CN108291319B - 镍电极和自支撑镍层的生产方法及用途 - Google Patents
镍电极和自支撑镍层的生产方法及用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108291319B CN108291319B CN201680066843.9A CN201680066843A CN108291319B CN 108291319 B CN108291319 B CN 108291319B CN 201680066843 A CN201680066843 A CN 201680066843A CN 108291319 B CN108291319 B CN 108291319B
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- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006650 β-Ni(OH)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006630 β—Ni(OH)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
Abstract
本发明的一个目的是提供一种镍电极,其包含导电的镍片和沉积在所述导电的镍片上的镍层,所述的镍层由互相黏附的球形多孔镍颗粒组成。本发明的又一目的在于提供一种由互相黏附的球形多孔镍颗粒组成的自支撑镍层。本发明还提供一种制备根据本发明所述的镍电极和自支撑镍层的方法,以及该镍电极和自支撑镍层的应用,尤其是其作为水电解电极的应用。本发明的镍电极的特点在于良好的机械稳定性和有利的电化学性质,尤其是在水电解过程中的增加的气体生成。本发明还涉及生产制备上述的镍电极及自支撑镍层的方法,以及该镍电极和自支撑镍层的应用,尤其是其作为水电解的电极的应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及包含大表面积的球形多孔镍颗粒的镍电极、包含大表面积的球形多孔镍颗粒的自支撑镍层、制备所述镍电极及自支撑镍层的方法以及它们的用途,尤其是它们作为水电解的电极的用途。
背景技术
一般而言,除非在高温下施加接触压力,否则难以生产能够牢固粘附于镍片上的镍颗粒层;所形成的镍颗粒层通常很容易从载体(即镍片)处再次分离。由于需要高温下的高接触压力,因此烧结工艺复杂而昂贵。自1928年以来,烧结镍电极一直被用于镍镉可充电电池(nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries)以及其它的应用中,其要求的烧结温度范围为800-1000℃(AK Shukla,B Hariprakash,SECONDARY BATTERIES–NICKEL SYSTEMS,Electrodes:Nickel.,第407页,Elsevier,2009)。
美国专利US4,605,484描述了一种用于产生氢气的电极,其包括导电基底,该导电基底上具有由铬组分和选自镍和钴中的至少一种金属的氧化物所组成的涂层。使用一种复杂的等离子喷涂工艺,通过熔融喷涂(melt spraying)生产该涂层。
EP0226291A1描述了用于延长用于产生氢气的电极的使用寿命的方法,该电极包括导电基底和金属氧化物涂层;在氢气生成过程中,将金属组分(例如钛或铌)添加到碱性电解质中。该电极表面的金属氧化物涂层可通过例如等离子喷涂或火焰喷涂(flamespraying)等方法制备。
DE2002298描述了一种用于通过在金属基底上沉积多孔镍层来制造用于电解工业用水的电极的方法;该多孔镍层在碱金属碳酸盐或碱金属碳酸氢盐的水溶液中被阳极氧化,由此形成的氧化产物随后被还原为精细分布的金属镍。通过将金属镍火焰喷涂或电弧喷涂(arc spraying)到粗糙化的金属基底上制成该多孔镍层。
可商业购得各种各样的镍电极。例如,已知可购得具有棒状镍颗粒的镍烧结电极(参见Morioka Y.,Narukawa S.,Itou T.,Journal of Power Sources 100(2001):107-116中的图1)、具有蜂窝状结构的镍泡沫电极(见图2)或具有圆柱体镍纤维的镍纤维电极(参见Ohms D.,Kohlhase M.,Benczur-Urmossy G.,Schadlich G.,Journal of PowerSources 105(2002):127-133中的图3)。
上文提及的、可商业购得的镍电极被用作电池的电极,并被优化以吸收活性物质。
发明内容
发明所解决的问题
本发明解决的问题是提供一种镍电极,其避免了现有技术的缺点;所述的镍电极具有牢固粘附在作为导电载体的镍片上的镍层,并具有高机械稳定性。该镍电极还具有有利的电化学性能;尤其地,其能够在水电解过程中增加氧气和氢气的产生。
本发明还提供具有有利特性的自支撑镍层,其尤其具有有利于水电解的电化学特性。
