CN111247664A - 隔膜和包含该隔膜的锂二次电池 - Google Patents
隔膜和包含该隔膜的锂二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111247664A CN111247664A CN201980005204.5A CN201980005204A CN111247664A CN 111247664 A CN111247664 A CN 111247664A CN 201980005204 A CN201980005204 A CN 201980005204A CN 111247664 A CN111247664 A CN 111247664A
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- separator
- additive
- lithium
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- porous coating
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
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- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
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Abstract
本发明涉及能够抑制锂枝晶生长的隔膜和包含所述隔膜的锂二次电池。根据本发明,可以显著提高锂二次电池的稳定性和寿命周期特性。
Description
技术领域
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2018年6月22日和2019年5月16日向韩国知识产权局提交的韩国专利申请号10-2018-0072319和韩国专利申请号10-2019-0057611的权益,将其公开内容通过引用以其整体并入本文。
本发明涉及能够抑制锂枝晶生长的隔膜,以及包含所述隔膜的锂二次电池。
背景技术
随着电气、电子、通信和计算机行业的快速发展,对高容量电池的需求越来越大。为了满足这一要求,使用锂金属或锂合金作为具有高能量密度的负极的锂金属二次电池备受关注。
锂金属二次电池是使用锂金属或锂合金作为负极的二次电池。由于锂金属具有0.54g/cm3的低密度和-3.045V的极低标准还原电位(SHE:基于标准氢电极),因此作为高能量密度电池的电极材料,其受到最广泛的关注。
不同于现有的锂离子二次电池,这种锂金属二次电池在负极上镀覆锂金属而充电,并随着锂金属的剥离而放电,由此锂枝晶可能在负极中生长。在锂枝晶生长的情况下,可能损坏置于正极和负极之间的隔膜,并且可能导致内部短路,从而可能导致着火。因此,应必须确保用于防止锂枝晶生长的技术。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明的目的是提供能够防止由锂枝晶生长而引起的电芯短路的隔膜,以及包含所述隔膜的锂二次电池。
技术方案
为了实现该目的,本发明提供了一种隔膜,所述隔膜包括多孔涂层和在所述多孔涂层的两侧形成的非导电层,
其中,所述多孔涂层包含在电池的工作电压范围内不发生氧化和还原反应的无机颗粒、聚合物粘合剂和在相对于锂为大于0V至5V以下的范围内吸着锂离子并被还原的添加剂,并且
所述添加剂是选自由TiO2、Li4Ti5O12和LixMyOz(其中,M=V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、Mo或Ru,0≤x≤1,0<y≤2,且0<z≤3)表示的化合物组成的组中的一种或多种。
所述添加剂可以是TiO2或Li4Ti5O12。
基于所述多孔涂层的总重量,所述添加剂的含量可以为1重量%至10重量%。
所述添加剂的平均粒径可以为0.001μm至10μm。
所述添加剂还原后的体积可以为还原前体积的100%至150%。
所述多孔涂层的孔隙率可以为30%至50%。
所述非导电层可包含在相对于锂为大于0V至5V以下的范围内不具有氧化或还原反应性并且不导电的聚合物和/或无机材料。
所述非导电层可包括由选自由聚烯烃、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚酯、聚缩醛、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚酰亚胺、聚醚醚酮、聚醚砜、聚苯醚、聚苯硫醚和聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯组成的组中的一种或多种聚合物形成的多孔膜或无纺布。
