CN107849743A - 基于涂覆芯材料的纤丝 - Google Patents

基于涂覆芯材料的纤丝 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107849743A
CN107849743A CN201680040928.XA CN201680040928A CN107849743A CN 107849743 A CN107849743 A CN 107849743A CN 201680040928 A CN201680040928 A CN 201680040928A CN 107849743 A CN107849743 A CN 107849743A
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adhesive
fibril
shell material
core material
component
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CN107849743B (zh
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P·范德沙夫
B·因德比兹恩
M-C·赫尔曼
M·舍默尔
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BASF SE
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BASF SE
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01FCHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F1/00General methods for the manufacture of artificial filaments or the like
    • D01F1/02Addition of substances to the spinning solution or to the melt
    • D01F1/10Other agents for modifying properties
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01FCHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F8/00Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F8/04Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers
    • D01F8/06Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from synthetic polymers with at least one polyolefin as constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/16Metallic particles coated with a non-metal
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22FWORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/10Formation of a green body
    • B22F10/18Formation of a green body by mixing binder with metal in filament form, e.g. fused filament fabrication [FFF]
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/001Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
    • B29C48/0021Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with joining, lining or laminating
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/03Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种包含含无机粉末(IP)的芯材料(CM)的纤丝,并且芯材料(CM)涂覆有包含热塑性聚合物的壳材料(SM)层。此外,本发明涉及一种制备所述纤丝的方法,以及三维物体及其制备方法。

Description

基于涂覆芯材料的纤丝
本发明涉及一种包含含无机粉末(IP)的芯材料(CM)的纤丝,并且芯材料(CM)涂覆有包含热塑性聚合物的壳材料(SM)层。此外,本发明涉及一种制备所述纤丝的方法,以及三维物体及其制造方法。
一种最常用的3D打印技术或增材制造技术是熔融沉积成型(FDM),也称为熔丝制造方法(FFF)。为了制造三维物体,通常将提供在线轴上的热塑性材料的纤丝经由基座上的加热喷嘴逐层沉积。因此,将热塑性材料加热至超过其熔融温度和/或玻璃化转变温度的温度。选择热塑性材料和温度梯度,以便能使其在与基座或挤出的热塑性材料的前一层接触时基本上立即固化。
为了形成各层,提供驱动马达以沿着x、y和z轴以预定的模式使基座和/或挤出喷嘴(分配头)相对于彼此运动。US5,121,329首先描述了熔融沉积成型(FDM)。用于制造三维物体的典型材料为热塑性材料。只有在金属或陶瓷材料具有低熔点以使得其可由喷嘴加热和熔融时,才能通过熔丝制造来制造三维金属或陶瓷物体。如果金属或陶瓷材料具有高熔点,则必须将金属或陶瓷材料在粘合剂组合物中提供给挤出喷嘴。粘合剂组合物通常包含热塑性材料。当将金属或陶瓷材料在粘合剂中的混合物沉积至基座上时,所形成的三维物体为所谓的“生坯”,其包含处于粘合剂中的金属或陶瓷材料。为了接受所需的金属或陶瓷物体,必须除去粘合剂,最后必须将物体烧结。然而,没有提及使用包含无机粉末和粘合剂且涂覆有包含热塑性聚合物的壳材料(SM)的纤丝。
US5,738,817和US5,900,207描述了通过使用分散在粘合剂中的颗粒组合物的混合物来制造三维制品的熔融沉积成型方法。所述颗粒组合物包含陶瓷材料、元素态金属、金属合金和/或钢。所述粘合剂由聚合物、蜡、弹性体、增粘剂和增塑剂组成。通过烧除周期从制品中除去粘合剂,在此期间缓慢加热制品,以使粘合剂体系的一些组分熔融且从制品中流出。在将这些组分从制品中除去后,升高温度,粘合剂的其他组分热分解,并通过扩散和蒸发从制品中除去。该步骤d)的工艺非常耗时。此外,在蒸发之前粘合剂的熔融会导致制品变形;此外,高温可能导致表面起泡或制品内部开裂和/或分层。没有公开使用包含无机粉末和粘合剂且涂覆有包含热塑性聚合物的壳材料(SM)的纤丝。
