CN109121966B - Cultivation method based on improvement of raspberry fruit quality - Google Patents
Cultivation method based on improvement of raspberry fruit quality Download PDFInfo
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- CN109121966B CN109121966B CN201810971620.8A CN201810971620A CN109121966B CN 109121966 B CN109121966 B CN 109121966B CN 201810971620 A CN201810971620 A CN 201810971620A CN 109121966 B CN109121966 B CN 109121966B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0206—Canopies, i.e. devices providing a roof above the plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/04—Supports for hops, vines, or trees
- A01G17/14—Props; Stays
- A01G17/16—Devices for driving-in or pulling-out props
Abstract
The invention provides a cultivation method based on improvement of raspberry fruit quality, and relates to the technical field of crop cultivation, wherein the cultivation method comprises the following steps: (1) selecting a garden; (2) selecting varieties and seedlings; (3) soil improvement; (4) erecting a rain shelter; (5) erecting cotton sunshade net cloth; (6) arranging three layers of growth frames; (7) ridging, drip irrigation and draining; (8) planting; (9) managing soil and fertilizer and water; (10) shaping and trimming; (11) cold-proof and putting on shelf. The method disclosed by the invention overcomes the defects that in the conventional raspberry planting process, the fruits are scorched due to over-strong peripheral illumination, the fruits are easy to rot in rainy season, the fruits are poorly colored due to closed illumination in the inner chamber, the seedlings are dead due to unsmooth drainage in a garden, the taste of the fruits is reduced due to unscientific fertilization, and the like. The method for cultivating the raspberry has the advantages of high yield, large single fruit, excellent appearance quality, high sweetness, rich flavor, high price and remarkable increase of economic benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method based on improvement of raspberry fruit quality.
Background
Raspberry (Rubus corchorifolius L.f.), shrub upright, 1-3 meters high. In China, Gansu, Tibet, northeast, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other places are widely distributed. Because the raspberry has the efficacies of astringing essence and tonifying kidney, supporting yang and improving eyesight, sobering up and quenching thirst, and reducing phlegm and detoxifying, the artificial introduction cultivation area of the south temperate zone and the northern subtropical zone of China is expanded year by year at present.
However, at present, most of the raspberries cultivated by introduction are relatively poor in growth performance. The main reasons are the following:
one is that raspberries are difficult to fall in summer. The raspberry is suitable for growing in temperate regions, and is introduced to subtropical regions for planting due to high economic value and nutritional value, and the biggest bottleneck of growth is to deal with high temperature in summer. At present, the raspberry introduced and cultivated in the south has an unobvious shading effect due to open field cultivation, and growth obstacle is easily caused due to high temperature and high illumination intensity in growth and development.
Secondly, rainfall fruit quality influences greatly. Rain shelters are not adopted in most raspberry planting areas, however, the fruit period of the raspberries is 4-6 months, and the period is in the plum rain season; the raspberry has the defects of poor fruit coloring, easy decay, short shelf life and obvious reduction of commodity due to the fact that fruits of the raspberry are exposed and washed and eroded by rainwater.
And thirdly, no stable growth frame potential exists. There is no relatively fixed cultivation frame in planting. The lateral branches of the raspberries are in a rattan shape, and the raspberries are lateral branches for bearing fruits, so that the whole raspberries are easy to grow disorderly under the action of the weight of fruits, the problems of difficult pruning, closed tree body, reduced blade photosynthetic capacity and easy withering and death of branches and leaves in lower parts of the raspberries are caused, and the yield and the quality are reduced.
And fourthly, the water drainage in the park is untimely or unscientific. The raspberry is particularly forbidden to waterlogging and extremely intolerant to ponding, and if the raspberry rains for a long time, the whole raspberry can be dead frequently due to incapability of draining water.
Fifthly, the organic fertilizer is not scientifically used. The organic fertilizer content of the soil of part of raspberry garden is insufficient, the sugar content of the fruit is reduced due to the insufficient amount of 'carbon source' and the like, and the taste is reduced; in addition, the application of chemical fertilizers on the surfaces of the trees causes the trees to be weak and the resistance is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cultivation method based on improvement of raspberry fruit quality, and overcomes the problems that in the conventional raspberry planting process, the fruits are scorched due to over-strong peripheral illumination, the fruits are easy to rot in rainy seasons, the illumination of an inner chamber is closed, the fruits are poorly colored, the garden drains unsmooth, the seedlings die, the unscientific fertilization causes the taste of the fruits to be reduced, and the like. High yield can be achieved in the second year after planting, and the full-bearing period can be achieved in three years. The cultivation method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of high yield, larger raspberry fruits, higher sweetness and rich flavor, and the economic benefit is obviously increased.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a cultivation method based on improving raspberry fruit quality comprises the following steps:
(1) garden selection: selecting a plot with high and slow terrain, deep soil layer, loose soil, more than 2% of organic matters, fertile soil, 6.6-7.3 of soil PH, sufficient water source and illumination and convenient traffic to build a garden;
(2) selecting varieties and seedlings: selecting a suitable raspberry variety; selecting tissue culture propagation seedlings as nursery stocks;
(3) soil improvement: 1100kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 150kg of peat and 250kg of rice chaff are applied per mu in combination with deep soil turnover;
the formula of the decomposed organic fertilizer before decomposition is as follows: pig manure: cow dung: sheep manure is 1: 1.3-1.5: 1.1-1.4, or pig manure: cow dung: 1, horse dung: 1.2-1.5: 1-1.15, then fermenting at high temperature or composting to obtain decomposed organic fertilizer;
(4) erecting a rain shelter: a rain shelter is erected right above the raspberry body of each ridge;