所述无机颗粒可以是BaTiO3、Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(PZT)、Pb1-xLaxZr1-yTiyO3(PLZT)、PB(Mg3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3(PMN-PT)、二氧化铪(HfO2)、SrTiO3、SiO2、SnO2、CeO2、MgO、NiO、CaO、ZnO、ZrO2、Y2O3、Al2O3、SiC或其混合物。
所述多孔涂层与所述非导电层的厚度比可以为1:10以下。
此外,本发明提供了一种锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包括:正极;负极;和置于所述正极和所述负极之间的隔膜以及电解质,其中,所述隔膜是本发明的上述隔膜。
发明效果
本发明的隔膜可以抑制锂枝晶的生长,从而防止电芯短路,并因此可以提高电池的寿命周期特性和稳定性。
具体实施方式
本文使用的术语仅用于解释具体实施方式,并不旨在限制本发明。单数表达包括其复数表达,除非由上下文明确说明或明显并非该意图。如本文所用,术语“包括”、“配有”、“具有”等旨在指明实施的特征、数量、步骤、构成元素或其组合的存在,并且它们并不旨在排除存在或添加一个或多个其他特征、数量、步骤、构成元素或其组合的可能性。
尽管可以对本发明进行各种修改并且本发明可以具有各种形式,但下面将详细说明和解释具体实施例。然而,应当理解,这些并不旨在将本发明限制于特定的公开,并且本发明包括其所有修改、等同物或替代物而不脱离本发明的精神和技术范围。
以下将详细解释本发明。
本发明涉及一种隔膜,所述隔膜包括多孔涂层和在所述多孔涂层的两侧形成的非导电层,其中,所述多孔涂层包含在电池的工作电压范围内不发生氧化和还原反应的无机颗粒、聚合物粘合剂和在相对于锂为大于0V至5V以下的范围内吸着锂离子并被还原的添加剂,并且所述添加剂是选自由TiO2、Li4Ti5O12和LixMyOz(其中,M=V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、Mo或Ru,0≤x≤1,0<y≤2,且0<z≤3)表示的化合物组成的组中的一种或多种。
由于隔膜可以有效地抑制锂枝晶的生长,从而防止由锂枝晶而引起的电芯短路和着火,因此可以大大有助于锂二次电池的稳定性。
在本发明的隔膜中,多孔涂层中包含的添加剂起到与在电池的工作期间从锂金属电极生长的锂枝晶发生反应而抑制锂枝晶生长的功能。即,在将锂金属氧化成锂离子的同时,添加剂被还原,从而防止锂枝晶不断生长。特别是,由于本发明的隔膜包括与多孔涂层的两侧接触的非导电层,因此负极和正极可与多孔涂层物理分离,当锂枝晶不生长时,多孔涂层的添加剂可能不会被激活,因此在普通电池工作时不必担心自放电,也不必担心添加剂会被负极还原而失活。
添加剂没有特别限制,只要其不溶于电解质,并且在相对于锂为大于0V至5V以下的范围内吸着锂离子并被还原即可,但具体而言,可以使用选自由TiO2、Li4Ti5O12和LixMyOz(其中,M=V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、Mo或Ru,0≤x≤1,0<y≤2,且0<z≤3)表示的化合物组成的组中的一种或多种材料。作为M,更优选为Zr和Nb。其中,更优选使用TiO2和Li4Ti5O12(由Li(Li1/ 3Ti5/3)O4或Li1Ti5/4O3表示),这是因为在吸着锂时它们的体积变化非常小,为约104%以下,而且相对便宜,因此具有较高的经济效益。
添加剂的用量可根据电池的构成适当控制。例如,基于多孔涂层的总重量,添加剂的含量可以为1重量%至10重量%,或1重量%至5重量%。如果添加剂的量小于多孔涂层的1重量%,则可能无法充分确保抑制锂枝晶生长的效果,并且如果大于10重量%,则电芯的能量密度可能降低,因此优选满足上述范围。
添加剂的平均粒径没有特别限制,但优选的是,平均粒径为0.001μm至10μm,更优选为0.01μm至10μm,或0.01μm至5μm,从而确保多孔涂层厚度的均匀性并实现适当的孔隙率。如果添加剂的平均粒径大于100μm,则添加剂层的厚度变得过厚,从而降低电芯的能力密度,并且如果小于0.001μm,则可能产生处理问题,可能不利于孔隙的形成,并且添加剂可能通过隔膜的孔隙而接触负极或正极。本文中,可以使用常用的粒度分析仪(例如,Malvern公司制造的Zetasizer nano)等测量添加剂的平均粒径。
同时,优选的是,吸着锂离子时添加剂的体积变化较小。如果添加剂的体积变化较大,尽管可抑制锂枝晶的生长,但膨胀的添加剂可能会堵塞隔膜的孔隙而抑制离子传递,并且添加剂可能会导致电芯的内部短路。因此,优选的是,添加剂还原后的体积是还原前体积的100%至150%,更优选100%至120%,或100%至105%。
多孔涂层包含聚合物粘合剂和添加剂。聚合物粘合剂将添加剂均匀地分散在多孔涂层中,从而有效地抑制了电池工作期间锂枝晶的生长。
