CN110869416A - 催化剂络合物 - Google Patents
催化剂络合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110869416A CN110869416A CN201880043922.7A CN201880043922A CN110869416A CN 110869416 A CN110869416 A CN 110869416A CN 201880043922 A CN201880043922 A CN 201880043922A CN 110869416 A CN110869416 A CN 110869416A
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- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- anion
- metal
- compound
- water
- catalyst complex
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims description 141
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 90
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 90
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- -1 alkoxide anion Chemical class 0.000 claims description 251
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 60
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 43
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 29
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical compound [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J diphosphate(4-) Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 10
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- HYGWNUKOUCZBND-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanide Chemical compound [NH2-] HYGWNUKOUCZBND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Thiocyanate anion Chemical compound [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen thiocyanate Natural products SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002540 isothiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006069 physical mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 3
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 47
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 abstract description 17
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- PLFFHJWXOGYWPR-HEDMGYOXSA-N (4r)-4-[(3r,3as,5ar,5br,7as,11as,11br,13ar,13bs)-5a,5b,8,8,11a,13b-hexamethyl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysen-3-yl]pentan-1-ol Chemical compound C([C@]1(C)[C@H]2CC[C@H]34)CCC(C)(C)[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(C)[C@]4(C)CC[C@@H]1[C@]3(C)CC[C@@H]1[C@@H](CCCO)C PLFFHJWXOGYWPR-HEDMGYOXSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 2
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 70
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 34
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 33
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 25
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 22
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 20
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 125000004356 hydroxy functional group Chemical group O* 0.000 description 13
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- JKUYRAMKJLMYLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 3-oxobutanoate Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C JKUYRAMKJLMYLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 description 9
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 8
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 8
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229960001860 salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 7
- WOZZOSDBXABUFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tri(butan-2-yloxy)alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].CCC(C)[O-].CCC(C)[O-].CCC(C)[O-] WOZZOSDBXABUFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 6
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylene glycol Chemical compound OCCCOCCCO SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 5
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M salicylate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M phenolate Chemical compound [O-]C1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- OGHBATFHNDZKSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-olate Chemical compound CC(C)[O-] OGHBATFHNDZKSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylhexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LCZVSXRMYJUNFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-hydroxypropoxy)propoxy]propan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(O)COC(C)COC(C)CO LCZVSXRMYJUNFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 3
- SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N caproic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCCCCC(=O)OCC SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 3
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 3
- RKBAPHPQTADBIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt;hexacyanide Chemical compound [Co].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] RKBAPHPQTADBIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229940031826 phenolate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxychromen-4-one Chemical compound C=1C(OC)=CC(O)=C(C(C=2)=O)C=1OC=2C1=CC=C(OC)C(OC)=C1 HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AZMMSEASPQHHTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[1,1-bis(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]phenol Chemical compound C=1C=CC=C(O)C=1C(C=1C(=CC=CC=1)O)(C)C1=CC=CC=C1O AZMMSEASPQHHTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SDTMFDGELKWGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropan-2-olate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)[O-] SDTMFDGELKWGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZWQBZEFLFSFEOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-ditert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 ZWQBZEFLFSFEOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbamic acid Chemical