本发明还提供一种用于生产上述镍电极和自支撑镍层的简单、便宜的方法。尤其是在镍电极的生产方面,提供能够牢固粘附在镍片上的镍层。
发明内容
上文列举的发明目的通过镍电极、自支撑镍层、生产所述镍电极的方法、生产所述自支撑镍层的方法以及镍电极和自支撑镍层的用途得到解决。
在从属权利要求中描述了本申请的主题的优选或特别实用的实施例。
因此,本发明的一个目的是提供一种镍电极,其包含镍电极,所述镍电极包括导电的镍片和沉积在所述导电的镍片上的镍层,所述的镍层由互相黏附的球形多孔镍颗粒组成,所述的镍电极可通过包含以下步骤的方法获得:
a)提供球形氢氧化镍颗粒;
b)在高温下及还原气氛中部分还原所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒,以获得部分还原的球形Ni/NiO颗粒;
c)由所获得的所述Ni/NiO颗粒、有机和/或无机粘合剂以及根据需要的另外的赋形剂(excipients)制备糊剂;
d)将所述的糊剂以层的形式涂覆到所述导电的镍片的一面或两面;以及
e)在高温下及还原气氛中回火被涂覆的镍片。
本发明的另一目的还在于提供一种由互相黏附的球形多孔镍颗粒组成的自支撑镍层,其可通过包括以下步骤的方法获得:
a)提供球形氢氧化镍颗粒;
b)在高温下及还原气氛中部分还原所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒,以获得部分还原的球形Ni/NiO颗粒;
c)由所获得的所述Ni/NiO颗粒、有机和/或无机粘合剂以及根据需要的另外的赋形剂制备糊剂;
d)将所述的糊剂以层的形式涂覆到载体上;
e)在高温下及还原气氛中回火被涂覆的所述载体;以及
f)分离所述的载体,以获得自支撑多孔镍层。
本发明的另一目的还在于提供一种制备根据本发明所述的镍电极的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供球形氢氧化镍颗粒;
b)在高温下及还原气氛中部分还原所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒,以获得部分还原的球形Ni/NiO颗粒;
c)由所获得的所述Ni/NiO颗粒、有机和/或无机粘合剂以及根据需要的另外的赋形剂制备糊剂;
d)将所述的糊剂以层的形式涂覆到所述导电镍片的一面或两面;以及
e)在高温下及还原气氛中回火被涂覆的镍片。
本发明的另一目的还在于提供一种制备根据本发明所述的自支撑镍层的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供球形氢氧化镍颗粒;
b)在高温下及还原气氛中部分还原所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒,以获得部分还原的球形Ni/NiO颗粒;
c)由所获得的所述Ni/NiO颗粒、有机和/或无机粘合剂以及根据需要的另外的赋形剂制备糊剂;
d)将所述的糊剂以层的形式涂覆到载体上;
e)在高温下及还原气氛中回火被涂覆的所述载体;以及
f)分离载体,以获得自支撑多孔镍层。
本发明的最终目的是提供所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层的用途,尤其是其在碱性介质中作为水电解电极的用途。
发明具体描述
根据本发明所述的镍电极和自支撑镍层的特点在于一种镍层,该镍层由互相黏附的球形多孔镍颗粒所组成,其内表面积比目前可商业购得的、用于电池的镍电极(例如泡沫,烧结或纤维电极)的内表面积更大。
包括由球形多孔镍颗粒组成的镍层的镍电极在工业实践中尚未被人所知。我们惊讶地发现,根据本发明所述的镍电极和自支撑镍层可特别有利地用于在碱性介质中的水电解,并且在氧气生成和尤其是氢气生成的过程中能够显著产生更多的气体。显而易见地,能够产生更多气体的这一令人惊讶的效果可归因于镍层的内表面积大。由于内表面积大,电极和周围介质之间的过渡电阻非常低;因此,在例如水解过程中能够达到的电流密度大于未被涂覆的镍片能够达到的电流密度。
采用根据本发明所述的方法,可由镍颗粒制备镍层;该镍层通过简单的工艺步骤被牢固地粘附到镍片上。所述的简单的工艺步骤为例如:在室温下的无压涂覆(pressureless coating),随后对所涂覆的镍片进行回火。以这种方式生产的镍电极具有机械稳定性;由球形的镍颗粒构成的镍层在镍片的机械变形期间和之后继续粘附在镍片上。在剥离测试(peel test)中,其可展示出高达350N的保持力(holding forces),而该保持力可通过改变工艺参数得到进一步的提高。
此外,所使用的粘合剂可以被蒸发而不留下任何残留物。因此,其不会在镍层表面留下不希望有的碳沉积物。
本发明所使用的球形氢氧化镍颗粒可作为电池材料在市场上购得(例如比利时的Umicore和日本的Tanaka),并且其平均粒度优选为0.3-75μm,更优选为3-30μm,特别优选为9-12μm。最优选的是平均粒度为约10μm的颗粒。
本发明所述的方法中的步骤b)的部分还原优选地在270-330℃,更优选地在290-310℃的温度下进行。
