CN118043375A - 聚醚聚合工艺 - Google Patents
聚醚聚合工艺 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN118043375A CN118043375A CN202280066405.8A CN202280066405A CN118043375A CN 118043375 A CN118043375 A CN 118043375A CN 202280066405 A CN202280066405 A CN 202280066405A CN 118043375 A CN118043375 A CN 118043375A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- catalyst complex
- groups
- group
- phosphate
- Prior art date
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- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 38
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 title claims description 22
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 title claims description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- -1 cyanide compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 160
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 67
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical group C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 9
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-K thiophosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=S RYYWUUFWQRZTIU-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 8
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000011180 diphosphates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium hydrogen phosphate Chemical class [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])([O-])=O BNIILDVGGAEEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Carbamate Chemical compound NC([O-])=O KXDHJXZQYSOELW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J diphosphate(4-) Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])(=O)OP([O-])([O-])=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011975 tartaric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000002906 tartaric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Succinic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-hydroxysuccinic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-M dihydrogenphosphate Chemical class OP(O)([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001630 malic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011090 malic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Thiocyanate anion Chemical compound [S-]C#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen thiocyanate Natural products SC#N ZMZDMBWJUHKJPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002540 isothiocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002762 monocarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 5
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000005696 Diammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000006012 monoammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract 1
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium phosphate Substances [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 43
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 34
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 34
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 32
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 31
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 20
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 15
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- JKUYRAMKJLMYLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 3-oxobutanoate Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C JKUYRAMKJLMYLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 10
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 8
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 description 7
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 7
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 6