聚合物粘合剂例如可以是选自由聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚偏二氟乙烯-六氟丙烯共聚物、聚偏二氟乙烯-三氯乙烯共聚物、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚丙烯腈、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物、聚环氧乙烷、乙酸纤维素、乙酸丁酸纤维素、乙酸丙酸纤维素、氰乙基普鲁兰、氰乙基聚乙烯醇、氰乙基纤维素、氰乙基蔗糖、普鲁兰、羧甲基纤维素、丙烯腈-苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物和聚酰亚胺组成的组中的一种或其混合物,但不限于此。
优选的是,基于多孔涂层的总重量,聚合物粘合剂的含量为0.1重量%至20重量%,或0.1重量%至10重量%,从而防止添加剂的脱嵌,防止隔膜内阻的增加,并确保多孔涂层的适当孔隙率。
在多孔涂层中,聚合物粘合剂涂覆在添加剂颗粒的部分或全部表面上,添加剂颗粒在紧密结合的同时通过聚合物粘合剂相互连接并固定,添加剂颗粒之间形成间隙体积,并且添加剂颗粒之间的间隙体积成为空隙以形成孔隙。
多孔涂层的孔隙率优选为20%至50%。本文中,孔隙率是指孔隙与多孔涂层总体积的体积比。如果多孔涂层的孔隙率小于20%,则可能难以浸渍电解液,并且如果大于50%,则稳定性可能降低,因此优选满足上述孔隙率范围。多孔涂层孔隙率的测量方法没有特别限制,其中,可使用BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)测量方法(采用常用的吸附气体,例如氮气)测量微孔和中孔体积等,或者可使用常用的Hg孔隙率计测量孔隙率。
同时,在本发明中,多孔涂层包含在电池的工作电压范围(例如,基于Li/Li+的0至5V)内不发生氧化和还原反应的无机颗粒。无机颗粒的含量为多孔涂层的70重量%至90重量%,或80重量%至90重量%。无机颗粒在多孔涂层中起到支撑添加剂并提高稳定性的作用,并且其种类没有特别限制,只要其在电池的工作电压范围内是电化学稳定的即可,但例如,可使用BaTiO3、Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(PZT)、Pb1-xLaxZr1-yTiyO3(PLZT)、PB(Mg3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3(PMN-PT)、二氧化铪(HfO2)、SrTiO3、SiO2、SnO2、CeO2、MgO、NiO、CaO、ZnO、ZrO2、Y2O3、Al2O3、SiC或其混合物,并优选地,可使用Al2O3、SiO2或其混合物。
在本发明中,尽管多孔涂层的厚度没有特别限制,但其厚度可优选为0.01μm至50μm,或0.5μm至20μm,从而防止电池的内阻增加并确保稳定性。
由于上述多孔涂层包含吸着锂离子并被还原的添加剂,因此可以有效地防止锂枝晶的生长。然而,如果多孔涂层与负极层直接接触,则添加剂可能会被预先还原而失去抑制锂枝晶生长的活性,并可能诱发自放电。因此,为了保护多孔涂层的两侧并防止由自放电而引起的锂的不必要消耗,本发明的隔膜在多孔涂层的两侧包括非导电层。
非导电层是包含在相对于锂为大于0V至5V以下的范围内不具有氧化或还原反应性并且不导电的聚合物和/或无机材料的层,并且可以使用通常用于锂二次电池的多孔基材中的那些而没有限制。
具体而言,非导电层可包括由选自由诸如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚丁烯、聚戊烯等聚烯烃、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚酯、聚缩醛、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚酰亚胺、聚醚醚酮、聚醚砜、聚苯醚、聚苯硫醚和聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯组成的组中的一种或多种聚合物形成的多孔膜或无纺布。其中,就商业潜力而言,优选使用由选自由聚乙烯和聚丙烯组成的组中的一种或多种聚合物形成的多孔膜或无纺布。
同时,作为不导电的无机材料,可使用与上述多孔涂层的无机颗粒相同的材料,但不限于此。该无机材料可涂覆在上述聚合物多孔膜或无纺布上以形成非导电层。
非导电层是多孔层,并且孔隙率没有特别限制,但可以为10%至95%。此外,非导电层的厚度可以适当地控制,但例如,可以为1μm至100μm,或5μm至50μm。
为了确保本发明的效果,优选的是,多孔涂层与非导电层的厚度比为1:10以下,例如1:1至1:5。
即,本发明的隔膜具有多孔涂层的两侧涂覆有相同厚度的非导电层的结构,因此包含能够吸着锂离子的添加剂的多孔涂层不与正极层和负极层直接接触,因而防止由自放电而引起的锂的不必要消耗。