所述的部分还原方便地在上述条件下进行3至5小时。
根据本发明的方法所述的步骤b)中的部分还原和步骤e)中的回火均在还原性气氛中进行,所述还原性气氛包含例如10-100%的氢气;当还原气氛不由100%的氢气组成时,所述的还原性气氛还包括可选的惰性气体,如氮气。
天然和/或合成聚合物或其衍生物特别适合用作有机粘合剂;该有机粘合剂与部分还原步骤所获得的Ni/NiO颗粒被共同用于生产糊剂。有机粘合剂的合适物质为,例如,醇酸树脂、纤维素及其衍生物、环氧树脂、聚丙烯酸酯,如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)和聚丙烯酸(PAA)、聚三氟氯乙烯(PCTFE)、聚六氟丙烯(PHFP)、聚酰亚胺(PI)及其衍生物、聚氨酯(PU)及其衍生物、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚三氟乙烯(PTrFE)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、硅酮、淀粉及其衍生物、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶(SBR)以及这些材料的混合物。特别优选的有机粘合剂为聚乙烯醇。
可根据需要添加其他常用的辅助物质以制备糊剂,所述的辅助物质为,例如,有机或无机溶剂、分散剂或表面活性剂。
水性介质中的铵盐或肼盐特别适合用作无机粘合剂。
被涂覆的镍片或被涂覆的载体的最终回火优选在500-800℃,更优选在600-700℃的温度下进行。最终回火通常需要3到5个小时。最终回火的目的在于完全还原Ni/NiO颗粒,以获得由互相牢固黏附的球形多孔镍颗粒组成的镍层。设计最终回火的另一目的在于确保所使用的粘合剂和任何的辅助物质被完全除去和/或蒸发,没有残留物。
根据本发明所述的镍电极的镍层或根据本发明所述的自支撑镍层的厚度优选为1-1000μm,更优选为10-900μm,并且特别优选为20-200μm。
球形多孔镍颗粒的平均粒径优选为0.1-25μm,更优选为1-10μm,进一步优选为2-6μm,特别优选为3-4μm。
在生产自支撑镍层的过程中,金属箔、金属泡沫、金属网、膨胀金属、碳箔、碳泡沫、聚合物箔或陶瓷载体可以很好地用作载体。
在选择载体时,应该确保这种载体能够再次与自支撑镍层分离。金属载体(例如铝箔)可以随后通过用酸或碱处理以溶解,余下自支撑的、多孔的镍层。又例如在使用聚合物箔作为载体的时候,可以在例如回火步骤之后氧化除去该聚合物箔。
根据本发明,多孔镍颗粒所组成的镍层也可以是被掺杂的。在回火之前、之中或之后,可使用外来离子掺杂这些颗粒。
根据本发明所述的的镍电极特别适合用作电池、可再充电电池、对称和非对称双电层电容器、传感器的工作电极;也适合用作为催化剂载体以及电化学合成过程中或光电和光催化装置中的电极,尤其适合用作碱性介质中的水电解的电极。
还特别包括在电解中的应用,如在氯碱电解(chlorine-alkali electrolysis)、催化、光伏涂层和光伏氢生成(photovoltaic hydrogen generation)中的应用。
原则上,根据本发明所述的自支撑镍层可以用作自支撑电极。然而,特别优选的是其作为电解水的电极的应用;在电解水过程中,目前也可使用完全多孔的电极。
附图说明
图1示出了商购镍烧结电极表面放大1000倍的REM(raster electronmicroscope,光栅电子显微镜)图像(来自Morioka Y.,Narukawa S.,Itou T.,Journal ofPower Sources100(2001):107–116);
图2示出了具有蜂窝结构的商购镍泡沫电极表面放大150倍的REM图像;
图3示出了商购镍纤维电极表面放大500倍的REM图像(来自Ohms D.,KohlhaseM.,Benczur-Urmossy G.,Schadlich G.,Journal of Power Sources 105(2002):127–133);
图4示出了根据本发明所述的镍电极的表面放大500倍的REM图像;
图5示出了根据本发明所述的镍电极的表面放大10000倍的REM图像;
图6a示出了在包括5.5M KOH、2.5M NaOH和0.5M LiOH的室温下的电解质中,在根据本发明所述的、用于水电解的1cm2的镍电极上以50μVs-1的扫描速率测得的准静态循环伏安曲线(quasistationary cyclic voltammogram)。电极的后部涂覆有用于电绝缘的环氧树脂;
图6b示出了在包括5.5M KOH、2.5M NaOH和0.5M LiOH的室温下的电解质中,在根据本发明所述的、用于水电解的1cm2的镍电极上以100μVs-1的扫描速率测得的准静态循环伏安曲线。电极的后部涂覆有用于电绝缘的环氧树脂;
图6c示出了在包括5.5M KOH、2.5M NaOH和0.5M LiOH的室温下的电解质中,在未经处理的、用于水电解的1cm2的镍电极上以50μVs-1的扫描速率测得的准静态循环伏安曲线。电极的后部涂覆有用于电绝缘的环氧树脂;