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 5
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- LCZVSXRMYJUNFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-hydroxypropoxy)propoxy]propan-1-ol Chemical compound CC(O)COC(C)COC(C)CO LCZVSXRMYJUNFX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylene glycol Chemical compound OCCCOCCCO SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M phenolate Chemical compound [O-]C1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 4
- OGHBATFHNDZKSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-olate Chemical compound CC(C)[O-] OGHBATFHNDZKSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZWQBZEFLFSFEOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-ditert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 ZWQBZEFLFSFEOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M salicylate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1C([O-])=O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229960001860 salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 3
- KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxychromen-4-one Chemical compound C=1C(OC)=CC(O)=C(C(C=2)=O)C=1OC=2C1=CC=C(OC)C(OC)=C1 HIXDQWDOVZUNNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IXQGCWUGDFDQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylphenol Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1O IXQGCWUGDFDQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SDTMFDGELKWGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropan-2-olate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)[O-] SDTMFDGELKWGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZISUTJVNFLXDPL-UHFFFAOYSA-K O([Sc](Oc1ccccc1)Oc1ccccc1)c1ccccc1 Chemical compound O([Sc](Oc1ccccc1)Oc1ccccc1)c1ccccc1 ZISUTJVNFLXDPL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N iron;(z)-4-oxoniumylidenepent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Fe].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium acetate Chemical compound [Li+].CC([O-])=O XIXADJRWDQXREU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;formate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]C=O XKPJKVVZOOEMPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
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- UQIRCVPINUNHQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);methanolate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]C.[O-]C UQIRCVPINUNHQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RVYHLWKCEYFJBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);propan-2-olate Chemical compound [Mn+2].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-] RVYHLWKCEYFJBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BLWDACFFAXAIOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N tri(butan-2-yloxy)indigane Chemical compound CCC(C)O[In](OC(C)CC)OC(C)CC BLWDACFFAXAIOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- SRWMQSFFRFWREA-UHFFFAOYSA-M zinc formate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C=O SRWMQSFFRFWREA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- HCOFMIWUFBMIPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;2,4-ditert-butyl-6-carboxyphenolate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C([O-])C(C(C)(C)C)=C1.CC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(O)=O)=C([O-])C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 HCOFMIWUFBMIPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IFNXAMCERSVZCV-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O.CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O