CN1107193C - 照明设备 - Google Patents

照明设备 Download PDF

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CN1107193C
CN1107193C CN98800051A CN98800051A CN1107193C CN 1107193 C CN1107193 C CN 1107193C CN 98800051 A CN98800051 A CN 98800051A CN 98800051 A CN98800051 A CN 98800051A CN 1107193 C CN1107193 C CN 1107193C
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lighting unit
lighting apparatus
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lighting
optical system
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CN1216094A (zh
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S·H·A·贝格曼
A·J·H·M·科克
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Koninklijke Philips NV
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21S—NON-PORTABLE LIGHTING DEVICES; SYSTEMS THEREOF; VEHICLE LIGHTING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLE EXTERIORS
    • F21S8/00—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation
    • F21S8/08—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard
    • F21S8/085—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard of high-built type, e.g. street light
    • F21S8/086—Lighting devices intended for fixed installation with a standard of high-built type, e.g. street light with lighting device attached sideways of the standard, e.g. for roads and highways
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V13/00—Producing particular characteristics or distribution of the light emitted by means of a combination of elements specified in two or more of main groups F21V1/00 - F21V11/00
    • F21V13/02—Combinations of only two kinds of elements
    • F21V13/04—Combinations of only two kinds of elements the elements being reflectors and refractors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V19/00—Fastening of light sources or lamp holders
    • F21V19/02—Fastening of light sources or lamp holders with provision for adjustment, e.g. for focusing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V5/00—Refractors for light sources
