CN108476955A - The facility and method of summer strawberry are planted using White mushroom slag in salt-soda soil - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to summer strawberry planting facility and methods, specially salt-soda soil plants the facility and method of summer strawberry using White mushroom slag, in solving at present, heavy salinized improve of high cost, year limit for length, easily repeatedly, of high cost using peat plantation summer strawberry, soil cultivation can not long-term continuous cropping, White mushroom slag utilization rate is low, the problem of discarding results in waste of resources, pollution environment, scheme：One, White mushroom slag fermentation maturation process；Two, it designs and installs every salt ventilating drainage substrate groove；Three, the design of anti-strong wind plastic canopy and installation；Four, strawberry cultivation substrate is prepared and is loaded；Five, water-fertilizer integral development of system and installation；Six, summer strawberry substrate culture management method.Advantage：Northern area summer strawberry production blank is filled up, in making full use of heavy salinizedly, does not strive ground with grain dish, realizes that White mushroom slag changing rejected material to useful resource recycles.

Description

The facility and method of summer strawberry are planted using White mushroom slag in salt-soda soil

Technical field

The present invention relates to summer strawberry planting facility and method, summer strawberry is planted in specially salt-soda soil using White mushroom slag Facility and method.

Background technology

China's saline alkali land area is big, and distribution is wide, according to statistics, there is 3~400,000,000 mu, be equivalent to the existing arable land in China five/ One；It is mainly distributed on the Plain and basin of northwest, North China, northeast and coastal region.The general topography in these areas is flat, and soil layer is deep Thickness, due to saline and alkaline and arid harm, fertility level is very low.For a long time, improve and utilize the research master in salt-soda soil Concentrate on three aspects：When the engineering measure based on ditching canal salt discharge alkali, second is that apply various soil conditioners Chemical measure, third, the biological control measure based on plant and microorganism improvement.Three kinds of measures have in terms of improveing slight alkaline land Certain effect, but have little effect in improvement, when heavy salinized ground is easily asked repeatedly etc. moreover, all there is of high cost, year limit for length Therefore topic also has large area saline-alkali wasteland not open up wasteland utilization now.Therefore heavy salinized wasteland in developing and using is to increase One of the optimal path of China's land reserved resources.

Strawberry substrate culture technology is to introduce a kind of novel cultivation mode of strawberry in China in recent years, is given birth to extensively using strawberry Production.Import peat soil in current common matrix is although high-quality, but price is also very high, and domestic peat price is with respect to import peat It is relatively inexpensive, but there are many mass difference, but use peat as strawberry cultivation substrate, production cost is higher.And peat conduct A kind of non-renewable resources have occurred limiting the environmental protection of peat harvest both at home and abroad with the reinforcement of environmental protection dynamics Policy, therefore, in order to find the organic substance for substituting peat, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out corresponding scientific research.Qi Huixia （1998）Think to work as waste material of edible mushroom matrix:Turf is 1:Effect is preferable when 1；Zhao Hengtian（2001）Think waste material of edible mushroom:It is precious Zhu Yan, waste material of edible mushroom:Clinker ratio is（2:1.2:1.5）Planting strawberry effect is fine；Zhang Quanjun（2002）Research shows that rock Cotton, turf+cinder, turf+three kinds of bacteria residue+sand matrix are attained by ideal matrix in the indexs such as unit weight, conductivity and pH value Requirement, be suitable for the soilless culture of southern strawberry；Lee's fluttering etc.（2014）Mushroom slag and sphagna are compounded into cultivation by different quality ratio It trains matrix and is applied to cultivated strawberry, obtain fruiting slag：Sphagna is 15:Strawberry increment can be significantly improved when 1.Zhang Huiming（2014）It grinds Study carefully to obtain fruiting slag:Wood sawdust:Maize straw is 3:4:4 processing performance is preferable, based on the studies above basis, illustrates to utilize double spores Mushroom mushroom slag, which is raw material, can prepare strawberry cultivation substrate.

White mushroom is to be easier to realize a kind of edible mushroom being factory produced, 250.5 ten thousand tons of output in domestic in 2014.Production is double The primary raw material of spore mushroom is the excrements of animals such as agricultural crop straw and cow dung, chicken manure, is fermented by tunnel, is managed out in special mushroom house Mushroom, entire production process prevent to pollute, and a large amount of waste bacterial slags are generated after White mushroom harvesting, and bulk deposition easily causes environmental pollution, Discarding then results in waste of resources, therefore the processing of White mushroom mushroom slag is a urgent problem.White mushroom is factory produced Mushroom slag after fruiting can pass through high-temperature sterilization, and sterilizing, is a kind of preferable base starting material.

The northern area of China, generally based on the plantation winter strawberry in heliogreenhouse, the only fragmentary plantation of summer strawberry, And soil cultivation mode is mostly used greatly, long-term continuous cropping leads to generation and the company of the diseases such as soil-borne disease such as anthracnose, verticillium wilt Make obstacle aggravation so that strawberry survival rate and yield decline, and growth potential is deteriorated, and quality deteriorates, and commodity is deteriorated, Nong Minshou Benefit reduces.

If in conclusion can study it is a kind of being configured to cultivation matrix using organic substance on salt-soda soil, using every salt, Ventilative, draining cultivation bed substrate culture summer strawberry, fills up northern area summer strawberry production blank, in can both making full use of Heavy salinizedly, ground is not striven with grain, strives ground with dish, and White mushroom mushroom slag changing rejected material to useful resource may be implemented and recycle, for me In state it is heavy salinized ground and agricultural wastes resource recycling using provide technical support be very it is necessary to.

Invention content

The present invention solve at present in, it is heavy salinized improve of high cost, year limit for length, easily repeatedly, peat is utilized to plant summer Strawberry is of high cost, soil cultivation can not long-term continuous cropping, White mushroom slag utilization rate is low, and discarding results in waste of resources, and pollutes environment Problem provides a kind of facility and method that salt-soda soil utilizes White mushroom slag to plant summer strawberry.

