefit carries out spun lacing and swashs, until former base occurs, adds potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and cell divides during moisturizing in water Splitting element 0.05mL/L, the speed that spun lacing swashs is 250～1000mL/ hour square metre 2, each 20 hours, soil before spun lacing swashs Want relative being dried, the post-stimulatory soil moisture content of water 50%～65%, air humidity 85%～90%, temperature 12～22 DEG C. (8) Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers management of producing mushroom
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. Mycelium is differentiated to form former base to after having the immature sporophore of stem and cap, enters Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers fruiting rank Section, former base occur to during growing to 3cm be a crucial period during this period of time, face, railway carriage or compartment soil moisture controls at field capacity 50%～60%, air humidity controls 85%～90%, and former base mortality do not occur in temperature 12～22 DEG C.
(9) gather
Sporophore growth 5～after 10 days, when color is become sallow by Lycoperdon polymorphum Vitt, sporophore surface begins with a small amount of white spore Reaching ripeness standard when powder occurs to gather in time, gather one for ripe one, every morning, noon, afternoon pluck 1 Secondary.During harvesting, with wooden cutter from the junction of stem base portion Yu soil, neatly cut off, directly do not pull out from soil with hands Rise, in order to avoid the immature former base around damage and immature sporophore.
Respectively on August 23rd, 2015, December 8 days, April 28 to canopy in sporophore generation quantity investigate successively, The survey showed that, 18 canopy each canopy per season sporophore total quantity be respectively 35～50/m2, 44～60/m2、50 ～72/m2, the quantity of anniversary sporophore is 129～182/m2, the weight of single mature sporophore is 2.75～17.66g, Average according to 4.0g/ calculating, the annual production of each canopy is about 344.17kg/ mu～485.58kg/ mu, and each canopy is averagely produced per year Amount is about 468.8kg/ mu.It is thereby achieved that the whole year production in 1 year three season, and obtain high yield.
Embodiment 4, other are with embodiment 3
In step 1, culture base-material divides five layers of setting in a reservoir, and according to mass fraction, each layer is particularly as follows: ground floor is 25 parts of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footings soil+72 parts of cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed of+3 parts of quick lime, sheep or chicken manure, the second layer is 85 parts of agricultural residues powder+15 parts Weed tree sawdust, third layer is+85 parts of agricultural residues powder of 10 portions of Semen Tritici aestivis+4 parts of plant ash of+1 part of vitamin B complex, and the 4th layer is 85 parts + 15 parts of weed tree sawdusts of agricultural residues powder, layer 5 is that+10 parts of weed tree sawdusts of 10 parts of corn cobs+70 parts pulverize+10 parts of carbamide of waste paper；
Respectively on August 23rd, 2015, December 8 days, April 28 to canopy in sporophore generation quantity investigate successively, The survey showed that, 18 canopy each canopy per season sporophore total quantity be respectively 30～40/m2, 40～50/m2、40 ～60/m2, the quantity of anniversary sporophore is 100～153/m2, the weight of single mature sporophore is 2.75～17.66g, Yield is compared embodiment 3 and is slightly reduced, but remains to reach the high yield in 1 year three season.
Embodiment 5, other are with embodiment 3
In step one, test tube ground floor is 20 parts of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil+12 parts of cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed of+2 parts of quick lime, sheep or chicken manure, The second layer is 85～65 parts of agricultural residues powder+15～35 parts of weed tree sawdusts, and third layer is 8 portions of Semen Tritici aestivis+85～65 parts of crops straw Stalk powder+1 part of plant ash of+0.5 part of vitamin B complex, the 4th layer is 85～65 parts of agricultural residues powder+15～35 parts of weed tree sawdusts, the Five layers be 10～35 parts of corn cobs+10～30 parts of weed tree sawdusts+70～30 parts pulverize waste paper+10～5 parts of carbamide, ground floor loading amount is Test tube volume 15%, water content is 50～75%, and second layer loading amount is test tube volume 25%, and water content is the 55～70%, the 3rd Layer loading amount be test tube volume 15%, water content is 40～55%, and the 4th layer of loading amount is test tube volume 25%, water content be 35～ 50%, layer 5 loading amount is test tube volume 20%, and water content is 55～80%, and test tube mouth reserves the space of 5% and is beneficial in pipe Air circulates.