同时,非导电层可用于多层结构,在这种情况下,每一层可具有不同的组成和/或特性。例如,作为与多孔涂层直接接触的第一非导电层,可以使用孔隙率为30%的聚乙烯无纺布,并且为了提高电芯的稳定性和隔膜与电极之间的粘附,可在其上层压包含Al2O3无机材料和PVDF粘合剂的孔隙率为25%的第二非导电层。因此,在使第一和第二非导电层不同的情况下,在确保锂离子导电性的同时,可以进一步提高电芯的稳定性。
上述本发明隔膜的制备方法没有特别限制,但例如,可通过在两个非导电层之间涂覆多孔涂层制备用溶液,并将其干燥来制备,并且将通过下面描述的实施例进一步实现。
同时,本发明提供了包含上述隔膜的锂二次电池。对于锂二次电池的正极、负极和电解质的构成,可以使用普通锂二次电池中使用的那些而没有限制。
在本发明中,正极包括正极集电体和正极混合物。
与负极集电体一样,正极集电体没有特别限制,只要其具有高导电性而不引起电池中的化学变化即可,并且例如,可使用不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、烧制碳,或用碳、镍、钛和银等表面处理过的铝或不锈钢。正极集电体可具有各种形式,例如表面上具有微细凹凸物的膜、片、箔、网、多孔体、泡沫体和无纺布等,以提高与正极活性材料的粘附力。例如,作为正极集电体,可以使用铝片,但不限于此。
在正极集电体上形成的正极混合物包含正极活性材料,此外,还可以包含导电材料和粘合剂等。
可用于本发明的锂二次电池的正极活性材料没有特别限制,并且可适当使用锂二次电池中常用的正极活性材料。例如,正极活性材料可以是含锂的过渡金属氧化物,具体而言,可以是选自由LixCoO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixNiO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixMnO2(0.5<x<1.3)、LixMn2O4(0.5<x<1.3)、Lix(NiaCobMnc)O2(0.5<x<1.3,0<a<1,0<b<1,0<c<1,a+b+c=1)、LixNi1-yCoyO2(0.5<x<1.3,0<y<1)、LixCo1-yMnyO2(0.5<x<1.3,0≤y<1)、LixNi1-yMnyO2(0.5<x<1.3,0≤y<1)、Lix(NiaCobMnc)O4(0.5<x<1.3,0<a<2,0<b<2,0<c<2,a+b+c=2)、LixMn2-zNizO4(0.5<x<1.3,0<z<2)、LixMn2-zCozO4(0.5<x<1.3,0<z<2)、LixCoPO4(0.5<x<1.3)和LixFePO4(0.5<x<1.3)组成的组中的一种或多种,但不限于此。含锂的过渡金属氧化物可以涂覆有诸如铝(Al)等金属或金属氧化物。此外,除了含锂的过渡金属氧化物外,可以使用硫化物、硒化物和卤化物等。
正极混合物可包含用于电极活性材料与导电材料的粘合以及对集电体的粘合的粘合剂树脂。作为粘合剂树脂的非限制性实例,可提及聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚丙烯酸(PAA)、聚甲基丙烯酸(PMA)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)、聚甲基丙烯酰胺、聚丙烯腈(PAN)、聚甲基丙烯腈、聚酰亚胺(PI)、藻酸、藻酸盐、壳聚糖、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯聚合物(EPDM)、磺化EPDM、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶(SBR)、氟橡胶及其各种共聚物。
此外,正极混合物可以包含上述导电材料,以进一步提高活性材料的导电性,并且在不妨碍本发明效果的范围内,还可以包含正极混合物中常用的其他添加剂,例如填料等。
本发明的正极可通过制备正极的常用方法来制备,具体而言,可通过以下过程来制备:在集电体上涂覆通过将正极活性材料、导电材料和粘合剂混合于有机溶剂中而制备的正极活性材料层形成用组合物并将其干燥,并可选地进行压缩成型以提高电极密度。本文中,优选使用可以均匀分散正极活性材料、粘合剂和导电材料并且容易蒸发的有机溶剂。具体而言,可提及N-甲基吡咯烷酮、乙腈、甲醇、乙醇、四氢呋喃、水和异丙醇等,但溶剂不限于此。
另外,负极包括在负极集电体上形成的锂金属活性材料层,其中,负极集电体没有特别限制,只要其具有导电性而不引起电池中的化学变化即可,并且例如,可以使用铜、不锈钢、铝、镍、钛、烧制碳,或用碳、镍、钛和银等表面处理过的铜或不锈钢以及铝-镉合金等。
在本发明的锂二次电池中,作为电解质,可以使用锂二次电池中常用的那些电解质,即,包含锂盐和非水性有机溶剂的电解质溶液、有机固体电解质和无机固体电解质等。
