CN109089757B - Moso bamboo pure forest ecological reconstruction method for simulating natural bamboo and wood mixed crossing - Google Patents
Moso bamboo pure forest ecological reconstruction method for simulating natural bamboo and wood mixed crossing Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a mao bamboo pure forest ecological reconstruction method for simulating natural bamboo and wood mixed crossing, which comprises the steps of selecting breeding seedlings of associated tree species in a natural bamboo and wood mixed crossing forest, cutting down bamboos within a radius of 1-5 m around the positions of the breeding seedlings to be planted in the mao bamboo pure forest and cleaning underground bamboo rhizome to form a growing forest window, planting the seedlings of the associated tree species for breeding in spring, controlling the planting proportion of the associated tree species, correspondingly increasing the cutting radius of the bamboos around the positions of the associated tree species along with the increase of crowns of the associated tree species, and controlling the range of the growing forest window; and (4) turning soil in 7-8 months every year, cutting off and cleaning bamboo rhizomes in soil in the radius range of a forest gap, and reducing underground competition for root growth of associated tree seeds. The invention can simulate the ecological environment of natural bamboo-wood mixed forest, so that the structure of plant community is close to the ecological structure of natural bamboo-wood mixed forest, ecological balance is achieved, self-regulation capacity of bamboo-wood is enhanced, weeds and plant diseases and insect pests are reduced, and sustainable management is realized.
Description
The invention relates to a forestry ecological reconstruction method, in particular to a moso bamboo pure forest ecological reconstruction method simulating natural bamboo and wood mixed crossing.
Background
The moso bamboo is a typical forest type in the south of China, and has the advantages of fast growth, short period, high yield, wide application and strong carbon fixation capacity. China is the main producing area of moso bamboo, and the area of bamboo forest reaches 443 ten thousand hm2And accounts for 74 percent of the area of all the bamboo forests. In the last 50-60 years, the mao bamboo forest in China is mostly a natural bamboo and wood mixed forest, and is mainly formed by mixing broad-leaved trees or coniferous trees, broad-leaved trees and mao bamboo naturally. The composition proportion of the composition gradually becomes other tree species along with the strong reproduction competition of the underground stems of the moso bamboos and the felling utilization of the needle trees and the broad leaf trees by peopleThe dominant forest stand becomes the bamboo-wood mixed forest with the dominant bamboo and wood. The operation level at that time is very low, mostly rents and puts the operation, but the bamboo-wood mixed forest still keeps good ecological environment, seldom takes place the pest and disease damage. Since the 70 s, in order to pursue the high yield of bamboo shoots and bamboos, the mao bamboo pure forest is popularized vigorously in various regions for intensive management, most of natural mao bamboo mixed forests of different types are transformed into mao bamboo pure forest, the mao bamboo forest expands penis and spreads, and the area is rapidly enlarged.
