CN108782095B - A kind of transplanting method of alfalfa in mild to moderate saline-alkali land - Google Patents
A kind of transplanting method of alfalfa in mild to moderate saline-alkali land Download PDFInfo
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- 235000017587 Medicago sativa ssp. sativa Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 241000219823 Medicago Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 142
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 210000003739 neck Anatomy 0.000 description 22
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 240000004658 Medicago sativa Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002054 transplantation Methods 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- FZUJWWOKDIGOKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.OS(O)(=O)=O FZUJWWOKDIGOKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005904 alkaline hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000034303 cell budding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000024346 drought recovery Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003630 growth substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
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- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an alfalfa transplanting method for light and medium saline-alkali soil, which relates to the field of crop cultivation and comprises the steps of cutting off the roots of alfalfa to be transplanted, and enabling the length of the roots of alfalfa to be greater than 20cm to obtain the processed transplanted alfalfa; excavating transplanting holes in the alfalfa field, enabling the depth of the transplanting holes to be larger than the length of alfalfa roots, and meanwhile, crushing soil obtained when the transplanting holes are excavated to obtain original soil; and moving the treated transplanted alfalfa into the transplanting hole, and sequentially carrying out root bottom fixing treatment, root landfill treatment and anti-hardening treatment on the ground soil by using the crushed original soil to finish transplanting the alfalfa. The method is simple, does not need to use fertilizers or improve the soil, has the survival rate of over 85 percent, and has low cost and wide universality.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of crop cultivation, in particular to a method for transplanting alfalfa in light and medium saline-alkali soil.
Technical Field
The saline-alkali soil is a kind of salt accumulation, which means that the salt contained in the soil influences the normal growth of crops, and according to the incomplete statistics of the textbook organization and the grain and agriculture organization of the united nations, the area of the saline-alkali soil all over the world is 9.5438 hundred million hectares, wherein 9913 million hectares are in China. The formation of alkaline earth and alkalized soil in China is mostly related to the accumulation of carbonate in soil, so that the alkalization degree is generally high, and plants in serious saline-alkaline earth regions can hardly survive.
The alfalfa is a general name of alfalfa plants, has high feeding value, has great significance to the livestock industry in China, has strong drought tolerance, and particularly has certain effect on improvement of saline-alkali soil, for example, experiments and soil physicochemical data disclosed in 'the influence of alfalfa planting on the improvement effect of the saline-alkali soil' such as brave and so on show that the alfalfa planting has certain effect on the improvement of the saline-alkali soil. But because the carbonate and alkalization degree of the saline-alkali soil is high, the survival rate of plants is low, even if crops are planted in the light saline-alkali soil, the emergence rate is only in the range of 70% -80%, and the emergence rate of moderate saline-alkali soil is lower.
In order to promote improvement of saline-alkali soil and improve the land utilization area in China by planting alfalfa, a large amount of alfalfa transplanting work can be carried out, however, the soil physicochemical properties of the saline-alkali soil are different from those of loam, sandy loam and the like, hardening is easy to occur after watering, wind leakage and entropy leakage are easy to occur after transplanting, and the root neck of alfalfa is exposed, so that the transplanting survival rate of alfalfa is greatly reduced, the survival rate is only about 50%, and development of research work for planting alfalfa in the saline-alkali soil is not facilitated.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems in the prior art, the invention provides the method for cultivating the alfalfa in the light and medium saline-alkali soil, the method can enable the soil to be tightly combined with roots and root necks of the alfalfa, prevent hardening and ground cracking and reduce watering times, and further enable the survival rate of transplanting the alfalfa in the light and medium saline-alkali soil to reach more than 85%.
In order to realize the technical purpose of the invention, the invention provides a method for cultivating alfalfa in mild and moderate saline-alkali soil, which comprises the following steps:
cutting off the alfalfa roots to be transplanted to enable the alfalfa roots to be longer than 20cm, and obtaining the treated transplanted alfalfa;
excavating transplanting holes in the alfalfa field, enabling the transplanting holes to be deeper than the lengths of alfalfa roots, and simultaneously crushing soil obtained when the transplanting holes are excavated to obtain original soil;
and moving the treated transplanted alfalfa into the transplanting hole, and sequentially carrying out root bottom fixing treatment, root landfill treatment and anti-hardening treatment on the ground soil by using the crushed original soil to finish transplanting the alfalfa.
Particularly, before the anti-hardening treatment, the alfalfa after the root landfill treatment is irrigated.
Wherein the alfalfa to be transplanted is more than two years old alfalfa.
Particularly, the transplanted alfalfa is more than biennial alfalfa from the later stage of branching to the later stage of budding.
Wherein, the cutting treatment is to cut the root lower part and reserve the root length from the root neck to the non-cut part of the root lower part.