作为非水性有机溶剂,例如,可以使用非质子有机溶剂,例如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸乙甲酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、四羟基法兰克(franc)、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲基亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、4-甲基-1,3-二氧杂环己烯(dioxene)、二乙醚、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯等。
锂盐是易溶于非水性电解质的材料,并且例如,可以使用LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、LiSCN、LiC4BO8、LiCF3CO2、LiCH3SO3、LiCF3SO3、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiC4F9SO3、LiC(CF3SO2)3、氯硼酸锂、低级脂肪族羧酸锂和4-苯基硼酸锂酰亚胺等。
作为有机固体电解质,例如,可以使用聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、聚搅拌赖氨酸、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯和含次级可离解基团的聚合物等。
作为无机固体电解质,例如,可以使用Li的氮化物、卤化物、硫酸盐,例如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2等。
此外,电解质还可包含其他添加剂以提高充放电特性和阻燃性等。作为添加剂的实例,可提及吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、n-甘醇二甲醚、六磷酸三酰胺、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的噁唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝、氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、丙烯磺酸内酯(PRS)和碳酸亚乙烯酯(VC)等。
上述锂二次电池的形状没有特别限制,并且例如,可以是卷芯型、堆叠型、堆叠-折叠型(包括堆叠-Z-折叠型),或层压-堆叠型,并且优选地,可以为堆叠-折叠型。
本发明的锂二次电池的制备方法没有特别限制,但例如,可以通过以下过程来制备:制备依次层压有正极、隔膜和负极的电极组件,然后将其放入电池壳体中,将电解质引入壳体的顶部,并用盖板和垫圈将其密封以完成组装。
在下文中,将提供优选的实施例以更好地理解本发明,但以下实施例仅作为本发明的说明而呈现,并且对于本领域的普通技术人员而言显而易见的是,在本发明的范畴和技术思想内可以进行各种改变和修改,并且这些改变和修改属于所附权利要求的范围。
实施例
使用作为非导电层的7μm厚的多孔聚乙烯无纺布,并使用具有下表1的组成的多孔涂层形成用组合物来制造实施例和比较例的隔膜。
实施例1和2以及比较例1至3
在2片聚乙烯无纺布之间涂覆具有下表1的组成的多孔涂层形成用组合物至厚度为5μm,并在80℃下干燥以制造多孔涂层置于非导电层之间的隔膜。
比较例4和5
在一片聚乙烯无纺布的两侧上分别涂覆具有下表1的组成的多孔涂层形成用组合物至厚度为2.5μm,并在80℃下干燥以制造多孔涂层形成在非导电层的两侧上的隔膜。
比较例6
将没有多孔涂层的多孔聚乙烯无纺布指定为比较例6的隔膜。
【表1】
*添加剂基于多孔涂层的总重量的重量%
实验例1
使用作为正极和负极的锂金属电极(将300μm的锂金属层层压在10μm的铜箔上),并使用根据实施例1和2以及比较例1至5制备的隔膜来制造锂金属对称电芯,并评价隔膜对锂枝晶生长的稳定性。本文中,作为电解质,使用(体积比)为3:7的碳酸亚乙酯(EC)和碳酸乙甲酯(EMC)的溶剂混合物中添加有1.0M LiPF6的非水性电解质。
施加1mA/cm2的电流密度并以5mAh/cm2的容量截止进行充电/放电,然后由于内部短路而结束充电/放电的循环如下表2所示。
【表2】
*添加剂基于多孔涂层的总重量的重量%
参考表1,可以确认,在实施例1和2的情况下,与没有多孔涂层的比较例6或多孔涂层中不存在添加剂的比较例3和4相比,由锂枝晶而引起的内部短路得到抑制,从而显著地提高了寿命周期性能。此外,即使与使用在吸着锂的过程中体积膨胀较大的添加剂(Si,还原后的体积为约还原前体积的300%)的比较例1相比,实施例1和2的寿命周期性能也显著提高。据认为,由于TiO2和Li4Ti5O12添加剂的体积膨胀较小而使得隔膜的结构保持稳定。