    • F21V5/008—Combination of two or more successive refractors along an optical axis
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V5/00—Refractors for light sources
    • F21V5/02—Refractors for light sources of prismatic shape
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V5/00—Refractors for light sources
    • F21V5/04—Refractors for light sources of lens shape
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V7/00—Reflectors for light sources
    • F21V7/0091—Reflectors for light sources using total internal reflection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
    • H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21V—FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OR DETAILS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS THEREOF; STRUCTURAL COMBINATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES WITH OTHER ARTICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F21V19/00—Fastening of light sources or lamp holders
    • F21V19/001—Fastening of light sources or lamp holders the light sources being semiconductors devices, e.g. LEDs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21W—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO USES OR APPLICATIONS OF LIGHTING DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
    • F21W2131/00—Use or application of lighting devices or systems not provided for in codes F21W2102/00-F21W2121/00
    • F21W2131/10—Outdoor lighting
    • F21W2131/103—Outdoor lighting of streets or roads
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2107/00—Light sources with three-dimensionally disposed light-generating elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2113/00—Combination of light sources
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F21—LIGHTING
    • F21Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES F21K, F21L, F21S and F21V, RELATING TO THE FORM OR THE KIND OF THE LIGHT SOURCES OR OF THE COLOUR OF THE LIGHT EMITTED
    • F21Y2115/00—Light-generating elements of semiconductor light sources
    • F21Y2115/10—Light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S362/00—Illumination
    • Y10S362/80—Light emitting diode

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

按照本发明的照明设备(1)包括，一个具有光发射窗(11)的罩(10)，至少一个被容纳在罩中、用于照明物体的照明舱(2)，上述照明舱包括一个光源和一个光学装置。照明舱包括一组照明单元(20)，每个照明单元包括至少一个LED芯片(30)和一个与芯片相连的光学系统(40)。LED芯片和光学系统分别构成光源和光学装置。照明单元照明物体的各部分。每个LED芯片至少提供51m的光通量。在按照本发明的照明设备中光源产生的光以一种较为有效的方式得到了利用。

Description

照明设备
发明领域
本发明涉及一种照明设备，它包括一个具有光发射窗的罩，至少一个被容纳在上述罩中的用于照明物体的照明舱，还包括一个光源和一个光学装置。
背景技术
这类照明设备已广为人知并已被普遍地用于，例如街道照明，以照明街道的一部分，或者在聚光照明中，例如用以照亮商店橱窗内的物品。
下文描述的配有两个照明舱的街道照明设备取自DE 44 31 750A1。第一个照明舱被设计成用于照明伸展到离照明设备较远的路面。第二个照明舱被设计成用于照明离照明设备较近的路面。照明设备的光源彼此间可以独立地受到控制，从而不管是雨天还是晴天都能对路段进行最佳照明。在已知的照明设备中，每个照明舱都有一个作为光源的管状放电灯和一个作为光学装置的反射器。这种照明设备的一个缺点是，来自光源的光难于聚成一束。实际中50％以上常被射到被照物体之外。
本发明的目的是提供一种下文中所描述的照明设备，在此照明设备中由光源产生的光得到了更有效地利用。
按照本发明，为达到此目的照明设备的特征在于，照明舱包括一组(例如几打)照明单元，每个照明单元至少包括一个LED芯片和一个与芯片协同工作的光学系统，上述LED芯片和光学系统分别作为光源和光学装置，同时照明单元在工作期间照明物体的各部分，并且工作时每个LED芯片至少提供51m的光通量。
LED芯片包括一个由半导体材料如AlInGaP或InGaN形成的有源层，它在电流流过时发光。由LED芯片和初级光学系统构成的集成元件就是广为人知的LEDs(发光二极管)，也称为LED灯。LED芯片有源层的表面积比较小，例如在十分之几mm2到几mm2的数量级。因此，一个LED芯片可以构成一个近似性非常好的点光源，从而由它产生的光可以较容易且较准确地被汇聚成一束。由于多个LED芯片联合在一起照明物体，每个独立的光束只打在物体的某一部分，这束光可能非常窄，因此可以以高准确度将它们对准在物体的边界以内并且只有极少数的光被射到物体以外。使用工作期间每个至少提供51m光通量的LED芯片便可以形成按照本发明的照明设备，尽管其照明单元的数量较为有限，但却提供了广泛应用的可能性，例如可以用于街道照明，聚光照明，或泛光照明。通过对照明舱中光通量的控制或者通过对照明舱中各分立照明单元的控制，可以灵活地对光分布进行调整。
如果很需要，物体被照明的各部分可以彼此覆盖从而获得一个更为均匀的照明效果，如照明度或亮度。为了获得均匀的光分布，也希望被照明的各部分能够彼此覆盖。覆盖的度量标准是覆盖因子(O)，被定义为O＝(∑Ωc-Ωa)/Ωa，其中∑Ωc为照明单元光束张角的总和，Ωa为被所照物体封住的相对于照明设备的光学立体角。在此，照明单元的光束张角被定义为由照明单元产生的含65％照明单元光通量的那一部分光束的立体角，并且这部分光束的光强大于或等于其外部的光强。例如，通过一些分裂照明单元光束的元件，照明单元可以照亮物体上彼此相距很远的各部分。在那种情况下，光束张角为总体光通量占照明单元光通量65％百分比的那些部分光束的立体角之和，并且这些光束的光强大于或等于所述部分外围光束的光强。被整个照明的物体中，覆盖因子最好至多不过10。当覆盖因子再增加时，照明均匀性的效果只能有极少的改进。覆盖因子(O)与照明单元的数量(N)之比最好低于0.2。比率再高时，所需光束的宽度相比之下需有较大拓宽，结果使照明单元产生的光不再能有效地对准在它所面对的物体边界以内，并且改变照明度分布的可能性也受到限制。