(5) erecting a cotton sunshade net cloth: erecting black cotton sunshade net cloth above the raspberries in each ridge, wherein the black cotton sunshade net cloth is positioned below the rain shelter; the greenhouse body corresponding to the two ends of each black cotton sunshade screen cloth is internally provided with a pot body, water is filled in the pot body, the two ends of the black cotton sunshade screen cloth are placed in the water in the pot body in the sun exposure period, the water absorption capacity of the black cotton sunshade screen cloth is strong, and the whole sunshade screen is soaked by the water;
(6) three layers of growth frames are arranged: erecting three layers of growing frames above the ridge surfaces of the raspberries, wherein the three layers of growing frames are provided with a first layer of frame surface, a second layer of frame surface and a third layer of frame surface, the frame surface widths of which are sequentially reduced from bottom to top; the angle between the surface of each layer of the frame and the horizontal plane is 18-20 degrees;
(7) ridging, drip irrigation and drainage:
ridging: the ridge width of the raspberry is 0.9m, and the ridge height is 0.35-0.4 m;
drip irrigation: paving a drip irrigation tape near the root system of the raspberry, using the drip irrigation tape to replenish water when the field water capacity is lower than 40%, and stopping supplying water when the soil humidity reaches 78-82%;
thirdly, draining: a plastic film is laid in the area between two adjacent ridges, and rainwater flowing down from the arc-shaped rain shelter directly flows out of the garden through the plastic film during rainfall;
(8) planting;
(9) managing soil and fertilizer and water:
managing soil: cultivating and weeding for 4-6 times in the vegetative growth period, covering the ground surface with the removed grass, and cutting off redundant root tillers;
top application: applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium according to the mass ratio of 2.0-2.4: 1.0-1.2: 0.8-1.0, and applying 25-30kg of compound fertilizer per mu; in the fruit development and young sprout vigorous growth period for the second time, the fertilizer is mainly supplemented with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied according to the mass ratio of 0.8: 1.5-1.8: 1.7, applying 30-40kg of compound fertilizer per mu;
thirdly, irrigation and drainage: after the cold soil is removed, according to the soil moisture content, irrigating flowering and fruit setting water to ensure that the soil humidity is between 68 and 80 percent; irrigating tip promoting water in a fruit setting period to ensure that the soil humidity is between 72 and 76 percent; irrigating fruit promoting water in the fruit rapid expansion period to ensure that the soil humidity is between 75 and 83 percent; filling frozen water before burying soil and cold-proof to make soil humidity be 88-92%; when irrigation is carried out in the above period, drainage ditches are built in or around the garden along the terrain, and redundant water is drained out of the garden as early as possible;
(10) shaping and trimming;
(11) cold-proof and putting on shelf.
Preferably, in the step (2), the raspberry varieties are one or more of duckweed, tongkang and torasemide; the nursery stock is required to be free of plant diseases and insect pests, strong in root system, more than 20cm long in lateral root, more in fibrous root and more than 1cm thick in ground diameter.
Preferably, in the step (3), 1000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 140kg of peat and 230kg of rice chaff are applied to each mu; the formula of the decomposed organic fertilizer before decomposition is as follows: pig manure: cow dung: sheep manure is 1: 1.4: 1.2, or pig manure: cow dung: 1, horse dung: 1.3: 1.05.
according to the invention, the rain shelter comprises arched steel frames, steel pipe stand columns and plastic films, wherein a plurality of arched steel frames are arranged on the rain shelter along the length direction of the ridge, two steel pipe stand columns are symmetrically fixed at the lower ends of the arched steel frames, and the distance between the two steel pipe stand columns is 1.2 m; the distance between two adjacent steel pipe columns along the length direction of the ridge is 5 m; plastic films are covered on the arched steel frames together; the distance between the edges of the water dripping lines of two adjacent rain shelters is 0.5m, and the width of each rain shelter is 2 m.
A # -shaped steel wire mesh is arranged 13-18cm below the rain shelter, the # -shaped steel wire mesh is fixed on a steel pipe upright post of the rain shelter, black cotton sun-shading screen cloth is flatly laid above the # -shaped steel wire mesh, and the distance between every two adjacent steel wires along the length direction of the ridge is 60 cm; the lower ends of the # -shaped steel wire meshes corresponding to the two ends of the black cotton sunshade screen cloth are hung with basins filled with water, and the two ends of the black cotton sunshade screen cloth penetrate through meshes of the # -shaped steel wire meshes and are arranged in the water in the basins.
The three-layer growth frame comprises a steel pipe column, a long cross beam, a short cross beam I, a short cross beam II, a short cross beam III and steel wires; arranging steel pipe columns every 4-6m on the ridge, and fixing long beams at positions 1.0m, 1.5m and 2m away from the ground between every two adjacent steel pipe columns;
a short cross beam I is fixed at a position 1m away from the steel pipe column, the cross beam I is made of steel materials with the length of 1.6m, steel wires are pulled between every two adjacent cross beams I, and 3 steel wires are fixed on the left side and the right side of each cross beam I to form a first layer of frame surface;
a second cross beam is fixed at a position 1.5m away from the steel pipe column, the second cross beam is made of steel materials with the length of 1.2m, steel wires are arranged between every two adjacent second cross beams in a pulling mode, and 2 steel wires are fixed on the left side and the right side of each second cross beam to form a second layer of frame surface;
a third cross beam is fixed 2m away from the steel pipe column and is made of steel with the length of 0.8 m; a steel wire is pulled between two adjacent cross beams III, and 1 steel wire is fixed on the left side and the right side of each cross beam III to form a third layer of frame surface;
the first short beam, the second short beam and the third short beam are fixed on the steel pipe column by U-shaped nails or steel wires.
Preferably, in step (8), the permanent planting specifically comprises:
cultivation time: in spring, after soil is unfrozen and before seedlings sprout, planting in the last 3 to the last 4 months; the planting distance is 80-90 cm;
processing before planting seedlings: placing the tissue culture propagation seedlings in a nutrition bag;
thirdly, the planting method comprises the following steps: when planting the nursery stock, digging planting holes on the planting ridges according to the requirement of the plant spacing, placing the nursery stock in the holes to ensure that the root system is evenly distributed to the periphery in an extending way, filling soil, then treading down, irrigating enough root-setting water, and sealing the dibbles.
