CN107973611B - 用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料和生产其的方法 - Google Patents

用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料和生产其的方法 Download PDF

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CN107973611B
CN107973611B CN201710753437.6A CN201710753437A CN107973611B CN 107973611 B CN107973611 B CN 107973611B CN 201710753437 A CN201710753437 A CN 201710753437A CN 107973611 B CN107973611 B CN 107973611B
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ceramic
fibers
binder
low density
xanthan gum
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R·舒伯特
B·亚哈塔
J·凯乐迪斯凯
S·E·雷曼
V·恒
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Abstract

本发明的题目是用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料和生产其的方法。提供了用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料。前体材料包括耐火纤维的主体和与耐火纤维的主体混合的粘合剂。前体材料进一步包括与粘合剂和耐火纤维的主体混合的粘度控制添加剂以提供具有大约0.3厘泊和大约150,000厘泊之间的粘度的整体混合物。整体混合物可以被挤出通过喷嘴以制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件。前体材料通过如下被生产:获得耐火纤维浆料,和添加粘度控制添加剂至浆料以给浆料提供适合于通过喷嘴挤出的粘度以制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件。

Description

用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料和生产 其的方法
技术领域
本申请涉及增材制造,并且具体地涉及用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料和生产其的方法。
背景技术
需要以均匀的、一致的和可预测的方式沉积用于增材制造(即,三维印刷)低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料。已知的陶瓷前体材料通常在难以以受控方式沉积的非均匀悬浮液中。此困难是由于悬浮液的流变性质,比如粘度和剪切稀化性质,其与在增材制造过程期间通过喷嘴悬浮液的挤出相关。
可以改变悬浮液的流变性质以使得悬浮液在增材制造过程期间易于以受控方式沉积。然而,悬浮液的流变性质的这样的改变还可能干扰烧结过程,并且因此,使制造的陶瓷零件的最终性质降级。将期望的是提供克服已知的陶瓷前体材料的缺点的陶瓷前体材料。
发明内容
在一方面,前体材料被提供用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件。前体材料包括耐火纤维的主体和与耐火纤维的主体混合的粘合剂。前体材料进一步包括与粘合剂和耐火纤维的主体混合的粘度控制添加剂以提供具有大约0.3厘泊和大约150,000厘泊之间的粘度的整体混合物。整体混合物可以通过喷嘴被挤出以制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件。
在另一方面,提供了生产用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料的方法。方法包括获得耐火纤维浆料,和添加粘度控制添加剂至浆料以给浆料提供适合于通过喷嘴挤出的粘度以制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件。
在又另一方面,提供了生产用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料的方法。方法包括获得包含陶瓷纤维的主体的水性陶瓷纤维浆料,和在水性陶瓷纤维浆料被加热前添加黄原胶以给浆料提供适合于通过喷嘴挤出的粘度以制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件,所述陶瓷纤维的主体包括大约50重量百分比至大约80重量百分比的二氧化硅纤维和大约20重量百分比至大约50重量百分比的氧化铝纤维。所述黄原胶具有粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体的重量的大约0.25%和大约2.5%之间的重量。