group NC(O)=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZISUTJVNFLXDPL-UHFFFAOYSA-K O([Sc](Oc1ccccc1)Oc1ccccc1)c1ccccc1 Chemical compound O([Sc](Oc1ccccc1)Oc1ccccc1)c1ccccc1 ZISUTJVNFLXDPL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- ATHBJRLMNMUYNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K bis[(3,5-ditert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy]indiganyl 3,5-ditert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoate Chemical compound [In+3].CC(C)(C)c1cc(C([O-])=O)c(O)c(c1)C(C)(C)C.CC(C)(C)c1cc(C([O-])=O)c(O)c(c1)C(C)(C)C.CC(C)(C)c1cc(C([O-])=O)c(O)c(c1)C(C)(C)C ATHBJRLMNMUYNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- FFOWIEZZYLIBTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-olate zirconium(4+) Chemical compound CCC(C)O[Zr](OC(C)CC)(OC(C)CC)OC(C)CC FFOWIEZZYLIBTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZBDSFTZNNQNSQM-UHFFFAOYSA-H cobalt(2+);diphosphate Chemical compound [Co+2].[Co+2].[Co+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O ZBDSFTZNNQNSQM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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- SKWCWFYBFZIXHE-UHFFFAOYSA-K indium acetylacetonate Chemical compound CC(=O)C=C(C)O[In](OC(C)=CC(C)=O)OC(C)=CC(C)=O SKWCWFYBFZIXHE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N iron;(z)-4-oxoniumylidenepent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Fe].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lutetium atom Chemical compound [Lu] OHSVLFRHMCKCQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);diacetate Chemical compound [Mn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O UOGMEBQRZBEZQT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- UQIRCVPINUNHQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);methanolate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]C.[O-]C UQIRCVPINUNHQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 125000005538 phosphinite group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- NREVZTYRXVBFAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-ol;yttrium Chemical compound [Y].CC(C)O.CC(C)O.CC(C)O NREVZTYRXVBFAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- TVCBSVKTTHLKQC-UHFFFAOYSA-M propanoate;zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [Zr+4].CCC([O-])=O TVCBSVKTTHLKQC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
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- HYXGAEYDKFCVMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium oxide Chemical compound O=[Sc]O[Sc]=O HYXGAEYDKFCVMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000001350 scanning transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229940094938 stannous 2-ethylhexanoate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FSBZGYYPMXSIEE-UHFFFAOYSA-H tin(2+);diphosphate Chemical compound [Sn+2].[Sn+2].[Sn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O FSBZGYYPMXSIEE-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- KSBAEPSJVUENNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L tin(ii) 2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound [Sn+2].CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O.CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O KSBAEPSJVUENNK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- BLWDACFFAXAIOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N tri(butan-2-yloxy)indigane Chemical compound CCC(C)O[In](OC(C)CC)OC(C)CC BLWDACFFAXAIOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OVZUSPADPSOQQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tri(propan-2-yloxy)indigane Chemical compound [In+3].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-] OVZUSPADPSOQQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004665 trialkylsilyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- SQBBHCOIQXKPHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylalumane Chemical compound CCCC[Al](CCCC)CCCC SQBBHCOIQXKPHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- USLHPQORLCHMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxygallane Chemical compound CCO[Ga](OCC)OCC USLHPQORLCHMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCXZOLDSEPCWRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxyindigane Chemical compound [In+3].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-] MCXZOLDSEPCWRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VOITXYVAKOUIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylaluminium Chemical compound CC[Al](CC)CC VOITXYVAKOUIBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RGGPNXQUMRMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylgallium Chemical compound CC[Ga](CC)CC RGGPNXQUMRMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YOIAWAIKYVEKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoromethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F.OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F YOIAWAIKYVEKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FGPUIKFYWJXRBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxyindigane Chemical compound [In+3].[O-]C.[O-]C.[O-]C FGPUIKFYWJXRBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylaluminium Chemical compound C[Al](C)C JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylgallium Chemical compound C[Ga](C)C XCZXGTMEAKBVPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IBEFSUTVZWZJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylindium Chemical compound C[In](C)C IBEFSUTVZWZJEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MDDPTCUZZASZIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].CC(C)(C)[O-].CC(C)(C)[O-].CC(C)(C)[O-] MDDPTCUZZASZIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SSEICBQSWNBGQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]indigane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O[In](OC(C)(C)C)OC(C)(C)C SSEICBQSWNBGQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003658 tungsten compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003190 viscoelastic substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004260 weight control Methods 0.000 description 1
- GONBZNBMLOZYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-K yttrium(3+);triformate Chemical compound [Y+3].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O GONBZNBMLOZYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- SRWMQSFFRFWREA-UHFFFAOYSA-M zinc formate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C=O SRWMQSFFRFWREA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCOFMIWUFBMIPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;2,4-ditert-butyl-6-carboxyphenolate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C([O-])C(C(C)(C)C)=C1.CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C([O-])C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 HCOFMIWUFBMIPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IFNXAMCERSVZCV-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O.CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O IFNXAMCERSVZCV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- DVGVEVPHJQJMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;2-methylpropan-2-olate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(C)(C)[O-].CC(C)(C)[O-] DVGVEVPHJQJMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FQFRBGQLTUGOQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;butan-2-olate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCC(C)[O-].CCC(C)[O-] FQFRBGQLTUGOQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HEPBQSXQJMTVFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;butane Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCC[CH2-].CCC[CH2-] HEPBQSXQJMTVFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JDLYKQWJXAQNNS-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;dibenzoate Chemical class [Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1.[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 JDLYKQWJXAQNNS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- JXNCWJJAQLTWKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;methanolate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C.[O-]C JXNCWJJAQLTWKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O.CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDWXRAYGALQIFG-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;propanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCC([O-])=O.CCC([O-])=O XDWXRAYGALQIFG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OEERILNPOAIBKF-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium(4+);tetraformate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O OEERILNPOAIBKF-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
- C08G65/26—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds
- C08G65/2642—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds characterised by the catalyst used
- C08G65/2645—Metals or compounds thereof, e.g. salts
- C08G65/2663—Metal cyanide catalysts, i.e. DMC's
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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Abstract
实施例涉及制造改性的双金属氰化物络合物的方法;制造一元醇或多元醇的方法,其包括提供所述改性的双金属氰化物络合物;环氧烷聚合方法,其包括提供所述改性的双金属氰化物络合物;分批、半分批或连续制造方法,其包括提供所述改性的双金属氰化物络合物;以及使用所述分批、半分批或连续制造方法制备的聚醚多元醇,所述分批、半分批或连续制造方法包括提供所述改性的双金属氰化物络合物。
Description
本发明涉及尤其可用于使环氧烷聚合以及使环氧烷与碳酸酯前驱体如CO2共聚合的金属催化剂。
通过使一种或多种环氧烷在聚合催化剂存在下聚合,总体地制造出大量聚(氧化烯)。它们是用于制造聚氨基甲酸酯的重要原材料并且被用作表面活性剂和工业溶剂等用途。主要的聚合催化剂是碱金属氢氧化物或醇盐以及通常被称为双金属氰化物(doublemetal cyanide,DMC)催化剂的某些金属络合物。
双金属氰化物催化剂具有某些优点。这些催化剂不会强烈催化环氧丙烷重排形成丙烯醇。因此,使用DMC催化剂制备的聚醚多元醇往往会具有少量不想要的单官能聚合物。此外,通常不需要从产物中去除DMC催化剂残留物。这样做避免了在使用碱金属催化剂时所需要的中和以及催化剂去除步骤。
不过,催化剂也具有某些缺点。它们在聚合条件下暴露于环氧烷之后展现出一段等待时间,然后才会变得“活化”并开始快速聚合。另一个突出问题是DMC催化剂在高浓度羟基存在下表现迟钝。出于此原因,当制备低分子量产物时以及在用低当量起始物开始的半分批工艺中,DMC催化剂是不利的。
美国专利第9,040,657号公开一种在DMC催化剂以及镁、第3族-第15族金属或镧系化合物存在下制造聚醚一元醇或多元醇的方法,其中镁、第3族-第15族金属或镧系金属键结到至少一种烷氧阴离子、芳氧阴离子、羧酸根阴离子、酰基阴离子、焦磷酸根阴离子、磷酸根阴离子、硫代磷酸根阴离子、二硫代磷酸根阴离子、磷酸酯阴离子、硫代磷酸酯阴离子、酰胺阴离子、硅氧阴离子、氢阴离子、氨基甲酸根阴离子或烃阴离子,并且所述镁、第3族-第15族或镧系金属化合物不含卤素阴离子。当暴露于高浓度羟基时,这一技术在缩短活化时间和改善催化剂性能方面极其有效。然而,将催化剂体系的第二种组分添加至聚合反应中需要用于储存和计量的额外设备。由于需要的量很小,故可能很难精确控制所述第二种组分的添加。
Subhani等人,《欧洲无机化学杂志(Eur.J.Inorg.Chem.)》2016,1944-1949描述TiO2-DMC混合催化剂以及其在环氧丙烷和二氧化碳共聚合形成聚碳酸酯方面的用途。Dienes等人于《绿色化学(Green Chem.)》2012,14,1168中描述了混合SiO2-DMC催化剂,也可用于制造聚碳酸酯。
美国专利第6,780,813号公开一种制备DMC催化剂的方法,所述方法包含以下步骤:形成DMC催化剂分散液,同时使用一件不常用的额外设备,即喷射分散器,施配以下各物的至少一种水溶性盐的液体溶液:Zn(II)、Fe(II)、Ni(II)、Mn(II)、Co(II)、Sn(II)、Pb(II)、Fe(III)、Mo(IV)、Mo(VI)、Al(III)、V(V)、V(IV)、Sr(II)、W(IV)、W(VI)、Cu(II)或Cr(III);和以下各物的至少一种水溶性金属氰化物盐或至少一种碱金属或碱土金属氰化物酸的至少一种溶液:Fe(II)、Fe(III)、Co(II)、Co(III)、Cr(II)、Cr(III)、Mn(II)、Mn(III)、Ir(III)、Ni(II)、Rh(III)、Ru(II)、V(IV)或V(V)。需要进行改进以便能够在不使用如喷射分散器之类专用设备情况下将添加剂引入催化剂中。
一方面,本发明是一种用于制造催化剂络合物的方法,所述方法包括:
a)形成起始溶液,所述起始溶液包括i)含水和液体脂肪醇中的至少一种的溶剂,所述溶剂中溶解有ii)具有M2金属氰基金属酸根的氰基金属酸盐化合物和iii)M1金属盐,所述M1金属盐与所述氰基金属酸盐化合物反应形成不溶于水的M1金属氰基金属酸盐,所述起始溶液还含有每摩尔氰基金属酸盐化合物0.01至10摩尔的iii)至少一种不同于所述M1金属盐的M3金属化合物,所述M3金属化合物是非钛的M3金属的化合物,所述M3金属选自镁、除钛外的第3族-第15族金属或镧系金属中的一种或多种,所述M3金属键结到至少一种烷氧阴离子、芳氧阴离子、羧酸根阴离子、酰基阴离子、焦磷酸根阴离子、磷酸根阴离子、硫代磷酸根阴离子、二硫代磷酸根阴离子、磷酸酯阴离子、硫代磷酸酯阴离子、酰胺阴离子、氧阴离子、硅氧阴离子、氢阴离子、氨基甲酸根阴离子或烃阴离子,并且所述M3金属化合物不含卤素阴离子;
b)使所述氰基金属酸盐化合物与M1金属盐反应形成催化剂络合物,所述催化剂络合物包含不溶于水的M1金属氰基金属酸盐,
本发明还是一种在前述方法中制备的催化剂络合物。
本发明也是一种不溶于水的催化剂络合物,其对应于下式:
M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c[M5(X2)6]d·nM4 xA1 y·pM3 w A2 z
其中:
M1和M4各自表示独立地选自以下的金属离子:Zn2+、Fe2+、Co+2+、Ni2+、Mo4+、Mo6+、Al+3+、V4+、V5+、Sr2+、W4+、W6+、Mn2+、Sn2+、Sn4+、Pb2+、Cu2+、La3+及Cr3+;