Preferably, in the step (9), the soil management further comprises planting green manure on the orchard ridge surface; the green manure is perennial white clover, so that soil organic matters are increased, the physical and chemical properties of soil are improved, and the drought resistance of an orchard is enhanced.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention integrates the technologies of shading by cotton sunshade screen cloth, rain-sheltering cultivation, three-layer growing frames and scientific organic fertilizer application, and not only overcomes the defects of sunscald fruits caused by over-strong peripheral illumination, easy rotting fruits in rainy seasons, poor fruit coloring caused by closed illumination of inner chambers, dead seedlings caused by unsmooth drainage of garden areas, reduced fruit taste caused by unscientific fertilizer application and the like in the conventional raspberry planting process, but also can realize high yield in the second year after planting and can realize a full-bearing period in three years. The method for cultivating the raspberry has the advantages of high yield, large fruit, high sweetness, rich flavor, increased fruit grade, remarkable increase of economic benefit and the like. Wherein the cotton sunshade screen cloth shades and is cultivated in a rain-sheltering way, the three-layer growth frame and the scientific organic fertilizer application have the following advantages:
1) the cotton sunshade screen cloth is used for shading and rain-sheltering cultivation, and various production problems are solved. The biggest bottleneck of raspberry planting in subtropical regions is the problem of high temperature in summer, and the invention adopts a cotton sunshade screen cloth shading mode, thereby having better shading effect and better moisturizing and cooling effect, and effectively avoiding the influence of high temperature in summer on the growth of raspberries and the influence of continuous rainfall on the appearance quality and the internal quality of raspberries. The invention adopts a rain sheltering mode, and can effectively avoid the negative influence of the raspberry in the plum rain season on the fruit quality, especially the appearance quality.
2) The three-layer growth frame solves the problem of stuffiness in the inner cavity. The three-layer growth frame is adopted, so that the growth directions of the clustered main branches and the clustered side branches are standardized, the lighting and photosynthesis of the leaves are sufficient, and the fruit quality is excellent; on the other hand, the occurrence and development of plant diseases and insect pests caused by the canopy closure of branches and leaves are effectively avoided; and thirdly, the three-layer growth frame is adopted to facilitate pruning, fruit harvesting and mechanized operation.
3) Organic fertilizer is scientifically applied, and the flavor and quality of the fruits are improved. The fully decomposed organic fertilizer is utilized, and the advantages of the fully decomposed organic fertilizer include the following aspects, namely comprehensive nutrition. The organic fertilizer contains a large amount of, medium amount of and trace elements for the growth and development of the raspberries. Secondly, the fertilizer efficiency is durable. The organic fertilizer has a slow release function, is strong in fertilizer persistence and can supply nutrients to plants more slowly and durably. And thirdly, the flavor of the fruit is improved. The scientific application of the organic fertilizer can effectively provide a carbon source, improve the soil structure and the physicochemical property, and obviously increase the sugar content of the fruits. 900kg of organic fertilizer and 1100kg of organic fertilizer are additionally applied to each mu of land in the raspberry garden, the organic fertilizer is decomposed in soil and converted into various humic acid substances, and the activity of enzymes in the tree body and the stress resistance of the tree body can be promoted.
On the basis, a water accumulation prevention measure is set. Firstly, the ridging method is adopted, so that the problem of water accumulation of the raspberry root system can be effectively avoided; secondly, by adopting a drip irrigation method, the problems of water accumulation, diseases and the like caused by flood irrigation can be effectively prevented, and water resources can be saved; thirdly, the drainage method of the invention can lead the rain water flowing down from the rain shelter to directly flow to the outside of the garden through the plastic film between the sheds (the furrows) during the continuous rainfall or the strong rainfall, on one hand, no water is accumulated in the garden, and no reverse seepage is caused to the furrows (the plastic film between the furrows is used for blocking) due to the water accumulation between the furrows, thus reducing the phenomena that the rain water cannot be drained out of the orchard, or the water consumes a large amount of fuel power cost and the like.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the general structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a portion of the structure of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a three-layer growth frame of the present invention;
in the figure: 1-a rain shelter; 101-an arched steel frame; 102-steel tube upright posts; 103-plastic film; 104- "#" shaped steel wire mesh; 105-black cotton sunshade mesh cloth; 106-a pot body; 2-three layers of growth frames; 201-first shelf surface; 202-a second shelf surface; 203-third shelf surface; 204-steel pipe column; 205-long beam; 206-short beam one; 207-short beam two; 208-short beam three; 209-steel wire.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
a cultivation method based on improving raspberry fruit quality comprises the following steps:
(1) garden selection: selecting a plot with high and slow terrain, deep soil layer, loose soil, more than 2% of organic matters, fertile soil, 6.6-7.3 of soil PH, sufficient water source and illumination and convenient traffic to build a garden;
(2) selecting varieties and seedlings: selecting fall duckweed as a raspberry variety; selecting tissue culture propagation seedlings as seedlings, wherein the seedlings are required to have no plant diseases and insect pests, strong root systems, more side roots of more than 20cm, more fibrous roots and more ground diameter thickness of more than 1 cm;
(3) soil improvement: in combination with soil deep ploughing, 1000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 140kg of peat and 230kg of rice chaff are applied to each mu;
the formula of the decomposed organic fertilizer before decomposition is as follows: pig manure: cow dung: sheep manure is 1: 1.4: 1.2, or pig manure: cow dung: 1, horse dung: 1.3: 1.05; then fermenting at high temperature or composting to obtain decomposed organic fertilizer;
(4) erecting a rain shelter: a rain shelter 1 is erected right above the raspberry body of each ridge;
(5) erecting a cotton sunshade net cloth: a # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 is arranged 15cm below the rain shelter 1, the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 is fixed on a steel pipe upright post 102 of the rain shelter 1, the distance between every two adjacent steel wires along the length direction of the furrow is 60cm, and the thickness of the steel wires is 2 mm;
2 pieces of black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 are flatly laid on the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104, a water basin 106 is hung at the lower end of the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 corresponding to the two ends of each black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 (the two adjacent ends of the 2 pieces of black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 can share one water basin 106), water is filled in the water basin 106, and the two ends of the black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 both penetrate through the meshes of the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 and are arranged in the water basin 106. In the sun exposure period, black cotton sunshade net cloth 105 with two ends drooping is respectively placed in the water of a basin body 106; by utilizing the strong water absorption principle of cotton cloth, the whole black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 is soaked by water, and the sunshade and cooling effects are obvious in a high-temperature period;
when the sunshade is not needed, the black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 paved on the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 is directly removed;