The present invention is realized by following technological means：Salt-soda soil using White mushroom slag plantation summer strawberry facility and Method, including following operating procedure：

One, White mushroom slag fermentation maturation process：

（1）, White mushroom slag is used to bar buttress formula compost, pile shape is trapezoidal, wherein lower bottom width is 1.3 m, and upper bottom width is 1.1 m, high 1.2 m, length are unlimited；

（2）, layering build heap, every 20 cm is one layer, and one layer of commercially available decomposing microbial inoculum is uniformly spread in top, until height reaches 1.2 m；

（3）, timely measuring temperature after composting, whenever reaching 60 DEG C or so away from 40 cm temperature of windrow case depth, you can turn over Heap；PH values and moisture will be measured when each turning, it is desirable that pH values are 6.0 or so, and water content is 60%~65%；Continuous turning It is 6 times, after fermentation, still aging 10~15 days, spare；

Two, it designs and installs every salt ventilating drainage substrate groove：

（1）, to use colored glazed tile material, height be 30 cm to two side shield of cultivation bed, width is when 30 cm are installed by DN1 cm Half mouth-shaped of reinforcing bar system, passed through from groove body lower part, groove body top using DN1 cm reinforcing bars both ends bail hang fix；

（2）, under-filled sand or sandstone, thickness are 5 cm in cultivation bed, be arranged along groove body longitudinal middle part in sand or sandstone Gradient can be set as 0.5~1.5 by spill sulculus, deep 3 cm, wide 10 cm, the longitudinally disposed gradient of spill sulculus according to length Degree is laid with one layer of plastic cloth in sandstone top, and plastic cloth width is 120 cm, and each 15 cm in two side shield outers is taken out on both sides；

（3）, again the DN32 soakaway trench for being surrounded by non-woven fabrics spread in spill sulculus, head-up, other end is kept flat simultaneously soakaway trench one It is fixed rear spare；

（4）, cultivation slot length can be arranged according to landform, generally 60-80m；

Three, the design of anti-strong wind plastic canopy and installation：

Arched shed grows 60 m, and wide 8 m, high 3 m of ridge, 1.2 m of shoulder height, it is 0.6 m that steel pipe, which enters subsurface depth, is set below the air port of ground 0.4 m obstructing surfaces, air port is wide to set 0.8 m wide, and air port lower section is arranged at intervals with angle bar at ditch, crossbeam is fixed between angle bar, Arch steel pipe spacing 1 m, 5 m of branch intercolumniation, brace 2 is arranged in both ends in canopy, and steel pipe material uses galvanizing DN20 in canopy Steel pipe, both ends use sliding door, 2 m of gate-width；

Four, strawberry cultivation substrate is prepared and is loaded：

By decomposed White mushroom slag according to White mushroom mushroom slag:Perlite=2:1 volume ratio mixed preparing, using blender by two Kind material is mixed evenly, and in stirring, adds water while stirring, so that mixing discharging water content is advisable 40% or so, will prepare Good cultivation matrix is filled into mounted cultivation bed, and filling thickness is 25~27cm, and cultivation matrix middle part ridge is risen, slightly above 3~5 cm of both sides；

Five, water-fertilizer integral development of system and installation：

（1）, dropper band laying：8 groups of substrate groove, 2 droppers of every group of laying can be arranged in the arched shed every of 60m long × 8m wide Band, drip hole flow are 1.2 liters/s, pitch-row 10cm；

（2）, pump capacity determination：Aqueduct main pipeline uses pvc pipe, each canopy branch pipe to be managed using PE, is 60 per canopy length M, 16, dropper band are 5.76 sides/h per canopy water requirement, are irrigated according to single canopy, pump capacity should select 8 sides/h；

（3）, main pipeline caliber determination：d=（4Q/πV）^1/2In formula：D is pipe diameter, mm；V is the flow velocity of water in pipeline, PVC Pipe takes 1.2 m/s；Q is the design discharge of run of designing, and main pipeline takes 6 m³/h（0.0017 m³/s）, it is computed d=0.0424 M, it is the mm of d=50 to select suitable water delivery main pipe caliber；

（4）, liquid manure control room：It is built with lightweight steel construction, area is 12-15 m², it is highly 2.8-3m, ground is hard using cement Change, A, B fertilizer bucket, single barrel of Rong Ji≤200L are configured in liquid manure control room；Electronic control cabinet when control；1, mating water meter on main pipeline, 2 groups of laminated filter, 1 group of strainer screen；

（5）, water source：If setting≤20 tons of water pots 1, and external water source is accessed into water pot；

Six, summer strawberry substrate culture management method：

（1）, the matrix desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching processing：Before strawberry is colonized, desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching processing is carried out to matrix, is irrigated using mating water-fertilizer integral System measures drainpipe water outlet and returns liquid EC values, can be transplanted when it drops to 0.6ms/cm or less by controlling irrigation time It is colonized Strawberry Seedlings；

（2）, strawberry field planting：

Resident time：On April -30 on the 20th；

It is colonized temperature：Substrate temperature is at 10 DEG C or more；

Field planting method：Duplicate rows "the" shape is taken staggeredly to be colonized, plant is away from trough rim 5cm, spacing in the rows 20cm；The back of a bow is outside, root system It is straight, it is deep not bury the heart, shallow not crab rooting；Root water is poured after field planting in time, daily water supply in first 3 days 1 time is suitably given according to soil moisture content later Water keeps soil humidity 80%；The suitable temperature of seedling-slowing stage be 28 degree or so, morning in April temperature of shed at 0 degree or less, The film-coiling device for closing canopy door and ventilation opening in time, pays attention to heat preservation；Carry out work of filling the gaps with seedlings；

（3）, water and fertilizer management：

1. being formulated：A barrels：It is calcium nitrate, Fe, micro；

B barrels：Magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium nitrate；

2. watering, fertilizing method：

A, seedling stage：Fertilizer is not poured before 4 leaves, using raw water, irrigation amount is determined according to water content of substrate, water content of substrate is made to be not less than 70%, matrix EC values are controlled in 0.7ms/cm or less；

B, the florescence：Early flowering season starts on a small quantity to fertilizer, and leaf-surface sprayed boric fertilizer is primary, and matrix EC controls are in 0.9ms/cm or so；

C, fruiting period：First batch of fruit：Raw water+fertilizer EC：1.0ms/cm；Second batch of fruit：Raw water+fertilizer EC：1.2ms/cm；Water Fertile irrigation time is determined according to results of regular determination matrix EC values；

D, points for attention：First, applying the flood desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching of 3 fertilizer, matrix EC values are reduced；Second is that measuring substrate pH, EC in time Value, rationally controls physical signs；Third, adjusting water and fertilizer management according to temperature of shed situation and plant growing way；