M2和M5各自表示独立地选自以下的金属离子:Fe3+、Fe2+、Co3+、Co2+、Cr2+、Cr3+、Mn2+、Mn3+、Ir3+、Ni2+、Rh3+、Ru2+、V4+、V5+、Ni2+、Pd2+及Pt2+;
M3表示至少一种镁、第3族-第15族金属或镧系金属离子,钛除外;
X1表示与所述M2离子配位的除氰离子外的基团;
X2表示与所述M5离子配位的除氰离子外的基团;
A1表示卤素离子、硝酸根、硫酸根、碳酸根、氰离子、草酸根、硫氰酸根、异氰酸根、高氯酸根、异硫氰酸根、烷磺酸根、亚芳基磺酸根、三氟甲烷磺酸根或C1-4羧酸根;
A2表示至少一种烷氧阴离子、芳氧阴离子、羧酸根阴离子、酰基阴离子、焦磷酸根阴离子、磷酸根阴离子、硫代磷酸根阴离子、酰胺阴离子、氧阴离子、硅氧阴离子、氢阴离子、氨基甲酸根阴离子或烃阴离子;
b、c和d各自是反映呈静电中性的络合物的数字,条件是b和c各自大于零;
x和y是平衡金属盐M3 xA1 y中的电荷的整数;
r是4至6的整数;
t是0至2的整数;
n是0至20的数字;
p是0.002至10;以及
w和z是平衡金属盐M3 zA2 z中的电荷的整数,条件是w是1至4。
另一方面,本发明是一种不溶于水的颗粒状催化剂络合物,所述催化剂络合物包括具有M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c相和M3金属氧化物相的混合粒子,其中
M1表示独立地选自以下的金属离子:Zn2+、Fe2+、Co+2+、Ni2+、Mo4+、Mo6+、Al+3+、V4+、V5+、Sr2+、W4+、W6+、Mn2+、Sn2+、Sn4+、Pb2+、Cu2+、La3+及Cr3+;
M2表示独立地选自以下的金属离子:Fe3+、Fe2+、Co3+、Co2+、Cr2+、Cr3+、Mn2+、Mn3+、Ir3 +、Ni2+、Rh3+、Ru2+、V4+、V5+、Ni2+、Pd2+及Pt2+;
M3表示至少一种镁、第3族-第15族金属或镧系金属离子,钛除外;
X1表示与所述M2离子配位的除氰离子外的基团;
b和c各自是反映呈静电中性的络合物的数字;
r是4至6的整数;以及
t是0至2的整数。
另一方面,本发明是一种催化剂络合物,其包括不溶于水的六氰基钴酸锌粒子与M3金属氧化物粒子的物理混合物,所述M3金属氧化物粒子的存在量提供每摩尔由所述六氰基钴酸锌所提供的钴0.002至10摩尔M3金属,并且另外其中如使用气体吸附法所测量,所述M3金属氧化物粒子的表面积是至少1m2/g。
已发现,本发明各种方面的催化剂络合物快速活化并且即使在高浓度羟基存在下也表现良好。这些催化剂络合物是以例如一种简化方法有效地制备,由此所述方法避免了使用专用设备,如喷射分散器、环管反应器和/或额外的馈料管线。另外,所述催化剂络合物与美国专利第9,040,657号中所描述的催化剂体系极其类似,但避免了在聚醚制造过程中为引入单独添加剂而如同美国专利第9,040,657号的方法一般添加额外设备的需求。
图1示出了在使用现有技术催化剂(比较样品C)进行环氧丙烷聚合时反应器压力和环氧丙烷馈送速率随时间变化的图形表示。
图2示出了在使用本发明的催化剂络合物(实例1)进行环氧丙烷聚合时反应器压力和环氧丙烷馈送速率随时间变化的图形表示。
图3示出了在使用本发明的催化剂络合物(实例12)进行环氧丙烷聚合时反应器压力和环氧丙烷馈送速率随时间变化的图形表示。
在一些实施例中,催化剂络合物是通过沉淀法制备,在该方法中,制备含有起始物质的溶液,使某些起始物质反应并从起始溶液中沉淀析出催化剂络合物。一般来说,可以采用如例如美国专利第3,278,457号、第3,278,458号、第3,278,459号、第3,404,109号、第3,427,256号、第3,427,334号、第3,427,335号及第5,470,813号所描述的用于制造DMC催化剂的方法,通过将M3金属化合物掺入用于制备这些催化剂的起始溶液中来制备催化剂络合物的此类实施例。
溶剂包含水和液体脂肪醇中的至少一种。溶剂是可溶解起始氰基金属酸盐化合物和M1金属化合物的溶剂。溶剂可以是或可以不是M3金属化合物的溶剂。
溶剂可以是例如水、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、仲丁醇、叔丁醇、具有至多例如12个碳原子的其它炔烃一元醇、乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、丙二醇、二丙二醇、三丙二醇、或具有一个或多个羟基且分子量是至多例如8000g/mol的其它聚醚。其中优选具有3至6个碳原子的脂肪族一元醇,尤其是叔丁醇。尤其优选的是体积比为25:75至90:10的水与液体脂肪醇的混合物,所述液体脂肪醇可溶于以相对比例存在于所述混合物中的水中(尤其是具有3至6个碳原子的脂肪族一元醇并且最优选是叔丁醇)。
起始溶液宜通过分别形成起始氰基金属酸盐化合物和M1金属化合物的溶液并将其组合来形成。M3金属化合物宜添加至这些独立溶液中的一种或另一种中,优选地添加至M1金属化合物溶液中。起始溶液的组合应当伴随混合。通常优选将氰基金属酸盐化合物溶液混合于M1金属化合物溶液中,优选地通过逐步地添加氰基金属酸盐化合物溶液实现所述混合,由此所述M1金属化合物总是过量存在。
优选的是,提供相对于氰基金属酸盐化合物过量的M1金属化合物。在一些实施例中,M1金属化合物与氰基金属酸盐化合物的摩尔比是至少2:1,优选地是至少3:1或至少5:1。这一比率可以是例如至多20:1或至多15:1。
在反应之前,起始溶液含有每摩尔氰基金属酸盐化合物0.01至10摩尔的M3金属化合物。较小的量不会引起催化剂络合物性能的任何改善。较大的量不仅无法改善催化剂性能,而且实际上往往会降低其性能。
所述氰基金属酸盐化合物与M1金属化合物反应形成催化剂络合物,所述催化剂络合物包含不溶于水的M1金属氰基金属酸盐。这一反应是在近似室温(23℃)的温度或略微较高的温度下自发进行。因此,不需要特殊的反应条件。温度可以是例如0℃至60℃。优选的温度是20至50℃或25至45℃。优选持续搅动直至发生沉淀,这一般是由溶液外观的变化指示。反应压力并不是很重要,只要溶剂不沸腾即可。10至10,000kPa压力是适合的,其中50至250kPa压力是完全适合的。反应时间可以是30分钟至24小时或更长。
在一些情况下,M3金属化合物可在催化剂制备步骤期间反应。例如,在催化剂制备期间,某些M3金属化合物可以与水反应形成相应金属氧化物。在一些实施例中,M3金属化合物或其反应产物(尤其是M3金属氧化物)连同M1金属化合物与氰基金属酸盐化合物的反应产物一起形成具有M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c相和M3金属氧化物相的混合粒子。
优选用络合剂处理沉淀的催化剂。这一操作宜通过用络合剂或络合剂水溶液洗涤沉淀的催化剂一次或多次进行。络合剂组分可以包含以下至少一种:先前关于起始溶液所描述的醇、聚醚、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、缩水甘油醚、糖苷、多元醇羧酸酯、聚烷二醇脱水山梨糖醇酯、胆酸或盐、羧酸酯或其酰胺、环糊精、有机磷酸酯、亚磷酸酯、膦酸酯、亚膦酸二酯、亚膦酸酯、次亚膦酸酯、离子性表面活性化合物或界面活性化合物、和/或α,β-不饱和羧酸酯。在例示性实施例中,有机络合剂是以下一种或多种:正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、仲丁醇、叔丁醇、具有至多例如12个碳原子的其它炔烃一元醇、乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、丙二醇二丙二醇、三丙二醇、或具有一个或多个羟基且分子量是至多例如8000g/mol的其它聚醚。
由此制备的催化剂络合物宜自起始溶液或任何洗涤液体回收,干燥并且必要时,进行粉碎或研磨以将催化剂络合物减小成体积平均粒度是例如100μm或更小的粉末。干燥可通过加热和/或施加真空执行。
M1金属化合物优选是水溶性的。它典型地是M1金属与一种或多种阴离子的盐。此类盐可以具有式M1 xA1 y,其中x、A1和y如先前所描述。适合的阴离子A1包含但不限于卤素离子如氯离子、溴离子和碘离子、硝酸根、硫酸根、碳酸根、氰离子、草酸根、硫氰酸根、异氰酸根、高氯酸根、异硫氰酸根、烷磺酸根如甲烷磺酸根、亚芳基磺酸根如对甲苯磺酸根、三氟甲烷磺酸根(三氟甲磺酸根)以及C1-4羧酸根。在例示性实施例中,阴离子A1不是以下任一种:烷氧阴离子、芳氧阴离子、羧酸根阴离子、酰基阴离子、焦磷酸根阴离子、磷酸根阴离子、硫代磷酸根阴离子、二硫代磷酸根阴离子、磷酸酯阴离子、硫代磷酸酯阴离子、酰胺阴离子、氧阴离子、硅氧阴离子、氢阴离子、氨基甲酸根阴离子或烃阴离子。M1金属是以下一种或多种:Zn2+、Fe2+、Co+2+、Ni2+、Mo4+、Mo6+、Al+3+、V4+、V5+、Sr2+、W4+、W6+、Mn2+、Sn2+、Sn4+、Pb2+、Cu2+、La3+及Cr3+。Zn2+是优选的M1金属。ZnCl2是优选的M1金属化合物。
氰基金属酸盐化合物包含M2(CN)r(X1)t阴离子,其中r、X1和t如先前所描述。r优选是6并且t优选是零。M2金属是以下一种或多种:Fe3+、Fe2+、Co3+、Co2+、Cr2+、Cr3+、Mn2+、Mn3+、Ir3 +、Ni2+、Rh3+、Ru2+、V4+、V5+、Ni2+、Pd2+及Pt2+。M2金属优选是Fe3+或Co3+,且尤其优选Co3+。氰基金属酸盐化合物优选是碱金属或铵盐,不过相应氰基金属酸也可以使用。六氰基钴酸钾是特别优选的氰基金属酸盐化合物。
M3金属化合物是金属M3与一种或多种阴离子的化合物,所述金属M3是2010IUPAC元素周期表中第3族至第15族(包含端点在内)中的任一种,钛和硅除外。M3金属可以是例如钪、钇、镧、锆、铪、钒、铌、钽、铬、钼、钨、锰、铼、铁、钌、锇、钴、铑、铱、镍、钯、铂、铜、银、金、锌、镉、汞、铝、镓、铟、碲、锡、铅、铋以及镧系金属,包含原子序数是58(铈)至71(镥)的那些(包含端点)。
优选的M3金属包含钇、锆、铌、钨、钴、钪、钒、钼、镍、锌及锡。更优选铪、铝、镓、锰及铟。
M3金属或半金属化合物可不溶于溶剂中或如果可溶于溶剂中,则在催化剂络合物制备期间可以反应形成不溶性反应产物,所述反应产物变成所述催化剂络合物的一部分。M3金属或半金属还优选不会还原氰基金属酸根或防止M1金属化合物与氰基金属酸盐化合物反应形成M1金属氰基金属酸盐。
M3金属化合物中的阴离子可以是例如以下一种或多种:烷氧阴离子、芳氧阴离子、羧酸根阴离子、酰基阴离子、焦磷酸根阴离子、磷酸根阴离子、硫代磷酸根阴离子、二硫代磷酸根阴离子、磷酸酯阴离子、硫代磷酸酯阴离子、酰胺阴离子、氧阴离子、硅氧阴离子、氢阴离子、氨基甲酸根阴离子和/或烃阴离子。例示性实施例包含氧离子、烃基、氧离子和/或烷氧离子。所述阴离子不是卤素阴离子或氰阴离子。
“烷氧”离子意思指具有形式-O-R的物质,其中R是烷基或被取代的烷基,并且烷氧离子是具有形式HO-R的醇化合物在去除羟基氢之后的共轭碱。这些醇的pKa值可在13至25或更大的范围内。在一些实施例中,烷氧离子可以含有1至20个(例如1至6个和/或2至6个)碳原子。烷基或被取代的烷基可以是直链、分支链和/或环状的。适合取代基的实例包含例如额外羟基(其可呈烷氧离子形式)、醚基、羰基、酯基、氨基甲酸酯基、碳酸酯基、甲硅烷基、芳香族基团如苯基和被烷基取代的苯基、以及卤素。这类烷氧离子的实例包括甲氧离子、乙氧离子、异丙氧离子、正丙氧离子、正丁氧离子、仲丁氧离子、叔丁氧离子及苯甲氧离子。R基团可以含有一个或多个羟基和/或可以含有一个或多个醚键。烷氧离子可以对应于聚合反应中存在的起始物化合物,如以下描述的起始物化合物的残基(在去除一个或多个羟基氢之后)。所述烷氧离子可以是通过从聚醚一元醇或聚醚多元醇中去除一个或多个羟基氢形成的烷氧基;在一些实施例中,这类烷氧基对应于由烷氧基化反应获得的聚醚一元醇或聚醚多元醇产物,或分子量在起始物化合物与烷氧基化反应产物的分子量之间的聚醚在去除一个或多个羟基氢原子之后的残基。
“芳氧”阴离子意思指具有形式-O-Ar的物质,其中Ar是芳香族基团或被取代的基团,并且芳氧阴离子对应于去除了羟基氢之后的具有形式HO-Ar的酚化合物。这些酚类化合物的pKa可以是例如约9至约12。这类芳氧阴离子的实例包括酚氧离子和环取代的酚氧离子,其中环取代基包含例如烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基及烷氧基。如果存在环取代基,则所述环取代基可相对于酚基在以下一个或多个位置:邻位、对位和/或间位。酚氧阴离子还包含如双酚A、双酚F和各种其它双酚之类多酚化合物、1,1,1-三(羟苯基)乙烷和如1-萘酚之类稠环芳香族化合物的共轭碱。