(6) three layers of growth frames 2 are arranged: erecting three layers of growing frames 2 above the ridge surfaces of the raspberries, wherein the three layers of growing frames 2 are provided with a first layer of frame surface 201, a second layer of frame surface 202 and a third layer of frame surface 203, the frame surface widths of which are sequentially reduced from bottom to top; the angle between the surface of each layer of the frame and the horizontal plane is 20 degrees;
(7) ridging, drip irrigation and drainage:
ridging: the width of a raspberry ridge is 0.9m, the height of the raspberry ridge is 0.35m, and the length of the raspberry ridge is 25 m;
drip irrigation: paving a drip irrigation tape near the root system of the raspberry, using the drip irrigation tape to replenish water when the field water capacity is lower than 40%, and stopping supplying water when the soil humidity reaches 78-82%;
thirdly, draining: plastic films are laid in the areas between two adjacent furrows (namely in the furrows), and rainwater flowing down from the arc-shaped rain shelters directly flows out of the garden through the plastic films during rainfall;
(8) planting:
cultivation time: in spring, field planting in late 3 months after soil thawing and before seedling germination; the planting distance is 80 cm;
processing before planting seedlings: placing the tissue culture propagation seedlings in a nutrition bag;
thirdly, the planting method comprises the following steps: when the nursery stock is planted, digging planting holes on the planting ridges according to the requirement of plant spacing, placing the nursery stock in the holes to ensure that the root system is spread and uniformly distributed to the periphery, filling soil, then treading down, irrigating sufficient root-setting water, and sealing a cluster;
(9) managing soil and fertilizer and water:
managing soil: cultivating and weeding for 5 times in the vegetative growth period, simultaneously shearing off redundant root tillers, and covering the ground surface with the removed grass on site; planting white clover on the furrow surface of the orchard as green manure;
top application: applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in a mass ratio of 2.4: 1.1: 1, mixing the materials to prepare a compound fertilizer, and applying 30kg of the compound fertilizer per mu; in the fruit development and young sprout vigorous growth period for the second time, the fertilizer is mainly supplemented with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied according to the mass ratio of 0.8: 1.5: 1.7, applying 35kg of compound fertilizer per mu;
thirdly, irrigation and drainage: after the cold soil is removed, irrigating flowering and fruit setting water according to soil moisture content to ensure that the soil humidity is between 72 and 77 percent; irrigating tip promoting water in a fruit setting period to ensure that the soil humidity is between 72 and 76 percent; irrigating fruit promoting water in the fruit rapid expansion period to ensure that the soil humidity is between 75 and 83 percent; filling frozen water before burying soil and cold-proof to make soil humidity be 88-92%; when irrigation is carried out in the above period, drainage ditches are built in or around the garden along the terrain, and redundant water is drained out of the garden as early as possible;
(10) shaping and trimming:
the sapling stage: after the cold soil is removed in the second year, the withered top parts of the 2-year-old branches are cut off, and the remained buds are promoted to emit strong bearing branches; when young shoots grow to 4cm, thinning and shearing are carried out, and bearing branches are fixed; in the initial flowering period, thinning and removing the basic branches, and reserving 9 branches per square meter;
② full fruit period: enabling basal branches to naturally grow in the growing period (ten days of 5 months), removing excessive root tillers, and keeping a certain number of branches in the plant cluster; cutting 3-5 leaves of the lower lateral branch within 30cm away from the ground to concentrate all nutrients to the upper bearing branch; after the fruits are harvested, 10 basal strong branches in the current year are reserved in each cluster, and the rest branches are removed.
(11) Cold-proof and putting on shelf:
pruning before burying: shearing all strong branches of the plant cluster for 1.8m, and simultaneously shearing off dead branches and tender branches; piling sleeper soil at a bent ditch at the base of the plant stand, then loosening the branches from the frame, and pressing down the branches in one direction after bundling; when burying soil, hilling and tamping;
removing soil and putting on shelves: and removing soil when the soil is unfrozen, removing the cold-proof soil on the two sides, removing the cold-proof soil on the branches after the branches are exposed, unbinding and binding the branches, and uniformly leading the branches to the steel wires for fixing by using the strings.
Example 2:
a cultivation method based on improving raspberry fruit quality comprises the following steps:
(1) garden selection: selecting a plot with high and slow terrain, deep soil layer, loose soil, more than 2 percent of organic matters, fertile soil, 6.7-7.3 of soil PH, sufficient water source and illumination and convenient traffic to build a garden;
(2) selecting varieties and seedlings: selecting the biscuit as a raspberry variety; selecting tissue culture propagation seedlings as seedlings, wherein the seedlings are required to have no plant diseases and insect pests, strong root systems, more side roots of more than 20cm, more fibrous roots and more ground diameter thickness of more than 1 cm;
(3) soil improvement: 1100kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 130kg of peat and 250kg of rice chaff are applied per mu in combination with deep soil ploughing;
the formula of the decomposed organic fertilizer before decomposition is as follows: pig manure: cow dung: sheep manure is 1: 1.5: 1.1, or pig manure: cow dung: 1, horse dung: 1.5: 1, fermenting at high temperature or composting to obtain decomposed organic fertilizer;
(4) erecting a rain shelter: a rain shelter 1 is erected right above the raspberry body of each ridge;
(5) erecting a cotton sunshade net cloth: a # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 is arranged 13cm below the rain shelter 1, the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 is fixed on a steel pipe upright post 102 of the rain shelter 1, the distance between every two adjacent steel wires along the length direction of the furrow is 60cm, and the thickness of the steel wires is 2 mm;
3 pieces of black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 are tiled on the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104, a water basin 106 is hung at the lower end of the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 corresponding to the two ends of each black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105, water is contained in the water basin 106, and the two ends of each black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 penetrate through the meshes of the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 and are arranged in the water basin 106. In the sun exposure period, black cotton sunshade net cloth 105 with two ends drooping is respectively placed in the water of a basin body 106; by utilizing the strong water absorption principle of cotton cloth, the whole black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 is soaked by water, and the sunshade and cooling effects are obvious in a high-temperature period;
when the sunshade is not needed, the black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 paved on the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 is directly removed;
(6) three layers of growth frames 2 are arranged: erecting three layers of growing frames 2 above the ridge surfaces of the raspberries, wherein the three layers of growing frames 2 are provided with a first layer of frame surface 201, a second layer of frame surface 202 and a third layer of frame surface 203, the frame surface widths of which are sequentially reduced from bottom to top; the angle between the surface of each layer of the frame and the horizontal plane is 20 degrees;
(7) ridging, drip irrigation and drainage:
ridging: the width of a raspberry ridge is 0.9m, the height of the raspberry ridge is 0.4m, and the length of the raspberry ridge is 30 m;
drip irrigation: paving a drip irrigation tape near the root system of the raspberry, using the drip irrigation tape to replenish water when the field water capacity is lower than 40%, and stopping supplying water when the soil humidity reaches 78-82%;