当LED芯片产生的光大部分是在大约520nm到大约600nm的波长范围时，在光效能占主要地位而演色性并不太重要的场合中使用较为合适，例如用于照明道路或车库。例如，在这种场合中可以使用含有AlInGaP有源层、发射峰值在592nm的LED芯片。相反地，在演色性占主要地位的场合，如家用空间照明等，可以使用发射红光、绿光、和蓝光的LED芯片的组合，例如具有AlInGaP有源层、发射的波长范围为590-630nm的LED芯片，和具有InGaN有源层、发射的波长范围为520-565nm和430-490nm的LED芯片。发射红光、绿光、蓝光的LED芯片的有源层可以做在同一块衬底上，例如一个用蓝宝石或碳化硅做成的衬底，并且这些LED芯片可以使用同一个光学系统。或者，例如还可以用这样一种照明单元，其内部的LED芯片发射UV光辐射，同时此照明单元的光学系统含有一个将UV光辐射转化成可见光辐射的装置。用于转换UV光辐射的装置可以由例如一个做在LED芯片上的发光层形成。
按照本发明，一个具有吸引力的照明设备实施方案的特征在于，该组照明单元包括两类或种类更多的照明单元，目的是用互不同的光谱照明物体的各部分。照明单元的光谱可以被调整到与物体各部分的光学特性(如反射性)相适应，从而实现这些部分的最佳可见度。除此之外，不同的光谱还可以使观察者易于确定自己的方向。
在例如街道照明，安全照明，和停车场照明等室外照明中，亮度常常取决于过度视觉的范围，即在0.001和3cd/m2之间。在这些环境中，对于源自于可视区边缘的光，眼睛灵敏度的最大值对应于大约为510nm的波长，而对于来自可视区中央的光，眼睛灵敏度的最大值对应于大约为555nm的波长，与此波长相比，前面那个波长相对来说要短些。上述实施方案的一种改进形式尤其适合室外照明，其特征在于，该组照明单元包括用最大值出现在第一个波长处的光谱照明物体中央部分的第一类照明单元，和用最大值出现在第二个波长处的光谱照明物体边缘部分的第二类照明单元，其中第二个波长比第一个波长短。这种改进形式尤其适合道路照明，例如，第一部分为行车车道，第二部分为位于前一车道一侧并与其并排的车道。按照上述实施方案的改进形式可以提高周围环境的可见度，并由此缩短位于行车车道上的司机的反应时间(给定某一确定的能量损耗)。不同的光谱为行车车道提供了清晰的分界线，从而司机能够很容易地为自己定向。当第一个波长在550～610nm的范围且第二个波长在500～530nm的范围时较为合适。据此可以实现用一个眼睛较为敏感的光谱对边缘部分进行照明。另外，利用含有InGaN有源层的LED芯片产生的这种光谱可以具有较高的光效能。
发明概述
按照本发明的照明设备的一个合理实施放案的特征在于，该组照明单元包括两类或种类更多的照明单元，以产生超强加宽或次强加宽的光束。在此实施方案中，物体被照明的各部分可以具有近乎一样的表面积和近乎一样的照明度，这是因为物体离照明设备较近的部分是用超强加宽的光束进行照明的而相当远的部分则是用次强加宽的光束进行照明的。这使把被照物体的表面划分成由特定照明单元进行照明的多个区域的工作变得更加容易。
照明单元的光学系统包括，例如，反射元件，折射元件，和/或衍射元件。按照本发明，照明设备的一个实用实施方案的特征在于，照明单元的光学系统包括一个初级光学系统和一个次级光学系统，上述初级光学系统配有一个初级反射器，初级反射器上装有一个LED芯片并具有一个例如半球形的透明罩，LED芯片便被埋在这个罩中，上述次级光学系统配有一个次级的例如锥形的反射器，LED芯片被安装在该反射器较窄的端部。如果次级反射器在其与较窄端相对的一端支撑一个透镜，则对于较窄光束的产生较为有利。
一个具有吸引力的实施方案的特征在于，照明单元的光学系统包括一个透明体，此透明体具有第一个光学部件，该部件通过折射使LED芯片发出的光偏转，和第二个光学部件，该部件通过反射使LED芯片产生的光偏转。
上述实施方案的一个合理改进形式的特征在于，透明体具有一个宽端和一个与宽端相对应的窄端部分，LED芯片便被埋置在较窄的一端，同时LED芯片远离透明体宽端的一侧被安装在一个初级反射器上，上述透明体具有一个相对于轴来说被安置在正中的球形部分，此部分被凹陷到宽端里并形成第一个光学部件，同时透明体在轴的四周具有一个边缘部分，此部分在轴的周围具有一个抛物形圆面并形成第二个光学部件。