其它方面将由以下具体实施方式、附图和所附的权利要求变得显而易见。
附图说明
图1是描绘根据用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的实例实施方式生产陶瓷前体材料的方法的流程图。
图2是描绘根据用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的另一个实例实施方式生产陶瓷前体材料的方法的流程图。
图3是使用根据实例实施方式生产的陶瓷前体材料制造的低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的耐火纤维的显微照片。
图4是图3的显微照片的放大部分。
图5是使用已知的陶瓷前体材料制造的陶瓷零件的耐火纤维的显微照片。
图6是图5的显微照片的放大部分。
图7是实例制造的陶瓷零件在烧结后的示图。
图8是图7的陶瓷零件在粗糙表面加工后的示图。
具体实施方式
本公开内容涉及用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料和生产其的方法。陶瓷前体材料的具体构造和在其中实施陶瓷前体材料的工业可以改变。将理解的是下面的公开内容提供了用于实施多种实施方式的不同特征的许多实施方式或实例。描述组件和布置的具体实例以简化本公开内容。这些仅仅是实例并且不意欲是限制性的。
举例而言,下面的公开内容描述了用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料和生产其的方法,其可以由制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷绝缘零件的原始设备制造商(OEM)按照军事和航天规定实施。
参考图1,流程图100描绘了根据实施方式生产用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料的实例方法。在框102中,获得耐火纤维浆料。过程然后行进至框104。在框104中,粘度控制添加剂被添加至耐火纤维浆料。粘度控制添加剂给浆料提供适合于通过喷嘴挤出的粘度以制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件。过程然后结束。
在一些实施方式中,获得耐火纤维浆料包括加热包含陶瓷纤维的主体的水性陶瓷纤维浆料,所述陶瓷纤维的主体包括大约50重量百分比至大约80重量百分比的二氧化硅纤维和大约20重量百分比至大约50重量百分比的氧化铝纤维。
在一些实施方式中,加热水性陶瓷纤维浆料包括加热水性陶瓷纤维浆料以蒸掉大约50重量百分比的水性陶瓷纤维浆料的水。
在一些实施方式中,添加粘度控制添加剂至浆料包括在加热水性陶瓷纤维浆料前添加黄原胶,所述黄原胶具有粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体的重量的大约0.25%和大约2.5%的之间的重量。
在一些实施方式中,方法进一步包括在添加黄原胶至粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体前使异丙醇与黄原胶混合。
在一些实施方式中,方法进一步包括离轴离心混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物大约15秒至大约180秒。如已知的,离轴离心混合器是对混合具有非常不同或非常高粘度的组分有用的混合器类型。
在一些实施方式中,方法进一步包括搅拌混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物大约0.25小时至大约5.0小时。
在一些实施方式中,方法进一步包括在已经搅拌混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物后去除异丙醇。
参考图2,流程图200描绘了根据另一个实施方式生产用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料的另一个实例方法。在框202中,获得水性陶瓷纤维浆料。水性陶瓷纤维浆料包含陶瓷纤维的主体,其包括大约50重量百分比至大约80重量百分比的二氧化硅纤维和大约20重量百分比至大约50重量百分比的氧化铝纤维。过程然后行进至框204。在框204中,加热水性陶瓷纤维浆料以蒸掉大约50重量百分比的水性陶瓷纤维浆料的水。过程然后行进至框206,并且在同时与框210并行。