Become dry because piece of tissue is dehydrated for a long time when ground floor Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil content is less than 25%, cause sending out Bacterium；Become thoroughly decomposed cattle, sheep or chicken manure content less than 15% time mycelia mycelia do not twist together, poor growth, even stop growing；Quick lime contains When amount is less than 3%, material easily goes mouldy, and even separates failure.Third layer is 10%～30% Semen Tritici aestivi；Third layer Semen Tritici aestivi content 10%, Vitamin B complex less than 1% and plant ash content less than 2% time also will not twist together this layer of mycelia, the most minimal amount of bacterium Silk could enter the 4th layer.Layer 5 pulverize waste paper content less than 30% and urea content less than 5% time, mycelial growth is slow, Also being formed without sclerotium, cause yield to reduce, when corn cob content is less than 10%, compost aeration is poor, easily goes mouldy.
In step 2, cultivate corn stalk pellets that major ingredient material formula is 8% Semen Tritici aestivi+79% diameter 0.2～0.5 centimetre+ 8% plant ash+1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+3% phosphate fertilizer+1% Calx.Bacterium is sent out very when Semen Tritici aestivi content and plant ash content are less than 10% Slowly, mycelia is not twisted together, and the sclerotium of formation is less, does not even form sclerotium, causes fruiting few, yields poorly.Semen Tritici aestivi Content During higher than 30%, the overnutrition of mycelial growth, cause the wasting of resources, improve production cost simultaneously, corn stalk pellets is low In 10% time, the aeration of raw material is poor, and the mould variability of material increases.
Compost sealing compound formula is: 55% Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, 43.5% plant ash, 0.5% quick lime, 1% phosphoric acid Potassium dihydrogen, water content 30%～45%, pH is 7.0～7.5；Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil content is less than with plant ash content less than 60% 14%, to send out bacterium and wait a moment late, the water retention property of material is poor, and moisture evaporation is fast, is unfavorable for Sclerotia forming.When quick lime content is less than 1%, The most raw nematicide of sealing compound, higher than 3%, the pH value of material will be above 7.5, and alkalescence is too strong, is unfavorable for mycelial growth.
Step 3: the making of foreign aid's nutrient bag
(1) foreign aid's nutrient bag nutriment formula: 56% waste paper, 39% carbamide, 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5% magnesium sulfate, 0.5% zinc sulfate, 3% Gypsum Fibrosum；Waste paper content less than 60% and urea content less than 10% time, mycelia enter nutrient bag time Extend, extend the time taking away foreign aid's inter space, thus extend the vegetative growth phase of mycelia, when having postponed reproductive growth Between, therefore, fruiting is later, makes the growth cycle of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers extend, it is impossible to realize the production in 1 year three season, indirectly reduce product Amount.
Because condition of culture is the most up to standard, Gansu nationality normal college after the Hezuo City soil of high altitudes and cold just thaws High fungal pathogens research and teaching practice base 3 cloudy canopies of sunshade net screenhouse, each canopy area 600m2, to August each See in canopy less than 20 sporophore, and sporophore is little.Difference on effect is obvious.
The above, the only detailed description of the invention of the present invention, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any The change expected without creative work or replacement, all should contain within protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, the present invention Protection domain should be as the criterion with the protection domain that claims are limited.