照明单元可以配备一个用于调整预定光束方向的装置。这样，照明设备的光分布在制造过程中就已经被调整到与使用条件，例如在街道照明设备中路面的宽度和安有照明设备的电线杆的间隔，相适应。
一个合理的实施方案的特征在于，不同照明单元光学系统的组成部分形成一个整体。这简化了组装照明设备的操作。依据用途，上述组成部分可以使LED芯片产生的光偏转，变窄，和/或将光束分开。在本实施方案的一个改进形式中，成为一体的光学系统的各个组成部分为发射窗中透明板上的凹凸花纹。该花纹最好是由大体上成镜像对称的隆脊形成。这样的花纹能从入射光束中形成偏离较强、杂散光极少的两束光。
在上述实施方案的一个合理改进形式中，照明单元被排成沿纵轴伸展的许多行。同一行中照明单元的光轴基本彼此平行并横交纵轴，而不同行上照明单元的光轴则绕着与纵轴平行的另一根轴彼此间每次围成一个角，成为一体的组成部分从照明单元产生的光束中形成偏离光束，这些光束相对于经过照明单元光轴和另一根轴的平面大体上成对称分布。由于各行定向的不同而在纵轴周围产生的各角以及由于另外一些照明单元而在横截所述另一根轴和所述光轴处产生的各角可以覆盖出一个较大的将被照明的面积。无论怎样，此照明设备具有相对来说较为简单的结构。将照明单元排成行并使同一行中的照明单元具有相同的方向，这种排列给出了一个简单的照明单元的布局。
按照本发明的一个或多个照明设备可以构成一个按照本发明的照明系统的一部分。这种照明系统的一个合理实施方案包括按照本发明的一个或多个照明设备和一个控制系统，一个或多个照明设备共同拥有至少两个照明舱，这两个照明舱彼此独立地被控制系统控制着。控制系统可以接收来自传感器或其它信号源的信号，从而可以使照明状态，例如光分布，照明度，或色彩温度等自动地与环境相适应。此处，按照本发明的照明系统具有的优点是，可以在一个很大的范围内对LED芯片的光通量进行控制，并且接通后，LED芯片基本上能立即产生光。如果照明系统被用于街道照明，作街道照明用的照明设备可以连到同一个控制系统。为了使照明条件与天气条件相适应，控制系统可以接收特别是来自雾情探测器的信号和由测量路面反射性装置发出的信号。例如，一个内部照明系统接收的信号包括由测量入射日光光通量的日光传感器传来的信号和由探测被照明的屋内是否有人存在的邻近探测器传来的信号。
附图说明
现在参考附图将对本发明进行更详细地描述，其中：
图1A用图解的方法给出了按照本发明的第一个照明设备实施方案的正面图，
图1B给出此正面图的一个细节，
图2是从图1B中II-II线上截取的照明设备的一个断面，
图3是第一个照明设备实施方案中照明单元的纵向剖视图，
图4所示为物体被划分成空间部分的情形，
图5是改进形式中照明单元的纵向剖视图，
图6所示为第二个实施方案，
图7是从图6中VII-VII线上截取的一个断面，
图8所示为第三个实施方案，
图9是从图8中IX-IX线上截取的一个断面，
图10A是从图9中X-X线上截取的一个断面，
图10B是从图10A中X-X线上截取的一个断面，
图11所示为第四个实施方案，和
图12所示为一个按照本发明的照明系统。
发明详述
按照本发明，第一个照明设备实施方案1被示于图1A，1B和图2中。此照明设备是一排照明设备中的一个，这排照明设备每次都被以彼此间隔42m的距离放置。所示的照明设备包括一个具有光发射窗11的罩10，发射窗上安着透明板16。安装在7m高电线杆(未示出)上的该照明设备是为街道照明设计的。罩中容纳着用于照明物体d(见图4)的照明舱。此处，被照物体d是宽为7m的路段d1和分别位于路段d1两侧、宽为2.5m的两个边带d2，d3。路段d1和两个边带沿电线杆两侧伸展的距离为42m。照明舱包括一个光源和一个光学系统。
照明舱2包括一组照明单元20，此处为144个，每个照明单元都包括一个LED芯片30和一个与芯片结合在一起的光学系统40。LED芯片30和光学系统40分别构成光源和光学装置。照明单元20照明物体的各部分。每个LED芯片30至少提供51m的光通量，此处为231m。
图3中更详细地给出了照明单元20。LED芯片被安装在一个初级金属反射器41上，该反射器被固定在一个合成树脂支座21上。LED芯片30被容纳在一个合成树脂罩42中，该罩与初级反射器41一起构成一个初级光学系统。在所示的实施方案中，LED芯片30具有一个AlInGaP有源层，该有源层具有一个与光轴44垂直的0.5×0.5mm的表面和0.2mm的厚度。整个表面积为0.65mm2。
