CN109473721A - 一种高电压电解液添加剂,高电压电解液和锂离子电池 - Google Patents
一种高电压电解液添加剂,高电压电解液和锂离子电池 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000002000 Electrolyte additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- -1 heterocyclic nitrile compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000002560 nitrile group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000011356 non-aqueous organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- QGHDLJAZIIFENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-(4-hydroxy-3-prop-2-enylphenyl)propan-2-yl]-2-prop-2-enylphenol Chemical group C1=C(CC=C)C(O)=CC=C1C(C(F)(F)F)(C(F)(F)F)C1=CC=C(O)C(CC=C)=C1 QGHDLJAZIIFENW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical group C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004450 alkenylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003660 carbonate based solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- SIXOAUAWLZKQKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid;prop-1-ene Chemical compound CC=C.OC(O)=O SIXOAUAWLZKQKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethoxymethane Chemical compound COCOC NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N formic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC=O WBJINCZRORDGAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000006091 1,3-dioxolane group Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QRMHDYCPNIVCBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [SH2]=N.[F] Chemical compound [SH2]=N.[F] QRMHDYCPNIVCBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001118 alkylidene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960002645 boric acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010338 boric acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- ABDBNWQRPYOPDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonofluoridic acid Chemical compound OC(F)=O ABDBNWQRPYOPDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium dihydrogen borate oxalic acid Chemical compound B([O-])(O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.C(C(=O)O)(=O)O.[Li+] DEUISMFZZMAAOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- WDGKXRCNMKPDSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;trifluoromethanesulfonic acid Chemical compound [Li].OS(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F WDGKXRCNMKPDSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006340 pentafluoro ethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 2