“羧酸根”阴离子意思指含有1至24个(例如2至18个和/或2至12个)碳原子的羧酸根。所述羧酸根可以是脂肪族或芳香族的。脂肪族羧酸可以含有取代基。所述取代基的实例包含羟基(其可呈烷氧离子形式)、醚基、羰基、酯基、氨基甲酸酯基团、碳酸酯基、甲硅烷基、芳香族基团如苯基和被烷基取代的苯基、以及卤素。脂肪族羧酸根阴离子的实例包括甲酸根、乙酸根、丙酸根、丁酸根、2-乙基己酸根、正辛酸根、癸酸根、月桂酸根以及其它烷酸根和卤基取代的烷酸根,如2,2,2-三氟乙酸根、2-氟乙酸根、2,2-二氟乙酸根、2-氯乙酸根及2,2,2-三氯乙酸根。芳香族羧酸根的实例包括苯甲酸根、烷基取代的苯甲酸根、卤代苯甲酸根、4-氰基苯甲酸根、4-三氟甲基苯甲酸根、水杨酸根、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸根及碱式水杨酸根。在一些实施例中,这类羧酸根离子可以是pKa为1至6(例如3至5)的羧酸的共轭碱。
“酰基”阴离子意思指含有羰基的化合物的共轭碱,所述含有羰基的化合物包含例如醛、酮、乙酰基丙酮酸盐、碳酸盐、酯或具有烯醇形式的类似化合物。这些化合物的实例是β-二酮基化合物,如乙酰丙酮酸盐和丁基乙酰丙酮酸盐。
“磷酸根”阴离子意思指具有式-O-P(O)(OR1)2的磷酸根阴离子,其中R1是烷基、被取代的烷基、苯基或被取代的苯基。“硫代磷酸根”阴离子意思指硫代磷酸根阴离子具有对应的结构,在所述结构中,一个或多个氧被硫置换。磷酸根和硫代磷酸根可以是酯阴离子,如磷酸酯和硫代磷酸酯。
“焦磷酸根”阴离子意思指P2O7 4-阴离子。
“酰胺”阴离子意思指氮原子带有负电荷的离子。酰胺离子一般呈-N(R2)2形式,其中R2基团独立地是氢、烷基、芳基、三烷基硅烷基或三芳基硅烷基。烷基可以是直链、支链或环状的。这些基团中的任一个可含有取代基,如醚或羟基。两个R2基团可以一起形成环结构,所述环结构可以是不饱和的和/或在环中含有一个或多个(除了酰胺氮以外的)杂原子。
“氧”阴离子意思指原子氧的阴离子,即,O2-。
“硅氧”阴离子意思指具有式(R3)3SiO-的硅酸根,其中R3基团独立地是氢或烷基。
“氢”阴离子意思指氢的阴离子,即H-。
“氨基甲酸根”阴离子意思指阴离子-OOCNH2。
“烃”阴离子意思指包含脂肪族、环脂肪族和/或芳香族阴离子的烃基阴离子,其中负电荷存在于碳原子上。烃基阴离子是pKa值典型地超过30的烃的共轭碱。烃基阴离子还可含有惰性取代基。在芳香族烃基阴离子中,可以使用苯基和被取代的苯基。脂肪族烃基阴离子可以是烷基,例如其含有1至12个(例如2至8个)碳原子。例如,甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、仲丁基、异丁基、环戊二烯基及叔丁基阴离子都是有用的。
用于添加剂化合物的化合物的实例包含但不限于:
a)烷基镁,如二乙基镁、二丁基镁、丁基乙基镁、二苯甲基镁等;镁醇盐,如甲醇镁、乙醇镁、异丙醇镁、叔丁醇镁、仲丁醇镁等;芳基氧化镁,如苯酚镁以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚镁;羧酸镁,如甲酸镁、乙酸镁、丙酸镁、2-乙基己酸镁、苯甲酸镁、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸镁;水杨酸镁、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸镁;氨基镁,如二甲基氨基镁、二乙基氨基镁、二苯基氨基镁、双(三甲基硅烷基)氨基镁等;氧化镁;乙酰丙酮酸镁和叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸镁;
b)钪醇盐,如甲醇钪、乙醇钪、异丙醇钪、叔丁醇钪、仲丁醇钪等;氧化钪;芳基氧化钪,如苯酚钪以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚钪;羧酸钪,如甲酸钪、乙酸钪、丙酸钪、2-乙基己酸钪、苯甲酸钪、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸钪;水杨酸钪;乙酰丙酮酸钪和叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸钪;
c)钇醇盐,如甲醇钇、乙醇钇、异丙醇钇、叔丁醇钇、仲丁醇钇等;氧化钇;芳基氧化钇,如苯酚钇以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚钇;羧酸钇,如甲酸钇、乙酸钇、丙酸钇、2-乙基己酸钇、苯甲酸钇、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸钇;水杨酸钇、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸钇;氨基钇,如二甲基氨基钇、二乙基氨基钇、二苯基氨基钇、双(三甲基硅烷基)氨基钇;乙酰丙酮酸钇和叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸钇;
d)烷基铪,如四乙基铪、四丁基铪、四苯甲基铪等;氧化铪;铪醇盐,如四甲醇铪、四乙醇铪、四异丙醇铪、四叔丁醇铪、四仲丁醇铪等;芳基氧化铪,如苯酚铪以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚铪;羧酸铪,如甲酸铪、乙酸铪、丙酸铪、2-乙基己酸铪、苯甲酸铪、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸铪;水杨酸铪、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸铪;氨基铪,如四(二甲基氨基)铪、四(二乙基氨基)铪、四(二苯基氨基)铪、四((双三甲基硅烷基)氨基)铪;乙酰丙酮酸铪和叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸铪;
e)烷基锆,如四乙基锆、四丁基锆、四苯甲基锆等;氧化锆;锆醇盐,如四甲醇锆、四乙醇锆、四异丙醇锆、四叔丁醇锆、四仲丁醇锆等;芳基氧化锆,如苯酚锆以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚锆;羧酸锆,如甲酸锆、乙酸锆、丙酸锆、2-乙基己酸锆、苯甲酸锆、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸锆;水杨酸锆、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸锆;氨基锆,如四(二甲基氨基)锆、四(二乙基氨基锆、四(二苯基氨基)锆、四((双三甲基硅烷基)氨基)锆;乙酰丙酮酸锆和叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸锆;
f)钒醇盐,如甲醇钒、乙醇钒、异丙醇钒、叔丁醇钒、仲丁醇钒等;氧化钒;氧代三(烷醇)钒,如氧代三(甲醇)钒、氧代三(乙醇)钒、氧代三(异丙醇)钒、氧代三(叔丁醇)钒、氧代三(仲丁醇)钒等;芳基氧化钒,如苯酚钒以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚钒;羧酸钒,如甲酸钒、乙酸钒、丙酸钒、2-乙基己酸钒、苯甲酸钒、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸钒;水杨酸钒、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸钒;三(乙酰丙酮酸)钒和三(叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸)钒;氧代双(乙酰丙酮酸)钒;
g)烷基锌,如二甲基锌、二乙基锌、二丁基锌、二苯甲基锌等;氧化锌;烷基锌烷氧化物,如乙基锌异丙氧化物;锌醇盐,如甲醇锌、乙醇锌、异丙醇锌、叔丁醇锌、仲丁醇锌等;芳基氧化锌,如苯酚锌以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚锌;羧酸锌,如甲酸锌、乙酸锌、丙酸锌、2-乙基己酸锌、苯甲酸锌、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸锌;水杨酸锌、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸锌;氨基锌,如二甲基氨基锌、二乙基氨基锌、二苯基氨基锌、(双三甲基甲硅烷基)氨基锌;乙酰丙酮酸锌和叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸锌;
h)三烷基铝化合物,如三甲基铝、三乙基铝、三丁基铝、三苯甲基铝等;铝醇盐,如三甲醇铝、三乙醇铝、三异丙醇铝、三叔丁醇铝、三仲丁醇铝等;芳基氧化铝,如苯酚铝以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚铝;氧化铝;羧酸铝,如甲酸铝、乙酸铝、丙酸铝、2-乙基己酸铝、苯甲酸铝、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸铝;水杨酸铝、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸铝;氨基铝,如三(二甲基氨基)铝、三(二乙基氨基)铝、三(二苯基氨基)铝、三(二(三甲基硅烷基)氨基)铝等;乙酰丙酮酸铝;叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸铝;以及烷基铝氧化物和烷氧化物,如二乙基铝乙氧化物、二甲基铝乙氧化物、二乙基铝异丙氧化物、二甲基铝异丙氧化物、甲基铝氧烷、四乙基二铝氧烷等;
i)三烷基镓化合物,如三甲基镓、三乙基镓、三丁基镓、三苯甲基镓等;氧化镓;镓醇盐,如三甲醇镓、三乙醇镓、三异丙醇镓、三叔丁醇镓、三仲丁醇镓等;芳基氧化镓,如苯酚镓以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚镓;羧酸镓,如甲酸镓、乙酸镓、丙酸镓、2-乙基己酸镓、苯甲酸镓、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸镓;水杨酸镓、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸镓;氨基镓,如三(二甲基氨基)镓、三(二乙基氨基)镓、三(二苯基氨基)镓、三(二(三甲基硅烷基)氨基)镓等;乙酰丙酮酸镓;叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸镓;以及烷基镓烷氧化物,如二乙基镓乙氧化物、二甲基镓乙氧化物、二乙基镓异丙氧化物和二甲基镓异丙氧化物;
j)三烷基铟化合物,如三甲基铟;氧化铟;铟醇盐,如甲醇铟、乙醇铟、异丙醇铟、叔丁醇铟、仲丁醇铟等;芳基氧化铟,如苯酚铟以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚铟;羧酸铟,如甲酸铟、乙酸铟、丙酸铟、2-乙基己酸铟、苯甲酸铟、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸铟;水杨酸铟、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸铟;乙酰丙酮酸铟;以及叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸铟;
k)磷酸亚锡;焦磷酸亚锡;氧化亚锡;氧化锡;亚锡醇盐,如甲醇亚锡、乙醇亚锡、异丙醇亚锡、叔丁醇亚锡、仲丁醇亚锡等;芳基氧化亚锡,如苯酚亚锡以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚亚锡;羧酸亚锡,如甲酸亚锡、乙酸亚锡、丙酸亚锡、2-乙基己酸亚锡、苯甲酸亚锡、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸亚锡;水杨酸亚锡、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸亚锡;乙酰丙酮酸亚锡;以及叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸亚锡;
k)磷酸锰;焦磷酸盐;氧化锰;锰醇盐,如甲醇锰、乙醇锰、异丙醇锰、叔丁醇锰、仲丁醇锰等;芳基氧化锰,如苯酚锰以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基烷氧基等环取代的苯酚锰;羧酸锰,如甲酸锰、乙酸锰、丙酸锰、2-乙基己酸锰、苯甲酸锰、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸锰;水杨酸锰、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸锰;乙酰丙酮酸锰;及叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸锰。