图6d示出了在包括5.5M KOH、2.5M NaOH和0.5M LiOH的室温下的电解质中,在未经处理的、用于水电解的1cm2的镍电极上以100μVs-1的扫描速率测得的准静态循环伏安曲线。电极的后部涂覆有用于电绝缘的环氧树脂。
具体实施方式
制备根据本发明所述的镍电极
将50g的球形β-Ni(OH)2颗粒在温度为300℃、含50体积%氢气的氮气气氛的退火炉中还原4小时,保持约10μm的平均粒径。这些部分还原的、球形的Ni/NiO颗粒已经具有内部孔隙结构。
将5g的所述部分还原的球形Ni/NiO颗粒与3mL的、7.5重量%的聚乙烯醇水溶液共同转化为糊剂,然后将该糊剂涂覆到厚度为125μm的镍片的一侧。
在退火炉中的最终回火阶段在620℃的温度下和含50体积%氢气的氮气的还原气氛中进行;在该回火阶段结束后,可直接使用所形成的电极。涂覆到镍片上的球形镍颗粒的平均直径为3.4μm,并具有内部孔隙结构。
下文的表1总结了所使用的氢氧化镍颗粒、部分还原的Ni/NiO颗粒和镍层的球形多孔镍颗粒的平均粒径。
表1
样品 | 平均粒径(μm) |
β-Ni(OH)<sub>2</sub> | 10.1 |
部分还原的Ni/NiO | 10.3 |
涂覆在镍片上的镍颗粒 | 3.4 |
氧气生成
由于其内表面积大,根据本发明所述的电极与周围介质之间的过渡电阻非常低。这意味着,例如,在水电解过程中能够获得的电流密度大于未被涂覆的镍片提供的电流密度。当使用未被涂覆的镍片,以Hg/HgO作为参比电极,电压为0.819V时,获得的电流密度为144mA/cm2,在包括5.5M KOH、2.5M NaOH和0.5M LiOH的电解质中的电压变化范围为50至100μV/s;这种较小的电压变化可以被认定为是一种准静态测量(quasistaticmeasurement)。相对Hg/HgO参比电极所选用的0.819V的电压可全部归因于氧气的生成。在相同条件下,使用根据本发明的方法所制造的、具有大表面积的镍电极时,获得的电流密度在218-232mA/cm2之间,即电流密度平均放大了1.5倍(见表2)。图6a-d示出了相应的循环伏安图。
表2
氢气生成
在氢气生成方面,可以观察到由于使用根据本发明所述的的、具有大表面积的镍电极而产生的显著更大的气体生成增加效应(gas generation amplification effect)。当使用未被涂覆的镍片,以Hg/HgO作为参比电极,电压为-1.231V时,获得的电流密度为5mA/cm2,在包括5.5M KOH、2.5M NaOH和0.5M LiOH的电解质中的电压变化范围为50至100μV/s;这种较小的电压变化可以被认定为是一种准静态测量(quasistatic measurement)。相对Hg/HgO参比电极所选用的-1.231V的电压可全部归因于氢气的生成。在相同条件下,使用根据本发明的方法所制造的、具有大表面积的镍电极时,获得的电流密度在86-91mA/cm2之间,即电流密度平均放大了17倍(见表3)。图6a-d示出了相应的循环伏安图。
表3
Claims (20)
1.一种镍电极,包含导电的镍片和沉积在所述导电的镍片上的镍层,所述的镍层由互相黏附的球形多孔镍颗粒组成,所述的镍电极通过包含以下步骤的方法获得:
a)提供球形氢氧化镍颗粒;
b)在270-330℃的温度下及还原气氛中部分还原所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒,以获得部分还原的球形Ni/NiO颗粒;
c)由所获得的所述Ni/NiO颗粒、有机和/或无机粘合剂以及根据需要的另外的赋形剂制备糊剂;
d)将所述的糊剂以层的形式涂覆到所述导电的镍片的一面或两面;以及
e)在500-800℃的温度下及还原气氛中回火被涂覆的镍片;
其中步骤a)中所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒的平均粒度为0.3-75μm;
其中所述球形多孔镍颗粒的平均粒径为0.1-25μm。
2.一种由互相黏附的球形多孔镍颗粒组成的自支撑镍层,其可通过包括以下步骤的方法获得:
a)提供球形氢氧化镍颗粒;
b)在270-330℃的温度下及还原气氛中部分还原所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒,以获得部分还原的球形Ni/NiO颗粒;
c)由所获得的所述Ni/NiO颗粒、有机和/或无机粘合剂以及根据需要的另外的赋形剂制备糊剂;
d)将所述的糊剂以层的形式涂覆到载体上;
e)在500-800℃的温度下及还原气氛中回火被涂覆的所述载体;以及
f)分离所述的载体,以获得自支撑多孔镍层;
其中步骤a)中所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒的平均粒度为0.3-75μm;
