CN108217859A - 用于电化学减少工业废料的化学需氧量的电极 - Google Patents

用于电化学减少工业废料的化学需氧量的电极 Download PDF

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CN108217859A
CN108217859A CN201810143510.2A CN201810143510A CN108217859A CN 108217859 A CN108217859 A CN 108217859A CN 201810143510 A CN201810143510 A CN 201810143510A CN 108217859 A CN108217859 A CN 108217859A
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M·贝内代托
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Abstract

本发明涉及适用于降低废水的化学需氧量的电极，所述电极包含：a)永久部件；和b)面对面布置且可脱离地附接于永久部件并与其电接触的牺牲部件，所述永久部件由配备有包含贵金属或其氧化物的催化涂层的阀金属的基材组成，所述牺牲部件包含单质铁。此外本发明还涉及通过在三价铁存在下包括阳极析氯的电解工艺来减少含水废料中的化学需氧量的方法，所述含水废料包含含油化合物、二醇或蜡，任选地包含铸造废料。在阳极表面上可进行析氯，所述阳极包含与含铁的牺牲部件连接的催化活化的阀金属永久部件。

Description

用于电化学减少工业废料的化学需氧量的电极
本申请是申请日为2013年2月7日，发明名称为“用于电化学减少工业废料的化学需氧量的电极”的中国专利申请201380007405.1的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及减少含水废料的化学需氧量的电化学方法及适于此的电极。
背景技术
本发明涉及减少铸造残留物或其它工业废料中的化学需氧量的电化学方法，所述铸造残留物或其它工业废料包含非含水组分例如含油化合物、二醇或蜡，这使相关的处理困难且昂贵。铸造废水需要以减少在不同工艺步骤期间积累的大量有机物质为目的的处理，以便它们的再利用或处置。
铝铸造的典型废料代表了最复杂和普通的工业案例中的一种，除尘粒和润滑剂残留物以外，其还包含被脱模剂(例如烷基芳基硅氧烷和乙氧基化聚乙烯蜡)污染的自来水或井水、一般包含二醇混合物(例如乙二醇-丙二醇)的液压流体、乳化剂、石蜡矿物油、合成油(例如羧酸酯基油)、防沫剂(例如有机硅类防沫剂)、氧化抑制剂(例如含硼的酰胺)、抗微生物剂、络合剂(例如EDTA)。因此，铸造残留物的化学需氧量(COD)不仅非常高(典型值为40,000mg/l)而且还源自非常复杂的组分混合物。为了将COD降低到允许再利用这样的废蒸汽作为工艺用水的值(即不高于1,000且优选低于500mg/l氧的值)，可以使用具有一系列相关缺点的各种类型的处理的结合。如它可被证实的那样，在适当的浓缩器中通过热压缩的处理具有不需要为它的操作雇用特别合格的工作人员的优点，其不足以带来低于要求的阀值的COD，并且不可避免地受到冷凝物中的组分例如烃、二醇和表面活性剂牵引的影响，从而需要后处理。此外或作为替代，可进行去油、超滤和反渗透的结合处理，特别是在相关膜冲洗的极其精细的阶段中这反而必须通过专职人员管理。化学物理和生物的工艺组合经常提供良好的结果，但是除了带来化学反应物的大量处理和对专职人员的需要以外，待处理的污染物质浓度的可变性也使其是困难的。所有的这些问题最终施加到采用Fenton试剂的化学氧化处理，接着超滤和反渗透，然而如果精确管理，这可提供高品质水。
对于一些特定的应用，已知可以考虑出于工艺简单和非常有竞争力的成本而具有吸引力的电化学废水处理；在为了给予充足的导电率而可能向废料添加盐之后，例如可通过阳极极化的电极的表面上的氧化来减少铸造废料中的大多数COD组分。另一方面，未处理的废料包含易于形成沥青(pitch)和低聚物的污染物质，这会导致电极表面的快速结垢及其随后的钝化。希望尝试电化学处理铸造废料，至少需要初始的去油步骤，这明显地降低了总体工艺竞争性。
因此已经确认了需要提供包含含油化合物、二醇或蜡的含水废料(特别是来自铸造加工的废料)的处理方法，从而克服现有技术的不便。
发明内容
在所附的权利要求书中陈述了本发明的各方面。
在一方面，本发明涉及用于降低包含含油化合物、二醇或蜡的废水的化学需氧量的方法，其包括在三价铁存在下伴随阳极析氯的废水的电解步骤。本发明人出乎预料地注意到，如果必要则通过向待处理的废料添加适量的氯离子(表示为1-10g/L，例如3-5g/L)，并且经由Fe(III)离子添加，从而将阳极表面上的初生氯的氧化作用与三价铁的絮凝作用结合，可以进行铸造操作等的典型废料的电化学氧化而所采用的电极和电池没有结垢。当有必要防止可聚合物质例如硅氧烷变质成橡胶状析出物时，发现特别是在电解的第一步骤中铁的存在是重要的；在随后的第二步骤中，可以于铁的不存在下有利地进行电解。在这种情况下，在电解槽外适合的装置中在两个电解步骤之间进行废料沉降和/或过滤步骤可为可取的。在一个实施方案中，在废料的二次电解之后，每当需要将出口COD值降低到极限程度和减少盐浓度时，可通过反渗透进行最终的净化步骤，这有利于净化的水再循环到初始工艺。所公开的方法提供了各种类型的铸造废料且通常是包含硅氧烷、聚乙烯蜡、二醇、矿物油、合成油、有机硅防沫剂、非有机硅防沫剂、表面活性剂、EDTA或含硼酰胺的废水的优异实验结果。