Because the aim of obtaining the maximum economic benefit is long-term, the continuous stabilizing effect of the bamboo forest ecosystem is neglected, the productivity of the moso bamboo forest land is seriously declined, the stress resistance is reduced, the yield is unstable, the quality is reduced, the proportion of large-diameter bamboos is reduced, and the sustainable management of the bamboo forest is influenced. The concrete points are as follows: frequent and high-strength manual operation activities, and predatory operation strategies such as ultra-short rotation operation modes, strength cutting, full bamboo cutting utilization and the like for cutting bamboo shoots every year or every degree, so that biomass return of bamboo forest land is less, and artificial output of nutrient elements is large; the method is characterized in that the method only depends on chemical fertilizers, particularly nitrogen fertilizers, the yield of economic output depends on the fertilizing amount, and a large amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizers are applied for a long time, so that the soil is acidified and hardened, and nutrient elements are continuously leached; large-area pure Mao bamboo forest development, biological diversity in the forest is reduced, the utilization rate of environmental resources and space is low, the self-fertility of the bamboo forest is poor, and diseases and insect pests sometimes occur; meanwhile, due to unreasonable soil management, such as seasonal continuous whole-year reclamation of forest lands, the water and soil loss of bamboo forests is serious, and the like. With the gradual deepening of the concept of 'ecological civilization', the productivity of intensive operation of the mao bamboo pure forest is reduced, the soil fertility is declined, and the like, so that the economic benefit is reduced, and the ecological operation mode of transforming the mao bamboo pure forest into bamboo-wood mixed forest and the like becomes a necessary trend.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for ecologically transforming a pure bamboo forest by simulating natural bamboo and wood mixing. The invention can simulate the ecological environment of natural bamboo-wood mixed forest, so that the structure of plant community is close to the ecological structure of natural bamboo-wood mixed forest, ecological balance is achieved, self-regulation capacity of bamboo wood is enhanced, weeds and plant diseases and insect pests are reduced, and sustainable management of bamboo forest is realized.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a mao bamboo pure forest ecological reconstruction method simulating natural bamboo and wood mixed crossing comprises the following steps:
a. selecting breeding seedlings of associated tree species in the natural bamboo-wood mixed forest, and selecting positions of the planting breeding seedlings of the associated tree species;
b. bamboo within a radius of 1-5 m around the position where the seedlings are felled and planned to be planted in the pure bamboo forest and underground bamboo rhizome is cleaned to form a growing forest window;
c. planting breeding seedlings of the associated tree species in spring, wherein the quantity proportion of the associated tree species in the pure Mao bamboo forest is maintained at 20-40%, and the quantity proportion of the bamboo is maintained at 60-80%;
d. correspondingly increasing the cutting radius of the bamboos around the position of the associated tree species along with the increase of the crown of the associated tree species, and controlling the range of a growing forest window;
e. and (4) turning soil in 7-8 months every year, cutting off and cleaning bamboo rhizomes in soil in the radius range of a forest gap, and reducing underground competition for root growth of associated tree seeds.
In the method for ecologically transforming the pure moso bamboo forest simulating the natural bamboo and wood mixing, in the step d, the range of a growing forest window and the underground bamboo rhizome cleaning are controlled to be at least continued until the diameter at breast height of the accompanying tree species is larger than that of 1/2 bamboos and the plant height of the accompanying tree species is larger than that of 1/2 bamboos.
In the method for ecologically transforming the bamboo-wood mixed forest simulating natural bamboo-wood mixing, in the step a, breeding seedlings of associated tree species in the natural bamboo-wood mixed forest in the neighborhood surrounding range of the bamboo-wood mixed forest to be transformed are selected.
According to the method for ecologically transforming the pure bamboo forest simulating the mixed crossing of natural bamboo and wood, the associated tree species are bred to select robust seedlings with the base diameter of more than 2cm and the plant height of more than 1 m.
In the method for ecologically transforming the pure bamboo forest simulating the natural bamboo-wood mixed crossing, in the step a, seedlings are planted and bred according to the plant spacing and the distribution sites of the associated trees in the template of the natural bamboo-wood mixed crossing.
In the method for ecologically transforming the pure bamboo forest by simulating natural bamboo and wood mixing, in the step c, the quantity proportion of the associated tree species is maintained at 30%, and the quantity proportion of the bamboo is maintained at 70%.