其中所述球形多孔镍颗粒的平均粒径为0.1-25μm。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中步骤a)中所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒的平均粒度为3-30μm。
4.根据权利要求3所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中步骤a)中所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒的平均粒度为9-12μm。
5.根据权利要求4所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中步骤a)中所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒的平均粒度为10μm。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中步骤b)中所述的部分还原在290-310℃的温度下进行。
7.根据权利要求1、2、4-5中的任意一项所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中步骤b)中所述的部分还原和步骤e)中所述的回火均在还原性气氛中进行,所述还原性气氛包含10-100%的氢气和可选的惰性气体。
8.根据权利要求1、2、4-5中的任意一项所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中在步骤c)中,天然和/或合成聚合物被用作有机粘合剂;铵盐或肼盐被用作无机粘合剂。
9.根据权利要求1、2、4-5中的任意一项所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中所述的镍电极的镍层或所述的自支撑镍层的厚度为1-1000μm。
10.根据权利要求9所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中所述的镍电极的镍层或所述的自支撑镍层的厚度为10-900μm。
11.根据权利要求10所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中所述的镍电极的镍层或所述的自支撑镍层的厚度为20-200μm。
12.根据权利要求1、2、4-5、10-11所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中所述球形多孔镍颗粒的平均粒径为1-10μm。
13.根据权利要求12所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中所述球形多孔镍颗粒的平均粒径为2-6μm。
14.根据权利要求13所述的镍电极或自支撑镍层,其中所述球形多孔镍颗粒的平均粒径为3-4μm。
15.根据权利要求2、4-5、10-11、13-14中的任意一项所述的自支撑镍层,其中金属箔、金属泡沫、金属网、膨胀金属、碳箔、碳泡沫、聚合物箔或陶瓷载体被用作步骤d)所述的载体。
16.一种制备根据权利要求1、4-14中的任意一项所述的镍电极的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供球形氢氧化镍颗粒;
b)在270-330℃的温度下及还原气氛中部分还原所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒,以获得部分还原的球形Ni/NiO颗粒;
c)由所获得的所述Ni/NiO颗粒、有机和/或无机粘合剂以及根据需要的另外的赋形剂制备糊剂;
d)将所述的糊剂以层的形式涂覆到所述导电的镍片的一面或两面;以及
e)在500-800℃的温度下及还原气氛中回火被涂覆的镍片。
17.一种制备根据权利要求2-15中的任意一项所述的自支撑镍层的方法,包括以下步骤:
a)提供球形氢氧化镍颗粒;
b)在270-330℃的温度下及还原气氛中部分还原所述的球形氢氧化镍颗粒,以获得部分还原的球形Ni/NiO颗粒;
c)由所获得的所述Ni/NiO颗粒、有机和/或无机粘合剂以及根据需要的另外的赋形剂制备糊剂;
d)将所述的糊剂以层的形式涂覆到载体上;
e)在500-800℃的温度下及还原气氛中回火被涂覆的所述载体;以及
f)分离载体,以获得自支撑多孔镍层。
18.根据权利要求1、3-14中的任意一项所述的镍电极在电池、对称和非对称双电层电容器、传感器中作为工作电极的用途;所述的镍电极作为催化剂载体的用途;所述的镍电极在电化学合成过程中或光电和光催化装置中作为电极的用途。
19.根据权利要求1、3-14中的任意一项所述的镍电极在碱性介质中的水电解中作为电极的用途。
20.根据权利要求2-15中的任意一项所述的自支撑镍层在水电解中作为电极的用途。
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