IFNXAMCERSVZCV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- DVGVEVPHJQJMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;2-methylpropan-2-olate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(C)(C)[O-].CC(C)(C)[O-] DVGVEVPHJQJMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCCUYQBZUVUONI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;bis(trimethylsilyl)azanide Chemical compound [Zn+2].C[Si](C)(C)[N-][Si](C)(C)C.C[Si](C)(C)[N-][Si](C)(C)C ZCCUYQBZUVUONI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FQFRBGQLTUGOQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;butan-2-olate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCC(C)[O-].CCC(C)[O-] FQFRBGQLTUGOQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HEPBQSXQJMTVFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;butane Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCC[CH2-].CCC[CH2-] HEPBQSXQJMTVFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JDLYKQWJXAQNNS-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;dibenzoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1.[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 JDLYKQWJXAQNNS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- DNDQQRKQIMETKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;diethylazanide Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC[N-]CC.CC[N-]CC DNDQQRKQIMETKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- APBVWJFWFCYXRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;dimethylazanide Chemical compound [Zn+2].C[N-]C.C[N-]C APBVWJFWFCYXRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXPBKKIHHOGOPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;diphenylazanide Chemical compound [Zn+2].C=1C=CC=CC=1[N-]C1=CC=CC=C1.C=1C=CC=CC=1[N-]C1=CC=CC=C1 TXPBKKIHHOGOPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JXNCWJJAQLTWKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;methanolate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]C.[O-]C JXNCWJJAQLTWKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;pentane-2,4-dione Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O.CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O NHXVNEDMKGDNPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDWXRAYGALQIFG-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;propanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCC([O-])=O.CCC([O-])=O XDWXRAYGALQIFG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000007934 α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
环氧烷在催化剂体系的存在下聚合,该催化剂体系包括双金属氰化物催化剂。存在至少一种添加剂。该添加剂是具有至多24个碳原子的单羧酸的碱金属盐、铵盐或季铵盐;磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氢铵或季铵、磷酸氢二铵和磷酸季铵或磷酸。
Description
本发明涉及用于使环氧烷聚合以形成聚醚的工艺。
通过在聚合催化剂的存在下聚合一种或多种环氧烷而在全球大量生产聚(环氧烷)。它们是用于生产聚氨酯的重要原料,并且尤其用作表面活性剂和工业溶剂。主要的聚合催化剂是碱金属氢氧化物或醇盐和通常被称为双金属氰化物(DMC)催化剂的某些金属络合物。
双金属氰化物催化剂具有某些优点。它们不会强烈催化环氧丙烷重排以形成丙烯醇。因此,使用DMC催化剂制备的聚醚多元醇常常具有更少量的不期望的单功能聚合物。此外,DMC催化剂残留物通常不需要从产物中去除。这样做避免了使用碱金属催化剂时需要的中和和催化剂去除步骤。
然而,DMC催化剂具有某些缺点。它们在聚合条件下暴露于环氧烷,在它们变得“活化”和快速聚合开始之前,它们表现出潜伏期。另一个显著问题是DMC催化剂在高浓度的羟基基团存在下表现迟缓。因此,当制备低分子量产物和以低当量重量起始物开始的半间歇工艺中,DMC催化剂不受欢迎。
美国专利9,040,657号公开了一种在DMC催化剂和镁、第3族至第15族金属或镧系化合物存在下生产聚醚一元醇或多元醇的方法,其中镁、第3族至第15族金属或镧系金属与至少一种醇盐、芳氧基、羧酸盐、酰基、焦磷酸根、磷酸根、硫代磷酸根、二硫代磷酸根、磷酸酯、硫代磷酸酯、酰胺、氧化硅、氢化物、氨基甲酸根或烃阴离子键合,并且镁、第3族至第15族或镧系金属化合物不含卤化物阴离子。当暴露于高浓度羟基时,该技术在减少活化时间和提高催化剂性能方面非常有效。尽管如此,期望进一步改进;特别地,在严格的聚合条件下和/或在聚合环氧乙烷中表现更好的催化剂体系将是有益的。
本发明是一种用于生产聚醚的方法,该方法包括:
I.形成反应混合物,该反应混合物包含a)含羟基的起始物、b)至少一种环氧烷、c)包括至少一种双金属氰化物化合物的水不溶性聚合催化剂络合物和d)选自由具有至多24个碳原子的单羧酸的碱金属盐、铵盐和季铵盐组成的组的添加剂;磷酸二氢碱金属盐、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢季铵、酒石酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸,以及
II.在存在水不溶性聚合催化剂络合物和添加剂的情况下,将环氧烷聚合到含羟基的起始物上以生产聚醚。
已经发现添加剂的存在显著提高了双金属氰化物催化剂的活性,甚至当存在诸如WO 2012/091968中所述的“促进剂”化合物时。该添加剂在高羟基浓度和/或极低分子量起始物的条件下增强催化剂活化和聚合速率。非常显著地,添加剂的存在改善了环氧乙烷聚合中的催化剂性能。使用本发明,环氧乙烷可以聚合到甚至低分子量起始物上,并且甚至在高羟基浓度的条件下,以生产具有受控分子量和低多分散性的聚(环氧乙烷)聚合物。