在所示的实施方案中，每个照明单元都具有一个半球形的装配元件22，此元件被收容在位于铝散热器13中的匹配凹槽12中。安装元件22和凹槽12一起构成一个调整预定光束方向的装置。在对照明设备进行组装时，照明单元20按预定的方向被装配在散热器13上，装配元件22通过粘合剂14被固定在凹槽12中。
LED芯片30连同它的初级光学系统41，42被安装在次级锥形反射器43较窄的一端43a，该反射器构成次级光学系统。次级反射器在此处用丙烯酸酯制成，在其内表面上涂以反射材料43b，例如铝。在其与窄端部分43a相对应的另一端43c处，次级反射器43可以支撑一个透镜45。这样，透镜45与次级反射器43便一起构成一个次级光学系统。如果需要，可以通过选择反射器和透镜的尺寸来选择光束张角。
在所示的实施放案中，由144个照明单元20构成的这一组包括三种类型的照明单元20a，20b，20c，目的是产生超强加宽或次强加宽的光束。此处，照明舱包括14个第一种类型的照明单元20a，在这些单元中光束拓宽的张角为0.012sr。在每个舱20a中，次级反射器43在其与较窄端部分43a相对应的一端43c处都支撑着一个透镜45。除此之外，照明舱还包括38个第二种类型的照明单元20b，也带有透镜，其光束拓宽的张角为0.043sr。最后，照明舱还包括92个第三种类型的照明单元20c，它们不带透镜，其光束拓宽的张角为0.060sr。照明单元光束张角的总和ΣΩc为7.3sr。被照物体相对于照明设备占据的立体角为2.6sr，相应的覆盖因子O为1.82。经照明单元的数目(N)除后，覆盖因子(O)为0.012。
就经过电线杆和Y-轴的平面而言，物体d被对称地照射。由照明设备产生的亮度随着X-轴相对于电线杆的绝对值均匀下降。两相邻的照明设备在它们之间的地方获得近似均匀的亮度分布。
图4所示为位于电线杆(位置为x＝0，y＝0)一侧的路段通过标记被划分成被照明单元照亮的各区域。由第一类照明单元(20a)，第二类照明单元(20b)和第三类照明单元(20c)照亮的各部分分别被标记为三角形(△)，圆形(○)，和点(·)。标记的位置代表相关照明单元20的光轴44与物体d上被照亮部分的交叉点。已查明，在按照本发明的照明设备1中，光源产生的光得到了有效的利用。95％以上都射到了被照物体的边界之内，并且整个物体都得到了照明。
图5中给出的是按照本发明的第一个照明设备实施方案改进形式中的照明单元20。在此图中，与图3中那些元件相对应的元件的标号都增加了100。在本实施方案中，照明单元120的光学系统140包括一个透明体149，此透明体具有一个轴144和一个绕轴的抛物圆外表面149b。在其较宽的一端149c处，透明体149含有一个相对于轴位于中央的并被边缘部分149c包围的凹陷球形部分149d。LED芯片130被埋置在透明体的窄端部分149f里。LED芯片130借助其远离宽端部分149c的一侧被安装在一个初级反射器141上。凹陷部分149d构成第一个光学部件。具有抛物形圆面149b的边缘部分149c构成第二个光学部件。第一个光学部件149d起凸透镜的作用，它通过折射使LED芯片产生的光偏转。从上述149d部分以外入射的光线1在圆形外表面149b处受到反射并在边缘部分149c附近射到外部。
按照本发明的第二个照明舱实施方案被示于图6和图7。在这两个图中，与图1到图3中那些元件相对应的元件的标号都增加了200。本实施方案中的照明设备201包括单独一个含有25个照明单元220的照明舱202。这25个照明单元规则地排布在同一个平面内且具有彼此平行的光轴244。在所示的实施方案中，各照明单元220光学系统240的组成部分247已被集成为一个装在光发射窗211上的透明板246，此处，组成部分247由凹凸花纹做成。花纹247将LED芯片产生的光束分裂为两个彼此叉开的光束。在一种改进形式中，LED芯片产生的光束被分裂为更多的光束，例如四束。在另一种改进形式中，LED芯片产生的光束没有被分裂，但却被偏转或加宽。所示的照明设备适合用于，例如，聚光照明。
