CN1090067C - 一种制备粉末冶金体的方法 - Google Patents

一种制备粉末冶金体的方法 Download PDF

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CN1090067C
CN1090067C CN97195526A CN97195526A CN1090067C CN 1090067 C CN1090067 C CN 1090067C CN 97195526 A CN97195526 A CN 97195526A CN 97195526 A CN97195526 A CN 97195526A CN 1090067 C CN1090067 C CN 1090067C
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powder
iron
compacts
bending strength
peening
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奥弗·马尔斯
尼尔斯·卡尔鲍姆
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
    • C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
    • C21D7/04—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface
    • C21D7/06—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface by shot-peening or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/14—Treatment of metallic powder
    • B22F1/148—Agglomerating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/16—Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F5/08—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of toothed articles, e.g. gear wheels; of cam discs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
    • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
    • B22F9/20—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from solid metal compounds
    • B22F9/22—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from solid metal compounds using gaseous reductors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
    • C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
    • C21D7/04—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the surface
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
    • C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/16—Both compacting and sintering in successive or repeated steps
    • B22F3/164—Partial deformation or calibration
    • B22F2003/166—Surface calibration, blasting, burnishing, sizing, coining
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种压实的且可能经过预烧结的部件，它是由金属粉末制成的且它具有通过喷丸硬化或轧制而获得的致密化表面。

Description

一种制备粉末冶金体的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制备粉末冶金体的方法。确切地说，本发明涉及一种可选择地经过预烧结的压实体，它是由金属粉末制成的并具有经过致密化的表面。
背景技术
用于制造承受弯曲应力的部件如齿轮的材料会承受局部应力集中，这些材料最好在局部应力最高的区域内具有优异的性能。
在EP552272中记载了一个这样材料的例子，它涉及具有致密表面区的粉末金属烧结坯。根据这份公开文件，致密化区域是通过轧制方式获得的。
人们还知道可以通过采用喷丸硬化而使粉末冶金烧结件变得致密。对烧结件表面进行喷丸硬化处理的目的是为了在表面内引起压缩应力，这又导致了其疲劳强度和表面硬度等得到改善的烧结件。
发明内容
人们现在已经发现，如果表面的致密化是在烧结压实件之前进行的，则可以获得许多重要优点。当压实件在预烧结步骤之后经受致密化处理时，获得了最有意义的结果。因此，本发明涉及一种制备优选地经过预烧结的且具有致密化表面的压实体的方法以及通过该方法获得的部件。
由于对处于未烧结状态和可能预烧结状态下的金属粉末体进行了致密化处理，所以与在对烧结体进行致密化时的情况相比，可以获得更大的变形程度。当未烧结部件和可能经过预烧结的部件随后经过烧结处理时，原来的孔隙被烧结融合在一起并产生了一个具有真密度或近似真密度的表面层。在本文中，术语“真密度或近似真密度”是指形成在90％-100％的真密度范围内的致密化。
由于采用了本发明的方法，所以不仅提高了致密化程度，而且加大了变形深度。另外，与根据已知方法在烧结步骤后进行致密化处理时所需的能量相比，能量需求也显著降低了。根据本发明的方法而制备的部件可以在烧结后象往常那样进行辅助处理。
可适于用作压实处理的原材料的金属粉末是由金属如铁、镍制成的粉末。在铁基粉末的情况下，可以加入合金元素如碳、铬、锰、钼、铜、镍、磷、硫等，以便改良最终烧结产品的性能。可以从包含基本纯净的铁粉、预制的铁基合金粉末、扩散合金化的铁基粉末和铁粉与合金元素的混合物的组中选出铁基粉末。
为获得足够的弯曲强度以便进行随后的致密化处理，金属粉末原料在200MPa-1200MPa且最好是在400MPa-900MPa的压力下被单向压实。最好在润滑模中进行上述压实处理。其它类型的压实是对混有润滑剂如硬脂酸盐、蜡、金属皂、聚合物等的金属粉末进行热压实和冷压实。
根据本发明的一个优选实施例，在致密化操作之前，压实体还在500℃温度以上且最好是在650℃-1000℃之间经过预烧结处理。
经受本发明的致密化处理的可能经过预烧结的部件和未烧结体应该被压实和任选地预烧结到最小弯曲强度至少为15MPa、优选地至少为20MPa且最好为25MPa的程度。
尽管不排除其它致密化处理方法如各种类型的轧制，但本发明的致密化处理最好是通过喷丸硬化而进行的。在喷丸硬化处理过程中，在一段时间内以足够的能量将由铸钢或锻钢和不锈钢以及陶瓷团粒或玻璃球制得的圆形或基本成球形的颗粒(术语为“砂丸”)喷射到工件上，从而以重叠的冷加工凹坑覆盖工件表面(如参见J.Mogul等人的文章“过程控制喷丸可靠性的关键(Processcontrols the key to reliability of shot peening)”，《过程控制及手段》，1995-11)。在喷丸硬化或轧制之后，烧结所获得的表面致密化的压实体。
按照本发明的喷丸硬化时间通常超过0.5s且最好为1s-5s，Almen密度通常为0.05-0.5。变形深度取决于产品的最终用途且它应该超过0.1mm，且优选地超过0.2mm，而最好超过0.3mm。
在另一个实施例中，在喷丸硬化或轧制之前，压实体在至少500℃的温度下经受预烧结处理。
附图说明
下面通过以下的非限定性实施例结合附图来描述本发明，附图中，图1到图6分别是在各种条件下形成的压实体。
具体实施方式
金属粉末原料是Distaloy DC-1，它是一种可从瑞典的Hoganas公司购得的含2％的镍和1.5％的钼的铁基粉末。
这种粉末在700MPa的压力下经过热压实处理而达到密度为7.4g/cm3并具有25MPa的弯曲强度。压实体被分成以下三组：
组1：压实体仍然是未经烧结的，即它未经受任何附加处理。
组2：压实体在750℃下并在保护性气氛下经过20分钟的预烧结。
组3：压实体在1120℃下并在吸热型气体中经过15分钟的烧结。
组1
使未烧结的压实体经过喷丸硬化处理。在太高的密度下即在超过0.14的Almen密度(参看上述的Mogul的文章)和历时3s喷丸时间的情况下，颗粒松散且表面遭到破坏。结果表明，Almen密度应该低于大约0.14且喷丸时间应该短于2秒。这对于经过热压实的未烧结体和在润滑模中制造出来的部件来说都是正确的。如图1所示，当压实操作是在润滑模中进行的时候，致密化效果在所获部件中略好。
组2
对未烧结体进行预烧结处理，以便除去可能产生孔隙的润滑剂并消除加工硬化以及提高材料的强度。限制石墨扩散以避免在铁粉颗粒中的固溶强化效应是必须的。特别是对于在润滑模中加工的部件而言，材料的强度在预烧结后得到了明显提高且可以采用很高的Almen密度。可以毫无问题地采用高达0.3的Almen密度，即颗粒不会脱离表面并获得了300μm的变形深度。对于热压实体来说，磨损是在0.14的密度下开始的。由于去除了润滑剂并消除了加工硬化，所以变形深度与组1的未烧结体相比明显增大了。
组3
由于考虑到没有因压实方法不同而在标准烧结工艺后还留下明显的孔隙组织差异，所以只检测热压实材料。烧结体具有其全强度并因而可以采用具有很高的如高达0.3的Almen密度。但是，喷丸硬化操作的效果与根据本发明的在未烧结或预烧结状态下经过喷丸硬化处理的效果相比差很多。可以看到，在相同密度的情况下，由于预烧结体的硬度高，所以只能获得三分之一的变形深度。
在以下的表中列出了试验结果。
  压实 烧结情况 喷丸时间/Almen密度 变形深度   图标号
润滑模 未烧结 1.5s/0.08     50um
润滑模 未烧结 1.5s/0.13     100um 960686
热压实 未烧结 1.5s/0.08     30um 960685
热压实 未烧结 1.5s/0.13     30-50um
润滑模 预烧结 3s/0.17     200um
润滑模 预烧结 3s/0.21     250um 960644
润滑模 预烧结 3s/0.30     300um 960642
热压实 预烧结 1.5s/0.13     200um
热压实 预烧结 1.5s/0.14     200um 960640
热压实 烧结 3s/0.17     70um
热压实 烧结 3s/0.21     100um
热压实 烧结 3s/0.30     130um 960645