US2012/0033002描述了一种使用热磁粉末和粘合剂体系的混合物通过熔丝制造来制造三维热磁物体的方法。该粘合剂体系包含聚合物如聚酯、聚砜、聚醚砜和苯乙烯共聚物。在打印三维物体之后,必须除去粘合剂。对于该步骤d),需要非常高的温度。如上所述,步骤d)所需的高温可能导致三维物体表面起泡、制品内部开裂和/或分层。没有提及包含涂覆有壳材料(SM)层的芯材料(CM)的纤丝。
US2012/0231225公开了用于基于挤出的增材制造系统的纤丝。这些纤丝包含第一热塑性聚合物的芯部分和第二热塑性聚合物的壳部分,其中第二热塑性聚合物的组成不同于第一热塑性材料。在US2012/0231225所公开的纤丝的一些实施方案中,芯部分和壳部分的材料显示出不同的结晶温度。这种结晶温度的差异是合乎需要的,因为这“减少了半结晶聚合物材料作为挤出路径沉积以形成3D模型层时的变形、内部应力和流挂”。所述的任何纤丝没有涉及无机材料。
EP15152349.5描述了在熔丝方法中使用包含无机粉末和粘合剂的混合物,以及通过熔丝制造方法制造三维物体的方法。然而,没有公开包含芯材料和额外的壳材料的纤丝。
WO2015/077262A1公开了作为3D打印输入物的纤丝,其包含分离的层或部分。这些层可包含不同的材料,例如聚合物、碳纤维、玻璃纤维、木纤维、纳米纤维素纤维或碳纳米管。然而,WO2015/077262A1没有公开作为芯材料的无机粉末和至少一种粘合剂以及作为壳材料的至少一种热塑性聚合物的组合。
本发明的目的是提供用于基于挤出的增材制造系统中的新型纤丝。
该目的通过一种包含涂覆有壳材料(SM)层的芯材料(CM)的纤丝实现,其中:
芯材料(CM)包含组分a)-c):
a)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为30-80体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
b)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为20-70体积%的包含组分b1)的至少一种粘合剂b),
b1)至少一种聚合物(P),
c)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为0-20体积%的至少一种添加剂(A),
并且壳材料(SM)包含组分d)-f):
d)基于壳材料(SM)总重量为75-100体积%的至少一种热塑性聚合物(TP),
e)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0-20体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
f)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0-25体积%的至少一种添加剂(A),其中壳材料(SM)层的厚度为0.05-0.5mm。
本发明纤丝的一个优点是与由相同芯材料(CM)制备但不具有壳材料(SM)的纤丝相比,它们具有更高的机械稳定性。特别地,本发明的纤丝可卷绕在线轴上,而不具有壳材料(SM)的纤丝通常太脆,因此不适合卷绕。
由于用于熔丝制造方法(FFF)的传统机器中的机械特性和因此本发明纤丝的加工性能主要由壳材料(SM)决定,因此与不含壳材料(SM)的纤丝相比,就芯材料(CM)的组成而言具有更大的变化自由度材料。例如,本发明的壳材料(SM)-芯材料(CM)设置允许在芯材料(CM)中使用显著更高负载量的无机粉末或者在芯材料(CM)中使用超低粘度的粘合剂和/或添加剂,这可能导更脆的芯。在不存在本发明的壳材料(SM)层下,在熔丝制造方法(FFF)中所用的常规机器中不可能持续供入高度脆性的材料。此外,本发明的纤丝也可能具有粘性或非常粘性的芯材料(CM),在不存在壳材料(SM)下,这将堵塞进料机构。因此,本发明的方法可实现在熔丝制造方法(FFF)中使用获得超低粘度或极粘的芯材料(CM)的纤丝。
芯材料(CM)在常规熔融沉积成型(FDM)方法中所用的加工温度和剪切速率下显示出良好的流动性。此外,芯材料(CM)的无机粉末(IP)和粘合剂(B)不发生分层,在硬化过程中通常不发生应力开裂。本发明的另一优点是粘合剂(B)可在低于粘合剂(B)熔点的温度下容易地除去,从而导致三维物体很少或甚至不发生变形。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,聚甲醛(POM)存在于粘合剂(B)中。作为粘合剂(B)组分的聚甲醛(POM)显示出高结晶速率且快速硬化。此外,由于聚甲醛(POM)具有低摩擦系数,因此不将其称为粘性聚合物。
因此,令人惊讶的是尽管聚甲醛(POM)具有低摩擦系数,然而包含无机粉末(IP)和具有聚甲醛(POM)的粘合剂(B)的纤丝层彼此粘合,因此该粘合性使得纤丝可用于使用基于层的增材技术的熔融沉积成型(FDM)方法中。
下文将更详细地阐述本发明。
纤丝包括涂覆有壳材料(SM)层的芯材料(CM)。
纤丝可具有本领域技术人员认为合适的任何长度和/或直径。
纤丝的直径优选为1.5-3.5mm,更优选为2.0-3.1mm,最优选为2.6-3.0mm。
壳材料(CM)层可具有本领域技术人员认为合适的任何厚度。
优选地,壳材料(SM)层的厚度为0.05-0.5mm,更优选为0.09-0.3mm,最优选为0.1-0.25mm。
芯材料(CM)可具有本领域技术人员认为合适的直径。
芯材料的直径优选为1.5-3.0mm,更优选为1.9-2.7mm,最优选为2.2-2.7mm。
芯材料(CM)包含组分a)-c)。
芯材料(CM)包含作为组分a)的30-80体积%,优选40-68体积%,更优选50-65体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),基于芯材料(CM)的总体积。
就本发明而言,术语“组分(a)”和“无机粉末(IP)”是同义词,并且在本发明通篇中可互换使用。
作为组分a),可使用任何已知的无机粉末(IP)。优选使用可烧结的无机粉末(IP)作为组分a)。更优选地,无机粉末(IP)为选自金属、金属合金和陶瓷材料中的至少一种无机材料的粉末,最优选所述至少一种无机粉末为金属或金属合金,特别优选所述至少一种无机粉末为金属。
因此,本发明的另一主题为一种纤丝,其中无机粉末(IP)为选自金属、金属合金和陶瓷材料中的至少一种无机材料的粉末,优选所述至少一种无机粉末为金属或金属合金,特别优选地,所述至少一种无机粉末为金属。
“无机粉末(IP)”意指正好一种无机粉末(IP)以及两种或更多种无机粉末(IP)的混合物。这同样适用于术语“无机材料”。“无机材料”意指正好一种无机材料以及两种或更多种无机材料的混合物。
“金属”意指正好一种金属以及两种或更多种金属的混合物。本发明中的金属可选自元素周期表中的在熔丝制造方法的条件下是稳定的并且可形成三维物体的任何金属。优选地,所述金属选自铝、钇、钛、锆、钒、铌、铬、钼、钨、锰、铁、羰基铁粉(CIP)、钴、镍、铜、银、锌和镉,更优选金属选自钛、铌、铬、钼、钨、锰、铁、羰基铁粉(CIP)、镍和铜。特别优选地,所述金属选自钛、铁和羰基铁粉(CIP)。