（4）, plant management：

Seedling stage：Whole is spent to remove for first batch before 4 leaves of plant, in favor of plant vegetative growth；

Florescence：4 leaves wholeheartedly start to stay flower, and every grade of inflorescence, which stays, spends 2-3 flowers, remove small and weak and advanced sequence flower in time, remove in time Old leaf, sick leaf, stolon, the outer weeds of canopy in canopy；

Fruiting period：During plant strain growth, plant stolon and old residual leaf are peelled off in time, ensures nutrient centralizedly supply fruit and reduction The generation of disease, plant leaf keep 10-15 functional leafs；Plant flowers and fruits are suitably removed according to strawberry growing way, young fruit Phase removes disease pest fruit, malformed fruit in time, general to stay 2-3 inflorescence per young plant, and often inflorescence stays 3-5 fruit, remove in time it is small and weak and Advanced sequence flower；Lateral bud is suitably removed according to plant growing way, generally 3-5 is a；It periodically removes in canopy, the outer weeds of canopy, reduces The source of pest and disease damage；

Later stage：Carry out the old residual leaf of removal, lateral bud, stolon and weeds, the management works such as flower and fruit thinning；The sick leaf of excision, decayed fruit And diseased plant will clean out outside canopy in time, centralized processing reduces the growth and propagation of cause of disease；

（5）, temperature of shed management：

Cultivated strawberry phase summer, temperature of shed is higher, therefore, it is necessary to according to temperature of shed in time and open greenhouse both ends gate and Air port；It in field planting initial stage and harvest latter stage, needs that heat preservation is closed in greenhouse both ends gate and air port in the dusk, at 10 points in morning next day Greenhouse air port is opened and is cooled down by left and right；In mid-June to early October, need greenhouse both ends gate and air port is always on With aeration-cooling；

（6）, pest and disease damage Synthetical prevention：

1. removing greenhouse periphery weeds and rubbish, the generation of pest and disease damage is reduced；

2. physical control：Insect-sticking plate, trapper, syrupacetiacid bait trap liquid, trapping lamp are set：

Insect-sticking plate：3 weeks after field planting（3 leaf, 1 heart）Begin to use, yellow each 20/canopy of backboard；

Syrupacetiacid bait trap liquid：Start to arrange around greenhouse by the end of June, traps and kills adult moth pests；

3. biological control：

Predatory Mites：4 leaf, 1 heart begins to use, and preys on mite class worm's ovum；Again using next day after first should carrying out medical treatment before Predatory Mites Discharge Predatory Mites；Burst size is carried out according to plant blade face and worm's ovum situation is discharged；It is recommended that for the first time discharge when according to 36/ Strain carries out calculating usage amount；

4. chemical prevention：

Steep seedling sterilization：25% 3000 times of kresoxim-methyl suspending agent liquid impregnates plant 15 minutes；

Prevent root disease using broad-spectrum germicide pouring root after 2 leaves after field planting：1000 times of Mancozeb；

When 31 heart of leaf, foliar spray adds acaricide, insecticide to prevent pest and disease damage using broad-spectrum germicide：

Mite killing class：3000 times of 1500 times+Bifenazate of Hexythiazox；

Desinsection：1000 times of effective cypermethrin；

Fungicide：1000 times of 3000 times of kresoxim-methyl or Ningnanmycin；

For flowering fruit bearing stage thrips, aphid medication：Each product is used alternatingly and uses 2 times/season：1500 times of flonicamid, thiophene worm 3000 times of piperazine, 1500 times of spiral shell worm-thiacloprid, 1500 times of ethyl pleocidin；

For the cabbage caterpillar occurred at the beginning of 7 months：3000 times of indoxacarb, 1500 times of Rynaxypyr；

August starts the prevention of powdery mildew：1500 times of kresoxim-methyl, 1000 times of Ningnanmycin, 1000 times of pyrazoles Fluoxastrobin；

（7）Harvesting：

Fresh food fruit can harvest when usually reaching 70% or more with the flushing color of strawberry fruit, optimum when colouring 85% or so；Process fruit Juice beverage, jam etc., it is desirable that harvested after fruit fully maturation, the sugar and fragrance of fruit can be improved, fruit juice is more；Strawberry berry at The ripe phase is inconsistent, it is necessary to be spaced that harvesting in 1-2 days is primary, and the best fruiting period should harvest once daily, when picking every time must by appropriateness at Ripe fruit all collects, and causes to rot due to overdone when in order to avoid being extended down to harvesting next time；Strawberry harvesting should in early morning dew done to It is carried out before noon high temperature is come or when dusk weather turns cool.

The present invention has the following advantages：Be configured to cultivation matrix using organic substance on salt-soda soil, using every salt, thoroughly Gas, draining cultivation bed substrate culture summer strawberry, fill up northern area summer strawberry production blank, can both make full use of middle heavy Salt-soda soil is spent, ground is not striven with grain, strives ground with dish, and White mushroom slag changing rejected material to useful resource may be implemented and recycle, be in China Heavy salinized ground and agricultural wastes resource recycling utilize offer technical support.

Description of the drawings

Fig. 1 is substrate groove cross-sectional structure schematic diagram；

Fig. 2 is water-fertilizer integral irrigation system overall schematic；

In figure：1- baffles, 2- sands or sandstone, 3- plastic clothes, 4- cultivation matrixes, 5- soakaway trench, 6- dropper bands.