在另一个方面，本发明涉及特别适合作为阳极用于废水中的有机化合物的电化学氧化的电极，其目的在于降低其化学需氧量，所述电极包含永久部件和可脱离地附接于该永久部件并与其电接触的牺牲部件，其中永久部件包含阀金属的基材，例如任选地合金化的钛，和包含贵金属或其氧化物的催化涂层，例如任选与钛和/或钽的氧化物混合的钌和/或铱的氧化物，并且牺牲部件包含单质铁。这具有优点：允许进行电解而不外部添加三价铁盐，通过牺牲部件的电解溶解获得所需量的铁，其在初生氯的存在下以三价形式释放到溶液中。可脱离的牺牲部件还允许容易地在两个阶段中进行电解，在两个阶段之间具有絮凝的含油或含蜡组分的过滤和/或沉降的任选步骤，在二次电解步骤前提供来用于其移除。在本文中使用术语“可脱离地附接”来表明牺牲部件是通过机械固定与永久部件连接且配置成通过简单的人工操作而特意分离的单独部件；在一个实施方案中，牺牲部件包含钩连至永久部件(例如悬挂在其顶侧)的金属网或线。
在一个实施方案中，牺牲部件与永久部件基本上同等延伸且以面对面的配置可脱离地与其附接。
在另一个方面，本发明涉及用于降低工业废水的化学需氧量的电化学系统，其包含不分离的或者经由分隔体细分成两个室的电解槽，该电解槽包含如本文之前所述的作为阳极操作的电极以及作为阴极操作的阀金属或钢电极。在一个替代的实施方案中，本发明涉及用于降低工业废水的化学需氧量的电化学系统，其包含不分离的或者经由分隔体细分成两个室的电解槽，该电解槽包含两个如本文之前所述的电极，在周期性时间间隔中将两个电极每个交替极化为阳极和阴极。这可具有优点：消除或强烈减少在阴极循环期间通过电极的石灰垢(lime-scale)的可能结垢，在接下来的阳极循环操作期间使其溶解。在一个实施方案中，电化学系统包含与电化学槽液压连接的沉降和/或过滤装置。在一个实施方案中，电化学系统包含电化学槽下游的反渗透装置。
在接下来的实施例中说明了由发明人获得的一些最显著的结果，这不意欲限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
4升具有38,700mg/l氧的COD(采用合适的元件通过分光光度法检测)的铸造废料，包含略大于90体积％的具有平均总硬度为32°F的自来水，并包含0.15体积％的烷基芳基(aril)硅氧烷、0.06体积％的乙氧基化聚乙烯蜡和少量的以下污染物：
-非离子和阴离子乳化剂
-乙二醇/丙二醇
-高粘度(ISO VG 460)石蜡矿物油
-基于羧基酯的合成油
-有机硅防沫剂
-含硼的酰胺
-细菌抑制剂
-EDTA
-典型的铸造污物(铝合金尘、润滑剂、环境灰尘)
将该铸造废料与4g/l的NaCl和1g/l的Fe2(SO4)3一起添加并且进料到电化学槽中，所述电化学槽包含采用由钌、铱和钛的氧化物的混合物活化的114cm2钛板组成的阳极，由相同尺寸的未活化的钛网组成的阴极以及由0.2mm厚的聚丙烯网组成的分隔体，具有1mm的阳极-至-阴极间隙。以500A/m2的电流密度操作该槽，以400l/h的恒定流量使电解质再循环。进行处理,监测COD和氯化物水平，通过随后盐的添加(大约每20小时)后者一直保持高于1g/l。在130小时后停止试验，此时COD值达到大约900mg/l的氧，其显示没有进一步降低的趋势，而直到此时稳定在7.4V的值附近的该槽电压开始略微增加。
在拆卸后，该电池呈现出阴极表面的坚固结垢和分隔体的部分堵塞。
实施例2
在等效的电化学槽中，使用如上的相同废料添加氯化钠和硫酸铁来重复实施例1的试验，不同之处在于该电化学槽包含由使用钌、铱和钛氧化物的混合物活化的114cm2钛板组成的两个相同的电极，一个充当阳极并且一个充当阴极。每60分钟使电极极性反向。在150小时后停止试验，此时COD值达到大约700mg/l的氧，其显示没有进一步降低的趋势。在整个试验期间该槽电压保持稳定在7.4V。
在拆卸后，该槽呈现电极的轻微结垢和分隔体的部分堵塞。
实施例3
在等效的电化学槽中，使用相同废料但没有外部添加硫酸铁来重复实施例2的试验，不同之处在于均由使用钌、铱和钛氧化物的混合物活化的114cm2钛板获得的两个电极，具有通过机械钩连至该板的上边缘而与其固定的宽网状软铁网。每60分钟使电极极性反向。在4小时后停止试验，之后使铁网与活化的钛板分离且使废料经受过滤。随后继续电化学处理并延长另外63小时，槽电压为7.3V，检测到残留COD为140mg/l的氧，在达到200小时的总体处理时其进一步降低到21mg/l的氧。
在拆卸后，该槽呈现电极的轻微结垢和分隔体的可忽略的堵塞。
对比例1
在等效的电化学槽中，使用相同废料但没有外部添加硫酸铁来重复实施例1的试验。在110小时后停止试验，此时该槽电压从初始的7.35V达到8V的值，残留的COD略高于900mg/l的氧。
在拆卸后，除了阴极表面和分隔体的坚固结垢以外，该槽在阳极表面上还呈现出灰色着色的橡胶状涂层，不可能将其机械地移除而不破坏催化活化。在先前的试验后保持清洁的槽壁也显现出灰色着色的橡胶状和粘性涂层的迹象。
前面的说明不应视为限制本发明，其可根据不同的实施方案来使用而不脱离其范围，并且其程度仅通过所附的权利要求书来进行限定。
贯穿本申请的说明书和权利要求书，术语“包含(comprise)”及其变体例如“包括(comprising)”和“含有(comprises)”并不意欲排除其它元件、部件或额外的工艺步骤的存在。
仅出于提供本发明的上下文的目的在本申请文件中包含了文件、条例、材料、设备、制品等的讨论。这并没有暗示或代表任何或所有这些内容形成现有技术基础的一部分，或是在本申请的每个权利要求的优先权日前与本发明相关领域的普通常识。