羰基铁粉(CIP)是由纯化的五羰基铁化学分解制备的高纯度铁粉。
“金属合金”意指正好一种金属合金以及两种或更多种金属合金的混合物。在本发明的上下文中,术语“金属合金”意指具有金属性质且包含金属和另一种元素的固溶体或部分固溶体。如上所述,“金属”意指正好一种金属以及两种或更多种金属的混合物。这同样适用于“另一种元素”。“另一种元素”意指正好一种其他元素以及两种或更多种其他元素的混合物。
固溶体金属合金具有单一固相微结构,而部分固溶体金属合金具有两个或更多个固相。这两个或更多个固相可均匀分布在金属合金中,但它们也可不均匀地分布在金属合金中。
金属合金可根据本领域技术人员已知的任何方法制备。例如,可将金属熔融,可将另一种元素添加至熔融金属中。然而,也可将金属和其他元素直接添加至芯材料(CM)中,而不事先制备金属合金。然后,在制备三维物体的方法期间形成金属合金。
就金属而言,适用金属的上述实施方案和优选情形。
其他元素可选自上述金属。然而,所述其他元素不同于金属合金中包含的金属。
所述另一种元素可选自元素周期表的任何元素,其形成在熔丝制造方法的条件下稳定的金属合金,或者是稳定的或在熔丝制造方法的条件下与金属形成稳定的金属合金。在本发明的优选实施方案中,所述另一种元素选自上述金属、硼、碳、硅、磷、硫、硒和碲。特别优选地,所述至少一种其他元素选自上述金属、硼、碳、硅、磷和硫。
优选地,本发明的金属合金包括钢。
“陶瓷材料”意指正好一种陶瓷材料以及两种或更多种陶瓷材料的混合物。在本发明的上下文中,术语“陶瓷材料”意指金属或第一准金属的非金属化合物,以及非金属或第二准金属。
“金属”意指正好一种金属以及两种或更多种金属的混合物。这同样适用于“非金属”和“第一准金属”,以及“第二准金属”。“非金属”意指正好一种非金属以及两种或更两种非金属的混合物。“第一准金属”意指正好一种第一准金属以及两种或更多种第一准金属的混合物。“第二准金属”意指正好一种第二准金属以及两种或更多种第二准金属的混合物。
非金属本身是本领域技术人员所已知的。本发明的非金属可选自周期表的任何非金属。优选地,所述至少一种非金属选自碳、氮、氧、磷和硫。
准金属也是本领域技术人员所熟知的。第一准金属和第二准金属可选自周期表的任何准金属。优选地,第一准金属和/或第二准金属选自硼和硅。应清楚的是,第一准金属和第二准金属彼此不同。例如,如果第一准金属为硼,则第二准金属选自除硼以外的元素周期表的任何其他准金属。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,陶瓷材料选自氧化物、碳化物、硼化物、氮化物和硅化物。在优选的实施方案中,陶瓷材料选自MgO、CaO、SiO2、Na2O、Al2O3、ZrO2、Y2O3、SiC、Si3N4、TiB和AlN。特别优选地,陶瓷材料选自Al2O3、ZrO2和Y2O3
为了制备无机粉末(IP),必须将无机材料粉碎。为了粉碎无机材料,可使用本领域技术人员已知的任何方法。例如,可研磨无机材料。研磨例如可在带分级器超微粉碎磨、锤磨机或球磨机中进行。
羰基铁粉(CIP)通过纯化的五羰基铁的化学分解来制备。
用作组分a)的无机粉末(IP)的粒度优选为0.1-80μm,特别优选为0.5-50μm,更优选为0.1-30μm,通过激光衍射测量。
因此,本发明的另一主题为一种纤丝,其中无机粉末(IP)的粒度为0.1-80μm。
芯材料(CM)包含作为组分b)的20-70体积%,优选20-60体积%,更优选20-50体积%的至少一种粘合剂(B),基于芯材料(CM)的总体积。
就本发明而言,术语“组分b)”和“粘合剂(B)”是同义词,并且在本发明通篇中可互换使用。
粘合剂(B)包含组分b1),其为至少一种聚合物(P)。
优选地,粘合剂(B)包含50-96重量%,更优选60-90重量%,最优选70-85重量%的至少一种聚合物(P)作为组分b1),基于粘合剂(B)的总重量。
优选地,所述至少一种聚合物(P)为聚甲醛(POM)。
作为组分b1),可使用至少一种聚甲醛(POM)。本发明中的“至少一种聚甲醛(POM)”意指正好一种聚甲醛(POM)以及两种或更多种聚甲醛(POM)的混合物。
就本发明而言,术语“聚甲醛(POM)”包括聚甲醛(POM)本身,即聚甲醛(POM)均聚物,以及聚甲醛(POM)共聚物和聚甲醛(POM)三元共聚物。
聚甲醛(POM)均聚物通常通过聚合选自甲醛源(b1a)的单体而制备。
术语“甲醛源b1a)”涉及在制备聚甲醛(POM)的反应条件下可释放出甲醛的物质。
甲醛源b1a)有利地选自环状或直链缩甲醛,特别是选自甲醛和1,3,5-三烷。特别优选1,3,5-三烷。
聚甲醛(POM)共聚物本身是已知的并且可商购获得。它们通常通过聚合作为主要单体的三烷而制备。此外,伴随使用共聚单体。主要单体优选选自三烷和其他环状或直链缩甲醛或其他甲醛源b1a)。
措辞“主要单体”旨在表示这些单体在单体总量中的比例,即主要单体和共聚单体的总和大于共聚单体在单体总量中的比例。
非常普遍的是,本发明的聚甲醛(POM)在聚合物主链中具有至少50摩尔%的重复单元–CH2O–。合适的聚甲醛(POM)共聚物特别为包含重复单元–CH2O–和0.01-20摩尔%,特别是0.1-10摩尔%,非常特别优选0.5-6摩尔%的式(I)重复单元的那些:
其中:
R1-R4彼此独立地各自选自H、C1-C4烷基和卤素取代的C1-C4烷基;
R5选自化学键、(–CR5aR5b–)基团和(-CR5aR5bO–)基团,
其中:
R5a和R5b彼此独立地各自选自H和未取代的或至少单取代的C1-C4烷基,其中取代基选自F、Cl、Br、OH和C1-C4烷基;
n为0、1、2或3。
如果n为0,则R5为相邻碳原子和氧原子之间的化学键。如果R5为(-CR5aR5bO-)基团,则(-CR5aR5bO-)基团的氧原子(O)与式(I)的另一碳原子(C)键接,而不与式(I)的氧原子(O)键接。换言之,式(I)不包含过氧化合物。这同样适用于式(II)。
在本发明的上下文中,定义如C1-C4烷基,例如上文对式(I)中的基团R1-R4所定义的C1-C4烷基意指该取代基(基团)是具有1-4个碳原子数的烷基。烷基可为直链或支化的,也可任选为环状的。同时具有环状组分和直链组分的烷基同样落入该定义的范围内。烷基的实例为甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、仲丁基和叔丁基。
在本发明的上下文中,定义如卤素取代的C1-C4烷基,例如上文对式(I)中的基团R1-R4所定义的C1-C4烷基意指C1-C4烷基被至少一个卤素取代。卤素为F(氟)、Cl(氯)、Br(溴)和I(碘)。
式(I)的重复单元可有利地通过作为第一共聚单体(b1b)的环醚的开环而引入到聚甲醛(POM)共聚物中。优选通式(II)的第一共聚单体(b1b):
其中R1-R5和n具有上文对通式(I)所定义的含义。
作为第一共聚单体b1b),可提及例如氧化乙烯、1,2-氧化丙烯、1,2-氧化丁烯、1,3-氧化丁烯、1,3-二烷、1,3-二氧戊环和1,3-二氧杂环庚烷(=丁二醇缩甲醛,BUFO)作为环醚以及直链低聚甲醛或聚甲醛如聚二氧戊环或聚二氧杂环庚烷。1,3-二氧戊环和1,3-二氧杂环庚烷是特别优选的第一共聚单体(b1b),非常特别优选1,3-二氧杂环庚烷作为第一共聚单体b1b)。