Preferably, the cutting treatment is to cut the root lower part of the main root, and the root length from the root neck to the non-cut part of the root lower part is reserved.
Wherein, the length of the root after the cutting treatment is more than 20cm and less than the main root length when the root is not cut.
Preferably, the length of the root length is 20-30 cm.
More preferably, the length of the root is 21-28 cm.
Wherein, the hole distance between the transplanting holes is 60-100 cm, and the plant distance is 50-80 cm.
Wherein, the crushing treatment is to crush the large soil in the field to make the large soil present soil particles visible to naked eyes.
The crushing mode of the crushing treatment can be any one of the common methods in the field for crushing the large soil, such as knocking, rolling and the like.
And the step of fixing the root bottom is to bury soil at the root bottom of the treated transplanted alfalfa by using wet original soil so as to preliminarily fix the root bottom of the transplanted alfalfa.
Wherein the soil burying is performed below 10-15cm from the root neck.
Preferably, the soil is buried 15cm or less from the root neck.
Wherein, the root landfill treatment is to landfill the wet raw soil on the root bottom which is fixed preliminarily, and the neck part of the alfalfa root is lower than the soil surface by 3-5cm after the landfill.
Wherein the moisture content of the wet raw soil is more than 40%.
Preferably, the moisture content of the wet raw soil is 50-70%.
Wherein, the irrigation of the alfalfa after the root landfill treatment is to ensure that the water content in the transplanting holes reaches more than 80 percent.
Wherein, the anti-hardening treatment is to sprinkle the ground dry original soil on the surface of the soil subjected to root landfill treatment and bury the ground dry original soil to the middle part of the root neck.
Wherein the thickness of the broken dry original soil cover is 2-3cm, and the broken dry original soil cover is buried to the middle part of the root neck.
Wherein the water content of the crushed dry raw soil is less than 20%.
Advantageous effects
1. The invention increases the contact area between the root system and the soil by keeping longer root length, increases the absorption of the root system to the soil nutrient, and improves the transplanting survival rate of the alfalfa in medium and light saline-alkali soil.
2. The invention uses the smashed soil particles to sequentially carry out field planting fixation and backfill treading on the root bottom of the alfalfa, thereby effectively preventing air leakage and soil moisture leakage and improving the transplanting survival rate of the alfalfa in medium and light saline-alkali soil.
3. The method utilizes the space of the root neck, so that water can be effectively stored during watering, the saturation of the soil moisture of the root can be ensured, the influence of surface wind on the soil at the root neck can be reduced, the evaporation speed of the moisture can be reduced, the hardening of the soil can be reduced, and the transplanting survival rate of the alfalfa in medium and light saline-alkali soil can be improved.
4. According to the method, the dry and crushed soil scattered in the irrigated transplanting holes is buried to the middle of the root neck, so that the evaporation of water in deep soil can be slowed down, the hardening and cracking of surface soil caused by direct sunlight, rapid water loss and other factors are prevented, and the transplanting survival rate of the alfalfa in medium and light saline-alkali soil is further improved.
5. Compared with the conventional transplanting method, the transplanting method using the fertilizer and the method for improving the soil, the method provided by the invention has the advantages that the transplanting survival rate is higher.
6. The method is simple to operate, fertilizer is not needed in the transplanting process, soil is not needed to be improved, the survival rate is higher than 85%, the cost is low, and the universality is wide.
Detailed Description
The experimental procedures used in the following examples are all conventional procedures unless otherwise specified. Materials, reagents and the like used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified. It is to be understood by persons skilled in the art that the following detailed description is illustrative and not restrictive, and is not to be taken as limiting the scope of the invention.
The method for transplanting the alfalfa in the light and medium saline-alkali soil provided by the invention is further explained below.
The light and medium saline-alkali soil is sulfate chloride saline soil, the salt content (0-30 cm soil layer) is not more than 0.4%, and representative areas comprise saline-alkali soil in Bohai regions such as Hebei yellow Ye, Yanshan, Shandong Dongying and the like.
The root neck portion referred to in the present invention is a boundary between the above-ground portion and the underground portion.
Example 1
1. Alfalfa root processing
Before transplanting the alfalfa, the root of the alfalfa to be transplanted is cut off, the cutting-off mode adopts any one of the prior art, for example, the root of the alfalfa is cut off by using tools such as scissors, and when the alfalfa is cut off, the root neck is kept to the position of more than 20 centimeters below the root.
The length of the reserved root is obviously longer than that of the reserved root in non-saline-alkali soil, the contact area between the root system and the soil is increased, and more nutrients in the soil can be absorbed for plants to absorb.