Specific implementation mode

The facility and method of summer strawberry, including following operating procedure are planted using White mushroom slag in salt-soda soil：

One, White mushroom slag fermentation maturation process：

（1）, White mushroom slag is used to bar buttress formula compost, pile shape is trapezoidal, wherein lower bottom width is 1.3 m, and upper bottom width is 1.1 m, high 1.2 m, length are unlimited；

（2）, layering build heap, every 20 cm is one layer, and one layer of commercially available decomposing microbial inoculum is uniformly spread in top, until height reaches 1.2 m；

（3）, timely measuring temperature after composting, whenever reaching 60 DEG C or so away from 40 cm temperature of windrow case depth, you can turn over Heap；PH values and moisture will be measured when each turning, it is desirable that pH values are 6.0 or so, and water content is 60%~65%；Continuous turning It is 6 times, after fermentation, still aging 10~15 days, spare；

Two, it designs and installs every salt ventilating drainage substrate groove：

（1）, to use colored glazed tile material, height be 30 cm to two side shield of cultivation bed, width is when 30 cm are installed by DN1 cm Half mouth-shaped of reinforcing bar system, passed through from groove body lower part, groove body top using DN1 cm reinforcing bars both ends bail hang fix；

（2）, under-filled sand or sandstone, thickness are 5 cm in cultivation bed, be arranged along groove body longitudinal middle part in sand or sandstone Gradient can be set as 0.5~1.5 by spill sulculus, deep 3 cm, wide 10 cm, the longitudinally disposed gradient of spill sulculus according to length Degree is laid with one layer of plastic cloth in sandstone top, and plastic cloth width is 120 cm, and each 15 cm in two side shield outers is taken out on both sides；

（3）, again the DN32 soakaway trench for being surrounded by non-woven fabrics spread in spill sulculus, head-up, other end is kept flat simultaneously soakaway trench one It is fixed rear spare；

（4）, cultivation slot length can be arranged according to landform, generally 60-80m；

Three, the design of anti-strong wind plastic canopy and installation：

Arched shed grows 60 m, and wide 8 m, high 3 m of ridge, 1.2 m of shoulder height, it is 0.6 m that steel pipe, which enters subsurface depth, is set below the air port of ground 0.4 m obstructing surfaces, air port is wide to set 0.8 m wide, and air port lower section is arranged at intervals with angle bar at ditch, crossbeam is fixed between angle bar, Arch steel pipe spacing 1 m, 5 m of branch intercolumniation, brace 2 is arranged in both ends in canopy, and steel pipe material uses galvanizing DN20 in canopy Steel pipe, both ends use sliding door, 2 m of gate-width；

Four, strawberry cultivation substrate is prepared and is loaded：

By decomposed White mushroom slag according to White mushroom mushroom slag:Perlite=2:1 volume ratio mixed preparing, using blender by two Kind material is mixed evenly, and in stirring, adds water while stirring, so that mixing discharging water content is advisable 40% or so, will prepare Good cultivation matrix is filled into mounted cultivation bed, and filling thickness is 25~27cm, and cultivation matrix middle part ridge is risen, slightly above 3~5 cm of both sides；

Five, water-fertilizer integral development of system and installation：

（1）, dropper band laying：8 groups of substrate groove, 2 droppers of every group of laying can be arranged in the arched shed every of 60m long × 8m wide Band, drip hole flow are 1.2 liters/s, pitch-row 10cm；

（2）, pump capacity determination：Aqueduct main pipeline uses pvc pipe, each canopy branch pipe to be managed using PE, is 60 per canopy length M, 16, dropper band are 5.76 sides/h per canopy water requirement, are irrigated according to single canopy, pump capacity should select 8 sides/h；

（3）, main pipeline caliber determination：d=（4Q/πV）In 1/2 formula：D is pipe diameter, mm；V is the flow velocity of water in pipeline, Pvc pipe takes 1.2 m/s；Q is the design discharge of run of designing, and main pipeline takes 6 m3/h（0.0017 m3/s）, be computed d= 0.0424 m, it is the mm of d=50 to select suitable water delivery main pipe caliber；

（4）, liquid manure control room：It is built with lightweight steel construction, area is 12-15 m2, is highly 2.8-3m, and ground is hard using cement Change, A, B fertilizer bucket, single barrel of Rong Ji≤200L are configured in liquid manure control room；Electronic control cabinet when control；1, mating water meter on main pipeline, 2 groups of laminated filter, 1 group of strainer screen；

（5）, water source：If setting≤20 tons of water pots 1, and external water source is accessed into water pot；

Six, summer strawberry substrate culture management method：

（1）, the matrix desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching processing：Before strawberry is colonized, desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching processing is carried out to matrix, is irrigated using mating water-fertilizer integral System measures drainpipe water outlet and returns liquid EC values, can be transplanted when it drops to 0.6ms/cm or less by controlling irrigation time It is colonized Strawberry Seedlings；

（2）, strawberry field planting：

Resident time：On April -30 on the 20th；

It is colonized temperature：Substrate temperature is at 10 DEG C or more；

Field planting method：Duplicate rows "the" shape is taken staggeredly to be colonized, plant is away from trough rim 5cm, spacing in the rows 20cm；The back of a bow is outside, root system It is straight, it is deep not bury the heart, shallow not crab rooting；Root water is poured after field planting in time, daily water supply in first 3 days 1 time is suitably given according to soil moisture content later Water keeps soil humidity 80%；The suitable temperature of seedling-slowing stage be 28 degree or so, morning in April temperature of shed at 0 degree or less, The film-coiling device for closing canopy door and ventilation opening in time, pays attention to heat preservation；Carry out work of filling the gaps with seedlings；

（3）, water and fertilizer management：

1. being formulated：A barrels：It is calcium nitrate, Fe, micro；

B barrels：Magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium nitrate；

2. watering, fertilizing method：

A, seedling stage：Fertilizer is not poured before 4 leaves, using raw water, irrigation amount is determined according to water content of substrate, water content of substrate is made to be not less than 70%, matrix EC values are controlled in 0.7ms/cm or less；

B, the florescence：Early flowering season starts on a small quantity to fertilizer, and leaf-surface sprayed boric fertilizer is primary, and matrix EC controls are in 0.9ms/cm or so；

C, fruiting period：First batch of fruit：Raw water+fertilizer EC：1.0ms/cm；Second batch of fruit：Raw water+fertilizer EC：1.2ms/cm；Water Fertile irrigation time is determined according to results of regular determination matrix EC values；

D, points for attention：First, applying the flood desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching of 3 fertilizer, matrix EC values are reduced；Second is that measuring substrate pH, EC in time Value, rationally controls physical signs；Third, adjusting water and fertilizer management according to temperature of shed situation and plant growing way；

（4）, plant management：

Seedling stage：Whole is spent to remove for first batch before 4 leaves of plant, in favor of plant vegetative growth；

Florescence：4 leaves wholeheartedly start to stay flower, and every grade of inflorescence, which stays, spends 2-3 flowers, remove small and weak and advanced sequence flower in time, remove in time Old leaf, sick leaf, stolon, the outer weeds of canopy in canopy；