可通过甲醛源与第一共聚单体(b1b)和第二共聚单体(b1c)的反应获得的聚甲醛(POM)聚合物同样是合适的。特别地,加入第二种共聚单体(b1c)可制备聚甲醛(POM)三元共聚物。
第二共聚单体(b1c)优选选自式(III)化合物和式(IV)化合物:
其中:
Z选自化学键、(-O-)基团和(-O-R6-O-)基团,
其中R6选自未取代的C1-C8亚烷基和C3-C8亚环烷基。
在本发明的范围内,诸如C1-C8亚烷基的定义意指C1-C8链烷二基。C1-C8亚烷基为具有两个自由价态且碳原子数为1-8的烃。本发明的C1-C8亚烷基可为支化或非支化的。
在本发明的上下文中,诸如C3-C8亚环烷基的定义意指C3-C8环烷二基。C3-C8亚环烷基为具有两个自由价态并且碳原子数为3-8的环状烃。具有两个自由价态、环状和直链组分以及3-8个碳原子数的烃同样落入该定义的范围内。
第二共聚单体(b1c)的优选实例为由缩水甘油基化合物和甲醛、二烷或三烷以2:1的摩尔比制得的亚乙基二缩水甘油醚,二缩水甘油醚和二醚,同样还有由2摩尔缩水甘油基化合物和1摩尔具有2-8个碳原子的脂族二醇制备的二醚,例如乙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,3-丁二醇、1,3-环丁二醇、1,2-丙二醇和1,4-环己二醇的二缩水甘油醚。
在一个优选实施方案中,组分b1)为通过聚合至少50摩尔%甲醛源、0.01-20摩尔%至少一种第一共聚单体(b1b)和0-20摩尔%至少一种第二共聚单体(b1c)而制得的聚甲醛(POM)共聚物。
在一个特别优选的实施方案中,组分(b1)为通过聚合80-99.98摩尔%,优选88-99摩尔%甲醛源,0.1-10摩尔%,优选0.5-6摩尔%至少一种第一共聚单体(b1b)和0.1-10摩尔%,优选0.5-6摩尔%至少一种第二共聚单体(b1c)而制得的聚甲醛(POM)共聚物。
在另一优选实施方案中,组分b1)为通过聚合至少50摩尔%甲醛源,0.01-20摩尔%至少一种式(II)的第一共聚单体(b1b)和0-20摩尔%至少一种选自式(III)化合物和式(IV)化合物的第二共聚单体(b1c)而制得的聚甲醛(POM)共聚物。
因此,本发明的另一主题为一种纤丝,其中组分b1)为聚甲醛(POM)共聚物,其通过聚合如下单体而制备:
-至少50摩尔%的甲醛源(b1a),
-0.01-20摩尔%的至少一种通式(II)的第一共聚单体(b1b):
其中:
R1-R4彼此独立地各自选自H、C1-C4烷基和卤素取代的C1-C4烷基;
R5选自化学键、(–CR5aR5b–)基团和(-CR5aR5bO–)基团,
其中:
R5a和R5b彼此独立地各自选自H和未取代的或至少单取代的C1-C4烷基,其中取代基选自F、Cl、Br、OH和C1-C4烷基;
n为0、1、2或3;
-0-20摩尔%的至少一种选自式(III)化合物和式(IV)化合物的第二共聚单体(b1c):
其中:
Z选自化学键、(-O-)基团和(-O-R6-O-)基团,
其中R6选自未取代的C1-C8亚烷基和C3-C8亚环烷基。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,聚甲醛(POM)的至少一些OH端基被封闭。封闭OH端基的方法是本领域技术人员所已知的。例如,OH端基可通过醚化或酯化封闭。
优选的聚甲醛(POM)共聚物具有至少150℃的熔点和5000-300000g/mol,优选6000-150000g/mol,特别优选7000-100000g/mol的重均分子量MW
特别优选具有2-15,优选2.5-12,特别优选3-9的多分散性(Mw/Mn)的聚甲醛(POM)共聚物。
重均分子量(Mw)和数均分子量(Mn)的测量通常通过凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)进行。GPC也称为尺寸排阻层析法(SEC)。
制备聚甲醛(POM)的方法是本领域技术人员所已知的。
此外,粘合剂(B)可包含组分b2)。
优选地,粘合剂(B)包含2-35重量%,更优选3-20重量%,最优选4-15重量%的组分b2)。
优选组分b2)为至少一种聚烯烃(PO)。本发明中的“至少一种聚烯烃(PO)”意指正好一种聚烯烃(PO)以及两种或更多种聚烯烃(PO)的混合物。
聚烯烃(PO)本身是已知的并且可商购获得。其通常通过聚合C2-C8烯烃单体而制备,优选通过聚合C2-C4烯烃单体而制备。
在本发明的上下文中,C2-C8烯烃意指具有2-8个碳原子和至少一个碳-碳双键(C-C双键)的未取代的或至少单取代的烃。“至少一个碳-碳双键”意指正好一个碳-碳双键以及两个或更多个碳-碳双键。
换言之,C2-C8烯烃意指具有2-8个碳原子的不饱和烃。所述烃可为支化或未支化的。具有一个C-C双键的C2-C8烯烃的实例为乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、2-丁烯、2-甲基丙烯(=异丁烯)、1-戊烯、2-戊烯、2-甲基-1-丁烯、3-甲基-1-丁烯、1-己烯、2-己烯、3-己烯和4-甲基-1-戊烯。具有两个或更多个C-C双键的C2-C8烯烃的实例为丙二烯、1,3-丁二烯、1,4-戊二烯、1,3-戊二烯、2-甲基-1,3-丁二烯(=异戊二烯)。
如果C2-C8烯烃具有一个C-C双键,则由这些单体制得的聚烯烃(PO)是线性的。如果在C2-C8烯烃中存在多于一个双键,则由这些单体制得的聚烯烃(PO)可交联。优选线性聚烯烃(PO)。
也可使用在制备聚烯烃(PO)期间通过使用不同的C2-C8烯烃单体而制备的聚烯烃(PO)共聚物。
优选地,聚烯烃(PO)选自聚甲基戊烯、聚1-丁烯、聚异丁烯、聚乙烯和聚丙烯。特别优选聚乙烯和聚丙烯及其共聚物,这些是本领域技术人员所已知的并且可商购获得。
聚烯烃(PO)可通过本领域技术人员已知的任何聚合方法,优选通过自由基聚合,例如通过乳液、珠粒、溶液或本体聚合而制备。取决于单体和聚合类型,可能的引发剂为自由基引发剂,例如过氧化合物和偶氮化合物,引发剂的量基于单体通常为0.001-0.5重量%。
粘合剂(B)可包含其他聚合物(FP)作为组分b3)。
就本发明而言,术语“组分b3)”和“其他聚合物(FP)”是同义词,在本发明通篇中可互换使用。
优选地,粘合剂(B)包含2-40重量%,更优选5-30重量%,最优选10-26重量%作为组分b3),基于粘合剂(B)的总重量。
本发明的组分(b3)为至少一种其他聚合物(FP)。本发明中的“至少一种其他聚合物(FP)”意指正好一种其他聚合物(FP)以及两种或更多种其他聚合物(FP)的混合物。
如上所述,所述至少一种其他聚合物(FP)不同于组分(b1),聚甲醛(POM)和组分(b2),聚烯烃(PO)。
根据本发明,所述至少一种其他聚合物(FP)优选选自聚醚、聚氨酯、聚环氧化物、聚酰胺、乙烯基芳族聚合物、聚乙烯基酯、聚乙烯基醚、聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯及其共聚物。