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- RTZKMGZSJBRJFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid;lithium Chemical compound [Li].OB(O)O RTZKMGZSJBRJFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000006259 organic additive Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000006864 oxidative decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001891 dimethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 2
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910013188 LiBOB Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000552 LiCF3SO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010941 LiFSI Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011328 LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004204 blood vessel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000003642 hunger Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002475 indoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D207/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D207/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D207/33—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种高电压电解液添加剂,该添加剂为不饱和五元杂环上接枝有腈基基团的杂环腈类化合物,其能够在正极材料表面形成致密且稳定的界面膜,有效抑制电解液的氧化分解。采用含有该添加剂的高电压电解液制得的锂离子电池在高电压下的循环性能和高温搁置性能得到有效提高。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于锂离子电池领域,具体涉及一种高电压电解液添加剂,高电压电解液和锂离子电池。
背景技术
锂离子电池因其具有工作电压高、比能量大、循环寿命长及无记忆效应等特点而被人们广泛地使用。目前锂离子电池已经普遍应用于3C消费类电子产品领域,并且随着新能源汽车的发展,在动力和储能领域锂离子电池也越来越普遍地被使用。与此同时,对其能量密度也提出了更高的要求,提高电池的充电截止电压是增加能量密度的手段之一。电解液因作为锂离子电池的“血脉”而起着至关重要的作用,但在高电压下,平时所使用的电解液往往会不断地发生氧化分解等副反应,导致电池性能的持续恶化,无法实现高能量密度的目标,因此开发在高电压下性能稳定且优异的电解液势在必行。
电解液主要由锂盐、溶剂和添加剂组成,锂盐一般使用商业化的LiPF6为导电盐;溶剂通常为环状碳酸酯溶剂(如碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯等)和线性碳酸酯溶剂(如碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯等)的混合物;而添加剂的种类繁多,通常根据用途来进行选择;因其在电解液中用量少、功能大而被广泛地研究开发。一般的腈类化合物因其可以增大电解液的电化学窗口,改善电池的循环性能而作为高电压电解液添加剂被广泛地使用,但是此类化合物对电池在高温下的搁置性能并无明显的改善作用。离子液体作为高电压电解液添加剂正逐渐被人们关注,其加入到电解液中,其可以在正极表面形成一层致密的聚合膜层,从而稳定电池体系;但是离子液体较高的粘度限制了其更为广泛的使用。此外,有研究发现,在高电压电池体系中引入少量的噻吩及其衍生物、酸酐、吲哚等添加剂也可以提高电池的循环性能。
发明内容