Fruiting period：During plant strain growth, plant stolon and old residual leaf are peelled off in time, ensures nutrient centralizedly supply fruit and reduction The generation of disease, plant leaf keep 10-15 functional leafs；Plant flowers and fruits are suitably removed according to strawberry growing way, young fruit Phase removes disease pest fruit, malformed fruit in time, general to stay 2-3 inflorescence per young plant, and often inflorescence stays 3-5 fruit, remove in time it is small and weak and Advanced sequence flower；Lateral bud is suitably removed according to plant growing way, generally 3-5 is a；It periodically removes in canopy, the outer weeds of canopy, reduces The source of pest and disease damage；

Later stage：Carry out the old residual leaf of removal, lateral bud, stolon and weeds, the management works such as flower and fruit thinning；The sick leaf of excision, decayed fruit And diseased plant will clean out outside canopy in time, centralized processing reduces the growth and propagation of cause of disease；

（5）, temperature of shed management：

Cultivated strawberry phase summer, temperature of shed is higher, therefore, it is necessary to according to temperature of shed in time and open greenhouse both ends gate and Air port；It in field planting initial stage and harvest latter stage, needs that heat preservation is closed in greenhouse both ends gate and air port in the dusk, at 10 points in morning next day Greenhouse air port is opened and is cooled down by left and right；In mid-June to early October, need greenhouse both ends gate and air port is always on With aeration-cooling；

（6）, pest and disease damage Synthetical prevention：

1. removing greenhouse periphery weeds and rubbish, the generation of pest and disease damage is reduced；

2. physical control：Insect-sticking plate, trapper, syrupacetiacid bait trap liquid, trapping lamp are set：

Insect-sticking plate：3 weeks after field planting（3 leaf, 1 heart）Begin to use, yellow each 20/canopy of backboard；

Syrupacetiacid bait trap liquid：Start to arrange around greenhouse by the end of June, traps and kills adult moth pests；

3. biological control：

Predatory Mites：4 leaf, 1 heart begins to use, and preys on mite class worm's ovum；Again using next day after first should carrying out medical treatment before Predatory Mites Discharge Predatory Mites；Burst size is carried out according to plant blade face and worm's ovum situation is discharged；It is recommended that for the first time discharge when according to 36/ Strain carries out calculating usage amount；

4. chemical prevention：

Steep seedling sterilization：25% 3000 times of kresoxim-methyl suspending agent liquid impregnates plant 15 minutes；

Prevent root disease using broad-spectrum germicide pouring root after 2 leaves after field planting：1000 times of Mancozeb；

When 31 heart of leaf, foliar spray adds acaricide, insecticide to prevent pest and disease damage using broad-spectrum germicide：

Mite killing class：3000 times of 1500 times+Bifenazate of Hexythiazox；

Desinsection：1000 times of effective cypermethrin；

Fungicide：1000 times of 3000 times of kresoxim-methyl or Ningnanmycin；

For flowering fruit bearing stage thrips, aphid medication：Each product is used alternatingly and uses 2 times/season：1500 times of flonicamid, thiophene worm 3000 times of piperazine, 1500 times of spiral shell worm-thiacloprid, 1500 times of ethyl pleocidin；

For the cabbage caterpillar occurred at the beginning of 7 months：3000 times of indoxacarb, 1500 times of Rynaxypyr；

August starts the prevention of powdery mildew：1500 times of kresoxim-methyl, 1000 times of Ningnanmycin, 1000 times of pyrazoles Fluoxastrobin；

（7）Harvesting：

Fresh food fruit can harvest when usually reaching 70% or more with the flushing color of strawberry fruit, optimum when colouring 85% or so；Process fruit Juice beverage, jam etc., it is desirable that harvested after fruit fully maturation, the sugar and fragrance of fruit can be improved, fruit juice is more；Strawberry berry at The ripe phase is inconsistent, it is necessary to be spaced that harvesting in 1-2 days is primary, and the best fruiting period should harvest once daily, when picking every time must by appropriateness at Ripe fruit all collects, and causes to rot due to overdone when in order to avoid being extended down to harvesting next time；Strawberry harvesting should in early morning dew done to It is carried out before noon high temperature is come or when dusk weather turns cool.

Specific embodiment：

2 months 2017, matrix seminar of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Research Center of Modern Agriculture was in Shanxi Province Shuozhou City Shanyin County Carry out salt-soda soil and plant strawberry show-how using White mushroom slag in half genuine Agricultural Park of the villages Bai Fang of the townshiies Xue Ku Lue.Concrete operations Journey is as follows：

1, White mushroom slag fermentation maturation process：Seminar pulls White mushroom slag more than 400 from Shanxi space sky mushroom plantation Co., Ltd Side, holds together Cheng Tiaoduo shape compost fermentations by White mushroom slag, wherein lower bottom width is 1.3 m, and upper bottom width is 1.1 m, high 1.2 m, length 40-60m is spent, three piles are provided with.Windrow C/N is 25 or so, and water content is set as 60%-65%.It is added certainly in turning for the first time The decomposing microbial inoculum that row is developed, every 20 cm uniformly spread one layer of decomposing microbial inoculum.Whenever reaching 60 away from 40 cm temperature of windrow case depth DEG C or so when, continuing three days can turning；Windrow pH values and moisture are measured when each turning, are adjusted pH values using quick lime To 6.0-6.5, water content is transferred to 60%~65%；After continuous turning 6 times, temperature no longer rises, and fermentation is completed, and still aging 10 It is~15 days, spare.

2, according to described in invention content 2,3,5, be mounted with every salt ventilating drainage substrate groove, anti-strong wind plastic canopy, Water-fertilizer integral irrigation system has prepared strawberry cultivation substrate according to 4 the method for invention content, according to 6,7 institute of invention content It states and has carried out summer strawberry substrate culture experiment and demonstration.

3, test material and method

（1）Test material

Experiment plants Co., Ltd with White mushroom slag from Shanxi space sky mushroom, and turf is limited purchased from Beijing big fellow's agricultural science and technology Company, perlite are purchased from Taiyuan market, and Meng Terui strawberry seedlings are purchased from Shanxi highland strawberry seedling Co., Ltd, and Water soluble fertilizer uses Ao Bangnongfeng（Jiangsu）The a great number of elements water-soluble fertilizer of Fei Ye Co., Ltds, fertilizer content are 20-20-20+TE.