In the method for ecologically transforming the pure moso bamboo forest by simulating natural bamboo and wood mixing, in the step d, after the bamboos around the position of the accompanying tree species are felled, the accompanying tree species or moso bamboos are respectively felled, and the reserved plant number after the felling of the accompanying tree species or moso bamboos in unit area is as follows:
in the formula: nr riThe number of associated tree species in unit area of footpath i after felling or reserved strains after bamboo felling is shown, N is the number of associated tree species or bamboo strains in unit area before felling, F (F) (x) is the relative cumulative diameter frequency of associated tree species or bamboo felling before felling, x is the diameter of associated tree species or bamboo, and l is the retention rate of associated tree species or bamboo felling with the diameter of x;
the total retention rate L of the associated tree species or the moso bamboo in unit area is as follows:
sampling to obtain l (F) ═ FC；
Obtaining:
l(F)＝FC；
the simultaneous formulas A and B are as follows:
when the thinning intensity is constant, the reserved plant number per unit area after thinning and nriEqual to:
the number nr of the reserved plants per unit area after thinning can be obtainediThe relative cumulative diameter frequency F ═ F (x) of the associated tree species or moso bamboos before thinning and the retention rate l after thinning of the associated tree species or moso bamboos with the diameter x are related, so that the retention strain number nr per unit area after thinning is obtained by the relative cumulative diameter frequency F ═ F (x) of the associated tree species or moso bamboos before thinning and the retention rate l after thinning of the associated tree species or moso bamboos with the diameter xi。
Compared with the prior art, the method can simulate the ecological environment of the natural bamboo-wood mixed forest, so that the plant community structure of the pure bamboo-wood forest after ecological modification is close to the ecological structure of the natural bamboo-wood mixed forest, the inter-tree stability of the bamboo-wood mixed forest is high, the community structure, the dynamic state and the succession are closer to the natural competition and selection results, and the ecological balance is achieved. The intensive operation problem of the pure bamboo forest is obvious, particularly along with the increase of the operation cost of the pure bamboo forest in recent years, the income is reduced, the labor force in rural areas is insufficient, and the large-area pure bamboo forest is abandoned, so that the resource waste is caused. The bamboo-wood mixed forest has loose and moist soil, can obtain good effect by adopting grass chopping and tending generally, saves labor, is simple and convenient to operate, and is suitable for large-area popularization.
Furthermore, the breeding seedlings of the associated tree species in the natural bamboo-wood mixed forest in the neighborhood and the peripheral range of the pure bamboo forest to be modified are selected, the breeding seedlings of the associated tree species are easy to obtain, the cost is low, and the growth and the management are easy.
Furthermore, the influence of thinning on the diameter distribution of the accompanying tree species or bamboos can be well simulated and estimated through a formula. The formula can well simulate and estimate the influence of thinning on the diameter distribution of the associated tree species or the moso bamboos, and the reserved plant number nr of the unit area after thinning is obtained by the relative cumulative diameter frequency F (x) of the associated tree species or the moso bamboos before thinning and the reserved rate l after thinning of the associated tree species or the moso bamboos with the diameter xi。
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FIG. 1 shows chi-square test results of the theoretical and measured values of the diameter distribution of the reserved number of associated tree species or moso bamboo in the thinning test of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
Example 1, taking Zhejiang Longquanfeng Yangshan natural bamboo-wood mixed forest as a template, and mainly accompanying tree species of high-altitude natural bamboo-wood mixed forest are fir, Chinese red pine and the like; the low-altitude forest stand mainly comprises accompanying tree species such as sweetgum, schima superba and the like. Most of the mixed forest is a pure forest of trees at first, and then the bamboo and wood mixed forest is formed after the bamboo and wood stipes are spread into the pure forest. The bamboo and wood mixed proportion is various in types, and the accompanying tree species distribution of the forest stand (the bamboo quantity proportion is more than 50%) dominated by bamboo forest is mostly distributed randomly. Carrying out ecological transformation on the phyllostachys pubescens pure forests at different altitudes according to a natural bamboo-wood mixed template, wherein the seedlings are sourced from a Longquan forestry bureau seedling breeding base. Planting