Claims (7)

1. the high altitudes and cold area efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, it is characterised in that be made up of following steps:
Step 1: the separating clone of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers sporophore:
Culture base-material divides five layers of setting in a reservoir, and according to mass fraction, each layer is particularly as follows: ground floor is 25～80 parts of Gaster caprae seu Ovis Bacterium footing+3～5 parts of quick lime+72 of soil～15 parts of cattle of becoming thoroughly decomposed, sheep or chicken manure, the second layer is 85～65 parts of agricultural residues powder+15 ～35 parts of weed tree sawdusts, third layer is 10～30 portions of Semen Tritici aestivis+85～65 parts of agricultural residues powder+1～3 parts of vitamin B complexes+4～2 parts Plant ash, the 4th layer is 85～65 parts of agricultural residues powder+15～35 parts of weed tree sawdusts, and layer 5 is 10～35 parts of corn cobs+10 ～30 parts of weed tree sawdusts+70～30 parts pulverize waste paper+10～5 parts of carbamide, vessel port tampon beyond the Great Wall, being 125 DEG C in temperature, pressure is Autoclaving 1 hour, at room temperature natural cooling under 0.15Mpa；Wild or cultivation Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers sporophore are taken the 1 of wheat grain size ～2 block organization be seeded on above-mentioned test tube the first layered material, test tube is placed at 12～28 DEG C, air humidity is 60%～95%, Lower lucifuge cultivate, after inoculation the 2nd day starts to grow mycelia, 10～15 days until test tube covers with mycelia until taking examination after growing sclerotium Mycelia bottom pipe or sclerotium or have mycelia, sclerotium culture medium direct inoculation on cultigen compost；
Step 2: the making of cultigen
Cultivate corn stalk pellets that major ingredient formula is 10%～35% Semen Tritici aestivi+75%～30% diameter 0.2～0.5 centimetre+ 10%～30% plant ash+1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+3% phosphate fertilizer+1% Calx；2. the Semen Tritici aestivi soaked 24～48 hours is boiled to inner Face non-whitening but do not pull out after bark rot and drain away the water, add that corn stalk pellets, plant ash are mixed thoroughly；3. by potassium dihydrogen phosphate, phosphorus Fertile and Calx is dissolved completely in water to mix and makes compost in said mixture, water content 50%～65%；4. compost envelope Mouth material formula is: 60%～82% Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers footing soil, 38%～14% plant ash, 1%～3% quick lime, 1% biphosphate Potassium, water content 30%～45%, pH is 7.0～7.5；5. sealing compound bottling or pack: first compost major ingredient is loaded bottle or bag In, bottle or pack, reinstalling sealing compound；6. sterilizing is sealed: 121 DEG C～125 DEG C, 0.12Mpa～0.15Mpa autoclaving 4 ～2 hours；7. inoculation: the material after sterilizing is cooled down, access in gnotobasis the mycelia of step 1 isolated or sclerotium together with Compost takes soybean grain size and is seeded on sealing compound and compresses and be fully contacted with material, and 20mm × 200mm test tube regards mycelia With sclerotium growing way can connect 30～55 bottles or bag, wherein orlop connect 15～25 bottles or bag, the second layer connects 10～20 bottles, ground floor Connect 5 bottles～10 bottles；8. cultivate: at temperature is 10～28 DEG C, lucifuge is cultivated, and air humidity is 55%～90%, after inoculation the 2nd ～start to grow mycelia for 4 days, 10～20 days full bottles of mycelia or purseful are cultigen until growing sclerotium；
Step 3: the making of foreign aid's nutrient bag
(1) foreign aid's nutrient bag nutriment formula: 60%～85% waste paper, 35%～10% carbamide, 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5% sulfur Acid magnesium, 0.5% zinc sulfate, 3% Gypsum Fibrosum；
Step 4: heliogreenhouse shed is planted, and Zhou Nianjun can plant, and this step includes:
(1) whole ground and sowing: 1. basal dressing: organic fertilizer and Rapeseed meal as base manure, 2. soil disinfection: soil in railway carriage or compartment is turned over Pine, leveling, first comprehensively sterilize with Calx, lime consumption is 250kg/ mu～350kg/ mu, water the most permeable after, dry in the sun 2-5 days, then spread plant ash and the medium sand of one layer of 5 cm thick of one layer of 1 cm thick, spray concentration be 0.5% cypermethrin and The phoxim mixed aqueous solution parasite killing of 50%；3. greenhouse booth sterilizing: ground is ploughed deeply after soil disinfection airtight booth after once again and uses Potassium permanganate and formaldehyde carry out suffocating sterilization 3 days, then ventilation process 2 days；4. railway carriage or compartment is played: the planting soil ground surface after smooth is offered Face, railway carriage or compartment, railway carriage or compartment face width degree is 80～120cm, then offers irrigation ditch, railway carriage or compartment in face, railway carriage or compartment surrounding, the width 15～30cm of irrigation ditch, irrigation ditch The degree of depth be 15～20cm, then cultigen is sown on face, railway carriage or compartment, this technology requires big application rate, point spring, autumn, broadcasts in season in winter three Kind；
