CN106857177A - The method of forestation of nanmu is interplanted under a kind of Pinus massoniana Canopy - Google Patents
The method of forestation of nanmu is interplanted under a kind of Pinus massoniana Canopy Download PDFInfo
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- CN106857177A CN106857177A CN201710106312.4A CN201710106312A CN106857177A CN 106857177 A CN106857177 A CN 106857177A CN 201710106312 A CN201710106312 A CN 201710106312A CN 106857177 A CN106857177 A CN 106857177A
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- nanmu
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- forest
- masson pine
- pinus massoniana
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G23/00—Forestry
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/40—Afforestation or reforestation
Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of method of forestation of interplanting nanmu under Pinus massoniana Canopy, and masson pine standing forest is carried out into intermediate cutting, reduces the canopy density of former masson pine standing forest;Excavated cavity under Pinus massoniana Canopy after intermediate cutting;Nanmu seedling afforestation is planted in the cave dug;Nanmu is fostered after afforestation.Nanmu is interplanted under Pinus massoniana Canopy, both the ecological functions of original masson pine forest can have been kept, the biological characteristics of masson pine and nanmu seeds can be made full use of again, Pinus massoniana forest is cultivated into the theropencedrymion of different age cladding, improve stand quality and economic benefit, the ecological functions of standing forest are improved, a new method is provided to develop rare tree nanmu, is opened a new way.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to forestry forest reserves Cultivating techniques field, nanmu is interplanted under more particularly to a kind of Pinus massoniana Canopy
Method of forestation.
Background technology
Masson pine (scientific name:Pinus massoniana Lamb.) it is Pinaceae, Pinus arbor is high up to 45 meters, the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground 1.5
Rice;Bark bronzing, branch is open and flat or oblique exhibition, tree crown turriform wide or umbrella shape, and branch grows a wheel (Guangdong two-wheeled), hibernaculum ovum every year
Shape cylinder or cylinder, needle are fine and soft, and there is spiracle line on micro- distortion, two sides, and there is serration at edge;Leaf sheath is harbored.Male cone is light
Bronzing, cylinder, consor in shoot bottom bud armpit, spike, female ball consor is in the nearly top of shoot, lilac red, seed ovum long
Circle, the 4-5 months bloom, and the cone Second Year 10-12 months are ripe.Masson pine distributed pole is wide, and north is southern to two from Henan and Southern Shandong Province
Extensively, Hunan (Cili County), Taiwan, east, west to central Sichuan and Guizhou, are dispersed throughout Central China south China various regions from coastal.Typically in length
Below river tailwater elevation 600-700m, middle reaches about more than 1200m, upstream about below 1500m is distributed.It is main SOUTHERN CHINA
Timber-used seeds.Economic worth is high.
Its species diversity of existing masson pine forest is low, Soil degradation serious, pine moth and pine wood nematode harm are serious, raw
State and economic benefit are relatively low.For this reason, it may be necessary to transform poorly efficient masson pine forest, make its succession to theropencedrymion or evergreen
Broad-leaf forest, recovers corresponding ecology and economic benefit, is lifting stand quality, maintaining ecological balance and forestry sustainable development
Important measure.The artificial afforestration of current China uses the slash regeneration after afforestation and felling, after felling
Based on the regeneration of slash.Slash regeneration refers to that reproducing area is forest land, carries out splitting grass refining mountain digging cave after felling forest
Planting by stock.The defect of slash regeneration includes:One is that harvest of forest trees makes forest disappear, and non-forest land, forest are changed into from standing forest
Ecological functions minimize;Two be after harvest of forest trees refining mountain afforestation easily cause soil erosion, cause species reduce, biology
The ecological problems such as diversity decline.
The content of the invention
In order to solve the above technical problems, what the present invention was realized in:
The method of forestation of nanmu is interplanted under Pinus massoniana Canopy, masson pine standing forest is carried out into intermediate cutting, reduce former masson pine standing forest
Canopy density;Excavated cavity under Pinus massoniana Canopy after intermediate cutting;Nanmu seedling afforestation is planted in the cave dug;After afforestation
Nanmu is fostered.