in spring, cutting a forest window with the radius of 1m, and cleaning underground bamboo rhizome in the forest window. Selecting robust seedlings with the base diameter of 2cm and the height of more than 1m, and simulating the plant spacing and distribution sites of associated trees in the natural bamboo-wood mixed forest to randomly plant the seedlings, wherein the number proportion of the seedlings in unit area is controlled at 30 percent, and the number proportion of the bamboos is controlled at 70 percent. And (4) correspondingly increasing the cutting radius of the bamboos around the position of the associated tree species as the crown of the associated tree species is increased. And (3) turning soil in 7-8 months every year, cutting off and cleaning bamboo rhizomes in soil in the radius range of a forest gap, and reducing underground competition for root growth of associated tree species. And (4) controlling the forest window on the ground and cleaning the bamboo rhizome under the ground at least until the diameter of the associated tree is more than 1/2 and the plant height is more than 1/2. In the ecologically transformed bamboo-wood mixed forest, the ecological balance, the pest and disease damage reduction and the self-regulation capability are enhanced, and the maximum water holding capacity of a dry branch and fallen leaf layer in the forest stand is improved by 15 to 20 percent compared with that of a moso bamboo pure forest; in high altitude mountainous regions, the pressure of the moso bamboo snow is reduced by more than 50%; the average diameter at breast height of the moso bamboo in the bamboo-wood mixed forest is improved by 4-8%, the average plant height is improved by 10-15%, and the average single-plant bamboo yield is improved by 25-35%; the underground stems and strong stems proportion of the mixed bamboo forest is increased by 10-15%, the bud proportion is increased by 15-25%, and the relative length of bamboo stems (total length of bamboo stems per unit area/number of bamboo plants) is increased by 5-10%; due to the appropriate ecological environment of the bamboo-wood mixed forest, the period of the moso bamboo shoots is prolonged by 5-10 days, and the sustainable management capacity is obviously enhanced.
Example 2: taking a natural bamboo-wood mixed forest of Jiangxi Dagang mountain as a template, wherein the main associated tree species of the high-altitude natural bamboo-wood mixed forest are fir, Chinese red pine and the like; the low-altitude forest stand mainly comprises accompanying tree species such as sweetgum, schima superba and the like. Most of the mixed forest is a pure forest of trees at first, and then the bamboo and wood mixed forest is formed after the bamboo and wood stipes are spread into the pure forest. The bamboo and wood mixed proportion is various in types, and the accompanying tree species distribution of the forest stand (the bamboo quantity proportion is more than 50%) dominated by bamboo forest is mostly distributed randomly. Carrying out ecological transformation on the phyllostachys pubescens pure forests with different altitudes according to a natural bamboo-wood mixed template, respectively thinning the accompanying species or the phyllostachys pubescens after the peripheral bamboos at the positions of the accompanying species are cut down, wherein the reserved plant number after thinning of the accompanying species or the phyllostachys pubescens in unit area is as follows:
in the formula: nr riThe number of associated tree species in unit area of footpath i after felling or reserved strains after bamboo felling is shown, N is the number of associated tree species or bamboo strains in unit area before felling, F (F) (x) is the relative cumulative diameter frequency of associated tree species or bamboo felling before felling, x is the diameter of associated tree species or bamboo, and l is the retention rate of associated tree species or bamboo felling with the diameter of x;
the total retention rate L of the associated tree species or the moso bamboo in unit area is as follows:
sampling to obtain l (F) ═ FC；
Obtaining:
l(F)＝FC；
in combination with the above formula and a formula have：
When the thinning intensity is constant, the reserved plant number per unit area after thinning and nriEqual to:
according to
The relational expression of (1); obtaining the reserved plant number nr of unit area after thinning by using the relative cumulative diameter frequency F ═ F (x) of the associated tree species or the moso bamboos before thinning and the reserved rate l after thinning of the associated tree species or the moso bamboos with the diameter xi. The comparative theory analysis obtains the experimental result of the attached figure 1. In the figure NOReforming sample plot number for bamboo pure forest, 1-L ═ thinning strength (relative value of thinning plant number), X2Is the chi-square value found, f is the degree of freedom, X2(f, 0.05) is a tabulated value at the significance level. In all the fields of the bamboo pure forest improvement, the chi-square value is less than the table look-up value X of 0.05 significance level2(f, 0.05). The formula can well simulate and estimate the influence of thinning on the diameter distribution of the associated tree species or the moso bamboos, and the reserved plant number nr of the unit area after thinning is obtained by the relative cumulative diameter frequency F (x) of the associated tree species or the moso bamboos before thinning and the reserved rate l after thinning of the associated tree species or the moso bamboos with the diameter xi。