在本发明的方法中,聚合混合物包括a)含羟基的起始物,b)至少一种环氧烷,c)包括至少一种双金属氰化物化合物的水不溶性聚合催化剂络合物和d)如本文所述的添加剂。在水不溶性聚合催化剂络合物和添加剂的存在下,通过将环氧烷聚合到含羟基的起始物上生产聚醚。
起始物化合物的主要功能是提供分子量控制并确定聚醚产物将具有的羟基基团的数目。含羟基的起始物化合物可以含有1个或更多个(优选地,2个或更多个)羟基基团和至多12个或更多个羟基基团。例如,用于生产用于聚氨酯应用中的多元醇的起始物通常具有每分子2个至8个羟基基团。在一些实施方案中,起始物化合物将具有2个至4个或2个至3个羟基基团。在其他实施方案中,起始物化合物将具有4个至8个或4个至6个羟基基团。起始物化合物可以具有相对于彼此处于1,2-或1,3-位的至少两个羟基(取与其中一个羟基相连的碳原子作为“1”位)。可以使用起始物化合物的混合物。
起始物化合物的羟基当量将小于一元醇或多元醇产物的羟基当量。它可以具有30g/当量至500g/当量或更大的羟基当量重量,如通过根据ASTM D4274-21测量羟基数并且使用当量重量=56100÷羟基数的关系式将以mg KOH/g计的羟基数转化为当量重量来确定的。该当量重量可以为至多500g/当量、至多250g/当量、至多125g/当量和/或至多100g/当量。
示例性起始物包括但不限于丙三醇、乙二醇、二甘醇、三甘醇、丙二醇、二丙二醇、三丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,8-辛二醇、环己烷二甲醇、甘油、三羟甲基丙烷、三羟甲基乙烷、季戊四醇、山梨醇、蔗糖、苯酚和多酚起始物(诸如双酚A或1,1,1-三(羟苯基)乙烷),以及具有小于聚合产物的羟基当量的羟基当量重量的那些中的任何一种的烷氧基化物(诸如乙氧基化物和/或丙氧基化物)。起始物化合物还可以为水。起始物可以用少量酸中和或含有少量酸,特别是在存在碱基的情况下制备起始物时(甘油通常就是这种情况)。如果存在酸,则基于起始物的重量,其存在的量可以为约10ppm至100ppm,例如,如美国专利6,077,978号所述。如美国专利公开申请2005-0209438号所述,基于起始物的重量,酸的用量可以略大些,诸如100ppm至1000ppm。酸可以在起始物与催化剂络合物组合之前或之后添加到起始物中。
某些起始物可以提供具体的优点。已经发现三甘醇在用于生产聚醚二醇的间歇和半间歇工艺中是特别好的起始物。还发现三丙二醇和二丙二醇是与本发明的催化剂络合物结合使用的特别好的起始物。
环氧烷可以为例如环氧乙烷、1,2-环氧丙烷、2,3-环氧丙烷、1,2-环氧丁烷、2-甲基-1,2-环氧丁烷、2,3-环氧丁烷、四氢呋喃、环氧氯丙烷、环氧己烷、环氧苯乙烷、二乙烯基苯二氧化物、缩水甘油醚(诸如双酚A二缩水甘油醚、烯丙基缩水甘油醚),另一种可聚合的环氧乙烷,或这些中的任意两种或多种的混合物。在一些具体实施方案中,环氧烷为1,2-环氧丙烷,或至少40重量%(优选地,至少80重量%)的1,2-环氧丙烷和至多60重量%(优选地,至多20重量%)的环氧乙烷的混合物。本发明的一个重要优点是该催化剂可以在环氧乙烷作为唯一的或主要的环氧烷的存在下活化,并且环氧乙烷甚至可以容易地聚合到低分子量起始物上。因此,在一些实施方案中,环氧烷为环氧乙烷或至少60重量%或至少80重量%的环氧乙烷与相应至多40重量%(优选地,至多20重量%)的1,2-环氧丙烷的混合物。
在一些实施方案中,基于反应混合物的总重量,反应混合物含有1重量%至25重量%的羟基基团。对于聚合反应的至少一部分,反应混合物可以含有例如4.5重量%至20重量%、4.5重量%至15重量%、4.5重量%至12重量%或4.5重量%至10重量%的羟基基团。
在一些实施方案中,反应混合物含有至多10重量%的环氧乙烷。在其中环氧乙烷含量(如果有的话)处于其最高的聚合中的点处,反应混合物可以含有例如至多8重量%、至多6重量%或至多5重量%的环氧乙烷。在一些实施方案中,对于聚合反应的至少一部分,反应混合物含有至少2重量%或至少3重量%的环氧乙烷。
组成反应混合物的组分可以以任何顺序组合。
聚合通常在升高的温度下进行。例如,聚合混合物的温度可以是例如80℃至220℃(例如,120℃至190℃)。
聚合反应通常在超大气压下进行,但是可以在大气压甚至低于大气压下进行。优选的压力为0至10个大气压(0至1013kPa),尤其是0至6个大气压(0至608kPa),即表压。
优选地在真空或惰性气氛(如氮气、氦气或氩气气氛)下进行聚合。
可以使用足够的水不溶性聚合催化剂络合物来提供合理的聚合速率,但通常令人期望的是,使用与合理的聚合速率相符的尽可能少的催化剂络合物,因为这降低了催化剂的成本,而且如果催化剂水平足够低,则还可以消除从产物中去除催化剂残留物的需要。使用较低量的催化剂还减少了产物的残留金属含量。按产物的重量计,催化剂络合物的量可以为1ppm到5000ppm。按产物的重量计,催化剂络合物的量可以为至少2ppm、至少5ppm、至少10ppm、至少25ppm或至多500ppm、或至多200ppm或至多100ppm。当催化剂络合物含有六氰基钴酸盐化合物时,可以选择催化剂络合物的量以提供每百万重量份的产物0.25重量份至20重量份、0.5重量份至10重量份、0.5重量份至1重量份或0.5重量份至2.5重量份的钴。
聚合反应可以在适合于所遇压力和温度的任何类型的容器中进行。在连续或半间歇工艺中,随着聚合进行,引入环氧烷、另外的起始物化合物和优选地水不溶性聚合催化剂络合物、促进剂(如果有的话)和添加剂。因此,该容器应具有一个或多个入口,通过该一个或多个入口可以在反应期间引入那些组分。在连续工艺中,反应器容器应包含至少一个出口,部分聚合反应混合物的一部分可通过该至少一个出口取出。在半间歇操作中,在反应期间添加环氧烷(以及任选的另外的起始物和催化剂络合物),但通常直到聚合完成才取出产物。具有用于注入起始材料的多个点的管式反应器、环管反应器和连续搅拌釜反应器(CTSR)都是用于连续或半间歇操作的容器的合适类型。反应器应配备有供热或除热的装置,因此可以将反应混合物的温度维持在所需范围内。合适的装置包括用于热流体的各种类型的夹套、各种类型的内部或外部加热器等。在防止发生显著返混的反应器中方便地进行对连续取出的产物进行的蒸煮步骤。管道或管式反应器中的活塞流操作是进行这种蒸煮步骤的优选方式。
在任何前述工艺中获得的产物可以含有:基于总重量,至多0.5重量%的未反应的环氧烷;少量的起始物化合物及其低分子量烷氧基化物;以及少量的其他有机杂质和水。挥发性杂质应从生成的聚醚中闪蒸或汽提。产物通常含有催化剂残留物并且可以含有促进剂(如果使用的话)和添加剂的残余物。通常将这些残余物留在产物中,但是如果需要的话可以去除这些残余物。可以通过汽提多元醇去除水分和挥发物。
聚合反应可以由“构建比”表征,所述构建比被定义为产物的数均分子量与起始物化合物的数均分子量之比。该构建比可以高达160,但是更普遍地处于2.5至约65的范围内,并且仍更常见地处于2.5至约50、2.5至35、2.5至11或7至11的范围内。
本发明特别可用于特征在于以下一种或多种的聚合工艺:i)使用具有至多125g/当量,特别是至多100g/当量或至多75g/当量的当量重量的起始物;ii)在聚合工艺的至少一部分期间,基于反应混合物的总重量,4.25重量%至20重量%,特别是4.25重量%至15重量%、4.25重量%至12重量%或4.25重量%至10重量%的羟基含量;iii)基于产物的重量,足以提供至多5ppm的钴,特别是0.5ppm至2ppm的钴的催化剂络合物浓度;iv)环氧烷是环氧乙烷或含有至少60重量%或至少80重量%的环氧乙烷(余量优选地为1,2-环氧丙烷)的环氧烷混合物;以及(v)在环氧乙烷浓度(如果有的话)处于其最高的聚合点处,环氧乙烷浓度为2重量%至10重量%、2重量%至8重量%、2重量%至6重量%或2重量%至5重量%。这些中的每一者都代表了一种严峻的条件,在该条件下,常规六氰基金属锌催化剂性能不佳。
在一些实施方案中,聚合步骤在每摩尔被聚合的环氧烷不超过0.01摩尔的碳酸酯前体的存在下进行。“碳酸酯”前体是当与环氧烷聚合时产生碳酸酯(-O-C(O)-O-)键的化合物。碳酸酯前体的示例包含二氧化碳、直链碳酸酯、环状碳酸酯、碳酰氯等。
水不溶性聚合催化剂络合物包括至少一种双金属氰化物化合物。这种类型的聚合催化剂络合物和双金属氰化物化合物通常是公知的,并且包括例如美国专利3,278,457号、3,278,458号、3,278,459号、3,404,109号、3,427,256号、3,427,334号、3,427,335和5,470,813号中描述的那些。在一些实施方案中,双金属氰化物化合物由下式表示:
M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c[M3(X2)6]d·nM4 xA1 y(I)
其中:
M1和M4各自代表独立地选自以下的金属离子:Zn2+、Fe2+、Co+2+、Ni2+、Mo4+、Mo6+、Al3+、V4+、V5+、Sr2+、W4+、W6+、Mn2+、Sn2+、Sn4+、Pb2+、Cu2+、La3+和Cr3+;
M2和M3各自代表独立地选自以下的金属离子:Fe3+、Fe2+、Co3+、Co2+、Cr2+、Cr3+、Mn2+、Mn3+、Ir3+、Ni2+、Rh3+、Ru2+、V4+、V5+、Ni2+、Pd2+和Pt2+;
X1代表与M2离子配位的氰化物之外的基团;
X2代表与所述M3离子配位的氰化物之外的基团;
A1代表卤化物,诸如氯化物、溴化物和碘化物;硝酸盐;硫酸盐;碳酸盐;氰化物;草酸盐;硫氰酸盐;异氰酸盐;高氯酸盐;异硫氰酸盐;链烷磺酸盐诸如甲磺酸盐;亚芳基磺酸盐诸如对甲苯磺酸盐;和三氟甲磺酸盐(三氟甲烷磺酸盐);
b、c和d各自为使得M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c[M3(X2)6]d基团反映静电中性的数字,前提条件是b和c各自大于零;
x和y为使得金属盐M4 xA1 y是静电中性的整数;
r为4至6的整数;
t为0至2的整数;并且
n为0至20的数字。
M1和M4(如果存在的话)各自最优选地为锌。M2和M3(如果存在的话)各自最优选地为铁和钴,尤其是钴。r最优选地为6,并且t最优选地为零。d最优选地为0至1。经过组合的M1金属和M4金属与经过组合的M2和M3金属的摩尔比优选地为0.8:1至20:1。
在一些实施方案中,p可以为至少0.001或至少0.0025,并且可以为至多10、至多5、至多1.5、至多0.25或至多0.125。在一些实施方案中,q可以为至少0.002、至少0.01、至少0.025或至少0.05,并且可以为至多10、至多2、至多1.25或至多0.5。p和q的更小的值不会导致催化剂络合物性能的任何改善。更大的量不仅不能改善催化剂性能,反而实际上会降低催化剂性能。
在一些实施方案中,比率p:q可以为至少0.025或至少0.05且至多1.5、至多1或至多0.5。
使用X-射线荧光(XRF)方法方便地测定p、q的值和比率p:q。
上式的催化剂络合物可以在沉淀方法中制备,其中制备含有包括氰基金属盐化合物和起始M1化合物的起始材料的溶液,起始材料中的某些起始材料反应并且催化剂络合物从起始溶液中沉淀。一般来讲,用于生产DMC催化剂的方法如以下文献所述:例如,美国专利3,278,457号、3,278,458号、3,278,459号、3,404,109号、3,427,256号、3,427,334号、3,427,335号和5,470,813号。
溶剂包括水和液体脂肪族醇中的至少一者。溶剂是起始氰基金属盐化合物和M1金属化合物可溶于其中的溶剂。
溶剂可以是例如水、正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、仲丁醇、叔丁醇、具有至多例如12个碳原子的其他亚烷基一元醇、乙二醇、二甘醇、三甘醇、丙二醇、二丙二醇、三丙二醇或具有一个或多个羟基基团且数均分子量为至多例如8000g/mol的其他聚醚,该数均分子量如通过凝胶渗透色谱法根据聚苯乙烯标准物测量。其中优选具有3到6个碳原子的脂肪族一元醇,尤其是叔丁醇。特别优选的是水和可溶于水的液体脂肪醇(尤其是具有3到6个碳原子的脂肪族一元醇,并且最优选地为叔丁醇)以混合物中存在的相对比例、体积比为25:75至90:10的混合物。
M1金属化合物优选地是水溶性的。其通常是M1金属和一种或多种阴离子的盐。此类盐可以具有式M1 xA1 y,其中x、A1和y如前所述。在示例性实施方案中,阴离子A1不是以下中的任一种:醇盐、芳氧基、羧酸盐、酰基、焦磷酸根、磷酸根、硫代磷酸根、二硫代磷酸根、磷酸酯、硫代磷酸酯、酰胺、氧化物、氧化硅、氢化物、氨基甲酸根或烃阴离子。
M1金属是以下中的一种或多种:Zn2+、Fe2+、Co+2+、Ni2+、Mo4+、Mo6+、Al+3+、V4+、V5+、Sr2+、W4+、W6+、Mn2+、Sn2+、Sn4+、Pb2+、Cu2+、La3+和Cr3+。Zn2+为优选的M1金属。ZnCl2为优选的M1金属化合物。
氰基金属盐化合物包括M2(CN)r(X1)t阴离子,其中r、X1和t如前所述。r优选地为6,并且t优选地为零。M2金属为以下中的一种或多种:Fe3+、Fe2+、Co3+、Co2+、Cr2+、Cr3+、Mn2+、Mn3+、Ir3+、Ni2+、Rh3+、Ru2+、V4+、V5+、Ni2+、Pd2+和Pt2+。M2金属优选地为Fe3+或Co3+,其中Co3+是特别优选的。氰基金属盐化合物优选地为碱金属盐或铵盐,尽管可以使用对应的氰基金属酸。六氰基钴酸钾是特别优选的氰基金属盐化合物。
氰基金属盐化合物与M1金属化合物反应以形成包括水不溶性M1金属氰基金属盐的催化剂络合物。该反应在室温(23℃)左右或略微升高的温度下自发进行。因此,不需要特殊的反应条件。例如,温度可以为0到60℃。优选的温度为20℃到50℃或25℃到45℃。优选的是,继续搅拌直到发生沉淀,这通常通过溶液中外观的变化来指示。只要溶剂不蒸发,反应压力就不是特别关键。10kPa至10,000kPa的绝对压力的合适的,其中50kPa至250kPa的绝对压力是完全合适的。反应时间可以为30分钟到24小时或更长。
优选的用络合剂处理沉淀的双金属氰化物,该络合剂掺入到催化剂络合物中。通过用络合剂或络合剂在水中的溶液对沉淀的双金属氰化物进行一次或多次洗涤,可以方便的做到这一点。络合剂组分可以包含之前关于起始溶液所述的醇、聚醚、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、缩水甘油醚、糖苷、多元醇羧酸酯、聚亚烷基二醇脱水山梨糖醇酯、胆汁酸或胆汁盐、羧酸酯或其酰胺、环糊精、有机磷酸根、亚磷酸根、膦酸盐、亚膦酸酯、次膦酸酯、次亚膦酸酯、离子型表面或界面活性化合物和/或α,β-不饱和羧酸酯中的至少一者。在示例性实施方案中,有机络合剂是以下中的一者或多者:正丙醇、异丙醇、正丁醇、仲丁醇、叔丁醇、具有至多12个碳原子的其他亚烷基一元醇、乙二醇、二甘醇、三甘醇、丙二醇、二丙二醇、三丙二醇或具有一个或多个羟基基团且数均分子量为至多例如8000g/mol的其他聚醚,该数均分子量如通过凝胶渗透色谱法根据聚苯乙烯标准物测量。
如此制备的催化剂络合物可从起始溶液或任何洗涤液中方便地回收、干燥,并根据需要进行研磨或碾磨,以将催化剂络合物还原成体积平均粒度为例如100μm或更小的粉末。干燥可以通过加热和/或施加真空来完成。
在一些实施方案中,添加剂是或包括具有至多24个碳原子的单羧酸的碱金属盐、铵盐或季铵盐。单羧酸可以具有1个至18个碳原子、1个至12个碳原子、1个至8个碳原子或1个至2个碳原子。单羧酸可以是脂肪族的,也可以是直链的。在其他实施方案中,单羧酸可以是芳香族的(诸如苯甲酸)。碱金属可以是锂、钠、钾和/或铯。所谓“铵”是指NH4 +离子。季铵离子采取NR4+的形式,其中每个R独立地是H或烃基,前提条件是至少一个R是烃基。具体示例包括甲酸锂、甲酸钠、甲酸钾、甲酸铯或甲酸铵;乙酸锂、乙酸钠、乙酸钾、乙酸铯或乙酸铵;苯甲酸锂、苯甲酸钠、苯甲酸钾、苯甲酸铯或苯甲酸铵,以及直链或支链脂肪族C4-C18单羧酸的锂盐、钠盐、钾盐、铯盐或铵盐。
添加剂可以是或包括磷酸二氢碱金属盐、磷酸二氢铵和磷酸二氢季铵中的一者或多者。这些的示例包括磷酸二氢锂、磷酸二氢钠、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氢铯和磷酸二氢铵。
添加剂可以是或包括磷酸氢二钠(Na2HPO4)。
添加剂可以是或包括酒石酸、苹果酸或琥珀酸中的一者或多者。
在一些实施方案中,添加剂的重量为催化剂络合物的重量的1倍至25倍。添加剂重量可以是例如催化剂络合物的重量的至少2倍或至少3倍。添加剂重量可以是催化剂络合物的重量的至多15倍、至多10倍、至多7.5倍或至多5倍。
换句话说,基于产物的重量,添加剂在聚合混合物中的存在量适宜地为约50份/百万重量份(ppm)至50,000ppm。优选的下限量为至少100ppm、至少250ppm、至少500ppm或至少1000ppm。优选的上限量为至多10,000ppm、至多5,000ppm、至多2500ppm或至多1500ppm。
促进剂任选地存在于反应混合物中。用于本发明目的的促进剂是与水不溶性聚合催化剂络合物分开的组分,该组分用于本发明目的是指在形成催化剂络合物的双金属氰化物组分的沉淀步骤期间既不存在促进剂也不存在M5金属或半金属连续前体。促进剂可以以任何顺序与其他成分组合,并且特别地可以在与聚合混合物的其他组分组合之前与催化剂络合物组合。