因此,本发明的另一主题为一种纤丝,其中所述其他聚合物(FP)为至少一种选自如下组的其他聚合物(FP):聚醚、聚氨酯、聚环氧化物、聚酰胺、乙烯基芳族聚合物、聚乙烯基酯、聚乙烯基醚、聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯及其共聚物。
优选地,组分(b3)—所述至少一种其他聚合物(FP)选自聚(C2-C6氧化烯)、脂族聚氨酯、脂族非交联环氧化物、脂族聚酰胺、乙烯基芳族聚合物、脂族C1-C8羧酸的聚乙烯基酯、C1-C8烷基乙烯基醚的聚乙烯基醚、C1-8烷基的聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯及其共聚物。
下文更详细地描述了优选的至少一种其他聚合物(FP)。
聚醚包含式(V)的重复单元:
其中:
R11-R14彼此独立地各自选自H、C1-C4烷基和卤素取代的C1-C4烷基;
R15选自化学键、(–CR15aR15b–)基团和(-CR15aR15bO–)基团,
其中:
R15a和R15b彼此独立地各自选自H和未取代的或至少单取代的C1-C4烷基,其中取代基选自F、Cl、Br、OH和C1-C4烷基;
n为0、1、2或3。
如果n为0,则R15为相邻碳原子和氧原子之间的化学键。如果R15为(-CR15aR15bO-)基团,则(-CR15aR15bO-)基团的氧原子(O)与式(V)的另一碳原子(C)键接,而不与式(V)的氧原子(O)键接。换言之,式(V)不包括过氧化合物。这同样适用于式(VI)。
典型的聚醚及其制备是本领域技术人员所已知的。
本发明的优选聚醚例如为聚亚烷基二醇,也称为聚氧化烯。
聚氧化烯及其制备是本领域技术人员所已知的。其通常通过水和二元醇或多元醇与环醚,即通式(VI)的氧化烯的相互反应来合成。该反应由酸性或碱性催化剂催化。该反应是通式(VI)的环醚的所谓开环聚合。
其中R11-R15具有与上文对式(V)所定义的相同含义。
本发明的优选聚氧化烯衍生自环中具有2-6个碳原子的通式(VI)的单体。换言之,聚氧化烯优选为聚(C2-C6氧化烯)。特别优选衍生自选自如下组的单体的聚氧化烯:1,3-二氧戊环、1,3-二氧杂环庚烷和四氢呋喃(IUPAC名称:氧杂环戊烷)。换言之,聚氧化烯特别优选选自聚1,3-二氧戊环、聚1,3-二氧杂环庚烷和聚四氢呋喃。
在一个实施方案中,聚氧化烯可包含OH端基。在另一实施方案中,聚氧化烯的至少一些OH端基可被封闭。封闭OH端基的方法是本领域技术人员所已知的。例如,OH端基可通过醚化或酯化封闭。
聚氧化烯的重均分子量优选为1000-150000g/mol,特别优选为15000-120000g/mol,更优选为2000-100000g/mol。
聚氨酯是具有氨基甲酸酯单元的聚合物。聚氨酯及其制备是本领域技术人员所已知的。
在本发明中,脂族聚氨酯是优选的。其可例如通过脂族多异氰酸酯和脂族多羟基化合物的加聚而制备。在多异氰酸酯中,优选通式(VII)的二异氰酸酯:
其中:
R7为取代或未取代的C1-C20亚烷基或C4-C20亚环烷基,其中取代基选自F、Cl、Br和C1-C6烷基。
优选R7为取代或未取代的C2-C12亚烷基或C6-C15亚环烷基。
在本发明的范围内,诸如C1-C20亚烷基的定义意指C1-C20链烷二基。C1-C20亚烷基是具有两个自由价态并且碳原子数为1-20的烃。本发明的C1-C20亚烷基可为支化或未支化的。
在本发明的上下文中,诸如C4-C20亚环烷基的定义意指C4-C20环烷二基。C4-C20亚环烷基是具有两个自由价态并且碳原子数为4-20的环状烃。具有两个自由价态、环状和直链组分以及4-20个碳原子数的烃也落入该定义的范围之内。
优选的二异氰酸酯选自六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、2,2,4-三甲基六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、2,4,4-三甲基六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、1,2-二异氰酸酯基甲基环己烷、1,4-二异氰酸基甲基环己烷和异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IUPAC名称:5-异氰酸酯基-1-(异氰酸酯基甲基)-1,3,3-三甲基环己烷)。
二异氰酸酯也可以以低聚物的形式使用,例如二聚体或三聚体形式。代替多异氰酸酯,也可使用由所述异氰酸酯得到的常规封闭多异氰酸酯,例如通过苯酚或己内酰胺的加成反应。
用于制备脂族聚氨酯的合适多羟基化合物例如为聚酯、聚醚、聚酯酰胺或聚缩醛或其混合物。
用于制备聚氨酯的合适扩链剂为低分子量多元醇,特别是二元醇和多元胺,特别是二元胺或水。
聚氨酯优选为热塑性的,因此优选基本上未交联的,即其可反复熔融而没有明显的分解迹象。其降低的比粘度通常为0.5-3dl/g,优选为1-2dl/g,在30℃下在二甲基甲酰胺中测定。
聚环氧化物包含至少两个环氧基。环氧基也称为缩水甘油基或环氧乙烷基团。“至少两个环氧基团”意指正好2个环氧基以及3个或更多个环氧基。
聚环氧化物及其制备是本领域技术人员所已知的。例如,聚环氧化物通过表氯醇(IUPAC名称:氯甲基环氧乙烷)与二醇、多元醇或二羧酸的反应而制备。以此方式制得的聚环氧化物为具有环氧端基的聚醚。
制备聚环氧化物的另一种可能性是(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(IUPAC名称:环氧乙烷-2-基甲基-2-甲基丙-2-烯酸酯)与聚烯烃或聚丙烯酸酯的反应。这导致具有环氧端基的聚烯烃或聚丙烯酸酯。
优选使用脂族非交联聚环氧化物。表氯醇和2,2-双-(4-羟基苯基)-丙烷(双酚A)的共聚物是特别优选的。
组分b3)(所述至少一种其他聚合物(FP))也可包含聚酰胺。优选脂族聚酰胺。
合适的聚酰胺的特性粘度通常为150-350ml/g,优选为180-275ml/g。此处,特性粘度根据ISO 307在25℃下由聚酰胺在96重量%硫酸中的0.5重量%溶液测定。
优选的聚酰胺为半结晶或无定形聚酰胺。
适合作为组分(b3)的聚酰胺的实例为衍生自具有7-13个环成员的内酰胺的那些。其他合适的聚酰胺是通过二羧酸与二胺反应获得的那些。
可提及的衍生自内酰胺的聚酰胺的实例为衍生自聚己内酰胺、聚辛内酰胺和/或聚月桂内酰胺的聚酰胺。
如果使用可由二羧酸和二胺获得的聚酰胺,则可使用的二羧酸是具有6-14个碳原子,优选6-10个碳原子的链烷二羧酸。芳族二羧酸也是合适的。
此处作为二羧酸可提及的实例为己二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、十二烷二羧酸,以及对苯二甲酸和/或间苯二甲酸。
合适二胺的实例为具有4-14个碳原子的链烷二胺,特别是具有6-8个碳原子的链烷二胺,以及芳族二胺,例如间苯二甲撑二胺、二(4-氨基苯基)甲烷、二(4-氨基环己基)甲烷、2,2-二(4-氨基苯基)丙烷、2,2-二(4-氨基环己基)丙烷和1,5-二氨基-2-甲基戊烷。