thirdly, draining: a plastic film is laid in the area between two adjacent ridges, and rainwater flowing down from the arc-shaped rain shelter directly flows out of the garden through the plastic film during rainfall;
(8) planting:
cultivation time: planting in last ten days of 4 months; the planting distance is 90 cm;
processing before planting seedlings: placing the tissue culture propagation seedlings in a nutrition bag;
thirdly, the planting method comprises the following steps: when the nursery stock is planted, digging planting holes on the planting ridges according to the requirement of plant spacing, placing the nursery stock in the holes to ensure that the root system is spread and uniformly distributed to the periphery, filling soil, then treading down, irrigating sufficient root-setting water, and sealing a cluster;
(9) managing soil and fertilizer and water:
managing soil: carrying out intertillage weeding for 6 times in the vegetative growth period, simultaneously shearing off redundant root tillers, and covering the ground surface with the removed grass on site;
top application: applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium according to the mass ratio of 2.2: 1.2: 1, mixing the materials to prepare a compound fertilizer, and applying 30kg of the compound fertilizer per mu; in the fruit development and young sprout vigorous growth period for the second time, the fertilizer is mainly supplemented with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied according to the mass ratio of 0.8: 1.8: 1.7, mixing to prepare a compound fertilizer, and applying 40kg of the compound fertilizer per mu;
thirdly, irrigation and drainage: after the cold soil is removed, irrigating flowering and fruit setting water according to soil moisture content to ensure that the soil humidity is between 68 and 73 percent; irrigating tip promoting water in a fruit setting period to ensure that the soil humidity is between 72 and 76 percent; irrigating fruit promoting water in the fruit rapid expansion period to ensure that the soil humidity is between 75 and 83 percent; filling frozen water before burying soil and cold-proof to make soil humidity be 88-92%; when irrigation is carried out in the above period, drainage ditches are built in or around the garden along the terrain, and redundant water is drained out of the garden as early as possible;
(10) shaping and trimming;
(11) cold-proof and putting on shelf.
Wherein, the steps of shaping, trimming, cold-proof and putting on the shelf are the same as those of the embodiment 1.
Example 3:
a cultivation method based on improving raspberry fruit quality comprises the following steps:
(1) garden selection: selecting a plot with high and slow terrain, deep soil layer, loose soil, more than 2% of organic matters, fertile soil, 6.7-7.3 of soil PH, sufficient water source and illumination and convenient traffic to build a garden;
(2) selecting varieties and seedlings: selecting torasemide as a raspberry variety; selecting tissue culture propagation seedlings as seedlings, wherein the seedlings are required to have no plant diseases and insect pests, strong root systems, more side roots of more than 20cm, more fibrous roots and more ground diameter thickness of more than 1 cm;
(3) soil improvement: in combination with soil deep ploughing, 900kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 150kg of peat and 210kg of rice chaff are applied per mu;
the formula of the decomposed organic fertilizer before decomposition is as follows: pig manure: cow dung: sheep manure is 1: 1.3: 1.4, or pig manure: cow dung: 1, horse dung: 1.2: 1.15, then fermenting at high temperature or composting to obtain decomposed organic fertilizer;
(4) erecting a rain shelter: a rain shelter 1 is erected right above the raspberry body of each ridge;
(5) erecting a cotton sunshade net cloth: a # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 is arranged 18cm below the rain shelter 1, the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 is fixed on a steel pipe upright post 102 of the rain shelter 1, the distance between every two adjacent steel wires along the length direction of the furrow is 60cm, and the thickness of the steel wires is 2 mm;
2 pieces of black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 are tiled on the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104, a water basin 106 is hung at the lower end of the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 corresponding to the two ends of each black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105, water is contained in the water basin 106, and the two ends of each black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 penetrate through the meshes of the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 and are arranged in the water basin 106. In the sun exposure period, black cotton sunshade net cloth 105 with two ends drooping is respectively placed in the water of a basin body 106; by utilizing the strong water absorption principle of cotton cloth, the whole black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 is soaked by water, and the sunshade and cooling effects are obvious in a high-temperature period;
when the sunshade is not needed, the black cotton sunshade screen cloth 105 paved on the # -shaped steel wire mesh 104 is directly removed;
(6) three layers of growth frames 2 are arranged: erecting three layers of growing frames 2 above the ridge surfaces of the raspberries, wherein the three layers of growing frames 2 are provided with a first layer of frame surface 201, a second layer of frame surface 202 and a third layer of frame surface 203, the frame surface widths of which are sequentially reduced from bottom to top; the angle between the surface of each layer of the frame and the horizontal plane is 18 degrees;
(7) ridging, drip irrigation and drainage:
ridging: the width of a raspberry ridge is 0.9m, the height of the raspberry ridge is 0.35m, and the length of the raspberry ridge is 22 m;
drip irrigation: paving a drip irrigation tape near the root system of the raspberry, using the drip irrigation tape to replenish water when the field water capacity is lower than 40%, and stopping supplying water when the soil humidity reaches 78-82%;
thirdly, draining: a plastic film is laid in the area between two adjacent ridges, and rainwater flowing down from the arc-shaped rain shelter directly flows out of the garden through the plastic film during rainfall;
(8) planting:
cultivation time: 3, planting in late ten months; the planting distance is 80 cm;
processing before planting seedlings: placing the tissue culture propagation seedlings in a nutrition bag;
thirdly, the planting method comprises the following steps: when the nursery stock is planted, digging planting holes on the planting ridges according to the requirement of plant spacing, placing the nursery stock in the holes to ensure that the root system is spread and uniformly distributed to the periphery, filling soil, then treading down, irrigating sufficient root-setting water, and sealing a cluster;
(9) managing soil and fertilizer and water:
managing soil: 4 times of intertillage weeding is carried out in the vegetative growth period, meanwhile, redundant root tillers are cut off, and the removed grass covers the ground surface on site; planting white clover on the furrow surface of the orchard as green manure;
top application: applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in a mass ratio of 2.0: 1.0: 0.8, applying 25kg of compound fertilizer per mu; in the fruit development and young sprout vigorous growth period for the second time, the fertilizer is mainly supplemented with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied according to the mass ratio of 0.8: 1.6: 1.7, applying 30kg of compound fertilizer per mu;
thirdly, irrigation and drainage: after the cold soil is removed, according to the soil moisture content, irrigating flowering and fruit setting water to ensure that the soil humidity is between 75 and 80 percent; irrigating tip promoting water in a fruit setting period to ensure that the soil humidity is between 72 and 76 percent; irrigating fruit promoting water in the fruit rapid expansion period to ensure that the soil humidity is between 75 and 83 percent; filling frozen water before burying soil and cold-proof to make soil humidity be 88-92%; when irrigation is carried out in the above period, drainage ditches are built in or around the garden along the terrain, and redundant water is drained out of the garden as early as possible;
(10) shaping and trimming;
(11) cold-proof and putting on shelf.