M5金属或半金属化合物是镁或属于2010IUPAC元素周期表第3族至15族中任一族(包括第3族和第15族在内)的金属或半金属M5与一种或多种阴离子的化合物,该一种或多种阴离子选自由醇盐、芳氧基、羧酸盐、酰基、焦磷酸根、磷酸根、硫代磷酸根、二硫代磷酸根、磷酸酯、硫代磷酸酯、酰胺、氧化物、氧化硅、氢化物、氨基甲酸根、卤化物或烃阴离子组成的组。
该金属可以是例如钪、钇、镧、锆、铪、钒、铌、钽、铬、钼、钨、锰、铼、铁、钌、锇、钴、铑、铱、镍、钛、硅、钯、铂、铜、银、金、锌、镉、汞、铝、镓、铟、碲、锡、铅、铋和镧系金属,包括原子序数为58(铈)至71(镥)的那些。
优选的M5金属和半金属包括钇、锆、铌、硅、钛、钨、钴、钪、钒、钼、镍、锌和锡。更优选的是铪、铝、锰、镓和铟。
所谓“醇盐”离子是指具有–O-R形式的物质,其中R是烷基基团或经过取代的烷基基团,并且在去除羟基氢后,其是具有HO-R形式的醇化合物的共轭碱。这些醇的pKa值可以在13至25或更高的范围内。在一些实施方案中,醇盐离子可以含有1个至20个(例如,1个至6个和/或2个至6个)碳原子。烷基或经过取代烷基可以是直链、支链和/或环状的。合适的取代基的实例包含例如另外的羟基(其可以呈醇盐形式)、醚基、羰基、酯基、聚氨酯基团、碳酸酯基、甲硅烷基、芳香族基团(如苯基和烷基取代的苯基)和卤素。此类醇盐离子的实例包含甲醇盐、乙醇盐、异丙醇盐、正丙醇盐、正丁醇盐、仲丁醇盐、叔丁醇盐和苄氧基。所述R基团可以含有一个或多个羟基和/或可以含有一个或多个醚键。醇盐离子可以对应于聚合中存在的起始物化合物(如下文描述的那些起始物化合物)的(在去除一个或多个羟基氢之后的)残基。醇盐离子可以是通过从聚醚一元醇或聚醚多元醇中去除一个或多个羟基氢而形成的醇盐;在一些实施方案中,此类醇盐对应于去除一个或多个羟基氢原子之后从烷氧基化反应中获得的聚醚一元醇或聚醚多元醇产物的残基,或具有介于起始物化合物的分子量与烷氧基化反应产物中间的分子量的聚醚的残基。
所谓“芳氧基”阴离子是指具有–O-Ar形式的物质,其中Ar为芳香族基团或经过取代的芳香族基团,并且在去除羟基氢之后,其对应于具有HO-Ar形式的酚类化合物。这些酚类化合物的pKa可以为例如约9到12。此类芳氧基阴离子的实例包含酚盐和环取代的酚盐,其中环取代基包含例如烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基和烷氧基中的一种或多种。环取代基(如果存在的话)可以在一个或多个相对于酚基的邻位、对位和/或间位中。酚盐阴离子还包含多酚化合物(如双酚A、双酚F和各种其它双酚)、1,1,1-三(羟苯基)乙烷和稠环芳香族化合物(如1-萘酚)的共轭碱。
所谓“羧酸盐”阴离子是指含有1到24(例如,2到18和/或2到12)个碳原子的羧酸盐。羧酸盐可以是脂肪族或芳香族的。脂肪族羧酸可以含有取代基。这种物质的实例包含羟基(其可以呈醇盐形式)、醚基、羰基、酯基、聚氨酯基团、碳酸酯基、甲硅烷基、芳香族基(如苯基和烷基取代的苯基)和卤素。脂肪族羧酸根阴离子的示例包括甲酸根、乙酸根、丙酸根、丁酸根、2-乙基己酸根、正辛酸根、癸酸根、月桂酸根和其他烷酸根以及卤素取代的烷酸根(诸如2,2,2-三氟乙酸根、2-氟乙酸根、2,2-二氟乙酸根、2-氯乙酸根和2,2,2-三氯乙酸根)。芳香族羧酸根的实例包含苯甲酸根、烷基取代的苯甲酸根、卤基取代的苯甲酸根、4-氰基苯甲酸根、4-三氟代甲基苯甲酸根、水杨酸根、3,5-二-叔丁基水杨酸根和碱式水杨酸根。在一些实施方案中,此类羧酸盐离子可以是pKa为1至6(例如,3至5)的羧酸的共轭碱。
所谓“酰基”阴离子是指含有羰基的化合物的共轭碱,所述化合物包含例如醛、酮、乙酰丙酮酯、碳酸盐、酯或具有烯醇形式的类似化合物。这些物质的实例为β-二酮化合物,如乙酰丙酮酯和乙酰丙酮丁酯。
所谓“磷酸根”阴离子是指具有式-O-P(O)(OR1)2的磷酸酯阴离子,其中R1是烷基、经过取代的烷基、苯基或经过取代的苯基。所谓“硫代磷酸根”阴离子是指硫代磷酸根阴离子具有其中一个或多个氧被硫置换的对应结构。磷酸根和硫代磷酸根可以是酯阴离子,如磷酸酯和硫代磷酸酯。
所谓“焦磷酸根”阴离子是指P2O7 4-阴离子。
所谓“酰胺”阴离子是指氮原子带负电荷的离子。酰胺离子通常采用形式–N(R2)2,其中R2基团独立地为氢、烷基、芳基、三烷基甲硅烷基或三芳基甲硅烷基。烷基可以是直链、支链或环状的。这些基团中的任何一个基团都可以含有取代基,如醚或羟基。两个R2基团可以一起形成环结构,所述环结构可以是不饱和的和/或含有一个或多个所述环中的杂原子(除酰胺氮外)。
所谓“氧化物”阴离子是指原子氧的阴离子,即O2-。
所谓“氧化硅”阴离子是指具有式(R3)3SiO-的硅酸盐,其中R3基团独立地为氢或烷基。
所谓“氢化物”阴离子是指氢的阴离子,即H-。
所谓“氨基甲酸根”阴离子是指阴离子-OOCNH2。
所谓“烃”阴离子是指包含脂肪族、环脂族和/或芳香族阴离子的烃基阴离子,其中负电荷驻留于碳原子上。烃基阴离子是pKa值通常超过30的烃的共轭碱。烃基阴离子还可以含有惰性取代基。在芳香族烃基阴离子中,可以使用苯基和经过取代的苯基。脂肪族烃基阴离子可以是含有1到12(例如,2到8)个碳原子的烷基。例如,甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、仲丁基、异丁基、环戊二烯基和叔丁基阴离子都是有用的。
所谓“卤化物”阴离子指的是F-、Cl-、Br-和I-。
有用的镓化合物的示例包括三烷基镓化合物,诸如三甲基镓、三乙基镓、三丁基镓、三苄基镓等;氧化镓;烷醇镓,诸如三甲醇镓、三乙醇镓、三异丙醇镓、三叔丁醇镓、三仲丁醇镓等;芳基氧化镓,诸如苯酚镓和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚镓;羧酸镓,诸如甲酸镓、乙酸镓、丙酸镓、2-乙基己酸镓、苯甲酸镓、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸镓、水杨酸镓、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸镓;镓酰胺,诸如三(二甲基酰胺)镓、三(二乙基酰胺)镓、三(二苯基酰胺)镓、三(二(三甲基硅烷基)酰胺)镓等;乙酰丙酮镓;叔丁基乙酰丙酮镓;以及烷基烷醇镓,诸如乙醇二乙基镓、乙醇二甲基镓、异丙醇二乙基镓、异丙醇二甲基镓等。
有用的铪化合物的示例包括烷基铪,诸如四乙基铪、四丁基铪、四苄基铪等;氧化铪;烷醇铪,诸如四甲醇铪、四乙醇铪、四异丙醇铪、四叔丁醇铪、四仲丁醇铪等;芳基氧化铪,诸如苯酚铪和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚铪;羧酸铪,诸如甲酸铪、乙酸铪、丙酸铪、2-乙基己酸铪、苯甲酸铪、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸铪、水杨酸铪、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸铪;酰胺铪,诸如四(二甲基酰胺)铪、四(二乙基酰胺)铪、四(二苯基酰胺)铪、四((双三甲基甲硅烷基)酰胺)铪;乙酰丙酮铪和叔丁基乙酰丙酮铪。
有用的铟化合物的示例包括三烷基铟化合物,诸如三甲基铟;氧化铟;烷醇铟,诸如甲醇铟、乙醇铟、异丙醇铟、叔丁醇铟、仲丁醇铟等;芳基氧化铟,诸如苯酚铟和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基中的一者或多者等环取代的苯酚铟;羧酸铟,诸如甲酸铟、乙酸铟、丙酸铟、2-乙基己酸铟、苯甲酸铟、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸铟、水杨酸铟、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸铟;乙酰丙酮铟;以及叔丁基乙酰丙酮铟。
有用的铝化合物的示例包括三烷基铝化合物,诸如三甲基铝、三乙基铝、三丁基铝、三苄基铝等;烷醇铝,诸如三甲醇铝、三乙醇铝、三异丙醇铝、三叔丁醇铝、三仲丁醇铝等;芳基氧化铝,诸如苯酚铝和其中一个或多个苯酚基团被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚铝;氧化铝;羧酸铝,诸如甲酸铝、乙酸铝、丙酸铝、2-乙基己酸铝、苯甲酸铝、其中一个或多个苯甲酸酯基团被一个或多个烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸铝、水杨酸铝、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸铝;铝酰胺,诸如三(二甲基酰胺)铝、三(二乙基酰胺)铝、三(二苯基酰胺)铝、三(二(三甲基硅烷基)酰胺)铝等;乙酰丙酮铝;叔丁基乙酰丙酮铝;以及烷基氧化铝和醇盐,诸如乙醇二乙基铝、乙醇二甲基铝、异丙醇二乙基铝、异丙醇二甲基铝、甲基铝氧烷、四乙基二铝氧烷等。