基于此,本发明提供了一种高电压电解液添加剂,该添加剂能够在正极材料表面形成致密且稳定的界面膜,有效抑制电解液的氧化分解。采用含有该添加剂的高电压电解液制得的锂离子电池在高电压下的循环性能得到有效提高。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种高电压电解液添加剂,所述高电压电解液添加剂为不饱和五元杂环上接枝有腈基基团的杂环腈类化合物,其化学结构式如(I)所示:
其中,X为O、S、N中的一种;Y1和Y2分别独立的选自亚烷基、卤代亚烷基、亚烯基、卤代亚烯基、亚芳基或卤代亚芳基中的一种。
进一步的,所述卤代亚烷基、卤代亚烯基、卤代亚芳基中所述的卤代为卤素部分取代或全部取代,所述的卤素为氟、氯、溴中的一种或几种。
优选的,所述高电压电解液添加剂的具体化合物见结构式(A~F),应该理解的,以下结构式(A~F)仅限于举例,高电压电解液添加剂包括但不限于结构式(A~F),高电压电解液添加剂应当以权利要求书的保护范围为准。
上述的高电压电解液添加剂是将具有耐高压的腈基基团通过化学键接枝到不饱和五元杂环上,使得其具有高电压成膜能力,通过两者的协同作用在正极材料表面形成致密且稳定的界面膜,有效抑制电解液的氧化分解。
本发明的另一个目的在于提供一种高电压电解液,包括锂盐、非水有机溶剂和添加剂,所述添加剂为上述的高电压电解液添加剂。
进一步的,所述锂盐为六氟磷酸锂(LiPF6)、四氟硼酸锂(LiBF4)、高氯酸锂(LiClO4)、双草酸硼酸锂(LiBOB)、二氟草酸硼酸锂(LiDFOB)、三氟甲基磺酸锂(LiCF3SO3)、双(五氟乙基磺酰亚胺)锂(LiBETI)、双(三氟甲基磺酰亚胺)锂(LiTFSI)和双(氟磺酰亚胺)锂(LiFSI)中的一种或两种以上的混合。
进一步的,在所述高电压电解液中,所述锂盐的终浓度为0.9~1.5mol/L(质量分数11%~20%)。锂盐浓度过低,会导致电解液中锂离子数目太少,电导率太低,电池的所有性能均不会好;若锂盐浓度太高,会导致电解液的粘度过大,极化作用明显增加,低温/常温及倍率性能等均较差,因此,本发明中优选为0.9~1.5mol/L。
进一步的,所述非水有机溶剂为碳酸酯类溶剂、羧酸酯类溶剂和醚类溶剂中的一种或两种以上的混合。在具体实施时,非水有机溶剂中可以是各溶剂按任意比例混合,这里不做具体的限定。
优选的,所述碳酸酯类溶剂为碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸甲丙酯(MPC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)、碳酸二乙酯(DEC)、碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸丙烯酯(PC)、碳酸丁烯酯(BC)、氟代碳酸乙烯酯(FEC)中的一种或两种以上的混合;
所述羧酸酯类溶剂为甲酸乙酯(EF)、乙酸甲酯(MA)、乙酸乙酯(EA)、丙酸甲酯(MP)、丙酸乙酯(EP)中的一种或两种以上的混合;
所述醚类溶剂为四氢呋喃(THF)、1,3-二氧环戊烷(DOL)、二甲氧甲烷(DMM)、1,2-二甲氧乙烷(DME)和二甘醇二甲醚(DG)中的一种或两种以上的混合。
进一步的,所述高电压电解液添加剂在所述高电压电解液中的质量百分数为0.1~5%。已将添加剂的范围优选为此范围是由于添加剂含量若是过低,将达不到本发明的技术效果;若含量过高,一方面会导致电解液的粘度过大,影响综合性能;另一方面提高了电解液生产成本。
本发明的第三个目的在于提供一种含有上述高电压电解液的锂离子电池。
与现有技术相比,本发明中的杂环腈类化合物中存在双-CN,其可以起到改善高温的作用,同时杂环类结构的存在可以改善循环性能,两者协同。此外,将具有高电压成膜能力的高电压电解液添加剂加入电解液中制得高电压电解液,由于高电压电解液添加剂能够在正极材料表面形成致密且稳定的界面膜,有效抑制电解液的氧化分解,从而使得采用含该添加剂的高电压电解液制得的锂离子电池在高电压(>4.4V)下的循环性能得到有效提高,明显提高电解液的循环性能和高温搁置性能。
具体实施方式
为了便于理解本发明,下面将结合具体的实施例对本发明进行更全面的描述。但是,本发明可以以许多不同的形式来实现,并不限于本文所描述的实施方式。相反地,提供这些实施方式的目的是使对本发明的公开内容理解的更加透彻全面。
除非另有定义,本文所使用的所有的技术和科学术语与属于本发明的技术领域的技术人员通常理解的含义相同。本文中在本发明的说明书中所使用的术语只是为了描述具体的实施方式的目的,不是旨在于限制本发明。
本发明锂盐、非水有机溶剂的组分和浓度不属于对现有技术新颖性的贡献,因此以下实施例中其组分的选择和浓度的选择最优选,不再列举相关实施例体现其对本发明的影响,主要是通过添加剂的变化说明本发明的改进点对本发明技术效果的影响。
其中,以下实施例中所采用的高电压电解液添加剂(A~F)的结构式如下:
实施例1
在填充氩气的手套箱中,将六氟磷酸锂溶解于按质量比EC:DEC:EMC=3:5:2混合的非水有机溶剂中,锂盐终浓度为15%,然后向其加入质量百分数为0.1%的添加剂A,搅拌混合均匀,制得高电压电解液。
实施例2
在填充氩气的手套箱中,将六氟磷酸锂溶解于按质量比EC:DEC:EMC=3:5:2混合的非水有机溶剂中,锂盐终浓度为15%,然后向其加入质量百分数为2%的添加剂A,搅拌混合均匀,制得高电压电解液。
实施例3