在框206中,称重黄原胶粉末的量。在一些实施方式中,在加热水性陶瓷纤维浆料前,添加的黄原胶具有粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体的重量的大约0.25%和大约2.5%之间的重量。黄原胶给浆料提供适合于通过喷嘴挤出的粘度以制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件。过程行进至框208。
在如框208中显示的一些实施方式中,在黄原胶被添加至粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体前,异丙醇在瓶中与黄原胶混合。异丙醇提供了黄原胶与浆料的更好的混合。
在框206和208正在进行的同时,进行框210,其中在烧杯中搅拌来自框204的浆料直到出现“圆环(donut)”形状。过程从框210行进至框212。
在框212中,来自框208的黄原胶和异丙醇的混合物被缓慢地添加至来自框210的包含浆料的烧杯。然后,在框214中,当烧杯中的混合物均匀时,离心混合物直到光滑。在一些实施方式中,离轴离心混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物大约15秒至大约180秒。在一些实施方式中,离心混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物大约30秒。过程行进至框216。
在框216中,搅拌光滑的混合物直到获得用于三维印刷的期望的稠度。在一些实施方式中,搅拌混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物大约0.25小时至大约5.0小时。过程然后行进至框218,其中在已经搅拌混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物后从期望稠度的混合物去除异丙醇。过程然后结束。
根据上面描述的实例实施方式生产的前体材料适合于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件。在一些实施方式中,前体材料包括耐火纤维的主体、与耐火纤维的主体混合的粘合剂、和与粘合剂和耐火纤维的主体混合的粘度控制添加剂以提供具有大约0.3厘泊和大约150,000厘泊之间的粘度的整体混合物。整体混合物可以通过喷嘴被挤出以制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件。
在一些实施方式中,耐火纤维的主体包括陶瓷纤维的主体,其包括大约50重量百分比至大约80重量百分比的二氧化硅纤维和大约20重量百分比至大约50重量百分比的氧化铝纤维。
在一些实施方式中,在使粘度控制添加剂与粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体混合前,粘度控制添加剂包括黄原胶,其具有粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体的重量的大约0.25%和大约2.5%之间的重量。
在一些实施方式中,在使粘度控制添加剂与粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体混合前,粘度控制添加剂包括聚乙二醇(PEG),其具有粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体的重量的大约0.25%和大约2.5%之间的重量。在一些实施方式中,PEG在按质量计大约1∶5的比率(PEG∶浆料悬浮液)中具有大约2000至大约10,000范围内的数均分子量(Mn)。在一些实施方式中,具有大约10,000的Mn的PEG具有其中浆料悬浮液的沉降时间增加并且浆料悬浮液保持均匀持续较长时间的显著作用。
在一些实施方式中,在使粘度控制添加剂与粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体混合前,粘度控制添加剂包括聚氧化乙烯(PEO),其具有粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体的重量的大约0.25%和大约2.5%之间的重量。
在一些实施方式中,例如,粘合剂包括合适的粘合剂材料,比如热塑性粘合剂。在一些实施方式中,粘合剂是液体。在一些实施方式中,粘合剂是固体。
以下实施例说明了根据实施方式生产陶瓷前体材料的方法。实施例意欲说明但绝不限制本发明的范围。
实施例
水性陶瓷纤维浆料作为原料浆料获得。实例水性陶瓷纤维浆料在波音公司的美国专利号6,716,782中被公开。可以被用作原料浆料的其它水性陶瓷纤维浆料是可能的。
在100℃下在热板上加热浆料以蒸掉按质量计大约50%的水。浆料然后被放置入烧杯。以浆料的质量的大约1%的量称取黄原胶粉末。称取的黄原胶粉末被添加至具有足够的异丙醇的瓶以达到粉末水平以上大约一英寸。通过手摇动瓶直到黄原胶和异丙醇的混合物良好地分散。浆料的烧杯被放入台式剪切搅拌器,并且调节搅拌速度直到出现“圆圈”形状。搅拌速度在大约1300转/分钟(rpm)至大约1700rpm的范围中。