同时,使用诸如Li7Ti5O12等吸着了全部锂离子的添加剂的比较例2表现出与比较例3相似的性能。因此,可以确认,从吸着了全部锂离子且不能进一步还原的添加剂中,无法获得防止锂枝晶生长的效果。
另外,参考比较例5,可以确认,在包含添加剂的多孔涂层曝露于隔膜外侧的情况下,无法确保提高电池的寿命周期特性的效果。由于从电芯组装时开始,暴露于隔膜外侧的添加剂与锂电极直接接触而被还原,因此与比较例2一样,失去了抑制锂枝晶生长的活性。
实验例2
将97.5重量%的作为正极活性材料的LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2、1.0重量%的作为导电材料的炭黑和1.5重量%的作为粘合剂的PVDF添加至N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮(NMP)中以制备正极活性材料浆料。在铝集电体的一侧上,涂覆上述制备的正极活性材料浆料至厚度为67μm,将其干燥并辊压,然后冲孔至一定尺寸以制备正极。
使用作为负极的锂金属电极(将20μm的锂金属层层压在10μm的铜箔上),并使用根据实施例1和2以及比较例1至4制备的隔膜来制造锂金属离子电池,并评价隔膜的寿命周期性能。本文中,作为电解质,使用(体积比)为3:7的碳酸亚乙酯(EC)和碳酸乙甲酯(EMC)的溶剂混合物中添加有1.0M LiPF6的非水性电解质。
在3V至4.25V的范围内,以0.3C充电和0.5C放电进行100次循环后,计算出与第1次放电容量相比第100次循环后的放电容量保持率,结果显示在下表3中。
【表3】
*添加剂基于多孔涂层的总重量的重量%
从表3可以看出,可以确认,在实施例1和2的情况下,与没有添加剂的比较例3、4和6相比,隔膜的添加剂抑制了锂枝晶的生长,从而显著提高了寿命周期特性。此外,可以确认,即使与使用随着锂的吸着而体积显著膨胀的添加剂的比较例1、使用不具有锂吸着活性的添加剂的比较例2和由于添加剂暴露在外的隔膜的结构而导致添加剂的活性消失的比较例5相比,实施例1和2也具有显著优异的寿命周期特性。
Claims (11)
1.一种隔膜,所述隔膜包括多孔涂层和在所述多孔涂层的两侧形成的非导电层,
其中,所述多孔涂层包含无机颗粒、聚合物粘合剂和添加剂,
所述无机颗粒在电池的工作电压范围内不发生氧化和还原反应,且所述添加剂在相对于锂为大于0V至5V以下的范围内吸着锂离子并被还原,并且
所述添加剂是选自由TiO2、Li4Ti5O12和LixMyOz(其中,M=V、Cr、Mn、Zr、Nb、Mo或Ru,0≤x≤1,0<y≤2,且0<z≤3)表示的化合物组成的组中的一种或多种。
2.如权利要求1所述的隔膜,其中,所述添加剂是TiO2或Li4Ti5O12。
3.如权利要求1所述的隔膜,其中,基于所述多孔涂层的总重量,所述添加剂的含量为1重量%至10重量%。
4.如权利要求1所述的隔膜,其中,所述添加剂的平均粒径为0.001μm至10μm。
5.如权利要求1所述的隔膜,其中,所述添加剂还原后的体积为还原前体积的100%至150%。
6.如权利要求1所述的隔膜,其中,所述多孔涂层的孔隙率为30%至50%。
7.如权利要求1所述的隔膜,其中,所述非导电层包含在相对于锂为大于0V至5V以下的范围内不具有氧化或还原反应性并且不导电的聚合物和/或无机材料。
8.如权利要求1所述的隔膜,其中,所述非导电层包括由选自由聚烯烃、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯、聚酯、聚缩醛、聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚酰亚胺、聚醚醚酮、聚醚砜、聚苯醚、聚苯硫醚和聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯组成的组中的一种或多种聚合物形成的多孔膜或无纺布。
9.如权利要求1所述的隔膜,其中,所述无机颗粒是BaTiO3、Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(PZT)、Pb1- xLaxZr1-yTiyO3(PLZT)、PB(Mg3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3(PMN-PT)、二氧化铪(HfO2)、SrTiO3、SiO2、SnO2、CeO2、MgO、NiO、CaO、ZnO、ZrO2、Y2O3、Al2O3、SiC或其混合物。
10.如权利要求1所述的隔膜,其中,所述多孔涂层与所述非导电层的厚度比为1:10以下。
11.一种锂二次电池,所述锂二次电池包括:
正极;
负极;和
置于所述正极和所述负极之间的隔膜以及电解质,
其中,所述隔膜是权利要求1至10中任一项所述的隔膜。
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