（2）Experimental design

Different material is compounded into matrix formulations according to volume ratio, setting processing 6 altogether, wherein strawberry production often uses matrix formulations Peat:Perlite is 2:1 processing is as a contrast（CK）, each handle and be repeated 3 times.Strawberry spacing in the rows is 20 cm, irrigates raw water EC values It for 0.3 ms/cm, is tested according to substrate culture early period strawberry liquid manure, sets strawberry irrigation solution EC values to 1.0 ms/cm, often It irrigates day three times, each irrigation time is set as 180 seconds, and respectively 7 points of morning, 12 noon, 6 points of dusk, daily morning fills Rich water is irrigate, noon is pure water at dusk；Into after the hot summer days, daily irrigation frequency is set as 4 times, and each irrigation time is set as 120 Second, respectively 7 points of morning, at 10 points in the morning, at 2 points at noon, 6 pm, daily to irrigate rich water at night, remaining is pure water three times, often 9 points or so of the morning of day sprays 0.1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate.Into after mid-September, fertilizer and water management changes back to management threshold mode.

1 different disposal strawberry cultivation substrate formula of table（Volume ratio）

4, testing index and method

4.1 growth indexes：After 15 d of Seeding planting, the slow seedling number of days and survival rate of each processing are counted, it is every during growth A strawberry growth indexes are measured every 15 d（Plant height, petiole are long, petiole is thick）, each repeatedly take 3 plants to be listed and measure, finally It averages.

4.2 Photosynthetic Index：In first fruiting period, fair weather is selected to carry out photosynthetic measurement.It chooses and grows fine and one when measurement The plant of cause, the blade of plant 3~5 leaves from inside to outside are chosen to mark after blade and be fixed, and 3 repetitions take its average value.

4.3 yield index：From first fruiting period to last fruiting period, accumulative survey is carried out to the Fresh Yuxincao of each processing strawberry and is produced, including fruit Real quantity and fruit mass；Yield is calculated by Weight per plant etc..

5, data processing

Initial data is handled using Excel 2003, single factor test variance point is carried out to data with 9.1 statistical softwares of SAS Analysis and LSD Multiple range tests.

6, interpretation of result

The physicochemical character of 6.1 different formulations matrix

By measuring the physicochemical character of different formulations matrix（It is shown in Table 2）, the physics and chemistry such as unit weight, water-holding porosity, pH value, EC values Character is all remarkably higher than control, and total porosity, gas-water ratio are then substantially less than and compare, and especially EC values are significantly higher than control, most T4 processing up to reaches 4.81ms/cm or so, and pH value is in slightly alkalinity, and is compareed weakly acidic.Therefore, match from the difference of setting From the point of view of the matrix physicochemical character of side, compared with the control, still there is more shortcoming, need in production through the desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching, draining etc. It solves.After the continuous water injection desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching, 0.6ms/cm can be reduced to hereinafter, can transplant by measuring the EC values of time liquid after pouring water It is colonized Strawberry Seedlings.

The physicochemical property of 2 different formulations matrix of table

Influence of the 6.2 different formulations matrix to strawberry biological index

In the growth and development process of strawberry, the biologies such as the plant height of different growth stage different disposal strawberry, petiole are long, petiole is thick Learning index, there are larger differences.By table 3, table 4 and table 5 it is found that plant height of the processing of T1, T2, T3, T4 tetra- in different times, leaf Handle is long, petiole is slightly above control T6, is rendered as T3 ﹥ T1 ﹥ T2 ﹥ T4 ﹥ T6, but difference is not notable between T3 and T1, T2 and T4 it Between difference it is not notable, significant difference between T3, T1 and T2, T4, T5 processing plant height in each stage, petiole is long and petiole is slightly equal Less than control treatment T6.Analysis is former tired, under the conditions of identical strawberry water and fertilizer management, processing T1-T4 since compost content is higher, It is abundant for Strawberry Growth nutrition supply, and T5 and T6（CK）Two processing are since compost content is relatively low, and nutrition supply is not It is enough, therefore growing way is poor.In general, every biological indicator of T3 processing is better than control T6（CK）With other processing.

3 different growing stages strawberry plant height unit of table：cm

The 4 long unit of different growing stages strawberry petiole of table：cm

The 5 thick unit of different growing stages strawberry petiole of table：cm

Influence of the 6.3 different formulations matrix to Photosynthetic Characteristics of Strawberry

As shown in Table 6, in first fruiting period, there are larger differences for the photosynthesis characteristics of different disposal.In terms of Net Photosynthetic Rate, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 processing difference is not notable, but the Pn of this 5 processing will be far longer than T1；In terms of transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, T3 Larger with two processing of T6, difference between the two is not also notable, but noticeably greater than T1 and T4；From intercellular CO₂Concentration is seen, each to handle Between difference not significantly, Stomatal limitation value and is significantly higher than other each processing, but difference between other each processing with T4 maximums Not significantly, but T1, T2, T3, T5 are above control T6（CK）.

The different cultivation matrix Photosynthetic Characteristics of Strawberry of table 6

Influence of the 6.4 different formulations matrix to yield of strawberry

There is some difference compared with compareing CK for single fruit weight, single plant fruit weight and the per mu yield of different disposal, but difference is not notable, by Table 7 is it is found that processing T2, T3, T5 and T6 mean fruit weight, wherein handling T3 highests, can reach 13.6g more than 13g.T1—T5 The average single plant fruit weight of five processing and per mu yield are above T6, and highest T4 is averaged single plant fruit weight up to 260.04g, compared with CK Increase 63.84g, per mu yield is 1676.65 kg, and relatively control increases 411.59kg.And processing T2, T3, T4 average yield per mu More than 1600kg.Thus illustrate, traditional mode of production can be reached more than using the strawberry cultivation substrate that White mushroom slag is prepared as raw material With the yield level of matrix.