Wherein, the steps of shaping, trimming, cold-proof and putting on the shelf are the same as those of the embodiment 1.
In examples 1 to 3 of the present invention:
the specific structure of the rain shelter:
the rain shelter 1 comprises an arched steel frame 101, steel pipe upright posts 102 and a plastic film 103, wherein the rain shelter 1 is provided with a plurality of arched steel frames 101 along the length direction of a furrow, the lower end of each arched steel frame 101 is symmetrically fixed with two steel pipe upright posts 102, and the distance between the two steel pipe upright posts 102 is 1.2 m; the distance between two adjacent steel pipe columns 101 in the length direction of the ridge is 5 m; a plastic film 103 covers the arched steel frames 102 together; the distance between the edges of the water dripping lines of two adjacent rain shelters 1 is 0.5m, and the width of each rain shelter 1 is 2 m.
The three-layer growth frame 2 has the following specific structure:
the three-layer growth frame comprises a steel pipe column 204, a long beam 205, a short beam I206, a short beam II 207, a short beam III 208 and steel wires 209; steel pipe columns 204 are arranged on the ridge every 4-6m, and long cross beams 205 are fixed at positions 1.0m, 1.5m and 2m away from the ground between every two adjacent steel pipe columns 204;
a short cross beam 206 is fixed at a position 1.0m away from the ground of the steel pipe column 204, the cross beam 206 is made of steel with the width of 5cm, the thickness of 3cm and the length of 1.6m, a steel wire 209 is pulled between every two adjacent cross beams 206, and 3 steel wires 209 are fixed on the left side and the right side of the corresponding long cross beam 205 to form a first layer of frame surface 201;
a second cross beam 207 is fixed at a position 1.5m away from the steel pipe column, the second cross beam 207 is made of steel materials with the width of 4cm, the thickness of 2.5cm and the length of 1.2m, a steel wire 209 is pulled between every two adjacent second cross beams 207, and 2 steel wires 209 are fixed on the left side and the right side of the corresponding long cross beam 205 to form a second layer of frame surface 202;
a third cross beam 208 is fixed at a position 2m away from the steel pipe column, and the third cross beam 208 is made of steel with the width of 3.5cm, the thickness of 2.0cm and the length of 0.8 m; a steel wire 209 is pulled between two adjacent beams three 208, and 1 steel wire 209 is fixed on the left side and the right side of the corresponding long beam 205 to form a third layer of frame surface 203;
the first short beam 206, the second short beam 207 and the third short beam 208 are all fixed on the steel pipe column 204 by U-shaped nails or steel wires.
And (3) analyzing test effects:
and (I) analyzing the technical integration test benefits.
The invention integrates the technologies of shading by cotton sunshade screen cloth, rain-sheltering cultivation, three-layer growth frames and scientific organic fertilizer application, overcomes the defects of sunscald by over-strong peripheral illumination, easy fruit decay in rainy season, poor fruit coloring caused by closed illumination of an inner chamber, unsmooth water drainage in a garden to cause dead seedlings and unscientific fertilizer application to cause the phenomenon of reduced fruit taste, can realize high yield in the second year after field planting, has the yield more than 1.6 times that of conventional planting, has larger causticity, higher sweetness, rich flavor and higher price, and has the pure profit more than 1.7 times that of the conventional planting; the full-bearing period can be realized in three years, the yield is more than 1.8 times of that of conventional planting, the pure profit per mu can be more than 2.5 times of that of the conventional planting due to the excellent appearance quality and the excellent internal quality, the fruit flavor is rich, the ellagic acid content is obviously increased, and the method has the advantages of low cost, high comprehensive benefit and the like, fully integrates the cultivation concept of benefit in system technology, and comprehensively improves the intensive operation level of the raspberry. The benefit ratio of the raspberry cultivation method in the embodiment 1 of the present invention to the conventional raspberry cultivation method is shown in table 1:
table 1:
and (II) comprehensive comparative analysis among different treatments.
In order to test the effect of the innovation point of the invention, the cultivation effects of four cultivation modes are especially compared, namely: the mode of cotton sunshade screen cloth and rain sheltering cultivation, the mode of three-layer growth frame, the mode of scientifically applying organic fertilizer and the mode of conventional cultivation. The four cultivation modes are as follows:
the mode of cotton sunshade screen cloth and rain sheltering cultivation is as follows: except the steps of no soil improvement and three layers of growth frames, the other steps are the same as the cultivation method of the embodiment 1 of the invention.