为街道照明而设计的第三个照明设备实施方案301被示于图8，9，10A，和10B中。在这些图中，与图1到图3中那些元件相对应的元件的标号都增加了300。在所示的实施方案中，40个照明单元被十个十个地排成四行312a，312b，312c，312d，每一行都沿着与被照明街道平行的纵轴方向伸展。在所示的实施方案中，同一行上的照明单元在平行于纵轴的方向上彼此间被等距离地排列。但同一行上的照明单元也可以沿着纵轴方向被排成锯齿形。同一行上照明单元320所具有的光轴344其指向大体上彼此平行且横截纵轴313。不同行312a、312b上照明单元320的光轴344绕着与纵轴313平行的另一个轴314彼此间围成一个α角(见图9)。在这种情况中，每次由两相邻行上照明单元的光轴围成的角都等于α。但这并不是必需的。象第二个实施方案一样，不同照明单元光学系统340的组成部分347，也就是凹凸花纹，已被集成为一个安在光发射窗311上的透明板346。图10A和10B给出，花纹347由横截面为三角形的隆脊形成并沿着横截纵轴313的方向伸展。隆脊基本上是镜像对称的。花纹347从LED芯片320产生的光束b中形成偏转光束b1，对于一个经过相关照明单元光轴344和另一个轴314的平面而言，偏转光束基本成对称分布。此处，花纹347将光束b分裂为第一束光b1和第二束光b2。光束b1，b2分别位于光轴344的一侧。为清楚起见，这里所展示的只是照明单元320*中的一个。光发射窗另外还具有第一个和第二个透明板346′和346″，它们横截着纵轴伸展并且在它们的后面还安装着另一些发光装置320′和320″。
第四个实施方案如图11所示。在本图中，与图1A，1B，图2和图3中元件相对应的元件的标号都增加了400。
在所示的照明设备401中，该组照明单元420包括两类或种类更多的照明单元420p和420q，目的是用互不相同的光谱对物体进行照明。
此处的这组照明单元包括的第一类照明单元420p用于照明物体的中央部分，在这种情况中指路上的行车车道，所用光谱的最大值在550～610nm的波长范围内，也就是在592nm的第一个波长处。作这种用途的第一类照明单元所配备的LED芯片具有AlInGaP有源层。该组照明单元420包括的第二类照明单元420q用于照明物体的边缘部分，所用光谱的最大值在500～530nm的波长范围内，也就是在比第一个波长稍短的510nm的第二个波长处，所配备的LED芯片具有InGaN有源层。第一类照明单元420p构成一个照明舱420b。照明舱420a和420c包括第二类照明单元420q。物体的边缘部分dg1，dg2可以种上草木。其在500～530nm波长范围内所具有的较高的反射性进一步提高了在这一区域中出现的任一物体的可见度。
在图12中，与图1A，1B，图2和图3中那些元件相对应的元件的标号都增加了500。按照本发明，图12示意地给出了一个含有照明设备501a和控制系统550的照明系统。照明设备501a构成了按照本发明的一组相同照明设备501a，501b……中的一部分，这些照明设备沿着被照明的街道彼此间以相等的间距被安装在电线杆505上。照明设备501a包括6个照明舱502fI，502fII，502cI，502cII，502bI，502bII，每个照明舱中都安有24个照明单元。照明舱502fI和502fII被设计成用来照明沿着与行驶方向r相反的方向远离电线杆515的路段fI，fII。照明舱502bI，502bII被设计成用来照明顺着行驶方向r远离电线杆515的路段bI，bII。照明舱502cI和502cII被设计成用来照明其它两类路段之间的路段cI和cII。照明舱502fI，502cI和502bI照明第一个行车道I，照明舱502fII，502cII和502bII照明第二个行车道II。照明舱被接到控制系统550上，利用这个控制系统可以对它们进行彼此独立地控制。控制系统接收的信号有由测量路面潮湿程度的传感器发来的信号551，和由探测雾情的传感器发来的信号552，其中探测雾情的传感器还可能用于确定由雾气造成的光的散射程度。照明系统靠控制信号553激活。在激活状态，可以通过控制系统对照明舱进行如下调整。
天气条件 照明系统设置
- 开：502fI，502fII，502cI，502cII，502bI，502bII
雨 开：502fII，502cI，502cII，502bI，502bII
关：502fI
  雪 暗：502fI，502fII，502cI，502cII，502bI，502bII
  雾 开：502cI，502cII暗：502fI，502fII，502bI，502bII
如果路面上有水，照明舱502fI便被调暗或者整个被关掉从而避免水面上产生的干扰反射。当路面被冰雪覆盖时，照明舱全部变暗。在这种情况下用较低的照明度便足以提供良好的可见度。在这种环境中通常的光照强度可能导致耀眼。已发现，在雾天采用如下设置可以获得最好的可见度，在这种设置中光大部分由502cI，502cII产生。除此之外，照明舱的设置还可能与交通密度有关。在交通密度较低时，由于照明系统被用作导向灯，因此可以节省能量。例如，这可以通过如下方法实现，即在每个照明设备中只让六个照明舱中的一个工作。当有交通工具要通过照明舱时使照明舱暂时关闭，在控制系统的这种控制模式中，能量可以被节省得更多。