The different cultivation matrix yield of strawberry of table 7

Evaluation of economic benefit of the 6.5 different formulations matrix to strawberry production

Due in this experiment, other than matrix cost, remaining liquid manure, the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control, cost of labor, therefore In Economic and Efficiency Analysis, only analyzes matrix cost and subtract the situation of Profit after matrix cost.As shown in Table 8, it does not exist together There is different degrees of reduction, mu matrix cost in partly or entirely replacement turf, the matrix cost of T1-T5 in reason Degree of convergence is reduced at 1833 yuan -10140 yuan, wherein processing T4 and T5 is due to replacing whole turf, mu matrix cost compared with the control 8736 yuan and 10140 yuan are reduced respectively.From the point of view of yield, the per mu yield of five processing of T1-T5 is also above control T6, and mu increases Degree of convergence is produced in 242.37kg -411.56kg, wherein T4 amounts of increase in production are up to 411.56kg.From the point of view of income, T1-T5 five The mu income of a processing is at 30000 yuan or more, final to receive after subtracting matrix cost more than control at 5000 yuan or more Benefit is ordered as T4 ﹥ T5 ﹥ T2 ﹥ T1 ﹥ T3.

8 different disposal cultivation matrix Economic and Efficiency Analysis of table

Note：By 200 yuan/side, turf presses 20 by 480 yuan/side, perlite by 110 yuan/side, strawberry price for compost material and biogas residue Member/kilogram estimation.

Claims (2)

1. a kind of salt-soda soil utilizes the facility and method of White mushroom slag plantation summer strawberry, it is characterised in that：Including following operation Step：

One, White mushroom slag fermentation maturation process：

（1）, White mushroom slag is used to bar buttress formula compost, pile shape is trapezoidal, wherein lower bottom width is 1.3 m, and upper bottom width is 1.1 m, high 1.2 m, length are unlimited；

（2）, layering build heap, every 20 cm is one layer, and one layer of commercially available decomposing microbial inoculum is uniformly spread in top, until height reaches 1.2 m；

（3）, timely measuring temperature after composting, whenever reaching 60 DEG C or so away from 40 cm temperature of windrow case depth, you can turn over Heap；PH values and moisture will be measured when each turning, it is desirable that pH values are 6.0 or so, and water content is 60%~65%；Continuous turning It is 6 times, after fermentation, still aging 10~15 days, spare；

Two, it designs and installs every salt ventilating drainage substrate groove：

（1）, to use colored glazed tile material, height be 30 cm to two side shield of cultivation bed, width is when 30 cm are installed by DN1 cm Half mouth-shaped of reinforcing bar system, passed through from groove body lower part, groove body top using DN1 cm reinforcing bars both ends bail hang fix；

（2）, under-filled sand or sandstone, thickness are 5 cm in cultivation bed, be arranged along groove body longitudinal middle part in sand or sandstone Gradient can be set as 0.5~1.5 by spill sulculus, deep 3 cm, wide 10 cm, the longitudinally disposed gradient of spill sulculus according to length Degree is laid with one layer of plastic cloth in sandstone top, and plastic cloth width is 120 cm, and each 15 cm in two side shield outers is taken out on both sides；

（3）, again the DN32 soakaway trench for being surrounded by non-woven fabrics spread in spill sulculus, head-up, other end is kept flat simultaneously soakaway trench one It is fixed rear spare；

（4）, cultivation slot length can be arranged according to landform, generally 60-80m；

Three, the design of anti-strong wind plastic canopy and installation：

Arched shed grows 60 m, and wide 8 m, high 3 m of ridge, 1.2 m of shoulder height, it is 0.6 m that steel pipe, which enters subsurface depth, is set below the air port of ground 0.4 m obstructing surfaces, air port is wide to set 0.8 m wide, and air port lower section is arranged at intervals with angle bar at ditch, crossbeam is fixed between angle bar, Arch steel pipe spacing 1 m, 5 m of branch intercolumniation, brace 2 is arranged in both ends in canopy, and steel pipe material uses galvanizing DN20 in canopy Steel pipe, both ends use sliding door, 2 m of gate-width；

Four, strawberry cultivation substrate is prepared and is loaded：

By decomposed White mushroom slag according to White mushroom mushroom slag:Perlite=2:1 volume ratio mixed preparing, using blender by two Kind material is mixed evenly, and in stirring, adds water while stirring, so that mixing discharging water content is advisable 40% or so, will prepare Good cultivation matrix is filled into mounted cultivation bed, and filling thickness is 25~27cm, and cultivation matrix middle part ridge is risen, slightly above 3~5 cm of both sides；

Five, water-fertilizer integral development of system and installation：

（1）, dropper band laying：8 groups of substrate groove, 2 droppers of every group of laying can be arranged in the arched shed every of 60m long × 8m wide Band, drip hole flow are 1.2 liters/s, pitch-row 10cm；

（2）, pump capacity determination：Aqueduct main pipeline uses pvc pipe, each canopy branch pipe to be managed using PE, is 60 per canopy length M, 16, dropper band are 5.76 sides/h per canopy water requirement, are irrigated according to single canopy, pump capacity should select 8 sides/h；

（3）, main pipeline caliber determination：d=（4Q/πV）In 1/2 formula：D is pipe diameter, mm；V is the flow velocity of water in pipeline, Pvc pipe takes 1.2 m/s；Q is the design discharge of run of designing, and main pipeline takes 6 m3/h（0.0017 m3/s）, be computed d= 0.0424 m, it is the mm of d=50 to select suitable water delivery main pipe caliber；

（4）, liquid manure control room：It is built with lightweight steel construction, area is 12-15 m2, is highly 2.8-3m, and ground is hard using cement Change, A, B fertilizer bucket, single barrel of Rong Ji≤200L are configured in liquid manure control room；Electronic control cabinet when control；1, mating water meter on main pipeline, 2 groups of laminated filter, 1 group of strainer screen；

（5）, water source：If setting≤20 tons of water pots 1, and external water source is accessed into water pot；

Six, summer strawberry substrate culture management method：

（1）, the matrix desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching processing：Before strawberry is colonized, desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching processing is carried out to matrix, is irrigated using mating water-fertilizer integral System measures drainpipe water outlet and returns liquid EC values, can be transplanted when it drops to 0.6ms/cm or less by controlling irrigation time It is colonized Strawberry Seedlings；