在填充氩气的手套箱中,将六氟磷酸锂溶解于按质量比EC:DEC:EMC=3:5:2混合的非水有机溶剂中,锂盐终浓度为15%,然后向其加入质量百分数为5%的添加剂A,搅拌混合均匀,制得高电压电解液。
实施例4
在填充氩气的手套箱中,将六氟磷酸锂溶解于按质量比EC:DEC:EMC=3:5:2混合的非水有机溶剂中,锂盐终浓度为15%,然后向其加入质量百分含量为2%的添加剂B,搅拌混合均匀,制得高电压电解液。
实施例5
在填充氩气的手套箱中,将六氟磷酸锂溶解于按质量比EC:DEC:EMC=3:5:2混合的非水有机溶剂中,锂盐终浓度为15%,然后向其加入质量百分含量为2%的添加剂C,搅拌混合均匀,制得高电压电解液。
实施例6
在填充氩气的手套箱中,将六氟磷酸锂溶解于按质量比EC:DEC:EMC=3:5:2、混合的非水有机溶剂中,锂盐终浓度为15%,然后向其加入质量百分含量为2%的添加剂D,搅拌混合均匀,制得高电压电解液。
实施例7
在填充氩气的手套箱中,将六氟磷酸锂溶解于按质量比EC:DEC:EMC=3:5:2、混合的非水有机溶剂中,锂盐终浓度为15%,然后向其加入质量百分含量为2%的添加剂E,搅拌混合均匀,制得高电压电解液。
实施例8
在填充氩气的手套箱中,将六氟磷酸锂溶解于按质量比EC:DEC:EMC=3:5:2、混合的非水有机溶剂中,锂盐终浓度为15%,然后向其加入质量百分含量为2%的添加剂F,搅拌混合均匀,制得高电压电解液。
对比例1
在填充氩气的手套箱中,将六氟磷酸锂溶解于按质量比EC:DEC:EMC=3:5:2混合的非水有机溶剂中,锂盐终浓度为15%,搅拌混合均匀,制得电解液。
以7Ah的软包电芯为例,将实施例1~8和对比例1中制得的电解液按照下述方法制成7Ah的软包电芯。
其中,正极材料选用LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2,负极材料选用石墨,隔膜选用PP隔膜,注入上述配制好的电解液,经过化成、分容后制得7Ah的软包电芯。
将实施例1~8和对比例1制成的电芯按照1.0/1.0C充放电电流进行循环,测试电压范围为3.0~4.45V,记录常温下(25℃)500周后的电池循环性能列于表1。
表1实施例1~6和对比例1的电池测试结果
从测试结果分析(实施例1~3),添加剂的用量在2%左右比较合适,其循环性能和高温搁置性能均较好。此种双-CN杂环腈类化合物作为添加剂的加入可以较为明显的改善电池在高电压下的室温循环性能,同时可以显著提高电池的高温搁置性能。
以上所述实施例的各技术特征可以进行任意的组合,为使描述简洁,未对上述实施例中的各个技术特征所有可能的组合都进行描述,然而,只要这些技术特征的组合不存在矛盾,都应当认为是本说明书记载的范围。
以上所述实施例仅表达了本发明的几种实施方式,其描述较为具体和详细,但并不能因此而理解为对发明专利范围的限制。应当指出的是,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进,这些都属于本发明的保护范围。因此,本发明专利的保护范围应以所附权利要求为准。
Claims (9)
1.一种高电压电解液添加剂,其特征在于,所述高电压电解液添加剂为不饱和五元杂环上接枝有腈基基团的杂环腈类化合物,其化学结构式如(I)所示:
其中,X为O、S、N中的一种;Y1和Y2分别独立的选自亚烷基、卤代亚烷基、亚烯基、卤代亚烯基、亚芳基或卤代亚芳基中的一种。
2.如权利要求1所述的高电压电解液添加剂,其特征在于,所述卤代亚烷基、卤代亚烯基、卤代亚芳基中所述的卤代为卤素部分取代或全部取代,所述的卤素为氟、氯、溴中的一种或几种。
3.一种高电压电解液,包括锂盐、非水有机溶剂和添加剂,其特征在于,所述添加剂为权利要求1或2所述的高电压电解液添加剂。
4.如权利要求3所述的高电压电解液,其特征在于,所述锂盐为六氟磷酸锂、四氟硼酸锂、高氯酸锂、双草酸硼酸锂、二氟草酸硼酸锂、三氟甲基磺酸锂、双(五氟乙基磺酰亚胺)锂、双(三氟甲基磺酰亚胺)锂和双(氟磺酰亚胺)锂中的一种或两种以上的混合。
5.如权利要求3所述的高电压电解液,其特征在于,在所述高电压电解液中,所述锂盐的终浓度为0.9~1.5mol/L。
6.如权利要求3所述的高电压电解液,其特征在于,所述非水有机溶剂为碳酸酯类溶剂、羧酸酯类溶剂和醚类溶剂中的一种或两种以上的混合。
7.如权利要求6所述的高电压电解液,其特征在于,所述碳酸酯类溶剂为碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸甲丙酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸丁烯酯、氟代碳酸乙烯酯中的一种或两种以上的混合;
所述羧酸酯类溶剂为甲酸乙酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、丙酸甲酯、丙酸乙酯中的一种或两种以上的混合;
所述醚类溶剂为四氢呋喃、1,3-二氧环戊烷、二甲氧甲烷、1,2-二甲氧乙烷和二甘醇二甲醚中的一种或两种以上的混合。
8.如权利要求3所述的高电压电解液,其特征在于,所述高电压电解液添加剂在所述高电压电解液中的质量百分数为0.1~5%。
9.一种含有如权利要求3所述的高电压电解液的锂离子电池。
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