Nanmu (Phoebe bournei Yang), is middle subtropical zone aiphyllium, reaches as high as more than 30 rice, and the diameter of a cross-section of a tree trunk 1.3 meters above the ground is up to 1
Rice.Main finger Machilus (phoebe nees) and machilus (Machilus nees) timber.Hardwood nanmu classifies as nanmu woody, mainly
There are Wen Xiang gardens spun gold nanmu, Burma Huang Nan, leaflet nanmu etc.;Machilus nanmu classifies as nanmu side class, mainly there is a water nanmu, great Ye nanmus, Dian Nan,
Purple nanmu etc..Nanmu is the evergreen megaphanerophyte of Lauraceae, is the distinctive Precious Timber Species of China, and natural nanmu is closely exhausted at present, quilt
Country is classified as second class protection vulnerable species, and distributed area is located at Subtropical Evergreen Broad-leaf Forest area, and warmer climate moistening is grown in temperature about
0-38 degrees Celsius, the subtropical area that 1400~1600 millimeters of annual precipitation.
Masson pine belongs to coniferous forest, is heliophilous species, and nanmu belongs to broad-leaf forest, is feminine tree.The needle of masson pine
It is sparse, there can be more sunlight to be entered into forest land through storey, and the more resistance to shade of nanmu, the certain concealment of treelet needs,
The growth of suitable nanmu under the crown canopy of masson pine.The coniferous forest of masson pine can be very good to control the canopy density of standing forest, on the one hand
A part of sunlight can be promoted to be irradiated on nanmu seeds so that nanmu can carry out photosynthesis and produce, on the other hand again
Due to blocking for Folium Pini, the sunlight being transmitted on nanmu branches and leaves is unlikely to too strong, too strong sunlight, can hinder on the contrary
Hinder the growth of masson pine.
Intermediate cutting, digging cave, interplanting nanmu under present invention masson pine forest, this planting patterns can both avoid slash from updating
The ecological problem such as the ecological functions of afforestation destruction forest and bio-diversity decline, can pull open between masson pine and masson pine again
Distance, prevent insect pest from being propagated between masson pine, can effectively contain the growth of insect pest.It should be strongly noted that nanmu
Belong to Lauraceae class species, the mosquito for colonizing in masson pine forest can be driven or be killed to the cinnamomum camphora smell that nanmu has.
In a word, intermediate cutting, digging cave, interplanting nanmu under present invention masson pine forest, this planting patterns can both avoid slash
The ecological problem such as the ecological functions of regeneration destruction forest and bio-diversity decline, can promote the masson pine forest for retaining again
The advolution rare tree nanmu for dividing, the different age cladding theropencedrymion of masson pine nanmu being consequently formed is conducive to improvement
Soil texture, increases soil fertility, and is also beneficial to prevent the generation of the various insect pests of masson pine, can also improve the self-restraint water of standing forest
The ecological functions such as source.In a word, nanmu is interplanted under Pinus massoniana Canopy, it is truly feasible, masson pine is taken full advantage of with nanmu seeds
Biological characteristics, can both keep the ecological functions of original masson pine standing forest, cultivate the different age cladding pin of masson pine nanmu for being formed
Wealthy mixed plantation is good, improves stand quality, improves the ecological functions of standing forest, for development rare tree nanmu is opened
One new method, new way.
The method of forestation that nanmu is interplanted under above-mentioned Pinus massoniana Canopy comprises the following steps:
1) intermediate cutting:Selecting the masson pine standing forest of adult carries out intermediate cutting, and Canopy densities 0.4 to 0.6 are retained after intermediate cutting;
The masson pine forest of adult refers generally to the well-grown land occupation condition masson pine forest of preferable 20 years or so, preferably 15 years
To the masson pine forest of 25 years.
Canopy density:Refer to total projection area (hat width) and this forest land of the arbor tree crown under direct sunlight on ground in forest
The ratio of (standing forest) gross area, it reflects the density of standing forest.The masson pine of 20 years or so, forest division is more serious, is in upper strata
Growth of Masson Pine is good, and the suppressed tree growth for being in lower floor is poor, has substantially stopped growing, therefore cuts down being pressed for lower floor
Wood can both have certain income, and can provide more Vegetation spaces for the overstory for retaining, and be conducive to the life of the forest of reservation
It is long.Canopy density are controlled 0.4 to 0.6, are to meet the growth characteristics of nanmu:Canopy density are too high, be able to cannot be filled because of nanmu
Point photosynthesis and it is slow-growing, canopy density are too low, and because nanmu is ombrophyte, sunlight can influence very much the life of nanmu strongly
It is long.
Cut and stay principle:With " cut it is close stay it is dilute, cut it is small stay it is big, cut and bad stay excellent " principle carry out intermediate cutting, " cut close stay dilute " refers to
It is the larger masson pine of preferential felling density in masson pine forest;" cutting small staying greatly " refers to preferentially cutting down the understorey pressed
Masson pine;" cut bad stay excellent " refers to preferably felling tree crown undergrowth or has the masson pine of pest and disease damage.Needed after felling
Masson pine forest canopy density are kept 0.4 to 0.6.