（2）, strawberry field planting：

Resident time：On April -30 on the 20th；

It is colonized temperature：Substrate temperature is at 10 DEG C or more；

Field planting method：Duplicate rows "the" shape is taken staggeredly to be colonized, plant is away from trough rim 5cm, spacing in the rows 20cm；The back of a bow is outside, root system It is straight, it is deep not bury the heart, shallow not crab rooting；Root water is poured after field planting in time, daily water supply in first 3 days 1 time is suitably given according to soil moisture content later Water keeps soil humidity 80%；The suitable temperature of seedling-slowing stage be 28 degree or so, morning in April temperature of shed at 0 degree or less, The film-coiling device for closing canopy door and ventilation opening in time, pays attention to heat preservation；Carry out work of filling the gaps with seedlings；

（3）, water and fertilizer management：

1. being formulated：A barrels：It is calcium nitrate, Fe, micro；

B barrels：Magnesium sulfate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium nitrate；

2. watering, fertilizing method：

A, seedling stage：Fertilizer is not poured before 4 leaves, using raw water, irrigation amount is determined according to water content of substrate, water content of substrate is made to be not less than 70%, matrix EC values are controlled in 0.7ms/cm or less；

B, the florescence：Early flowering season starts on a small quantity to fertilizer, and leaf-surface sprayed boric fertilizer is primary, and matrix EC controls are in 0.9ms/cm or so；

C, fruiting period：First batch of fruit：Raw water+fertilizer EC：1.0ms/cm；Second batch of fruit：Raw water+fertilizer EC：1.2ms/cm；Water Fertile irrigation time is determined according to results of regular determination matrix EC values；

D, points for attention：First, applying the flood desalinization of soil by flooding or leaching of 3 fertilizer, matrix EC values are reduced；Second is that measuring substrate pH, EC in time Value, rationally controls physical signs；Third, adjusting water and fertilizer management according to temperature of shed situation and plant growing way；

（4）, plant management：

Seedling stage：Whole is spent to remove for first batch before 4 leaves of plant, in favor of plant vegetative growth；

Florescence：4 leaves wholeheartedly start to stay flower, and every grade of inflorescence, which stays, spends 2-3 flowers, remove small and weak and advanced sequence flower in time, remove in time Old leaf, sick leaf, stolon, the outer weeds of canopy in canopy；

Fruiting period：During plant strain growth, plant stolon and old residual leaf are peelled off in time, ensures nutrient centralizedly supply fruit and reduction The generation of disease, plant leaf keep 10-15 functional leafs；Plant flowers and fruits are suitably removed according to strawberry growing way, young fruit Phase removes disease pest fruit, malformed fruit in time, general to stay 2-3 inflorescence per young plant, and often inflorescence stays 3-5 fruit, remove in time it is small and weak and Advanced sequence flower；Lateral bud is suitably removed according to plant growing way, generally 3-5 is a；It periodically removes in canopy, the outer weeds of canopy, reduces The source of pest and disease damage；

Later stage：Carry out the old residual leaf of removal, lateral bud, stolon and weeds, the management works such as flower and fruit thinning；The sick leaf of excision, decayed fruit And diseased plant will clean out outside canopy in time, centralized processing reduces the growth and propagation of cause of disease；

（5）, temperature of shed management：

Cultivated strawberry phase summer, temperature of shed is higher, therefore, it is necessary to according to temperature of shed in time and open greenhouse both ends gate and Air port；It in field planting initial stage and harvest latter stage, needs that heat preservation is closed in greenhouse both ends gate and air port in the dusk, at 10 points in morning next day Greenhouse air port is opened and is cooled down by left and right；In mid-June to early October, need greenhouse both ends gate and air port is always on With aeration-cooling；

（6）, pest and disease damage Synthetical prevention：

1. removing greenhouse periphery weeds and rubbish, the generation of pest and disease damage is reduced；

2. physical control：Insect-sticking plate, trapper, syrupacetiacid bait trap liquid, trapping lamp are set：

Insect-sticking plate：Begin to use when 3 weeks i.e. 31 hearts of leaf after field planting, yellow each 20/canopy of backboard；

Syrupacetiacid bait trap liquid：Start to arrange around greenhouse by the end of June, traps and kills adult moth pests；

3. biological control：

Predatory Mites：4 leaf, 1 heart begins to use, and preys on mite class worm's ovum；Again using next day after first should carrying out medical treatment before Predatory Mites Discharge Predatory Mites；Burst size is carried out according to plant blade face and worm's ovum situation is discharged；It is recommended that for the first time discharge when according to 36/ Strain carries out calculating usage amount；

4. chemical prevention：

Steep seedling sterilization：25% 3000 times of kresoxim-methyl suspending agent liquid impregnates plant 15 minutes；

Prevent root disease using broad-spectrum germicide pouring root after 2 leaves after field planting：1000 times of Mancozeb；

When 31 heart of leaf, foliar spray adds acaricide, insecticide to prevent pest and disease damage using broad-spectrum germicide：

Mite killing class：3000 times of 1500 times+Bifenazate of Hexythiazox；

Desinsection：1000 times of effective cypermethrin；

Fungicide：1000 times of 3000 times of kresoxim-methyl or Ningnanmycin；

For flowering fruit bearing stage thrips, aphid medication：Each product is used alternatingly and uses 2 times/season：1500 times of flonicamid, thiophene worm 3000 times of piperazine, 1500 times of spiral shell worm-thiacloprid, 1500 times of ethyl pleocidin；

For the cabbage caterpillar occurred at the beginning of 7 months：3000 times of indoxacarb, 1500 times of Rynaxypyr；

August starts the prevention of powdery mildew：1500 times of kresoxim-methyl, 1000 times of Ningnanmycin, 1000 times of pyrazoles Fluoxastrobin；

（7）Harvesting：

Fresh food fruit can harvest when usually reaching 70% or more with the flushing color of strawberry fruit, optimum when colouring 85% or so；Process fruit Juice beverage, jam etc., it is desirable that harvested after fruit fully maturation, the sugar and fragrance of fruit can be improved, fruit juice is more；Strawberry berry at The ripe phase is inconsistent, it is necessary to be spaced that harvesting in 1-2 days is primary, and the best fruiting period should harvest once daily, when picking every time must by appropriateness at Ripe fruit all collects, and causes to rot due to overdone when in order to avoid being extended down to harvesting next time；Strawberry harvesting should in early morning dew done to It is carried out before noon high temperature is come or when dusk weather turns cool.

2. salt-soda soil according to claim 1 is existed using the facility and method of White mushroom slag plantation summer strawberry, feature In：The summer strawberry main breed selects Meng Terui.