"three-layer growth frame" mode: except the steps of soil improvement without soil, erecting a rain shelter and erecting cotton sunshade screen cloth, the other steps are the same as the cultivation method of the embodiment 1 of the invention.
The mode of scientifically applying organic fertilizer is as follows: except for the steps of erecting a rain shelter, erecting cotton sunshade screen cloth and arranging three layers of growth frames, the other steps are the same as the cultivation method in the embodiment 1 of the invention.
The mode of "conventional planting": and (5) cultivating the seeds in a conventional way without any treatment.
The test results are as follows:
1) and (3) measuring the fruit quality: in the fruit maturity stage, the raspberry fruits of different cultivation modes are picked at random, indexes such as single fruit weight, fruit shape index, fruit stem length (20 in each group and 3 in each group), chromaticity (10 in each group and 3 in each group) and the like are measured, and soluble sugar, titratable acid and juice content are measured.
The weight of a single fruit is determined by an electronic balance. The fruit shape index is measured by a vernier caliper to determine the ratio of the longitudinal diameter to the transverse stem. The stem length is measured with a vernier caliper. The soluble sugars were determined using the anthrone reagent method. Titratable acids are determined by titration. The color difference is measured by a Coriolis minolta spectrophotometer CM-5, namely 3 points are randomly selected on each fruit for measurement, 10 fruits are measured on each variety for average, and the measurement result is subjected to colorimetric analysis by a CIELab color appearance system, wherein L represents lightness, a is red (+ a) green (-a) color axis saturation, and b is yellow (+ b) blue (-b) color axis saturation. The juice content is (fresh weight of fruit-dry weight of fruit)/fresh weight of fruit x 100%.
2) And (3) data analysis: the experimental data were statistically analyzed by Excel. The fruit quality of different raspberry varieties is analyzed by a membership function method, and the calculation formula of the membership function is as follows:
wherein, XijAnd (4) representing the fruit quality membership function value of the i type j index. XmaxAnd XminRespectively representing the maximum and minimum measured values of each type of index.
If the measured value of each change index of the fruit quality is positively correlated with the comprehensive fruit quality, the formula A is used, otherwise, the formula B is used. n represents the sum of the overall fruit quality index numbers. The membership values of all the fruit quality indexes under different conditions are firstly calculated, then the membership values of all the indexes under different conditions are accumulated to calculate the average value, and the larger the average value is, the better the fruit quality is.
Performing correlation analysis on each index by adopting SPSS software, wherein: the correlation coefficient is 0.8-1.0 to represent strong correlation, 0.6-0.8 is strong correlation, 0.4-0.6 is moderate correlation, 0.2-0.4 is weak correlation, and 0-0.2 is irrelevant.
The analysis by adopting the membership function method and the correlation analysis by adopting the SPSS software on each index can be specifically seen in the following steps: the Wan Bao's book "English Windows edition SPSS & behavioral science research [ M ]. Beijing: beijing university Press, 2007.
3) And (3) comprehensive analysis: the measured values of the indexes of single fruit weight, fruit shape index, fruit stem length, soluble sugar, sugar-acid ratio and juice content in the fruit quality are positively correlated with the comprehensive fruit quality, and are calculated by an A formula; ② the titratable acid content in the fruit is negatively related to the fruit quality, and is calculated by formula B. In the following 8 indexes, the weight of single fruit and the content of soluble sugar are important indexes of yield and fruit quality, the weight of single fruit and the content of soluble sugar are given as 1.5, and the rest weight is 1.0. The comprehensive analysis of the membership function values of the fruit quality indexes in different modes is shown in Table 2.
Table 2:
note that: treatment I: using cotton sun-shading net cloth and cultivating in a rain-sheltering way; and (4) treatment II: three layers of growth frame potential; treatment III: applying organic fertilizer; and (4) treatment IV: the method comprises the following steps of (1) using cotton sunshade screen cloth and rain sheltering cultivation, and combining with three-layer growth frame and additional application of organic fertilizer; control CK: and (5) cultivating the seeds in a conventional way without any treatment.
As can be seen from the table, the mean membership function treatment IV is at most 0.760; treatment I was 0.716; treatment II 0.495; treatment III was 0.434; the control CK was 0.344. The fruit quality ranking with different innovation modes is obtained as follows: the mode of combining the cotton sunshade screen cloth and the rain sheltering cultivation with the three-layer growth frame and the augmented organic fertilizer is used in the mode of using the cotton sunshade screen cloth and the rain sheltering cultivation in the mode of the three-layer growth frame in the mode of scientific augmented organic fertilizer in the mode of the conventional cultivation.