Claims (6)
1. A mao bamboo pure forest ecological reconstruction method simulating natural bamboo and wood mixed crossing is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
a. selecting breeding seedlings of associated tree species in the natural bamboo-wood mixed forest;
b. bamboo within a radius of 1-5 m around the position where the seedlings are felled and planned to be planted in the pure bamboo forest and underground bamboo rhizome is cleaned to form a growing forest window;
c. planting breeding seedlings of the associated tree species in spring, wherein the quantity proportion of the associated tree species in the pure Mao bamboo forest is maintained at 20-40%, and the quantity proportion of the bamboo is maintained at 60-80%;
d. correspondingly increasing the cutting radius of the bamboos around the position of the associated tree species along with the increase of the crown of the associated tree species, and controlling the range of a growing forest window;
e. turning soil in 7-8 months every year, cutting off and cleaning bamboo rhizomes in soil within the radius range of a forest gap, and reducing underground competition for root growth of associated tree seeds;
in the step d, after the bamboos around the position of the associated tree species are felled, the associated tree species or the moso bamboos are respectively felled, and the reserved plant number after the felling of the associated tree species or the moso bamboos in unit area is as follows:
in the formula: nr riThe number of associated tree species in unit area of footpath i after felling or reserved strains after bamboo felling is shown, N is the number of associated tree species or bamboo strains in unit area before felling, F (F) (x) is the relative cumulative diameter frequency of associated tree species or bamboo felling before felling, x is the diameter of associated tree species or bamboo, and l is the retention rate of associated tree species or bamboo felling with the diameter of x;
the total retention rate L of the associated tree species or the moso bamboo in unit area is as follows:
sampling to obtain l (F) ═ FC；
Obtaining:
l(F)＝FC；
the simultaneous formulas A and B are as follows:
when the thinning intensity is constant, the reserved plant number per unit area after thinning and nriEqual to:
the number nr of the reserved plants per unit area after thinning can be obtainediThe relative cumulative diameter frequency F ═ F (x) of the associated tree species or moso bamboos before thinning and the retention rate l after thinning of the associated tree species or moso bamboos with the diameter x are related, so that the retention strain number nr per unit area after thinning is obtained by the relative cumulative diameter frequency F ═ F (x) of the associated tree species or moso bamboos before thinning and the retention rate l after thinning of the associated tree species or moso bamboos with the diameter xi。
2. The ecological reconstruction method for the bamboo-pure forest simulating the mixing of natural bamboo and wood according to claim 1, characterized in that: and d, controlling the range of the growing forest gap and underground bamboo rhizome cleaning at least until the diameter of the associated tree species is larger than that of 1/2 bamboos and the plant height of the associated tree species is larger than that of 1/2 bamboos.
3. The ecological reconstruction method for the bamboo-pure forest simulating the mixing of natural bamboo and wood according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step a, breeding seedlings of associated trees in the natural bamboo-wood mixed forest in the neighborhood peripheral range of the pure bamboo forest to be modified are selected.
4. The ecological reconstruction method for the bamboo-pure forest simulating natural bamboo-wood mixing according to claim 3, characterized by comprising the following steps: selecting robust seedlings with the base diameter of more than 2cm and the plant height of more than 1m for breeding the seedlings of the associated trees.
5. The ecological reconstruction method for the bamboo-pure forest simulating the mixing of natural bamboo and wood according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step a, planting and breeding seedlings according to the plant spacing and distribution sites of the associated trees in the natural bamboo-wood mixed forest template.
6. The ecological reconstruction method for the bamboo-pure forest simulating the mixing of natural bamboo and wood according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step c, the quantity proportion of the accompanying tree species is maintained at 30%, and the quantity proportion of the bamboo species is maintained at 70%.
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