2) cave is dug:Digging cave is carried out under Pinus massoniana Canopy after intermediate cutting, face is wider than or big equal to 50cm × 50cm, bottom width
In or equal to 30cm × 30cm, it is more than or equal to 30cm, 1200 caves of density/hm deeply2To 1800 caves/hm2;
hm2It is a hectare unit.Above-mentioned digging cave specification, the need on the one hand can meeting plantation nanmu, avoids digging cave mistake again
And cause the waste of labour.
3) afforest:It is overcast and rainy by annual nanmu seedling implantation step 2 to selection in 2 months in January) cave dug, enter
Row planting by stock;
Select to carry out planting by stock in January to 2 months overcast and rainy, mainly according to forest land plant operation grown with nanmu it is special
Point, this season transplanting nanmu plantation, nanmu survival rate highest selects overcast and rainy plantation to avoid being watered to nanmu again, saves
About planting cost.
4) foster:Hoed up weeds using bulk to 3 years within 1 year after afforestation and nanmu is fostered, 1 year twice, respectively in May
Carried out to June and September to October;Nanmu is fostered using grass is split within 4 years to 5 years after afforestation, annually, in July to August
Carry out.
Bulk is hoed up weeds and refers to removing clean by the weeds on nanmu periphery in order to avoid weeds compete sun with nanmu with turning over hoe instrument
Light, during hoe is turned over also can loose nanmu periphery soil, increase nanmu root water uptake, the ability of oxygen uptake, can be preferably
Promote the growth of nanmu seedling.Why hoe up weeds within 1 year to 3 years after afforestation selects May to June and September to October to carry out, be because
For this month weeds production is most vigorous, weeds are removed, for nanmu growth of seedling provides good living space.Why not
Selection July and August bulk are hoed up weeds, because block weeding process can loosen the soil on nanmu periphery, the nanmu in the brephic
Root system is still undeveloped, relatively more fragile, in addition July August heat, and this when, bulk was hoed up weeds, may be to the production of nanmu
Constitute infringement.
Split grass to refer to cutters such as choppers, the weeds on nanmu periphery, miscellaneous tree are split except clean, without loosening weeds, miscellaneous
Ground where tree, it is only necessary to which the limb of weeds, miscellaneous tree is split except clean all right, so it is possible to prevente effectively from weeds, miscellaneous tree and
Nanmu competes photosynthesis.The nanmu of this when is grown up gradually, without carrying out weeding using the block method hoed up weeds.Make
Grass is split within 4 years to 5 years after woods selected from July to August, because this when, weather was the most hot, the weeds miscellaneous tree got off is split easy
Shone and here withered, herbicidal effect is best.
Further, digging cave is carried out under the Pinus massoniana Canopy after intermediate cutting, cave specification is face 50cm × 50cm wide, bottom width
30cm × 30cm, depth 30cm.
Excavate into this specification, survival rate highest after plantation nanmu in cave.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
The present invention on the basis of the existing Stand Status of masson pine are kept, according to " cut it is close stay it is dilute, cut it is small stay it is big, cut bad staying
It is excellent " principle carry out intermediate cutting, from can under Pinus massoniana Canopy well-grown seeds nanmu, carried out under Pinus massoniana Canopy
Afforestation, cultivates into Pinus massoniana forest the masson pine nanmu theropencedrymion of different age cladding, improves stand quality, improves woods
Point ecological functions, be that the operation of masson pine standing forest and development rare tree nanmu provide a new method, open one
New way.
Specific embodiment
To describe technology contents of the invention, structural feature, the objects and the effects in detail, below in conjunction with specific implementation
Mode is explained in detail.
Embodiment 1
The method of forestation that nanmu is interplanted under Pinus massoniana Canopy comprises the following steps:
1) intermediate cutting:The growth selection good land occupation condition masson pine standing forest of preferable 15 years or so carries out intermediate cutting, after intermediate cutting
Retain Canopy densities 0.4;
2) cave is dug:Digging cave is carried out under Pinus massoniana Canopy after intermediate cutting, cave specification is face 50cm × 50cm wide, bottom width 30cm
× 30cm, depth 30cm, 1200 caves of density/hm2;
3) afforest:Select overcast and rainy by annual nanmu seedling implantation step 2 in January) cave dug, planted seedlings
Afforestation;
4) foster:Hoed up weeds using bulk to 3 years within 1 year after afforestation and nanmu is fostered, 1 year twice, respectively in May
Carried out with September;Nanmu is fostered using grass is split within 4 years to 5 years after afforestation, annually, carried out in July.