其他合适的聚酰胺是通过共聚上述和下述的两种或更多种单体而获得的那些,以及任何所需混合比例的多种聚酰胺的混合物。
优选的聚酰胺为聚己二酰己二胺、聚癸二酰己二胺和聚己内酰胺,以及尼龙6/6,6,其特别地具有75-95重量%己内酰胺单元的比例。
特别优选尼龙6与其他聚酰胺的混合物,特别是与尼龙6/6,6(PA 6/66)的混合物,特别优选80-50重量%的PA 6与20-50重量%的PA 6/66的混合物,其中PA 6/66包含基于所述混合物中PA 6/66的总重量为75-95重量%的己内酰胺单元。
以下非排他性列表包括上述聚酰胺,以及其他合适的聚酰胺,以及所包含的单体。
AB聚合物:
AA/BB聚合物:
优选的聚酰胺为PA 6、PA 66和PA PACM 6。
乙烯基芳族聚合物为具有未取代的或至少单取代的苯乙烯作为单体单元的聚烯烃。合适的取代基例如为C1-C6烷基、F、Cl、Br和OH。优选的乙烯基芳族聚合物选自聚苯乙烯、聚-α-甲基苯乙烯及其与至多30重量%的选自丙烯酸酯、丙烯腈和甲基丙烯腈的共聚单体的共聚物。
乙烯基芳族聚合物可商购获得并且是本领域技术人员所已知的。这些聚合物的制备也是本领域技术人员所已知的。
优选地,乙烯基芳族聚合物通过自由基聚合制备,例如通过乳液、珠粒、溶液或本体聚合制备。取决于单体和聚合类型,可能的引发剂为自由基引发剂,例如过氧化合物和偶氮化合物,引发剂的量基于单体通常为0.001-0.5重量%。
聚乙烯基酯及其制备是本领域技术人员所已知的。聚乙烯基酯优选通过乙烯基酯的聚合来制备。在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,乙烯基酯为脂族C1-C6羧酸的乙烯基酯。优选的单体为乙酸乙烯酯和丙酸乙烯酯。这些单体形成聚乙酸乙烯酯和聚丙酸乙烯酯聚合物。
聚乙烯醚通过聚合乙烯基醚单体而制备。聚乙烯基醚及其制备是本领域技术人员所已知的。在一个优选实施方案中,乙烯基醚为脂族C1-C8烷基醚的乙烯基醚。优选的单体为甲基乙烯基醚和乙基乙烯基醚,在聚合过程中形成聚甲基乙烯基醚和聚乙基乙烯基醚。
优选地,聚乙烯基醚通过自由基聚合制备,例如通过乳液、珠粒、溶液、悬浮液或本体聚合制备。取决于单体和聚合类型,可能的引发剂为自由基引发剂,例如过氧化合物和偶氮化合物,引发剂的量基于单体通常为0.001-0.5重量%。
本发明中的聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯包括聚丙烯酸烷基酯、聚甲基丙烯酸烷基酯及其共聚物。聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯包含衍生自式(VIII)单体的单元:
其中:
R8选自H和C1-C8烷基,
R9为式(IX)基团:
其中R10为C1-C14烷基。
优选地,R8选自H和C1-C4烷基,特别优选R8为H或甲基。优选地,R10为C1-C8烷基,特别优选R10为甲基或乙基。
如果式(VIII)中的R8为H并且R9为式(IX)的基团并且式(IX)中的R10为甲基,则式(VIII)单体为丙烯酸甲酯。
如果式(VIII)中的R8为H且R9为式(IX)的基团且式(IX)中的R10为乙基,则式(VIII)单体为丙烯酸乙酯。
如果式(VIII)中的R8为甲基且R9为式(IX)的基团,则式(VI)单体为甲基丙烯酸酯。
聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯包含优选40-100重量%的甲基丙烯酸酯,特别优选70-100重量%的甲基丙烯酸酯,更优选80-100重量%的甲基丙烯酸酯作为单体,各自基于聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯的总量。
在另一优选的实施方案中,聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯包含20-100重量%的丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯或其混合物,优选40-100重量%的丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯或其混合物,特别优选50-100重量%的丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯或其混合物作为单体,各自基于聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯的总重量。
具有或不具有其他单体的式(VIII)单体的该类聚合物可以以常规的,优选自由基聚合例如乳液、珠粒、溶液或本体聚合的方式来制备(参见Kirk-Othmer,Encyclopedia ofChemical Technology,第3版,第1卷,第330-342页,第18卷,第720-755页,J.Wiley;H.Rauch-Puntigam,Th.Acryl-und Methacrylverbindungen)。取决于单体和聚合类型,可能的引发剂为自由基引发剂,例如过氧基或过氧化合物和偶氮化合物。基于单体,引发剂的量通常为0.001-0.5重量%。
适用于乳液聚合的引发剂例如为用于本体聚合的过氧化二硫酸盐和氧化还原体系,不仅包括过氧化物如过氧化二苯甲酰或过氧化二月桂酰,而且包括偶氮化合物,例如偶氮二异丁腈,类似地在溶液或珠粒聚合的情况下。分子量可使用常规调节剂来调节,特别是硫醇,例如十二烷基硫醇。
优选地,聚合在升高的温度下进行,例如高于50℃。重均分子量(MW)通常为2000-5000000g/mol,优选为20000-3000000g/mol(通过光散射测定;参见HoubenWeyl,Methodender Org Chemie,第4版,第14/1卷,Georg Thieme-Verlag Stuttgart 1961)。
本领域技术人员知晓,上述用于制备组分b1)、b2)和b3)的单体可在聚合反应期间经历其结构变化。因此,聚合物的结构单元不同于它们所来源的单体。然而,本领域技术人员知晓哪些单体对应于聚合物的哪个结构单元。
在通过熔丝制造进行混配或加工的条件下,在组分b1)—聚甲醛(POM)和组分b3)—所述至少一种其他聚合物(FP)之间基本上不发生转缩醛化,即基本上不发生共聚单体单元的交换。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,芯材料(CM)中的粘合剂(B)除b1)之外还包含组分b2)和/或b3)。
在优选的实施方式中,粘合剂(B)除b1)之外还包含基于粘合剂(B)的总重量为2-35重量%的组分b2)和/或基于粘合剂(B)的总重量为2-40重量%的组分b3)。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,除b1)之外,粘合剂(B)还包含组分b2)和/或b3),其中:b2)为至少一种聚烯烃(PO),且在组分b)中的所述至少一种聚合物(P)为聚甲醛(POM)的情况下,b3)为至少一种其他聚合物(FP)。