黄原胶和异丙醇的混合物然后被缓慢地添加至烧杯,同时搅拌。根据需要添加异丙醇以实现良好的混合。一旦烧杯中的混合物是相对均匀的,其在2100rpm下被离心混合大约30秒直到光滑。烧杯中的混合物然后被放入台式剪切搅拌器大约0.5小时直到获得用于三维印刷的良好的稠度。然后在80℃下在热板上加热烧杯中的混合物过夜——根据需要进行搅拌——以去除异丙醇。通过将烧杯放置在真空炉中直到烧杯中混合物的起泡停止,最后的异丙醇被去除。在最后的异丙醇被去除后,从而产生陶瓷前体材料。在被放置入三维打印机和挤出以制造陶瓷零件前,生产的陶瓷前体材料可以被搁置(只要注意通过蒸发的失水)。
当生产的陶瓷前体材料准备放置入三维打印机时,材料在印刷前立即被放入台式搅拌器大约一小时以确保均匀的混合物。然后在被放置入三维打印机前,在大约2100rpm下离心混合陶瓷前体材料大约30秒用于最终光滑化。
在一些实施方式中,产生的陶瓷前体材料的密度在大约四磅/立方英尺(pcf)和大约25pcf之间。在一些实施方式中,陶瓷前体材料的密度是大约17pcf。
参考图3,图解了使用根据实施方式生产的前体材料制造的低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的耐火纤维的显微照片300。图4是图3的显微照片的放大部分400。图5是使用已知的陶瓷前体材料制造的陶瓷零件的耐火纤维的显微照片500。图6是图5的显微照片的放大部分600。
通过比较在图3和4中显示的制造的陶瓷零件的纤维取向与在图5和6中显示的现有技术制造的陶瓷零件的纤维取向,可以说明生产的上面描述的前体材料的有利结果。如图3中最佳显示的,大多数纤维垂直于印刷方向(即,铸造方向)取向。在纤维与纤维接合处还存在具有高度结合的“团块(glob)”(图4中最佳显示的)。在图3和4中显示的陶瓷或耐火纤维的取向具有在光学显微术或扫描电子显微术下可以观察到的可辨认的图案。
上文描述的根据实例实施方式生产的前体材料可以用于制造任何低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件。具体而言,生产的前体材料可以用于制造低密度、机械稳定的陶瓷或具有用于高温应用的冷却特征的耐火隔热板。
图7和8中图解了使用根据实例实施方式生产的陶瓷前体材料制造的实施陶瓷零件。图7显示了烧结后的陶瓷零件。图8显示了粗糙表面加工后的图7的陶瓷零件。
应当明显的是粘度控制添加剂提供均匀的浆料混合物,防止混合物分离,并且在挤出期间最小化颗粒分离。粘度控制添加剂还帮助形成期望的孔隙度以及提供均匀的孔隙度分布。具体而言,粘度控制添加剂改进与陶瓷前体材料的挤出相关的流变性质,比如粘度或剪切稀化,而不干扰烧结或使制造的陶瓷零件的最终材料性质降级。
更具体地,粘度控制添加剂将浆料混合物的粘度精确地控制在给定的范围内以向前体材料提供高粘度,进而最小化流动。前体材料一旦沉积在平台上就不再流动。粘度控制添加剂还向前体材料中的纤维提供稳定性以最小化聚集或沉降。
前体材料的改进的剪切稀化性质使能够高效和彻底混合,并且促进前体材料的挤出。剪切稀化性质使得前体材料通过喷嘴(比如在三维打印机中)被挤出以产生期望的特征。纤维的均匀性在挤出期间被维持。前体材料还从喷嘴干净地分离而不“拖”在已经沉积的材料上。因而,粘度控制添加剂充当增稠剂,并且防止微粒沉降以便通过喷嘴挤出。
还应当明显的是生产的陶瓷前体材料是液体中非均匀混合的纤维的形式,其可以用于增材制造过程以生产近终形(near-net shape)陶瓷零件。出于近终形中自由形态(free-form)沉积的目的,液体中非均匀混合的纤维可以一致地流动通过三维打印机的喷嘴。近终形陶瓷零件的增材制造是免工具制造过程,其降低接触劳动和机器成本。这导致显著降低的用于加工和区段结合以形成终形(net shape)的成本。因而,结果是较少加工,较少废料,和降低的总体制造成本。
根据以下条款描述了进一步的方面:
条款16.生产用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料的方法,方法包括:
获得包括粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体的水性陶瓷纤维浆料,所述陶瓷纤维的主体包括大约50重量百分比至大约80重量百分比的二氧化硅纤维和大约20重量百分比至大约50重量百分比的氧化铝纤维;和
在加热水性陶瓷纤维浆料前,添加黄原胶以给浆料提供适合于通过喷嘴挤出的粘度以制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件,所述黄原胶具有粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体的重量的大约0.25%和大约2.5%之间的重量。
条款17.根据条款16的方法,其中获得水性陶瓷纤维浆料包括:
加热水性陶瓷纤维浆料以蒸掉大约50重量百分比的水性陶瓷纤维浆料的水。