Claims (14)

1.一种照明设备(1)，包括一个具有光发射窗(11)的罩(10)，至少一个被容纳在上述罩内、用于照明物体(d，d1，d2，d3)的照明舱(2)，还包括一个光源和一个光学装置，其特征在于，照明舱包括一组照明单元(20)，每个照明单元包括至少一个LED芯片(30)和一个与芯片协同工作的光学系统(40)，上述LED芯片和光学系统分别构成光源和光学装置，同时在工作期间照明单元照明物体(d，d1，d2，d3)的各部分，且在工作期间每个LED芯片至少提供51m的光通量。
2.按照权利要求1所要求的照明设备，其特征在于，该组照明单元(20)包括两类或种类更多的照明单元(20a，20b，20c)，以产生超强及次强加宽的光束。
3.按照权利要求1或2所要求的照明设备，其特征在于，照明单元(20)的光学系统(40)包括一个初级光学系统(41，42)和一个次级光学系统(43)，上述初级光学系统配有一个其上安着LED芯片(30)的初级反射器(41)和一个透明罩(42)，LED芯片(30)被埋置在透明罩中，上述次级光学系统(43)配有一个次级反射器(43)，LED芯片被定位在此反射器较窄的端部(43a)。
4.按照权利要求3所要求的照明设备，其特征在于，次级反射器(43)在其与较窄端部(43a)相对应的一端(43c)支撑着一个透镜(45)。
5.按照权利要求1或2所要求的照明设备，其特征在于，照明单元(120)的光学系统(140)包括一个透明体(149)，此透明体具有的第一个光学部件(149d)通过折射使LED芯片(130)产生的光偏转，其具有的第二个光学部件(149c)通过反射使LED芯片产生的光偏转。
6.按照权利要求5所要求的照明设备，其特征在于，透明体(149)具有一个宽端(149c)和一个与宽端相对应的较窄的端部(149f)，LED芯片(130)被埋置在较窄的端部，同时LED芯片远离透明体的一侧被安装在一个初级反射器(141)上，上述透明体具有一个球形部分(149d)，该部分相对于轴(144)被放置在正中且被凹陷到宽端部(149c)中并形成第一个光学部件，同时透明体在轴(144)的周围具有一个边缘部分(149c)，此部分在轴的周围具有一个抛物形圆面(149b)，并形成第二个光学部件。
7.按照权利要求1或2的照明设备，其特征在于，不同照明单元(220；320)光学系统(240；340)的组成部分(247；347)彼此间被集成为一个整体。
8.按照权利要求7所要求的照明设备，其特征在于，照明单元(320)被排成沿纵轴(313)伸展的多个行(312a，312b，312c，312d)，同一行(312a)上各照明单元所具有的光轴(314)基本上彼此平行并横截纵轴，而不同行(312a，312b)上各照明单元的光轴(344)则绕着与纵轴平行的另一根轴(314)彼此间每次都围成一个(α)角，同时光学系统(340)中被集成为一体的组成部分(347)从照明单元产生的光束(b)中形成偏转光束(b1)，该光束对于经过照明单元光轴和另一根轴的平面来说大体上成对称分布。
9.按照权利要求7的照明设备，其特征在于，光学系统(240；340)中被集成为一体的组成部分(247；347)是位于光发射窗(211；311)中透明板(246；346)上的凹凸花纹。
10.按照权利要求9所要求的照明设备，其特征在于，凹凸花纹由隆脊形成。
11.按照权利要求1或2的照明设备，其特征在于，该组照明单元(420)包括两类或种类更多的照明单元(420p，420q)，以便以互不相同的光谱照明物体的各部分(dp，dq1，dq2)。
12.按照权利要求11所要求的照明设备，其特征在于，照明单元(420)组包括第一类照明单元(420p)，用途是用一个最大值出现在第一个波长处的光谱照明物体的中央部分(dp)；和第二类照明单元(420q)，用途是用一个最大值出现在比第一个波长短的第二个波长处的光谱照明物体的边缘部分(dq1，dq2)。
13.按照权利要求12所要求的照明设备，其特征在于，第一个波长位于550～610nm的范围内，而第二个波长位于500～530nm的范围内。
14.一种照明系统，包括一个或几个按照前面任一权利要求的照明设备(501)，还包括一个控制系统(550)，上述一个或几个照明设备共同包括至少两个照明舱(502fI，502fII，502cI，502cII，502bI，502bII)，这些照明舱可以通过上述控制系统彼此间独立地受到控制。
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