The above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A cultivation method based on improving the fruit quality of raspberries is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) garden selection: selecting a plot with high and slow terrain, deep soil layer, loose soil, more than 2% of organic matters, fertile soil, 6.6-7.3 of soil PH, sufficient water source and illumination and convenient traffic to build a garden;
(2) selecting varieties and seedlings: selecting a suitable raspberry variety; selecting tissue culture propagation seedlings as nursery stocks;
(3) soil improvement: 1100kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 150kg of peat and 250kg of rice chaff are applied per mu in combination with deep soil turnover;
the formula of the decomposed organic fertilizer before decomposition is as follows: pig manure: cow dung: sheep manure is 1: 1.3-1.5: 1.1-1.4, or pig manure: cow dung: 1, horse dung: 1.2-1.5: 1-1.15, then fermenting at high temperature or composting to obtain decomposed organic fertilizer;
(4) erecting a rain shelter: a rain shelter is erected right above the raspberry body of each ridge;
(5) erecting a cotton sunshade net cloth: erecting black cotton sunshade net cloth above the raspberries in each ridge, wherein the black cotton sunshade net cloth is positioned below the rain shelter; the greenhouse body corresponding to the two ends of each black cotton sunshade screen cloth is internally provided with a pot body, water is filled in the pot body, the two ends of the black cotton sunshade screen cloth are placed in the water in the pot body in the sun exposure period, the water absorption capacity of the black cotton sunshade screen cloth is strong, and the whole sunshade screen is soaked by the water;
(6) three layers of growth frames are arranged: erecting three layers of growing frames above the ridge surfaces of the raspberries, wherein the three layers of growing frames are provided with a first layer of frame surface, a second layer of frame surface and a third layer of frame surface, the frame surface widths of which are sequentially reduced from bottom to top; the angle between the surface of each layer of the frame and the horizontal plane is 18-20 degrees;
(7) ridging, drip irrigation and drainage:
ridging: the ridge width of the raspberry is 0.9m, and the ridge height is 0.35-0.4 m;
drip irrigation: paving a drip irrigation tape near the root system of the raspberry, using the drip irrigation tape to replenish water when the field water capacity is lower than 40%, and stopping supplying water when the soil humidity reaches 78-82%;
thirdly, draining: a plastic film is laid in the area between two adjacent ridges, and rainwater flowing down from the arc-shaped rain shelter directly flows out of the garden through the plastic film during rainfall;
(8) planting;
(9) managing soil and fertilizer and water:
managing soil: cultivating and weeding for 4-6 times in the vegetative growth period, covering the ground surface with the removed grass, and cutting off redundant root tillers;
top application: applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium according to the mass ratio of 2.0-2.4: 1.0-1.2: 0.8-1.0, and applying 25-30kg of compound fertilizer per mu; in the fruit development and young sprout vigorous growth period for the second time, the fertilizer is mainly supplemented with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied according to the mass ratio of 0.8: 1.5-1.8: 1.7, applying 30-40kg of compound fertilizer per mu;
thirdly, irrigation and drainage: after the cold soil is removed, according to the soil moisture content, irrigating flowering and fruit setting water to ensure that the soil humidity is between 68 and 80 percent; irrigating tip promoting water in a fruit setting period to ensure that the soil humidity is between 72 and 76 percent; irrigating fruit promoting water in the fruit rapid expansion period to ensure that the soil humidity is between 75 and 83 percent; filling frozen water before burying soil and cold-proof to make soil humidity be 88-92%; when irrigation is carried out in the above period, drainage ditches are built in or around the garden along the terrain, and redundant water is drained out of the garden as early as possible;
(10) shaping and trimming;
(11) cold-proof and putting on shelf.
2. The cultivation method for improving the fruit quality of raspberries according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the raspberries are one or more of duckweed, tongkang and torasemide; the nursery stock is required to be free of plant diseases and insect pests, strong in root system, more than 20cm long in lateral root, more in fibrous root and more than 1cm thick in ground diameter.
3. The cultivation method based on the raspberry fruit quality improvement of claim 1, wherein in step (3), 1000kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 140kg of peat and 230kg of rice chaff are applied per mu; the formula of the decomposed organic fertilizer before decomposition is as follows: pig manure: cow dung: sheep manure is 1: 1.4: 1.2, or pig manure: cow dung: 1, horse dung: 1.3: 1.05.
4. the cultivation method for improving the fruit quality of the raspberries as claimed in claim 1, wherein the canopy comprises an arched steel frame, steel tube columns and a plastic film, the canopy is provided with a plurality of arched steel frames along the length direction of the furrow, two steel tube columns are symmetrically fixed at the lower ends of the arched steel frames, and the distance between the two steel tube columns is 1.2 m; the distance between two adjacent steel pipe columns along the length direction of the ridge is 5 m; plastic films are covered on the arched steel frames together; the distance between the edges of the water dripping lines of two adjacent rain shelters is 0.5 m.
5. The cultivation method based on the raspberry fruit quality improvement, as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step (5), 13-18cm below the rain shelter is provided with a # -shaped steel wire mesh, the # -shaped steel wire mesh is fixed on a steel pipe column of the rain shelter, a black cotton sunshade screen cloth is laid on the # -shaped steel wire mesh, and the distance between two adjacent steel wires along the length direction of the furrow is 60 cm; the lower ends of the # -shaped steel wire meshes corresponding to the two ends of the black cotton sunshade screen cloth are hung with basins filled with water, and the two ends of the black cotton sunshade screen cloth penetrate through meshes of the # -shaped steel wire meshes and are arranged in the water in the basins.
6. The cultivation method for improving the fruit quality of the raspberries as claimed in claim 1, wherein the three-layer growing rack comprises steel pipe columns, long beams, first short beams, second short beams, third short beams and steel wires; arranging steel pipe columns every 4-6m on the ridge, and fixing long beams at positions 1m, 1.5m and 2m away from the ground between every two adjacent steel pipe columns;
a short cross beam I is fixed at a position 1m away from the steel pipe column, the cross beam I is made of steel materials with the length of 1.6m, steel wires are pulled between every two adjacent cross beams I, and 3 steel wires are fixed on the left side and the right side of each cross beam I to form a first layer of frame surface;
a second cross beam is fixed at a position 1.5m away from the steel pipe column, the second cross beam is made of steel materials with the length of 1.2m, steel wires are arranged between every two adjacent second cross beams in a pulling mode, and 2 steel wires are fixed on the left side and the right side of each second cross beam to form a second layer of frame surface;
a third cross beam is fixed 2m away from the steel pipe column and is made of steel with the length of 0.8 m; a steel wire is pulled between two adjacent cross beams III, and 1 steel wire is fixed on the left side and the right side of each cross beam III to form a third layer of frame surface;
the first short beam, the second short beam and the third short beam are fixed on the steel pipe column by U-shaped nails or iron wires.
7. The cultivation method for improving the fruit quality of raspberries according to claim 1, wherein in the step (8), the permanent planting is specifically as follows:
cultivation time: in spring, after soil is unfrozen and before seedlings sprout, planting in the last 3 to the last 4 months; the planting distance is 80-90 cm;
processing before planting seedlings: placing the tissue culture propagation seedlings in a nutrition bag;
thirdly, the planting method comprises the following steps: when planting the nursery stock, digging planting holes on the planting ridges according to the requirement of the plant spacing, placing the nursery stock in the holes to ensure that the root system is evenly distributed to the periphery in an extending way, filling soil, then treading down, irrigating enough root-setting water, and sealing the dibbles.
8. The raspberry fruit quality improving cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein in step (9), the soil management further comprises planting green manure on the orchard ridge surface; the green manure is perennial white clover.
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