m)钼化合物,包含Mo(IV)和/或Mo(VI)化合物,如磷酸钼;焦磷酸钼;钼氧化物;钼醇盐,如甲醇钼、乙醇钼、异丙醇钼、叔丁醇钼、仲丁醇钼等;芳基氧化钼,如苯酚钼以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚钼;羧酸钼,如甲酸钼、乙酸钼、丙酸钼、2-乙基己酸钼、苯甲酸钼、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸钼;水杨酸钼、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸钼;乙酰丙酮酸钼;及叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸钼;在每种情况下都是Mo(IV)或(MoVI)化合物;
n)钴(II)和/或Co(III)化合物,如磷酸钴;焦磷酸钴;钴氧化物;钴醇盐,如甲醇钴、乙醇钴、异丙醇钴、叔丁醇钴、仲丁醇钴等;芳基氧化钴,如苯酚钴以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚钴;羧酸钴,如甲酸钴、乙酸钴、丙酸钴、2-乙基己酸钴、苯甲酸钴、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸钴;水杨酸钴、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸钴;乙酰丙酮酸钴;及叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸钴,在每种情况下都是Co(II)和/或Co(III)化合物;
o)钨化合物,如磷酸钨;焦磷酸钨;氧化钨;钨醇盐,如甲醇钨、乙醇钨、异丙醇钨、叔丁醇钨、仲丁醇钨等;芳基氧化钨,如苯酚钨以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚钨;羧酸钨,如甲酸钨、乙酸钨、丙酸钨、2-乙基己酸钨、苯甲酸钨、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸钨;水杨酸钨、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸钨;乙酰丙酮酸钨;及叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸钨;以及
p)铁(II)和/或铁(III)化合物,如磷酸铁;焦磷酸铁;铁氧化物;铁醇盐,如甲醇铁、乙醇铁、异丙醇铁、叔丁醇铁、仲丁醇铁等;芳基氧化铁,如苯酚铁以及一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯酚铁;羧酸铁,如甲酸铁、乙酸铁、丙酸铁、2-乙基己酸铁、苯甲酸铁、一个或多个苯甲酸根基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等环取代的苯甲酸铁;水杨酸铁、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸铁;乙酰丙酮酸铁;及叔丁基乙酰丙酮酸铁,在每种情况下都是Fe(II)和/或Fe(III)化合物。
在一些实施例中,本发明的催化剂络合物(包含上述方法中制备的那些)对应于下式:
M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c[M5(X2)6]d·nM4 xA1 y·pM3 wA2 z
其中变量如先前所描述。M1和M4各自最优选是锌。M2和M5各自最优选是铁或钴,尤其是钴。M3和A2优选如上文关于M3金属化合物所描述。r最优选是6并且t最优选是零。d最优选是0-1。M1和M4金属的组合与M2和M5金属的组合的摩尔比优选是0.8:1至20:1。如通过X射线荧光(XRF)法所测定,M3金属与M2和M5金属的组合的摩尔比可以是例如0.002至10。应注意,催化剂络合物中各金属的比率可能与催化剂制备方法中所采用的比率大体上不同。
前述方法中的式不打算表示任何特殊结晶形式或催化剂络合物中M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c[M5(X2)6]d、M4 xA1 y与M3 wA2 z组分之间的其它空间或化学关系。针对本发明某些催化剂络合物的扫描透射电子显微镜分析揭示,在这些实施例中,催化剂络合物中的至少一部分包括具有M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c相和M3金属氧化物(即,M3 w Oz相)的混合粒子。M4 xA1 y相当存在时,被认为至少部分驻留于M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c相的粒子上。除这些混合粒子外,催化剂络合物还可以仅含M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c相、或M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c[M5(X2)6]d·nM4 xA1 y相粒子,且仅含M4 xA1 y相的其它粒子。一些M3金属可以被并入M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c相中或M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c[M5(X2)6]d·nM4 xA1 y相中。
在某些实施例中,本发明的催化剂络合物包括不溶于水的六氰基钴酸锌粒子与M3金属氧化物粒子的物理混合物,所述M3金属氧化物粒子的存在量提供每摩尔由所述六氰基钴酸锌所提供的钴0.002至10摩尔M3金属,并且另外其中如使用气体吸附法所测量,所述M3金属氧化物粒子的表面积是至少1m2/g。M3金属氧化物粒子的表面积可以是至少10m2/g或至少100m2/g,并且可以是至多例如300m3/g或更高。其体积平均粒度可以是100μm或更小、25μm或更小、1μm或更小、或500nm或更小。此类物理混杂物可以通过例如形成六氰基钴酸锌固体粒子并将其与M3金属氧化物粒子组合来制备。这可在六氰基钴酸锌沉淀之后,在六氰基钴酸锌制备方法的任何阶段进行。例如,通常在最终干燥之前,用水和/或配体洗涤沉淀的六氰基钴酸锌一次或多次。在任何此类洗涤步骤期间,可以将M3金属氧化物与六氰基钴酸锌组合。
本发明前述方面中任一个的催化剂络合物可用于使环氧烷聚合以制备聚醚以及使环氧烷与二氧化碳共聚合以制造聚碳酸酯。还可以使用本发明的催化剂络合物作为聚合催化剂制造聚酯多元醇。使用所述催化剂络合物制备的聚醚可以包含一元醇,如其可用于表面活性剂和工业溶剂或润滑剂应用;以及多元醇,如其是用于制造如聚氨基甲酸酯之类聚合物的有用原材料。实例包含聚醚一元醇和多元醇,其包含聚醚混合一元醇和多元醇,如聚醚碳酸酯一元醇和多元醇、以及聚醚酯一元醇和多元醇。
聚醚宜根据本发明以一种方法制备,所述方法包括:(1)将所述催化剂络合物与含醇或羧基的起始物化合物组合;(2)添加环氧烷以形成聚合混合物,然后(3)使聚合混合物经历聚合条件。当制备聚碳酸酯时,在聚合步骤期间存在二氧化碳。
所述起始物化合物的主要功能是提供分子量控制并确定聚醚产物将具有的羟基的数量。含羟基起始物化合物可以含有1个或更多个(例如2个或更多个)羟基以及多达12个或更多个羟基。例如,制造用于聚氨基甲酸酯应用的多元醇的起始物通常将每分子具有2至8个羟基。在一些实施例中,起始物化合物将具有2至4个或2至3个羟基。在其它实施例中,起始物化合物将具有4至8个或4至6个羟基。起始物化合物可以具有至少两个羟基,这些羟基相对于彼此处于1,2-位置或1,3-位置(将这些羟基之一所键结的碳原子视为“1”位)。可以使用起始物化合物的混合物。
起始物化合物的羟基当量将小于一元醇或多元醇产物的羟基当量。其羟基当量可以是30至500或更高。所述当量可以是至多500、至多250、至多125和/或至多100。
例示性起始物包含但不限于甘油、乙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、丙二醇、二丙二醇、三丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,8-辛二醇、环己烷二甲醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基乙烷、季戊四醇、山梨醇、蔗糖、酚和多酚起始物如双酚A或1,1,1-三(羟苯基)乙烷,以及羟基当量小于聚合产物的羟基当量的其中任一种的烷氧基化物(如乙氧基化物和/或丙氧基化物)。起始物化合物还可以是水。起始物可以用少量酸中和或含有少量酸,特别是在碱存在下制备所述起始物时(这通常是在利用甘油的情形中)。如例如美国专利第6,077,978号中所描述,如果存在酸,则其存在量以起始物的重量计可以是约10至100ppm。如美国专利公开申请第2005-0209438号中所描述,以起始物的重量计,所述酸的用量可略微较大,如100至1000ppm。所述酸可以在起始物与催化剂络合物组合之前或之后添加至起始物中。
某些起始物可以提供特定的优势。已发现,三乙二醇是使用分批和半分批方法制造聚醚二醇的极佳起始物。还发现,三丙二醇和二丙二醇是与本发明的催化剂络合物结合使用的极佳起始物。
环氧烷可以是例如环氧乙烷、1,2-环氧丙烷、2,3-环氧丙烷、1,2-丁烷氧化物、2-甲基-1,2-丁烷氧化物、2,3-丁烷氧化物、四氢呋喃、表氯醇、己烷氧化物、氧化苯乙烯、二氧化二乙烯基苯、缩水甘油醚如双酚A二缩水甘油醚、烯丙基缩水甘油醚或其它可聚合的环氧乙烷。用于制备聚醚的优选环氧烷是1,2-环氧丙烷,或至少40重量%(优选地至少80重量%)环氧丙烷与至多60重量%(优选地至多20重量%)环氧乙烷的混合物。
当根据本发明制备聚碳酸酯时,优选的环氧烷是环氧丙烷或环氧丙烷与环氧乙烷的混合物。聚碳酸酯可以含有例如1至20重量%、尤其是1至15重量%或2至10重量%的呈碳酸酯键联形式的CO2。
根据本发明制备聚醚或聚碳酸酯所使用的聚合条件典型地包含高温。聚合温度可以是例如80至220℃(例如120至190℃)。聚合反应通常在超大气压力下执行,但也可在大气压力或甚至低于大气压的压力下执行。
可使用足够的催化剂络合物提供合理的聚合速率,但一般希望使用与合理的聚合速率相符的尽可能少的催化剂络合物,因为这两者会降低催化剂的成本,并且如果催化剂水平足够低,则可能不需要从产物中去除催化剂残留物。以产物的重量计,催化剂络合物的量可以是1至5000ppm。以产物的重量计,催化剂络合物的量可以是至少2ppm、至少5ppm、至少10ppm、至少25ppm、或至多500ppm、或至多200ppm、或至多100ppm。选择的催化剂络合物的量可以每一百万重量份产物提供0.25至20、0.5至10、0.5至1或0.5至2.5重量份钴。
聚合反应可以在适合于所遇到的压力和温度的任何类型容器中执行。在连续或半分批方法中,容器应具有一个或多个入口,在反应期间,可通过所述入口引入二氧化碳和环氧烷以及额外的起始物化合物。在连续方法中,反应器容器应当含有至少一个出口,部分聚合的反应混合物中的一部分可以通过该出口排出。在半分批操作中,在反应期间添加环氧烷(以及任选地额外起始物和催化剂络合物),但通常直到聚合完成时才移出产物。具有用于注入起始物质的多个点的管状反应器、环管反应器和连续搅拌槽反应器(CTSR)都是适合于连续或半分批操作的容器类型。反应器应配备有提供或去除热量的装置,由此可将反应混合物的温度维持在所需范围内。适合的装置包含不同类型的热流体夹套、不同类型的内部或外部加热器等。对连续排出的产物执行的蒸煮浓缩步骤宜在防止发生显著返混的反应器中进行。在管或管状反应器中进行的塞式流动操作是执行此类蒸煮浓缩步骤的优选方式。
在任何前述方法中获得的产物以总重量计可含有至多0.5重量%未反应的环氧烷;少量的起始物化合物和其低分子量烷氧基化物;以及少量的其它有机杂质和水。应当从所得产物闪蒸或汽提挥发性杂质。产物典型地含有催化剂残留物。典型的做法是,将这些残留物留在产物中,但必要时可以去除这些残留物。可通过汽提多元醇去除水分和挥发物。
必要时,可将催化剂络合物和其残留物留在所得产物中。不需要将其从最终产物中滤出。
使用本发明的催化剂络合物制造的聚醚尤其可用于制备聚氨基甲酸酯类产品。例示性聚氨基甲酸酯类产品包含泡沫材料(如模制泡沫材料、板状泡沫材料、高回弹性泡沫材料、黏弹性泡沫材料、硬质泡沫材料等)、粘合剂、密封剂、涂料、弹性体、复合材料等。
提供以下实例说明例示性实施例,但不打算限制其范围。除非另外指示,否则所有份数和百分比均以重量计。
实例1-4和比较实例A-C
为了制备实例1:在圆底烧瓶中,将氯化锌(16.00g,117.4mmol)、叔丁醇(20mL)和去离子水(20mL)的混合物加热至40℃。随后,将仲丁醇铝(其量如表1中所指示)和盐酸水溶液(48μL,0.001M)添加至烧瓶中并在环境条件下搅拌混合物10分钟。接下来,经2.5小时逐滴添加与水(40mL)预混合的六氰基钴酸钾(3.44g,10.4mmol)的溶液。接着,在回流下加热烧瓶中的混合物,直至在约20小时之后形成白色凝胶。使所得凝胶分散于水(60mL)和叔丁醇(60mL)中并离心(5000rpm)15分钟时间。倾析出溶剂并使所得材料再分散于水(60mL)与叔丁醇(60mL)的混合物中。将所得分散液加热至55℃,保持35分钟,接着离心(5000rpm)15分钟时间。接着,用50/50体积的蒸馏水与叔丁醇的混合物洗涤所得材料四次,并再使用叔丁醇(120mL)洗涤一次。在70℃下,将洗涤后的材料过夜真空干燥至恒定压力(<10毫巴)。研磨所得到的干燥固体,形成呈精细粉碎的粉末形式的催化剂样品。