有用的镁化合物的示例包括烷基镁,诸如二乙基镁、二丁基镁、丁基乙基镁、二苄基镁等;烷醇镁,诸如甲醇镁、乙醇镁、异丙醇镁、叔丁醇镁、仲丁醇镁等;芳基氧化镁,诸如苯酚镁和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚镁;羧酸镁,诸如甲酸镁、乙酸镁、丙酸镁、2-乙基己酸镁、苯甲酸镁、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸镁、水杨酸镁、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸镁;酰胺镁,诸如二甲基酰胺镁、二乙基酰胺镁、二苯基酰胺镁、双(三甲基甲硅烷基)酰胺镁等;氧化镁、乙酰丙酮镁和叔丁基乙酰丙酮镁
有用的锰化合物的示例包括Mn(II)和/或Mn(III)和/或Mn(IV)化合物,包括磷酸锰;焦磷酸盐、氧化锰;烷醇锰,诸如甲醇锰、乙醇锰、异丙醇锰、叔丁醇锰、仲丁醇锰等;芳基氧化锰,诸如苯酚锰和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚锰;羧酸锰,诸如甲酸锰、乙酸锰、丙酸锰、2-乙基己酸锰、苯甲酸锰、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸锰、水杨酸锰、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸锰;乙酰丙酮锰;以及叔丁基乙酰丙酮锰。
有用的钪化合物的示例包括烷醇钪,诸如甲醇钪、乙醇钪、异丙醇钪、叔丁醇钪、仲丁醇钪等;钪氧化物;芳基氧化钪,诸如苯酚钪和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚钪;羧酸钪,诸如甲酸钪、乙酸钪、丙酸钪、2-乙基己酸钪、苯甲酸钪、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸钪;水杨酸钪;乙酰丙酮钪和叔丁基乙酰丙酮钪。
有用的钼化合物的示例包括Mo(IV)和/或Mo(VI)化合物,诸如磷酸钼;焦磷酸钼、氧化钼;烷醇钼,诸如甲醇钼、乙醇钼、异丙醇钼、叔丁醇钼、仲丁醇钼等;芳基氧化钼,诸如苯酚钼和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚钼;羧酸钼,诸如甲酸钼、乙酸钼、丙酸钼、2-乙基己酸钼、苯甲酸钼、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸钼、水杨酸钼、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸钼;乙酰丙酮钼。
有用的钴化合物的示例包括Co(II)和/或Co(III)化合物,诸如磷酸钴;焦磷酸钴、氧化钴;烷醇钴,诸如甲醇钴、乙醇钴、异丙醇钴、叔丁醇钴、仲丁醇钴等;芳基氧化钴,诸如苯酚钴和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚钴;羧酸钴,诸如甲酸钴、乙酸钴、丙酸钴、2-乙基己酸钴、苯甲酸钴、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸钴、水杨酸钴、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸钴;乙酰丙酮钴;以及叔丁基乙酰丙酮钴,在每种情况下为Co(II)和/或Co(III)化合物。
有用的钨化合物的示例包括磷酸钨;焦磷酸钨、氧化钨;烷醇钨,诸如甲醇钨、乙醇钨、异丙醇钨、叔丁醇钨、仲丁醇钨等;芳基氧化钨,诸如苯酚钨和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚钨;羧酸钨,诸如甲酸钨、乙酸钨、丙酸钨、2-乙基己酸钨、苯甲酸钨、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸钨、水杨酸钨、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸钨;乙酰丙酮化钨;以及叔丁基乙酰丙酮钨。
有用的铁化合物的示例包括铁(II)和/或铁(III)化合物,诸如磷酸铁;焦磷酸铁、氧化铁;烷醇铁,诸如甲醇铁、乙醇铁、异丙醇铁、叔丁醇铁、仲丁醇铁等;芳基氧化铁,诸如苯酚铁和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚铁;羧酸铁,诸如甲酸铁、乙酸铁、丙酸铁、2-乙基己酸铁、苯甲酸铁、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸铁、水杨酸铁、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸铁;乙酰丙酮铁;以及叔丁基乙酰丙酮铁,在每种情况下为Fe(II)和/或Fe(III)化合物。
有用的钒化合物的示例包括烷醇钒,诸如甲醇钒、乙醇钒、异丙醇钒、叔丁醇钒、仲丁醇钒等;氧化钒;氧代三(烷醇)钒,诸如氧代三(甲醇)钒、氧代三(乙醇)钒、氧代三(异丙醇)钒、氧代三(叔丁醇)钒、氧代三(仲丁醇)钒等;芳基氧化钒,诸如苯酚钒和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚钒;羧酸钒,诸如甲酸钒、乙酸钒、丙酸钒、2-乙基己酸钒、苯甲酸钒、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸钒、水杨酸钒、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸钒;三(乙酰丙酮)钒和三(叔丁基乙酰丙酮)钒;氧代双(乙酰丙酮)钒。
有用的锡化合物的示例包括磷酸亚锡;焦磷酸亚锡、氧化亚锡;二氧化锡;烷醇亚锡,诸如甲醇亚锡、乙醇亚锡、异丙醇亚锡、叔丁醇亚锡、仲丁醇亚锡等;芳基氧化亚锡,诸如苯酚亚锡和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚亚锡;羧酸亚锡,诸如甲酸亚锡、乙酸亚锡、丙酸亚锡、2-乙基己酸亚锡、苯甲酸亚锡、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸亚锡、水杨酸亚锡、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸亚锡;乙酰丙酮亚锡;以及叔丁基乙酰丙酮亚锡。
有用的锌化合物的示例包括烷基锌,诸如二甲基锌、二乙基锌、二丁基锌、二苄基锌等;氧化锌;烷基烷醇锌,诸如异丙醇乙基锌;烷醇锌,诸如甲醇锌、乙醇锌、异丙醇锌、叔丁醇锌、仲丁醇锌等;芳基氧化锌,诸如苯酚锌和其中苯酚基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯酚锌;羧酸锌,诸如甲酸锌、乙酸锌、丙酸锌、2-乙基己酸锌、苯甲酸锌、其中苯甲酸根基团中的一者或多者被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的苯甲酸锌、水杨酸锌、3,5-二叔丁基水杨酸锌;锌酰胺,诸如二甲基酰胺锌、二乙基酰胺锌、二苯基酰胺锌、双(三甲基甲硅烷基)酰胺锌;乙酰丙酮锌和叔丁基乙酰丙酮锌。
有用的钛化合物的示例包括二氧化钛和具有结构Ti(OR)4的烷醇钛,其中R是烷基或苯基(可以被取代),诸如四乙醇钛、四异丙醇钛、四叔丁醇钛、四仲丁醇钛、四苯氧基钛、其中苯氧基中的一者或多者独立地被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的四苯氧基钛。
有用的硅化合物的示例包括二氧化硅和具有结构Si(OR)4的烷醇硅,其中R是烷基或苯基(可以被取代),诸如四乙醇硅、四异丙醇硅、四叔丁醇硅、四仲丁醇硅、四苯氧基硅、其中苯氧基中的一者或多者独立地被烷基、CF3、氰基、COCH3、卤素、羟基、烷氧基等中的一者或多者环取代的四苯氧硅。