(2) sterilization: use the ethanol of 75% strain is taken utensil, hold basin, after inoculation personnel's both hands etc. carry out disinfection, inoculation Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers strain is placed in holds in utensil by taking utensil by personnel；
(3) seed dressing: with the volume ratio of 1～3:1:5, triglyceride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate are mixed and made into seed dressing solution with water, will plant Cultivating and mix thoroughly, the consumption of seed dressing solution is 25% the 35% of cultivation quality, because Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers must store up at vegetative growth phase Deposit enough nutrition, and triglyceride can be stored in mycelia to meet the need of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers reproductive growth as nutrient substance Wanting, therefore, extend reproductive growth period, decrease the generation of pest and disease damage, fruiting is stable, greatly increases plantation yield； This technology is the three of the core technology of the present invention；
(4) sowing: first with 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate+1% gibberellins+0.5% magnesium sulfate+0.5% zinc sulfate+10% on face, railway carriage or compartment The mixotrophism liquid of plant ash spills face, wet whole railway carriage or compartment, more directly broadcasts sowing on face, railway carriage or compartment, the soil of rear covering 2～4cm, then by railway carriage or compartment Interior soil carries out the sprinkling irrigation of 4～6 hours, until making soil moisture reach 95%, then covers one layer (2～3cm is thick) on face, railway carriage or compartment Crop material, be beneficial to moisturizing；Purpose is that the mycelia making to grow by carrying out primary spun lacing to swash enters reproduction life Long；If sowed at the beginning of 2 months the first season, mycelia nourishes and grows 2,3 and April, sporophore reproductive growth in mid-May to June Just, within 25～40 days, growth cycle terminates, and in whole growth stage, is not less than Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers life cycle at extremely frigid zones temperature of shed Minimum growth temperature, sporophore growth finishes whole life cycle for about 1 month, the first season fruiting yield be about 100～ 150kg/ mu；Then carrying out the sowing second season at the beginning of 6 months summer, mycelia nourishes and grows at the beginning of 6,7 and August, mid-August to 9 month Start fruiting, in this season, be not more than the maximum growth temperature of its life cycle, sporophore growth 30 in extremely frigid zones temperature ～within 50 days, completing whole life cycle, the second season, fruiting yield was about 150～kg/ mus, then carried out at the beginning of October broadcasting the third quarter Kind, mycelia nourishes and grows 10,11,12 and January, owing to the morning and evening temperature difference is relatively big, and 3:00～5:00 temperature in morning in canopy in a day For minimum～5 DEG C～3 DEG C, growth period of hypha extends, sporophore reproductive growth at Second Year by the end of January at the beginning of 2 months, this season Joint, is also not less than the bottom growth temperature of its life cycle in high altitudes and cold area greenhouse booth temperature, sporophore growth 40～ Within 55 days, complete whole life cycle, the second season fruiting yield 170～200kg/ mu；It is thereby achieved that the anniversary in 1 year three season Produce, and due to, high altitudes and cold area is almost without the season higher than 30 DEG C, and fruiting can extend to 30～40 days, and in temperature Spend district's Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers sporophore fruiting higher and be only 10～15 days；Strengthening application rate is one of key improving yield, additionally uses It can be that mycelial growth provides the materials such as the inorganic salt of necessity, hormone that nutritional solution sprays face, railway carriage or compartment, and additionally Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers continuous cropping more can be rich The microbiota of rich soil, thus greatly increase yield than nonoculture；
(5) foreign aid's nutrient bag is thrown in
In step 4 Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers after planting the: 7～10 days, pricking hole on nutriment bag, the side resting pocket perforate lies against soil Surface, is depressed into all with soil be fully contacted, if by hole exposure in atmosphere, will cause nutriment nutrient bag in porose with institute Bacteria infection and go mouldy, the distance between foreign aid's nutrient bag is 25cm～45cm, line-spacing 30cm～50cm；
(6) vegetative stage management
In step 5 Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers after planting, it is necessary to carry out the flood irrigation of irrigation ditch, soil when causing soil to turn white because of soil water evaporation Process with the sprinkling irrigation of face, railway carriage or compartment, when irrigating, divide plus triglyceride 0.5mL/L, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and cell in water Split element 0.05mL/L, to provide the nutrition of mycelial growth, meanwhile, keep face, railway carriage or compartment soil moisture 50%～70%, air humidity 70%～95%, temperature 12～22 DEG C；