实例2-4以及比较样品A和B是以相同方式制备,但在制备中添加的仲丁醇铝的量不同。在制备比较样品C时,完全除去仲丁醇铝。对于这几种样品,在催化剂制备中添加的钴:锌:铝的摩尔比如表1中所指示。在所述方法中钴:锌:铝的摩尔比是通过XRF测定,且结果如表1中所指示。
表1
名称 | 仲丁醇铝,g(mmol) | Co:Zn:Al摩尔比,制备 | Co:Zn:Al摩尔比,产物 |
A* | 0.0084g,0.034mmol | 1:11.3:0.003 | 1:2:<0.001 |
1 | 0.084g,0.340mmol | 1:11.3:0.032 | 1:2:0.003 |
2 | 0.83g,3.4mmol | 1:11.3:0.32 | 1:2.0:0.2 |
3 | 8.27g,33.6mmol | 1:11.3:3.2 | 1:2.2:2.8 |
4 | 16.55g,67.2mmol | 1:11.3:6.4 | 1:2.8:5.2 |
B* | 82.74g,336mmol | 1:11.3:32 | 1:8.5:32 |
C* | 无 | 1:11.3:0 | 1:2:0 |
使用催化剂实例1-4以及比较样品A、B和C,以半分批法制造聚醚多元醇。在60℃下,将二丙二醇(475.4g)和142.0毫克催化剂样品(足以提供以产物的预期质量计100ppm)添加至7L Juchheim反应器中并在干燥氮气下,以50rpm搅拌。关闭反应器并设置成100℃和400rpm。接着,用干燥氮气净化反应器内的气氛并施加真空。再重复这一部分的程序四次。分离反应器并将其在真空下,在160℃下放置一小时以干燥起始物质。接着,在相同温度下,将140g环氧丙烷添加至反应器中。这使得内部反应器压力升高至约3巴表压(304kPa)(除非另外说明,否则本文中报导的所有压力都是表压)。连续地监测反应器内部的压力是否存在压降,压降指示催化剂已发生活化。反应器压力降至1巴(101kPa)所需的时间记为活化时间。在所述方法开始之后40分钟(或在40分钟之后催化剂尚未活化的情况下是在催化剂活化时),在160℃下,将868.8g环氧丙烷馈送至反应物中。馈送速率在一小时内以线性方式自零增加至29g/min,除非在馈料期间内部压力达到4巴(405kPa),在此情况下,停止馈送速率,直至压力降至3.5巴(354kPa),此时恢复馈料。因此,环氧丙烷添加的最短可能时间是60分钟,这只有在环氧丙烷馈送期间,反应器压力未达到压力限值情况下才能实现。环氧丙烷添加完成后,反应混合物在160℃下消化15分钟。接着,施加真空以去除任何未反应的环氧丙烷。接着,将反应器冷却至100℃并在干燥氮气下,将200ppm抗氧化剂添加至反应混合物中。接着,将产物冷却至环境温度并收集起来。在每种情况下,批量大小是约1421.8g。产物分子量是400g/mol。在聚合期间,反应混合物的羟基含量从约20重量%降低至约4.25重量%。
在反应期间,监测内部反应器压力以指示催化剂的活性。由于起始物(二丙二醇)的分子量较低,故这些聚合条件代表了常规双金属氰化物催化剂的困难挑战。常规DMC催化剂在高浓度羟基存在下表现不良,在半分批法的早期阶段,如在起始物分子量较低的情形中就是如此。为此,在催化剂活化之后,逐渐增加环氧丙烷的馈送速率。随着产物积聚分子量,预期催化剂活性且因此聚合速率增加,由此允许更迅速地消耗环氧丙烷并因此更迅速地馈料。
图1是关于比较样品C的反应器压力随时间的变化曲线(线1)以及环氧丙烷馈送速率随时间变化的曲线(线21)。线1的区段2表示在初始环氧丙烷馈送期间,反应器压力增加。压力增加至约3巴(303kPa)。之后,线1的区段3中所指示的反应器压力的缓慢降低指示随着催化剂活化,环氧丙烷被消耗。压力降至1巴(101kPa)的时间由点A指示,这是在所述方法开始之后约55分钟。点A被视为催化剂活化时间。线1的区段4指示随着随后的环氧丙烷馈送开始,压力增加。如图1所示,反应器压力在30-40分钟内达到4巴(405kPa)的压力限值。在这段时间期间,环氧丙烷馈送速率高达10g/min,但当达到反应器压力限值时,必须定期停止或减慢环氧丙烷馈送速率。
线1的区段5指示,在从所述方法开始直到约200分钟的时间内,催化剂保持极低的活性。在这段时间的几乎所有时间期间,只能在相应时间段(如由线21所示)期间以2-7g/min的低馈送速率馈送环氧丙烷;较高的馈送速率会导致超出内部压力限值。仅在180-190分钟之后,催化剂活性大体上增加,由此允许环氧丙烷馈送速率增加至25-30g/min。如由线1的区段6所指示,此时,尽管馈送速率较快,反应器压力仍大体上下降。在反应的这一时间,环氧丙烷以大于30g/min的速率消耗。在所述方法开始之后210-220分钟,馈送的环氧丙烷的全部量(868.6g)都被消耗。线1的区段7指示在所有环氧丙烷都被馈送至反应器之后,在最终消化步骤期间的反应器压力。
图1展示了这些聚合条件的恶劣程度。起始物具有较低当量并且在反应开始时以高浓度存在,直至达到相当大量的分子量。这些条件使得难以均匀地活化催化剂,并且当催化剂活化时,这些条件使其在大部分的聚合过程中表现迟钝。尽管使用相当大浓度的催化剂,情况也是如此。
比较样品A展现了与比较样品C类似的压力曲线。催化剂活化需要65-70分钟。环氧丙烷馈送速率局限于不超过5g/min,直至在所述方法开始之后约180分钟为止,此时,开始每分钟超过30g环氧丙烷的快速聚合。极少量的铝添加至催化剂中对催化剂性能几乎没有影响。
图2显示了关于实例1的相应压力随时间变化的曲线(线1)和环氧丙烷随时间变化的曲线(线21)。参考标号指代与图1中对应标号相同的特征。如由线1的区段3所指示,催化剂在本实例中极快速地活化。在所述方法开始之后仅10-15分钟,反应器压力下降至1巴(101kPa),并且在环氧丙烷馈送开始之前,继续下降至0.5巴(50kPa)以下。线1的区段4显示随着环氧丙烷馈送开始,压力增加。当环氧丙烷馈送速率增加至15-20g/min时,压力上升至3.5-3.7巴(355-376kPa)。应注意,尽管环氧丙烷馈送速率相较于比较样品C中所发生的升高要快得多,但从未达到过内部压力限值。仅在约70分钟之后就达到峰值压力。之后,尽管环氧丙烷馈送速率进一步增加,但由于环氧丙烷快速聚合,使得反应器压力迅速地降低(线1的区段6)。在所述方法开始的100分钟内,所有环氧丙烷都被馈送。应注意,线1中不存在对应于图1中区段5的区段。对于催化剂实例1,不需要限制环氧丙烷馈送速率以避免达到内部反应器限制。尽管这一测试的条件非常恶劣,但仍得到了这些优良的结果。实际上,在这些条件下,使用这一催化剂,通过增加环氧丙烷的馈送速率,甚至可以更快地聚合。这些数据还表明,即使在这些恶劣条件下,仍可以使用较低的催化剂浓度。
实例1-4以及比较样品A-C各自的活化时间、快速聚合的时间及完成丙烯馈送的时间如表2中所指示:
表2
*不是本发明的实例。**本实验中可能的最短馈送时间:由于反应器压力从未达到压力限值,故可以使用更快的环氧丙烷馈送速率获得明显更短的PO馈送完成时间。1从未清楚地观察到聚合的快速开始。
从表2中的数据可以看出,常规DMC催化剂(比较样品C)的性能是以活化时间较长以及快速聚合开始和能馈送所有环氧丙烷的时间较长为特征。比较样品A显示,在催化剂制备中添加极少量的铝化合物对催化剂性能没有实质性影响。
然而,当添加催化剂中的铝的量在每摩尔钴约0.003至约5.2摩尔的范围内(且尤其是在0.003至约3摩尔Al/摩尔Co范围内)时,实例1-4展示催化剂活化速率和聚合速率明显增加。活化时间缩短且聚合速率急剧增加。
比较样品B展示,铝量增加过多会导致催化活性损失,就如同大量铝的存在会起到催化剂毒物作用一般。
实例5-9
实例5-9是以与实例1相同的方式制备,但在每种情况下,仲丁醇铝被33.6mmol的M3金属化合物置换,如表3中所示。表3中指示了制备中以及所测量的催化剂产物中的Co:Zn:M3金属的摩尔比。在每种情况下,如关于前述实例所描述,在多元醇制造过程中评价催化剂。活化时间、快速聚合开始的时间和环氧丙烷添加完成的时间如表3中所指示。
表3
**本实验中可能的最短馈送时间:由于反应器压力从未达到压力限值,故可以使用更快的环氧丙烷馈送速率获得明显更短的PO馈送完成时间。1在快速聚合开始之前,反应器压力达到压力上限一次或多次。
实例5-9都展现较短的活化时间和/或较短的快速聚合开始时间。特别值得注意的是铪改性、镓改性和铟改性的催化剂,所有这些催化剂不仅提供较短的活化时间,而且相较于这些实验中使用的环氧丙烷馈送速率,其环氧丙烷馈送速率甚至更快。在这三种情形(与以上实例1-4相同),PO馈送速率可比这些实验中明显更快的升高,由此使得PO馈送完成的速度更快且整个方法循环时间更短。
实例10-12
实例10-12是以与实例1相同的方式制备,但在每种情况下,仲丁醇铝被33.6mmol的M3金属化合物置换,如表4中所示(在比较样品F情况下,仅为16.8mmol,且在比较样品H情况下是11.2mmol)。表4中指示了制备中以及所测量的催化剂产物中的Co:Zn:M3金属的摩尔比。
在每种情况下,在替代性多元醇制造过程中评价催化剂,以允许估计活化时间及快速PO聚合开始的时间。
在60℃下,将二丙二醇(475.4g)和足量的催化剂样品(足以提供以产物的预期质量计100ppm)添加至7L Juchheim反应器中并在干燥氮气下,以50rpm搅拌。关闭反应器并在搅拌下设置成100℃。接着,用干燥氮气净化反应器内的气氛一次或多次。接着,向反应器中填充氮气至大气压(绝对压力)。接着,在相同温度下,将77.4g环氧丙烷添加至反应器中。这使得内部反应器压力升高至约3巴表压(305kPa)。连续地监测反应器内部的压力是否存在压降,压降指示催化剂已发生活化。反应器压力降低至1-1.5巴(101-151kPa)所需的时间记为活化时间。当催化剂活化时,在160℃下,将868.8g环氧丙烷馈送至反应物中。馈送速率在一小时内以线性方式自零增加至5mL/min,除非在馈料期间内部压力达到4.5巴(456kPa),在此情况下,降低馈送速率,直至压力降至4巴(405kPa),此时再次增加馈送速率。环氧丙烷添加完成后,反应混合物在160℃下消化15分钟。接着,施加真空以去除任何未反应的环氧丙烷。接着,将反应器冷却至100℃并在干燥氮气下,将200ppm抗氧化剂添加至反应混合物中。接着,将产物冷却至环境温度并收集起来。在每种情况下,批量大小是约1422g。
图3是关于实例12的反应器压力随时间变化的曲线(线11)和环氧丙烷馈送速率曲线(线21)。由于实例10-12的聚合方法是在氮气下执行(而非像先前实例中一样在真空下执行),故反应器压力随时间变化的曲线的形状与关于图1所描述的曲线有所不同。线21的区段12表示在初始环氧丙烷馈送期间,反应器压力增加,在此期间环氧丙烷馈送速率是5mL/min(线21的区段22)。在此步骤期间,压力增加至约65psig(448kPa)。之后,线11的区段13中所指示的反应器压力的缓慢降低指示随着催化剂活化,环氧丙烷被消耗。压力降至2巴(202kPa)的时间由点A指示,这是在所述方法开始之后约33分钟。点A被视为催化剂活化时间。线11的区段14指示随着随后的环氧丙烷馈送开始,压力增加。如由线11的区段14所示,随着环氧丙烷馈送速率经约20分钟时间自零逐步上升至2mL/min,反应器压力大致以线性方式增加,直至在所述方法开始之后约一小时,反应器压力达到4巴(405kPa)的压力限值(线11上的点B)。在这段时间期间,环氧丙烷的消耗速率小于馈送速率。因此,馈送速率降低至将反应器压力维持在略微低于反应器压力限值的速率;这一时间段对应于线11的区段15。在这段约20分钟的时间里,环氧丙烷馈送速率经约30分钟仅从1mL/min缓慢增加至3mL/min。线11的区段15指示在从所述方法开始直到约90分钟的时间内,催化剂保持迟钝的活性。线11的点C指示快速聚合开始,即在所述方法开始之后约90分钟。此后,如由线11的区段16(压力)和线21的区段26(馈送速率)所指示,即使环氧丙烷馈送速率迅速地递增至5mL/min,反应器压力仍会下降。在反应的这一时间以及之后时间,环氧丙烷以大于5mL/min的速率消耗。应注意,图3中指示的反应器压力包含氮气分压,所述氮气分压在方法开始时仅为1巴(101kPa),但随着反应器被填满且顶部空间体积减小而稳定增加。在线11的区段17所指示的时间段期间,反应器压力达到约25psig(172kPa)的恒定值,这一值几乎完全归因于氮气分压,此时的环氧丙烷分压接近零。此时,聚合速率应使得环氧丙烷能以大体上更高的速率馈送(如果需要的话)。在所述方法开始之后110分钟,馈送的环氧丙烷的全部量都被消耗。线11的区段18指示在所有环氧丙烷都被馈送至反应器之后,在最终消化步骤期间的反应器压力。在所述方法这一阶段期间的压力几乎完全归因于顶部空间中氮气的存在。
活化时间和快速聚合开始的时间如表4中所指示。
表4
*不是本发明的实例。
相较于比较样品C,实例10-12都展示较快的活化以及较早的快速聚合开始。
实例13-19以及比较样品D-H