Claims (14)

1.一种制备粉末冶金体的方法，其特征在于，它依次包括以下步骤：
单向压实金属粉末；
使所获得的压实体在1s到5s的时间内经受喷丸硬化处理，获得0.05-0.5的Almen密度，建立一个在90％-100％的真密度范围内且变形深度至少为0.1mm的致密化表面层；
烧结所获得的表面致密化的压实体。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述致密化表面层中形成的变形深度至少为0.2mm。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在烧结步骤之前使所获得的压实体经受一个附加的压实步骤。
4.如权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，在烧结步骤之前使所获得的压实体经受一个附加的压实步骤。
5.如权利要求1到4之一所述的方法，其特征在于，在喷丸硬化之前，压实体在至少500℃的温度下经受预烧结处理。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，金属粉末是铁基粉末。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，除铁外，铁基粉末还包括一种或多种以下元素，即C、Cr、Mn、Mo、Cu、Ni、P、V、S、B、Nb、Ta、N以及不可避免的杂质。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，铁基粉末选自包括基本纯净的铁粉、预制的铁基合金粉末、扩散合金化的铁基粉末和铁粉与合金元素的混合物的组中。
9.如权利要求1到4或6到8之一所述的方法，其特征在于，单向压实粉末并将其预烧结到弯曲强度至少为15MPa。
10.如权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，单向压实粉末并将其预烧结到弯曲强度至少为15MPa。
11.如权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，所述弯曲强度至少为20MPa。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法，其特征在于，所述弯曲强度至少为20MPa。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，所述弯曲强度至少为25MPa。
14.如权利要求12所述的方法，其特征在于，所述弯曲强度至少为25MPa。
CN97195526A 1996-06-14 1997-06-12 一种制备粉末冶金体的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1090067C (zh)

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DE69720532D1 (de) 2003-05-08
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EP0958077A1 (en) 1999-11-24
CN1222105A (zh) 1999-07-07
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WO1997047418A1 (en) 1997-12-18
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US6171546B1 (en) 2001-01-09
SE9602376D0 (sv) 1996-06-14
BR9709713A (pt) 1999-08-10
EP0958077B1 (en) 2003-04-02
JP2000511975A (ja) 2000-09-12
KR20000016644A (ko) 2000-03-25
KR100405910B1 (ko) 2004-02-18
AU3200797A (en) 1998-01-07

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