By observation it can be found that after interplanting nanmu under masson pine, the insect pest of masson pine forest is threatened and is decreased obviously, horse
Long also denseer verdant of tail pine forest, nanmu growth is also good.
Following table is counted according to the survival rate of the method for forestation of embodiment 1 plantation nanmu
Plantation nanmu number () | Survival number () after 1 year | Survival number () after 3 years | Survival number () after 5 years | Survival rate (%) after 5 years |
1000 | 988 | 985 | 981 | 98.1 |
Embodiment 2
The method of forestation that nanmu is interplanted under Pinus massoniana Canopy comprises the following steps:
1) intermediate cutting:The growth selection good land occupation condition masson pine standing forest of preferable 18 years or so carries out intermediate cutting, after intermediate cutting
Retain Canopy densities 0.5;
2) cave is dug:Digging cave is carried out under Pinus massoniana Canopy after intermediate cutting, cave specification is face 60cm × 60cm wide, bottom width 35cm
× 35cm, depth 35cm, 1350 caves of density/hm2;
3) afforest:It is overcast and rainy by annual nanmu seedling implantation step 2 in selection in 2 months) cave dug, planted seedlings
Afforestation;
4) foster:Hoed up weeds using bulk to 3 years within 1 year after afforestation and nanmu is fostered, 1 year twice, respectively in June
Carried out with October;Nanmu is fostered using grass is split within 4 years to 5 years after afforestation, annually, carried out in August.
After entering observation it can be found that interplanting nanmu under masson pine, the insect pest of masson pine forest is threatened and is decreased obviously, horse
Long also denseer verdant of tail pine forest.
Following table is counted according to the survival rate of the method for forestation of embodiment 2 plantation nanmu
Plantation nanmu number () | Survival number () after 1 year | Survival number () after 3 years | Survival number () after 5 years | Survival rate (%) after 5 years |
1000 | 985 | 980 | 975 | 97.5 |
Embodiment 3
The method of forestation that nanmu is interplanted under Pinus massoniana Canopy comprises the following steps:
1) intermediate cutting:The growth selection good land occupation condition masson pine standing forest of preferable 20 years or so carries out intermediate cutting, after intermediate cutting
Retain Canopy densities 0.6;
2) cave is dug:Digging cave is carried out under Pinus massoniana Canopy after intermediate cutting, cave specification is face 55cm × 55cm wide, bottom width 35cm
× 40cm, depth 40cm, 1500 caves of density/hm2;
3) afforest:Select overcast and rainy by annual nanmu seedling implantation step 2 in January) cave dug, planted seedlings
Afforestation;
4) foster:Hoed up weeds using bulk to 3 years within 1 year after afforestation and nanmu is fostered, 1 year twice, respectively in June
Carried out with September;Nanmu is fostered using grass is split within 4 years to 5 years after afforestation, annually, carried out in August.
After entering observation it can be found that interplanting nanmu under masson pine, the insect pest of masson pine forest is threatened and is decreased obviously, horse
Long also denseer verdant of tail pine forest.
Following table is counted according to the survival rate of the method for forestation of embodiment 3 plantation nanmu
Plantation nanmu number () | Survival number () after 1 year | Survival number () after 3 years | Survival number () after 5 years | Survival rate (%) after 5 years |
1000 | 980 | 976 | 965 | 96.5 |
Embodiment 4
The method of forestation that nanmu is interplanted under Pinus massoniana Canopy comprises the following steps:
1) intermediate cutting:The growth selection good land occupation condition masson pine standing forest of preferable 22 years or so carries out intermediate cutting, after intermediate cutting
Retain Canopy densities 0.45;
2) cave is dug:Digging cave is carried out under Pinus massoniana Canopy after intermediate cutting, cave specification is face 65cm × 55cm wide, bottom width 40cm
× 45cm, depth 40cm, 1650 caves of density/hm2;
3) afforest:It is overcast and rainy by annual nanmu seedling implantation step 2 in selection in 2 months) cave dug, planted seedlings
Afforestation;
4) foster:Hoed up weeds using bulk to 3 years within 1 year after afforestation and nanmu is fostered, 1 year twice, respectively in June
Carried out with October;Nanmu is fostered using grass is split within 4 years to 5 years after afforestation, annually, carried out in July.
After entering observation it can be found that interplanting nanmu under masson pine, the insect pest of masson pine forest is threatened and is decreased obviously, horse
Long also denseer verdant of tail pine forest.