六氰基钴酸锌催化剂络合物的制备.在圆底烧瓶中,将氯化锌(48.00g,352.1mmol)、叔丁醇(60mL)及去离子水(60mL)的混合物加热至40℃。将盐酸水溶液(144μL,0.001M)添加至烧瓶中并在环境条件下搅拌混合物10分钟。接下来,经2.5小时逐滴添加与水(80mL)预混合的六氰基钴酸钾(10.37g,31.2mmol)的溶液。接着,在回流下加热混合物,直至形成白色凝胶(在约20小时的时间之后)。将所得凝胶分散于水(180mL)和叔丁醇(180mL)中,接着离心(5000rpm)15分钟。倾析出溶剂并使所得材料再分散于水(180mL)与叔丁醇(180mL)的混合物中。将所得分散液加热至55℃,保持35分钟,接着离心(5000rpm)15分钟时间。接着,用50/50体积的蒸馏水与叔丁醇的混合物洗涤所得材料四次,并再用叔丁醇(180mL)洗涤一次。在60℃下,将洗涤后的材料过夜真空干燥至恒定压力(<10毫巴)。研磨所得到的干燥固体,形成呈精细粉碎的粉末形式的DMC催化剂样品。该样品被命名为比较样品D。
为制备实例13-19以及比较样品E-H,如表5中所指示,使比较样品D的一克部分在叔丁醇与M3金属化合物的混合物中形成浆液。比较样品D的量足以提供约0.2g或约3.39毫摩尔钴。再次对所得到的浆液离心,如前所述进行干燥并研磨。在每种情况下,结果都是六氰基钴酸锌络合物粒子与M3金属化合物粒子的物理混合物。该两种粒子类型可能存在一定程度聚结。
使用关于实例1-4所描述的聚合方法,评价实例13-19以及比较样品D-H的活化时间以及快速聚合开始的时间。结果如表5中所指示。
表5
相较于比较样品D,实例14-19展现较短的活化时间和/或快速聚合开始时间。含有锑、钙、铜和钡化合物的催化剂混合物的表现甚至不如对照。
实例20和比较样品I
比较样品I:使用实例10-12中所描述的通用聚合条件,用84.4g环氧丙烷使260分子量的甘油丙氧酸酯(115.6g)丙氧基化。催化剂是0.3g可商购的六氰基钴酸锌催化剂络合物(足以提供以产物的预期质量计150ppm)。即使在275分钟之后,催化剂也不会活化。
实例20是以相同方式制备,但将0.168g表面积是约155m2/g的氧化铝添加至二丙烯氧化物与六氰基钴酸锌的混合物中。催化剂在约35分钟之后活化,并且甚至在约110分钟之后也开始快速聚合。获得分子量是约425的聚醚三醇。
由于使用三官能起始物和低当量(约140)的产物,故实例20的条件甚至比先前实例的条件要恶劣。甚至在聚合过程结束时,羟基的浓度也才12%。
实例21
使0.046g催化剂实例3悬浮于130.6g的700分子量的甘油引发的聚氧化丙烯中,超声波处理120分钟,并在氮气下,在130℃下干燥90分钟。接着,用70psig(483kPa)CO2填充反应器四次,每次之后都释放压力。将反应器内含物加热至145℃并用CO2加压至60psig(414kPa)。接着,添加14.8g PO。当压力降回到60psig(414kPa)时,将CO2馈送至反应器中,直至反应器压力达到98psig(676kPa),此时反应器温度达到110℃。接着,将PO和CO2共馈送至反应器中,直至压力达到103psig(710kPa)。接着,继续以每分钟1mL速率添加PO。通过添加CO2将反应器压力控制在98至103psig(676-710kPa)的压力带中。维持这一过程,直至将总计294mL PO馈送至反应器中。随后,将反应器冷却至室温,释放压力,并用氮气净化反应器。
GPC和IR分析揭示,产物具有2031g/mol的数量平均分子量且多分散指数是1.06,并且96.7wt%的产物由含4.43wt%CO2的多元醇组成,而其余3.3wt%产物是碳酸丙二酯。
Claims (26)
1.一种用于制造催化剂络合物的方法,所述方法包括:
a)形成起始溶液,所述起始溶液包括i)含水和液体脂肪醇中的至少一种的溶剂,所述溶剂中溶解有ii)具有M2金属氰基金属酸根的氰基金属酸盐化合物和iii)M1金属盐,所述M1金属盐与所述氰基金属酸盐化合物反应形成不溶于水的M1金属氰基金属酸盐,所述起始溶液还含有每摩尔氰基金属酸盐化合物0.01至10摩尔的iii)至少一种不同于所述M1金属盐的M3金属化合物,所述M3金属化合物是非钛的M3金属的化合物,所述M3金属选自镁、除钛外的第3族-第15族金属或镧系金属中的一种或多种,所述M3金属键结到至少一种烷氧阴离子、芳氧阴离子、羧酸根阴离子、酰基阴离子、焦磷酸根阴离子、磷酸根阴离子、硫代磷酸根阴离子、二硫代磷酸根阴离子、磷酸酯阴离子、硫代磷酸酯阴离子、酰胺阴离子、氧阴离子、硅氧阴离子、氢阴离子、氨基甲酸根阴离子或烃阴离子,并且所述M3金属化合物不含卤素阴离子;
b)使所述氰基金属酸盐化合物与M1金属盐反应形成不溶于水的催化剂络合物,所述催化剂络合物包含M1金属氰基金属酸盐。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括步骤c)用洗涤液体洗涤所述不溶于水的催化剂络合物,所述洗涤液体包括水和液体络合剂中的至少一种。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其还包括步骤d)干燥所述催化剂络合物以形成固体。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中M1是锌并且所述氰基金属酸盐化合物是六氰基钴酸盐化合物。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中M3不是钛、钡、锑或钙。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中M3不是钛、钡、锑、钙、锡或锌。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中M3不是钛、钡、锑、钙、锡、锌、铁、钒、镁、钨或钪。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中M3是铝、铪、铟、锰或镓中的一种或多种。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述M3金属化合物选自由以下组成的组:(a)M3金属氧化物的前驱体,所述前驱体在步骤a)和/或步骤b)的条件下反应形成M3金属氧化物;和(b)颗粒状M3金属氧化物。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述M3金属化合物是M3金属氧化物。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述M3金属化合物是M3金属醇盐。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中所述起始溶液含有每摩尔所述M3金属化合物至少5摩尔水。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤a)中的所述液体脂肪醇包含C3-C6烷醇。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其中步骤c)中的所述液体脂肪醇选自由C3-C6烷醇和数量平均分子量是至多8,000g/mol的聚醚醇组成的组。
15.一种在根据权利要求1至14中任一项所述的方法中形成的催化剂络合物。
16.根据权利要求15所述的不溶于水的催化剂络合物,其含有每摩尔M2金属0.002至10摩尔的M3金属。
17.根据权利要求15或16所述的不溶于水的催化剂络合物,其对应于下式:
M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c[M5(X2)6]d·nM4 xA1 y·pM3 wA2 z
其中:
M1和M4各自表示独立地选自以下的金属离子:Zn2+、Fe2+、Co+2+、Ni2+、Mo4+、Mo6+、Al+3+、V4+、V5+、Sr2+、W4+、W6+、Mn2+、Sn2+、Sn4+、Pb2+、Cu2+、La3+及Cr3+;
M2和M5各自表示独立地选自以下的金属离子:Fe3+、Fe2+、Co3+、Co2+、Cr2+、Cr3+、Mn2+、Mn3+、Ir3+、Ni2+、Rh3+、Ru2+、V4+、V5+、Ni2+、Pd2+及Pt2+;
M3表示至少一种镁、第3族-第15族金属或镧系金属离子,钛除外;
X1表示与所述M2离子配位的除氰离子外的基团;
X2表示与所述M5离子配位的除氰离子外的基团;
A1表示卤素离子、硝酸根、硫酸根、碳酸根、氰离子、草酸根、硫氰酸根、异氰酸根、高氯酸根、异硫氰酸根、烷磺酸根、亚芳基磺酸根、三氟甲烷磺酸根或C1-4羧酸根;
A2表示至少一种烷氧阴离子、芳氧阴离子、羧酸根阴离子、酰基阴离子、焦磷酸根阴离子、磷酸根阴离子、硫代磷酸根阴离子、酰胺阴离子、氧阴离子、硅氧阴离子、氢阴离子、氨基甲酸根阴离子或烃阴离子;
b、c和d各自是反映呈静电中性的络合物的数字,条件是b和c各自大于零;
x和y是平衡金属盐M3 xA1 y中的电荷的整数;
r是4至6的整数;
t是0至2的整数;
n是0和20的数字;
p是0.002至10;以及
w和z是平衡金属盐M3 zA2 z中的电荷的整数,条件是w是1至4。
18.根据权利要求17所述的不溶于水的催化剂,其中M1和M4是锌;M2和M5是钴并且M3选自铝、镓、铪、铟及锰。
19.一种不溶于水的催化剂络合物,其对应于下式:
M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c[M5(X2)6]d·nM4 xA1 y·pM3 wA2 z
其中:
M1和M4各自表示独立地选自以下的金属离子:Zn2+、Fe2+、Co+2+、Ni2+、Mo4+、Mo6+、Al+3+、V4+、V5+、Sr2+、W4+、W6+、Mn2+、Sn2+、Sn4+、Pb2+、Cu2+、La3+及Cr3+;
M2和M5各自表示独立地选自以下的金属离子:Fe3+、Fe2+、Co3+、Co2+、Cr2+、Cr3+、Mn2+、Mn3+、Ir3+、Ni2+、Rh3+、Ru2+、V4+、V5+、Ni2+、Pd2+及Pt2+;
M3表示至少一种镁、第3族-第15族金属或镧系金属离子,钛除外;
X1表示与所述M2离子配位的除氰离子外的基团;
X2表示与所述M5离子配位的除氰离子外的基团;
A1表示卤素离子、硝酸根、硫酸根、碳酸根、氰离子、草酸根、硫氰酸根、异氰酸根、高氯酸根、异硫氰酸根、烷磺酸根、亚芳基磺酸根、三氟甲烷磺酸根或C1-4羧酸根;
A2表示至少一种烷氧阴离子、芳氧阴离子、羧酸根阴离子、酰基阴离子、焦磷酸根阴离子、磷酸根阴离子、硫代磷酸根阴离子、酰胺阴离子、氧阴离子、硅氧阴离子、氢阴离子、氨基甲酸根阴离子或烃阴离子;
b、c和d各自是反映呈静电中性的络合物的数字,条件是b和c各自大于零;
x和y是平衡金属盐M3 xA1 y中的电荷的整数;
r是4至6的整数;
t是0至2的整数;
n是0和20的数字;
p是0.002至10;以及
w和z是平衡金属盐M3 zA2 z中的电荷的整数,条件是w是1至4。
20.根据权利要求19所述的不溶于水的催化剂络合物,其中M1和M4是锌;M2和M5是钴并且M3选自铝、镓、铪、铟及锰。
21.一种不溶于水的颗粒状催化剂络合物,其包括具有M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)]c相和M3金属氧化物相的混合粒子,其中
M1表示独立地选自以下的金属离子:Zn2+、Fe2+、Co+2+、Ni2+、Mo4+、Mo6+、Al+3+、V4+、V5+、Sr2+、W4+、W6+、Mn2+、Sn2+、Sn4+、Pb2+、Cu2+、La3+及Cr3+;
M2表示独立地选自以下的金属离子:Fe3+、Fe2+、Co3+、Co2+、Cr2+、Cr3+、Mn2+、Mn3+、Ir3+、Ni2 +、Rh3+、Ru2+、V4+、V5+、Ni2+、Pd2+及Pt2+;
M3表示至少一种镁、第3族-第15族金属或镧系金属离子,钛除外;
X1表示与所述M2离子配位的除氰离子外的基团;
b和c各自是反映呈静电中性的络合物的数字;
r是4至6的整数;以及
t是0至2的整数。
22.根据权利要求21所述的不溶于水的颗粒状催化剂络合物,其中所述M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c相是六氰基钴酸锌相。
23.根据权利要求21或22所述的不溶于水的颗粒状催化剂络合物,其中M3选自铝、镓、铪、铟及锰。
24.根据权利要求21至23中任一项所述的不溶于水的颗粒状催化剂络合物,其含有每摩尔所述M2金属0.0-2至10摩尔的所述M3金属。
25.一种催化剂络合物,其包括不溶于水的六氰基钴酸锌粒子与M3金属氧化物粒子的物理混合物,所述M3金属氧化物粒子的存在量提供每摩尔由所述六氰基钴酸锌所提供的钴0.002至10摩尔M3金属,并且另外其中如使用气体吸附法所测量,所述M3金属氧化物粒子的表面积是至少1m2/g。
26.一种用于制造聚碳酸酯的方法,所述方法形成包括含羟基起始物、至少一种环氧烷、二氧化碳及根据权利要求15至25中任一项所述的催化剂络合物的反应混合物。
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