Claims (8)

1.适于降低包含含油化合物、二醇或蜡的铸造废水的化学需氧量的电极，其包含：
a)永久部件；和
b)面对面布置且可脱离地附接于永久部件并与其电接触的牺牲部件，
所述永久部件由配备有包含贵金属或其氧化物的催化涂层的阀金属的基材组成，所述牺牲部件包含单质铁。
2.根据权利要求1的电极，其中所述牺牲部件包括钩连至所述永久部件的金属网或线。
3.根据权利要求1或2的电极，其中所述牺牲部件与所述永久部件同等延伸。
4.根据前述任一权利要求的电极，其中所述催化涂层包含与钛和/或钽的氧化物混合的钌和/或铱的氧化物。
5.用于降低包含含油化合物、二醇或蜡的工业铸造废水的化学需氧量的电化学系统，其包含电解槽，该电解槽包含作为阳极操作的根据前述任一权利要求的电极和作为阴极操作的阀金属或钢的电极。
6.用于降低工业废水的化学需氧量的电化学系统，其包含电解槽，该电解槽包含一对根据权利要求1到4中任一项的电极，它们中的每个交替极化为阳极和阴极。
7.根据权利要求5或6的系统，其包含液压连接到所述电解槽的沉降和/或过滤装置。
8.根据权利要求5到7中任一项的系统，其包含所述电解槽下游的反渗透装置。
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