2. Soil preparation treatment
2.1 digging transplanting holes
And (3) operating the alfalfa field according to a land preparation method of the local non-saline-alkali land, excavating transplanting holes in the field according to the hole distance of 80 cm as the row distance and the plant distance of 60 cm, wherein the hole depth is greater than the root length of the alfalfa after root treatment.
It should be noted that in the embodiments of the present invention, the row pitch is any value between 60 and 100 centimeters, such as 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99; any number of plant spacing of 50-80 cm, for example 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, can achieve the technical object of the present invention.
2.2 treatment of the soil
And (3) crushing the large soil in the soil when the transplanting hole is excavated, wherein the particle size of the crushed soil is not more than 1 cm for later use. The crushing treatment can be carried out in any way of crushing the massive soil in the prior art, for example, knocking, rolling and the like on the soil by using a tool, and can be directly carried out in the field.
When alfalfa roots are buried, large pieces of soil are not directly used, and the transplanting holes are backfilled and treaded after the soil is smashed, so that air leakage and soil moisture leakage can be effectively prevented, and the transplanting survival rate is improved.
3. Transplanting treatment
The method adopts the original soil in the field to fill the transplanting holes, namely the soil generated by digging the transplanting holes. Because the surface layer of the soil generated by digging the transplanting holes directly contacts with the air, the soil is dry and has low water content which is generally below 20 percent, and the soil can be used as soil for anti-hardening treatment; the soil moisture below the surface layer gradually increases with increasing depth, and is generally 30% or more, and can be used as soil for root fixing and root burying, and the respective steps of the transplanting treatment will be described below.
3.1 permanent planting treatment
Using wet original soil (namely field original soil) to carry out single plant field planting and soil burying on the root bottom of the treated transplanted alfalfa, preliminarily fixing the soil buried at the part below 15cm of the root bottom of the alfalfa, namely burying the soil at the root part below 15cm away from the root neck part
The wet raw soil is soil below the surface layer of the soil.
Wherein, the soil burying for the permanent planting at the root bottom of the transplanted alfalfa can also be the soil burying for the root part which is less than 10cm away from the root neck part, and the soil burying can be adjusted if the transplanting hole is too deep or too shallow.
The invention can fix the single plant of the alfalfa at a proper position by burying the soil at the root bottom of the alfalfa by using the wet original soil, and can adjust if the transplanting hole is too deep or too shallow.
3.2 root landfill treatment
After the plants are preliminarily fixed, the wet original soil is continuously buried in the transplanting holes, so that the upper end of the neck part of alfalfa is lower than the ground surface by 3-5cm, and the surface layer of the soil in the transplanting holes is lower than the neck part of alfalfa by 3-5 cm.
3.3 irrigation
Irrigating the transplanting holes after the landfill treatment in the prior art, wherein the irrigation method is carried out in a mode that the water content of the soil in the transplanting holes is larger than 80%.
After irrigation, the height of the soil in the transplanting holes is reduced, and the neck of the alfalfa roots in the transplanting holes forms a space which can effectively store water when watering is facilitated, so that the soil at the roots is saturated in water; on the other hand, the influence of surface wind on the soil at the root neck is reduced, and the water evaporation speed is slowed down.
3.4 anti-hardening treatment
And scattering and covering 2-3cm thick dry soil in the irrigated transplanting hole, and burying the soil to the middle of the root neck.
Because the saline-alkali soil is sticky and dense in texture, the soil is easy to harden after irrigation, and the permeability is poor, so that the transplanted alfalfa is not favorable for survival. The surface layer is covered with the dry soil, so that the evaporation of the moisture of the deep soil can be slowed down, and the surface soil is prevented from hardening and cracking due to direct sunlight, rapid moisture loss and other factors.
After transplanting, the field is managed and protected by adopting a local conventional method.
Test example 1
1. General description of the test site
The test area is arranged in a Zhongjie farm park in yellow Ye city, Hebei province, is located at the east end of the North China plain, and has flat terrain, the highest altitude of the west is 15.7 meters, and the highest altitude of the east is 3 meters. Belongs to warm and humid continental season wind climate with clear four seasons, sufficient illumination and rain and heat in the same season. The average annual temperature is 12.9 ℃, the frost-free period is 219.1 days, the average temperature in 7 months is 26.6 ℃, the extreme highest temperature is 41.8 ℃ (7 months and 14 days in 2002), the average temperature in 1 month is-3.8 ℃, and the extreme lowest temperature is-21.6 ℃ (2016 months and 23 days in 1 month. The average annual precipitation is 567.8 mm, and the precipitation is mostly concentrated in summer and accounts for about 73% of the annual precipitation; the precipitation in winter and spring is rare, the evaporation capacity is large, and the drought is severe. The solar radiation resource is abundant, and the annual average sunshine duration is 2461.9 hours.