芯材料(CM)包含作为组分c)的基于芯材料(CM)总体积为0-20体积%,优选为1.5-15体积%,更优选为2-10体积%的至少一种添加剂(A)。
作为组分c),可使用至少一种添加剂(A)。本发明的“至少一种添加剂(A)”意指正好一种添加剂(A)以及两种或更多种添加剂(A)的混合物。
添加剂(A)可选自已知的分散剂。实例为具有200-600g/mol的低分子量的低聚聚氧化乙烯、硬脂酸、硬脂酰胺、羟基硬脂酸、脂肪醇、脂肪醇、脂肪酸酯、磺酸盐以及氧化乙烯和氧化丙烯的嵌段共聚物,还有特别优选的聚异丁烯。
此外,添加剂(A)可选自稳定剂,如UV稳定剂和/或抗氧化剂。
添加剂(A)可选自颜料,例如有机染料和/或无机颜料。
添加剂(A)可选自增粘剂,例如玻璃化转变温度低于室温(优选低于25℃)的聚合物和/或萜烯衍生物。
添加剂(A)也可选自WO2013/117428A1中所公开的增粘剂。市售增粘剂的实例为A107。
基于WO2013/117428A1并且适用WO2013/117428A1中增粘剂组分的定义,作为增粘剂,优选使用包含至少一种重均分子量小于50000且玻璃化转变温度高于或等于-40℃至低于或等于0℃,优选高于或等于-35℃或等于0℃的水溶性分散聚合物的分散体,优选包含如下的单体混合物的聚合物:(a)至少40重量%的至少一种(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C20烷基酯,
(b)0-30重量%的至少一种乙烯基芳族化合物,
(c)至少0.1重量%的至少一种酸单体,
(d)0-50重量%的其他单体,
其中单体的量基于所有单体的总和。
此外,可如US4,767,813所公开并且如以下3段中所述的那样使用增粘剂。
根据US4,767,813,增粘剂可为松香或松香衍生物,其具有约25-110℃,优选约50-110℃的环球软化温度。
合适的增粘剂包括松香,氢化松香酯,松香甘油如三甘油松香酯,松香的C2-3亚烷基二醇酯如松香的三甘醇酯和松香的三丙二醇酯;松香盐,歧化松香盐,季戊四醇和包括α和β-蒎烯的多萜树脂。合适的树脂以商品名Staybelite Ester 3、Staybelite Ester 10、Pentalyn H和Hercolyn D销售。
增粘剂树脂可为具有约10-100℃,优选约50-100℃的环球软化点的C5或C9合成增粘剂树脂。合适的树脂以商品名Piccovar、Hercotac、Picconal和Piccolyte销售。这些增粘剂由C9单体聚合而成,优选芳族和C5单体,优选为脂族的。
壳材料(SM)包含组分d)-f)。
组分d)包含75-100体积%,优选85-100体积%,更优选95-100体积%的至少一种热塑性聚合物(TP),基于壳材料(SM)的总体积。
作为热塑性聚合物(TP),本领域技术人员可选择任何技术上合适的热塑性聚合物。
热塑性聚合物(TP)也可与芯材料(CM)的粘合剂(B)中使用的聚合物之一相同。
本发明中的“至少一种热塑性聚合物(TP)”意指正好一种热塑性聚合物(TP)以及两种或更多种热塑性聚合物(TP)的混合物。
所述至少一种热塑性聚合物(TP)可包含热塑性均聚物、热塑性共聚物以及热塑性聚合物的共混物。
优选地,所述热塑性聚合物(TP)选自聚甲醛(POM)、聚烯烃(PE)如聚丙烯、聚氨酯(PU)、聚酰胺(PA)、聚醚(PETH)、聚碳酸酯(PC)和/或聚酯(PES),如聚乳酸及其共混物。
更优选地,热塑性聚合物(TP)选自聚甲醛(POM)、聚丙烯和/或聚乳酸(PLA)及其共混物。
组分e)包含0-20体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),基于壳材料(SM)的总体积。
组分e)中的所述至少一种无机粉末(IP)与对芯材料(CM)中的组分a)所定义的无机粉末(IP)相同。
优选地,组分e)包含基于壳材料(SM)总体积为0体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),因此优选壳材料中不存在组分e)。
然而,在其中组分e)优选包含基于壳材料(SM)总体积为0体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP)的本发明实施方案中,壳材料(SM)中可存在基于壳材料(SM)总体积为小于1体积%的痕量无机粉末(IP)。
组分f)包含0-25体积%,优选0-15体积%,更优选0-5体积%的至少一种添加剂(A),基于壳材料(SM)的总重量。
组分f)中的所述至少一种添加剂(A)选自与组分c)中的添加剂(A)相同的化合物。组分f)中的所述至少一种添加剂(A)或组分f)中的添加剂(A)的组合可单独地不同于组分c)的所述至少一种添加剂(A)或组分c)的添加剂(A)的组合或者在本发明的单一实施方案中是相同的。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,芯材料(CM)包含组分a)、b)和c):
a)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为30-80体积%,优选为40-68体积%,更优选为50-65体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
b)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为20-70体积%,优选为20-60体积%,更优选为20-50体积%的包含组分b1)的至少一种粘合剂b),
b1)至少一种聚合物(P),
c)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为0-20体积%,优选为1.5-15体积%,更优选为2-10体积%的至少一种添加剂(A),
壳材料(SM)包含组分d)和f):
d)基于壳材料(SM)总重量为75-100体积%的至少一种热塑性聚合物(TP),
e)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0-20体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
f)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0-25体积%,优选为0-10体积%,更优选为0-5体积%,最优选为0-3体积%的至少一种添加剂(A),其中壳材料(SM)层的厚度为0.05-0.5mm,优选为0.09-0.3mm,更优选为0.1-0.25mm。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,芯材料(CM)包含组分a)、b)和c):
a)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为30-80体积%,优选为40-68体积%,更优选为50-65体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