Following table is counted according to the survival rate of the method for forestation of embodiment 4 plantation nanmu
Plantation nanmu number () | Survival number () after 1 year | Survival number () after 3 years | Survival number () after 5 years | Survival rate (%) after 5 years |
1000 | 974 | 960 | 953 | 95.3 |
Embodiment 5
The method of forestation that nanmu is interplanted under Pinus massoniana Canopy comprises the following steps:
1) intermediate cutting:The growth selection good land occupation condition masson pine standing forest of preferable 25 years or so carries out intermediate cutting, after intermediate cutting
Retain Canopy densities 0.55;
2) cave is dug:Digging cave is carried out under Pinus massoniana Canopy after intermediate cutting, cave specification is face 60cm × 50cm wide, bottom width 45cm
× 35cm, depth 45cm, 1800 caves of density/hm2;
3) afforest:It is overcast and rainy by annual nanmu seedling implantation step 2 in selection in 2 months) cave dug, planted seedlings
Afforestation;
4) foster:Hoed up weeds using bulk to 3 years within 1 year after afforestation and nanmu is fostered, 1 year twice, respectively in June
Carried out with September;Nanmu is fostered using grass is split within 4 years to 5 years after afforestation, annually, carried out in August.
After entering observation it can be found that interplanting nanmu under masson pine, the insect pest of masson pine forest is threatened and is decreased obviously, horse
Long also denseer verdant of tail pine forest.
Following table is counted according to the survival rate of the method for forestation of embodiment 5 plantation nanmu
Plantation nanmu number () | Survival number () after 1 year | Survival number () after 3 years | Survival number () after 5 years | Survival rate (%) after 5 years |
1000 | 978 | 969 | 965 | 96.5 |
Embodiments of the invention are the foregoing is only, scope of patent protection of the invention, every utilization is not thereby limited
Equivalent structure or equivalent flow conversion that present specification is made, or directly or indirectly it is used in other related technologies
Field, is included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. the method for forestation of nanmu is interplanted under a kind of Pinus massoniana Canopy, it is characterised in that masson pine standing forest is carried out into intermediate cutting, reduced
The canopy density of former masson pine standing forest;Excavated cavity under Pinus massoniana Canopy after intermediate cutting;Nanmu children is planted in the cave dug
Seedling is afforested;Nanmu is fostered after afforestation.
2. the method for forestation of nanmu is interplanted under Pinus massoniana Canopy as claimed in claim 1, it is characterised in that including following step
Suddenly:
1) intermediate cutting:Selecting the masson pine standing forest of adult carries out intermediate cutting, and Canopy densities 0.4 to 0.6 are retained after intermediate cutting;
2) cave is dug:Digging cave is carried out under Pinus massoniana Canopy after intermediate cutting, cave specification is wider than or equal to 50cm × 50cm, bottom for face
It is wider than or equal to 30cm × 30cm, deeply more than or equal to 30cm, 1200 caves of density/hm2To 1800 caves/hm2;
3) afforest:It is overcast and rainy by annual nanmu seedling implantation step 2 to selection in 2 months in January) cave dug, planted
Seedling is afforested;
4) foster:Hoed up weeds using bulk to 3 years within 1 year after afforestation and nanmu is fostered, 1 year twice, respectively in May to June
Carried out with September to October;Nanmu is fostered using grass is split within 4 years to 5 years after afforestation, annually, carried out in July to August.
3. under Pinus massoniana Canopy as claimed in claim 2 interplant nanmu method of forestation, it is characterised in that step 2) in cave rule
Lattice are face 50cm × 50cm wide, bottom width 30cm × 30cm, depth 30cm.
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CN108464176A (en) * | 2018-02-12 | 2018-08-31 | 中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与保护研究所 | A kind of renovation technique of south subtropics masson pine Artificial Pure to the wealthy different age stratified mixed stand of pine |
CN108738973A (en) * | 2018-05-14 | 2018-11-06 | 贵州师范大学 | The method for handing over eucalyptus is mixed in a kind of Karst Rocky Desertification Region Cupressus funebris Forest |
CN109006091A (en) * | 2017-11-16 | 2018-12-18 | 洪永辉 | Camellia nitidissima method of planting is transformed under different age irregular forest and crown canopy in a kind of Pinus massoniana forest |
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CN104705059A (en) * | 2015-03-12 | 2015-06-17 | 郭永涛 | Planting method for steep hill mixed forest of trees and shrubs in Dabie Mountain Area in Anhui province |
CN106305326A (en) * | 2016-08-24 | 2017-01-11 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | Uneven-aged mixed plantation method of pine trees and broad-leaved trees |
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