(7) take away foreign aid's nutrient bag: nutrient bag is thrown in 7～40 days, in Nutrient bag, cover with mycelia, and after mycelia is the most intensive Take away, take away exogenous nutrition bag mycelia and enter one of inducement of reproductive growth, after carry out moisturizing 2L/m for the first time2Every 7 days after, Mend water to carry out spun lacing and swash, until former base occurs, in water, during moisturizing, add potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and cell division Element 0.05mL/L, the speed that spun lacing swashs is 250～1000mL/ hour square metre, each 12 hours to 40 hours, swashs in spun lacing Front soil is wanted relative and is dried, the post-stimulatory soil moisture content of water 50%～65%, air humidity 85%～90%, temperature 12～ 22℃；
(8) Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers management of producing mushroom
Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers. Mycelium is differentiated to form former base to after having the immature sporophore of stem and cap, enters the Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers fruiting stage, Former base occur to during growing to 3cm be a crucial period during this period of time, face, railway carriage or compartment soil moisture controls at field capacity 50%～60%, air humidity controls 85%～90%, temperature 12～22 DEG C, and condition is the most uncomfortable, and former base will be the most dead Die；
(9) gather
Sporophore growth 5～after 10 days, when color is become sallow by Lycoperdon polymorphum Vitt, sporophore surface begins with a small amount of white spore powder and goes out Reaching ripeness standard now to gather in time, gather one for ripe one, every morning, noon, afternoon respectively pluck 1 time；Adopt When plucking, with wooden cutter from the junction of stem base portion Yu soil, neatly cut off, directly do not pull up from soil with hands, with Exempt from the immature former base around damage and immature sporophore.
A kind of high altitudes and cold area the most according to claim 1 efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, it is characterised in that described In step one, ground floor loading amount is test tube volume 15%, and water content is 50～75%, and second layer loading amount is test tube volume 25%, Water content is 55～70%, and third layer loading amount is test tube volume 15%, and water content is 40～55%, and the 4th layer of loading amount is that test tube holds Long-pending 25%, water content is 35～50%, and layer 5 loading amount is test tube volume 20%, and water content is 55～80%, and test tube mouth reserves The space of 5% is beneficial to inner air tube circulation.
A kind of high altitudes and cold area the most according to claim 1 efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, it is characterised in that described In step 2, compost major ingredient loading amount standard is no more than 3/5, reinstalls sealing compound, and sealing compound loading amount standard is no less than 1/ 5, charging can not be too real, plugs a batten, and bottle or bag to reserve the space of 1/5 in the middle of material, to guarantee the aeration of material.
A kind of high altitudes and cold area the most according to claim 1 efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, it is characterised in that described In step 3, mixing thoroughly with water after being mixed by each raw material, water content is 45%～60%, obtains foreign aid's nutrient bag nutriment, by nutriment Carry out successively packing, sealing, it is not necessary to autoclaving, obtain nutriment bag.
A kind of high altitudes and cold area the most according to claim 1 efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, it is characterised in that described In step 4, the usage amount of fertilizer is 800～1200kg/ mus, and the usage amount of Rapeseed meal is 120～130kg/ mus.
A kind of high altitudes and cold area the most according to claim 1 efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, it is characterised in that described In step 4, carrying out moisturizing for the first time after taking away foreign aid's nutrient bag, rate of water make-up is 2L/m2Mend a water every 7 days after, and carry out water Stimulate, until former base occurs.
A kind of high altitudes and cold area the most according to claim 6 efficient implantation methods of Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers, it is characterised in that described In step 4, in water, during moisturizing, add potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.05mL/L and basic element of cell division 0.05mL/L, the speed that spun lacing swashs Being 250～1000mL/ hour square metre, each 12 hours to 40 hours, before spun lacing swashs, soil wanted relative dry, spun lacing Soil moisture content 50%～65% after Jiing, air humidity 85%～90%, temperature 12～22 DEG C.
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