The soil is sulfate chloride saline soil. At the beginning of the test, the surface soil (0-20 cm) has 17.02g/kg of organic matter content, 0.144g/kg of total nitrogen, 6.79mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, 0.749g/kg of total phosphorus, 6.35mg/kg of quick-acting phosphorus, 86.06mg/kg of quick-acting potassium, pH 8.11 and salinity of 0.34%.
2. Variety for test
Alfalfa No. 3 and alfalfa No. 1 in the local main planting variety of promoting.
3. Test treatment
Transplanting the single plants of the two alfalfa varieties in 2017, 4 and 28 months, wherein the transplanting materials comprise No. 1 alfalfa 1012 plants and No. 3 alfalfa 752 plants. The individual plants of each variety were divided into four parts on average, and the test group, control group 1, control group 2, and control group 3 were each set for testing. Wherein, the test group is carried out by adopting the method of the invention, and fertilizers and growth regulators are not used in the transplanting process; the control group 2 is carried out by adopting a conventional transplanting method, namely, the length of the root is preserved, the depth of a buried pit is the depth of conventional field transplanting, broken soil is not used during backfilling, the height of the root neck is equivalent to that of watered soil, and dry soil is not scattered on the surface of the watered soil; the contrast group 3 is to place fertilizer in the transplanting hole, and the other methods are the same as the contrast group 2; in the control group 4, the soil excavated from the transplanting hole was improved to reduce the alkalinity of the salt thereof, and an organic fertilizer was spread in the transplanting hole, in the same manner as in the control group 2. The field management method in the method is the same, and the irrigation time and the irrigation quantity are the same. And (5) counting the transplanting survival rate after transplanting for two months.
TABLE 1 statistical results of transplant survival
As can be seen from the statistical results shown in table 1, the survival rate of the transplantation performed by the method is higher than that of the control group 1 by 50% or more, higher than that of the control group 2 by 30% or more, and higher than that of the control group 3 by 14% or more, and it can be seen that the method of the present invention does not use fertilizer or improve soil during the transplantation process, but the transplantation survival rate is higher than that of the control group treated as described above.
Particularly, the method solves the technical problem of low survival rate of transplanting the alfalfa in the saline-alkali soil, and has great contribution to the utilization field of the saline-alkali soil and the planting field of the alfalfa.
Although the present invention has been described in detail, it is not limited thereto, and those skilled in the art can make modifications based on the principle of the present invention, and thus, various modifications made according to the principle of the present invention should be understood to fall within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. A method for cultivating alfalfa in mild and moderate saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
cutting the roots of the alfalfa to be transplanted for more than two years to make the length of the roots of the alfalfa larger than that of the roots of the alfalfa
20cm, obtaining the treated transplanted alfalfa;
excavating transplanting holes in the alfalfa field, enabling the depth of the transplanting holes to be larger than the length of alfalfa roots, and simultaneously crushing the light and medium saline-alkali soil when the transplanting holes are excavated to obtain light and medium saline-alkali raw soil;
and moving the treated transplanted alfalfa into a transplanting hole, and sequentially carrying out root bottom fixing treatment, root landfill treatment and anti-hardening treatment on the crushed light and medium saline-alkali soil by using the crushed light and medium saline-alkali soil to finish transplanting the alfalfa.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the alfalfa after the root-burying treatment is irrigated before the anti-hardening treatment.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cutting process is cutting the lower end portion of the root to retain the length of the root between the neck of the root and the non-cut portion of the lower end of the root.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the root length after said truncation is greater than 20cm and less than the major root length when not truncated.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the breaking treatment is breaking up large pieces of soil in the field to make them visible as soil particles.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the fixing treatment of the root bottom is to bury soil in the root bottom of the treated transplanted alfalfa by using wet original soil so as to fix the root bottom of the transplanted alfalfa primarily.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the burying is performed under 10-15cm from the root neck.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the landfill treatment of the roots is to wet the roots
The original soil is buried on the root bottom which is fixed preliminarily, and after the planting, the neck part of the alfalfa roots is lower than the surface of the soil by 3-5 cm.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the hardening prevention treatment is to cover the ground and dried raw soil on the surface of the soil for root landfill treatment to bury the ground in the middle of the root neck.
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| CN103503684A (en) * | 2013-10-09 | 2014-01-15 | 西藏大学农牧学院 | Method for planting transplanting type alfalfa |
| CN107182710A (en) * | 2017-07-24 | 2017-09-22 | 黔东南苗族侗族自治州农业科学院 | Wet sand water conservation method for transplanting and application |
| CN107646606A (en) * | 2017-09-25 | 2018-02-02 | 江苏山水环境建设集团股份有限公司 | Salt-soda soil arbor method for transplanting |
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