条款18.根据条款16或17的方法,进一步包括:
在黄原胶被添加至粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体前,使异丙醇与黄原胶混合;
离轴离心混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物大约15秒至大约180秒;
搅拌混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物大约0.25小时至大约5.0小时;和
在已经搅拌混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物后,去除异丙醇。
条款19.根据条款18的方法,其中离轴离心混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物大约15秒至大约180秒包括离轴离心混合异丙醇、黄原胶、粘合剂、和陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物大约30秒。
条款20.根据条款18或19的方法,其中生产的前体材料的密度在大约四磅/立方英尺和大约25磅/立方英尺之间。
虽然上面的说明书根据军事和航空规定针对OEM描述了实例陶瓷前体材料和用于生产陶瓷前体材料的实例方法,但可想到的是实例陶瓷前体材料和方法可以根据可适用的工业标准在任何工业中实施。
虽然已经显示和描述了公开的实施方式的多个方面,但是本领域技术人员在阅读本说明书后可以想到修改。本申请包括这样的修改并且仅由权利要求的范围限定。

Claims (8)

1.用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料,所述前体材料包括:
耐火纤维的主体,其包括陶瓷纤维的主体,所述陶瓷纤维的主体包括50重量百分比至80重量百分比的二氧化硅纤维和20重量百分比至50重量百分比的氧化铝纤维;
与所述耐火纤维的主体混合的粘合剂;和
与所述粘合剂和所述耐火纤维的主体混合的粘度控制添加剂,以提供具有0.3厘泊和150,000厘泊之间的粘度的整体混合物,其中所述整体混合物可以被通过喷嘴挤出以制造所述低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件,
其中在使所述粘度控制添加剂与所述粘合剂和所述陶瓷纤维的主体混合前,所述粘度控制添加剂包括黄原胶,所述黄原胶具有所述粘合剂和所述陶瓷纤维的主体的重量的0.25%和2.5%之间的重量。
2.使用权利要求1所述的前体材料制造的低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件。
3.生产用于增材制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件的前体材料的方法,所述方法包括:
获得耐火纤维浆料,所述耐火纤维浆料包括陶瓷纤维的主体,所述陶瓷纤维的主体包括50重量百分比至80重量百分比的二氧化硅纤维和20重量百分比至50重量百分比的氧化铝纤维;
使粘合剂和所述陶瓷纤维的主体混合;和
添加粘度控制添加剂至所述浆料以给所述浆料提供适合于通过喷嘴挤出的粘度以制造低密度、高孔隙度陶瓷零件,其中所述粘度控制添加剂包括黄原胶,所述黄原胶具有所述粘合剂和所述陶瓷纤维的主体的重量的0.25%和2.5%之间的重量。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中获得耐火纤维浆料包括:
加热包括粘合剂和陶瓷纤维的主体的水性陶瓷纤维浆料。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中加热水性陶瓷纤维浆料包括:
加热所述水性陶瓷纤维浆料以蒸掉50重量百分比的所述水性陶瓷纤维浆料的水;或
其中添加粘度控制添加剂至所述浆料包括:
在加热所述水性陶瓷纤维浆料前添加所述黄原胶。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,进一步包括:
在所述黄原胶被添加至所述粘合剂和所述陶瓷纤维的主体前,使异丙醇与所述黄原胶混合;
离轴离心混合所述异丙醇、所述黄原胶、所述粘合剂、和所述陶瓷纤维的主体的混合物15秒至180秒。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,进一步包括:
搅拌混合所述异丙醇、所述黄原胶、所述粘合剂、和所述陶瓷纤维的主体的所述混合物0.25小时至5.0小时。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,进一步包括:
在已经搅拌混合所述异丙醇、所述黄原胶、所述粘合剂、和所述陶瓷纤维的主体的所述混合物后,去除所述异丙醇。
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