促进剂优选地以提供至少0.001摩尔或至少0.0025摩尔的M5金属或半金属/摩尔由双金属氰化物催化剂提供的M2加M3金属的量存在。促进剂可以以提供至多50、至多10、至多5、至多1.5、至多0.25或至多0.125摩尔M5金属或半金属/摩尔由双金属氰化物催化剂提供的M2加M3金属的量存在。
可以存在两种或更多种不同M5金属或半金属的化合物的促进剂混合物,如例如WO2020/131508中所述。在此类混合物中,优选的是M5金属或半金属中的至少一者是镓、铟、铪或钛(特别是镓或铪),并且至少一种其他M5金属或半金属是铝、硅或钛(特别是铝)。
在某些实施方案中,促进剂以离散颗粒的形式存在,当促进剂是M5金属或半金属氧化物时通常是这种情况。此类颗粒可以具有使用气体吸附法测量的至少1m2/g的表面积。此类促进剂的表面积可以为至少10m2/g或至少100m2/g,并且可以为至多例如300m3/g或以上。其体积平均粒度可以为100μm或更小、25μm或更小、1μm或更小或500nm或更小。此类物理混合物可以通过例如形成双金属氰化物催化剂(或含有双金属氰化物的催化剂络合物)的固体颗粒并将它们与促进剂颗粒结合来制备。这可以在双金属氰化物沉淀后的催化剂络合物制备工艺的任何阶段进行。例如,通常在最终干燥之前用水和/或配体洗涤沉淀的双金属氰化物一次或多次。促进剂颗粒可以在任何此类洗涤步骤期间与六氰基钴酸锌组合。
根据本发明制备的聚醚可以包含:一元醇,如可用于表面活性剂和工业溶剂或润滑剂应用的一元醇;以及多元醇,如可用于生产如聚氨酯等聚合物的有用原材料,如模塑泡沫、块状泡沫、高回弹泡沫、粘弹性泡沫、硬质泡沫、粘合剂、密封剂、涂料、弹性体、复合材料等。
提供以下实例以说明示例性实施方案,但不旨在限制其范围。除非另外指明,否则所有的份数和百分比均按重量计。
实施例1至12和比较样品A至F
使用48孔赛美科技公司(Symyx Technologies)平行压力反应器(PPR)进行环氧乙烷聚合。这些孔中的每个孔都配备有内部工作液体体积为大约5mL的单独称重的玻璃插入件。将3mL的98.5%的625重均分子量的聚(环氧乙烷)三醇和1.5%甘油的混合物与265份每百万重量份(ppm,基于产物的预期质量)的六氰基钴酸锌催化剂络合物(来自科思创公司(Covestro)的3催化剂)、265ppm的氧化铝(来自北美萨索尔公司(Sasol NorthAmerica)的/>BA)和1335ppm如表1中所示的添加剂一起加入到每个孔中。在160℃下用70psig(483kPa)干燥氮气对孔加压。将0.3mL环氧乙烷注入到每个孔中,将每个孔中的内部压力升高到140psig至160psig(966kPa至1103kPa)。随时间监测内部压力,作为环氧乙烷聚合反应进程的指示。记录压力下降到90psig(621kPa)然后下降到80psig(552kPa)所需的时间。较短的时间表示较高的催化活性。结果如表1中所指示。
表1
*并非本发明的实施例。
比较样品A代表基线情况。在这些非常严格的条件下(羟基基团的高浓度加上环氧乙烷的选择),催化剂络合物本身不能引发聚合。实施例1至12示出当碱金属羧酸盐(实施例1至6和12)、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氢铵或磷酸二氢锂(实施例7至9)、酒石酸(实施例11)或磷酸氢二钠(实施例12)另外存在于反应混合物中。在每种情况下,反应器压力下降到90psig(621kPa)的时间缩短了9倍或更多。
比较样品B至F示出各种其他添加剂的较差效果。三氟甲磺酸盐(比较B)提供了一些益处,但比本发明的添加剂的效果低得多。磷酸氢二钾、碳酸盐和碱土金属羧酸盐(比较例C、D、E和F)几乎没有提供益处。
实施例13至23和比较样品G至K
以与前一组实施例相同的方式进行环氧乙烷聚合,但用等浓度的三(仲丁醇)铝代替氧化铝。添加剂和结果如表2中所指示。
表2
*并非本发明的实施例。
碱金属羧酸盐(实施例13至18和21)、磷酸二氢盐(实施例19和20)、酒石酸和磷酸氢二钠(实施例22、23)均显著提高了聚合速率。三氟甲磺酸盐、K2HPO4、碳酸盐和LiH2PO4几乎不提供任何有益效果。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于生产聚醚的方法,所述方法包括:
I.形成反应混合物,所述反应混合物包含a)含羟基的起始物、b)至少一种环氧烷、c)包括至少一种双金属氰化物化合物的水不溶性聚合催化剂络合物和d)选自由具有至多24个碳原子的单羧酸的碱金属盐、铵盐和季铵盐组成的组的添加剂;磷酸二氢碱金属盐、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢季铵、酒石酸、苹果酸和琥珀酸,以及
II.在存在所述水不溶性聚合催化剂络合物和所述添加剂的情况下,将所述环氧烷聚合到所述含羟基的起始物上以生产所述聚醚。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述双金属氰化物化合物由下式表示:
M1 b[M2(CN)r(X1)t]c[M3(X2)6]d·nM4 xA1 y(I)
其中:
M1和M4各自代表独立地选自以下的金属离子:Zn2+、Fe2+、Co+2+、Ni2+、Mo4+、Mo6+、Al+3+、V4+、V5+、Sr2+、W4+、W6+、Mn2+、Sn2+、Sn4+、Pb2+、Cu2+、La3+和Cr3+;
M2和M3各自代表独立地选自以下的金属离子:Fe3+、Fe2+、Co3+、Co2+、Cr2+、Cr3+、Mn2+、Mn3+、Ir3+、Ni2+、Rh3+、Ru2+、V4+、V5+、Ni2+、Pd2+和Pt2+;
X1代表与所述M2离子配位的氰化物之外的基团;
X2代表与所述M3离子配位的氰化物之外的基团;
A1代表卤化物、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐、氰化物、草酸盐、硫氰酸盐、异氰酸盐、高氯酸盐、异硫氰酸盐、链烷磺酸盐、亚芳基磺酸盐、三氟甲磺酸盐或C1-4羧酸盐;
b、c和d各自为反映静电中性络合物的数字,条件是b和c均大于零;
x和y为平衡所述金属盐M4 xA1 y中的电荷的整数;
r为4至6的整数;
t为0至2的整数;并且
n为0至20的数字。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中所述反应混合物还包含作为与所述水不溶性聚合催化剂络合物分开的组分的e)至少一种M5金属或半金属化合物,其中所述M5金属或半金属选自镁或属于2010IUPAC元素周期表第3族至15族中任一族,包括第3族和第15族在内,的金属或半金属M5,并且所述M5金属或半金属与至少一种醇盐、芳氧基、羧酸盐、酰基、焦磷酸根、磷酸根、硫代磷酸根、二硫代磷酸根、磷酸酯、硫代磷酸酯、酰胺、氧化物、氧化硅、氢化物、氨基甲酸根、卤化物或烃阴离子键合。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中组分e)以提供0.0025摩尔至50摩尔的M5金属/由所述双金属氰化物催化剂提供的M2和M3金属的总摩尔数的量存在。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的方法,其中所述M5金属或半金属选自由铝、镓和铪组成的组。
6.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中所述添加剂以所述催化剂络合物的1倍至10倍重量的量存在。
7.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中所述添加剂是选自由碱金属羧酸盐、NH4H2PO4、磷酸二氢碱金属盐和Na2HPO4组成的组中的一种或多种化合物。
8.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中所述环氧烷是环氧乙烷。
9.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,所述方法为半间歇工艺,其中将所述催化剂络合物和起始物装入反应容器中,使所述催化剂络合物活化,并且之后在不去除产物的情况下,在聚合条件下将所述环氧烷的至少一部分添加到含有经过活化的催化剂络合物和起始物的所述反应容器中,直到添加所有所述环氧烷为止;或为连续工艺,其中在聚合条件下将所述催化剂络合物、起始物和环氧烷连续进料到反应容器中,并且从所述反应容器中连续去除产物。
10.根据任一前述权利要求所述的方法,其中在步骤II的至少一部分期间,基于所述反应混合物的总重量,所述反应混合物的羟基含量为4.25重量%至15重量%。
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