b)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为20-70体积%,优选为20-60体积%,更优选为20-50体积%的包含组分b1)的至少一种粘合剂b),
b1)至少一种聚合物(P),
c)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为0-20体积%,优选为1.5-15体积%,更优选为2-10体积%的至少一种添加剂(A),
壳材料(SM)包含组分d)和f):
d)基于壳材料(SM)总重量为75-100体积%的至少一种热塑性聚合物(TP),
e)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0-20体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
f)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0-25体积%,优选为0-10体积%,更优选为0-5体积%,最优选为0-3体积%的至少一种添加剂(A)。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,芯材料(CM)包含组分a)和b):
a)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为30-80体积%,优选为40-68体积%,更优选为50-65体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
b)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为20-70体积%,20-60体积%,更优选为20-50体积%的包含组分b1)的至少一种粘合剂b),
b1)至少一种聚合物(P),
c)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为0-20体积%,优选为1.5-15体积%,更优选为2-10体积%的至少一种添加剂(A),
并且壳材料(SM)包含组分d):
d)基于壳材料(SM)总重量为100体积%的至少一种热塑性聚合物(TP),
e)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
f)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0体积%的至少一种添加剂(A),其中壳材料(SM)层的厚度为0.05-0.5mm,优选为0.09-0.3mm,更优选为0.1-0.25mm。
在本发明的另一实施方案中,芯材料(CM)包含组分a)和b):
a)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为30-80体积%,优选为40-68体积%,更优选为50-65体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
b)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为20-70体积%,20-60体积%,更优选为20-50体积%的包含组分b1)的至少一种粘合剂b),
b1)至少一种聚合物(P),
c)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为0-20体积%,优选为1.5-15体积%,更优选为2-10体积%的至少一种添加剂(A),
并且壳材料(SM)包含组分d):
d)基于壳材料(SM)总重量为100体积%的至少一种热塑性聚合物(TP),
e)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
f)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0体积%的至少一种添加剂(A)。
本发明的另一主题为一种制备纤丝的方法,其中通过将芯材料(CM)与壳材料(CM)共挤出来用壳材料(SM)层涂覆芯材料(CM)。
共挤出技术本身是本领域技术人员所已知的。
基于芯和壳材料的所用材料,本领域技术人员可选择相应的合适共挤出温度和工艺参数。
本发明的另一主题为一种通过熔丝制造方法制造三维生坯的方法,其至少包括步骤a)、b)、c):
a)将线轴上的纤丝提供给喷嘴,
b)将纤丝加热至温度(TM),
c)使用基于层的增材技术将步骤b)中获得的加热的纤丝沉积在构建室中以形成三维坯体。
用于制造三维物体的熔丝制造方法是现有技术所公知的,并且在上述引用文献中有详细说明。熔丝制造方法也称为3D打印方法。
根据步骤a),将线轴上的本发明纤丝提供给喷嘴。如果待制造的三维物体包含金属合金,则纤丝可包含已制备的金属合金的粉末或各金属合金组分(即如上所述的金属和其他元素)的粉末混合物。然后在制造三维物体期间形成金属合金。
根据步骤b),将纤丝加热至温度(TM)。温度(TM)高于粘合剂(B)的熔点。测定粘合剂(B)的熔点的方法是本领域技术人员所已知的。例如,粘合剂(B)的熔点可通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)来估算。
在本发明的优选实施方案中,在工艺步骤b)中,将纤丝加热至比粘合剂(B)的熔点高至少至少1℃,优选高至少5℃,特别优选高至少10℃的温度(TM)。
在另一优选实施方案中,将纤丝加热至140-240℃,优选160-220℃的温度(TM)。
因此,本发明的另一主题为一种制造三维生坯的方法,其中步骤b)中的温度(TM)为140-240℃。
根据步骤c),使用基于层的增材技术将纤丝沉积至构建室中。构建室的温度通常为30-100℃,优选为40-90℃,特别优选为50-80℃。
换言之,在本发明方法的步骤a)-c)中,纤丝通常首先以固态存在,然后熔融且印刷以形成包含纤丝的三维物体。如此制得的三维物体也称为“三维生坯”。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,工艺步骤c)之后为工艺步骤d),其中从三维生坯中除去至少一部分粘合剂(B)和/或至少一部分壳材料(SM)。
因此,本发明的另一主题为一种制造三维生坯的方法,其中步骤c)之后为步骤d),其中从三维生坯中除去粘合剂(B)的至少一部分酸敏感组分和/或壳材料(SM)的至少一部分酸敏感组分,从而形成三维褐坯(brown body)。
在至少部分除去粘合剂(B)和/或至少部分除去壳材料(SM)之后,得到的三维物体被称为“三维褐坯”。三维褐坯包含未在步骤d)中除去的无机粉末(IP)、粘合剂(B)级分和壳材料(SM)级分。本领域技术人员知晓,包含作为无机粉末(IP)的陶瓷材料的三维褐坯也称为三维白坯(white body)。然而,就本发明而言,术语“三维褐坯”和“三维白坯”同义使用并且可互换使用。
为了在工艺步骤d)中除去至少一部分粘合剂(B)和/或至少一部分壳材料(SM),优选用包含气态酸的气氛处理通过熔丝制造方法获得的三维生坯。适当的方法例如描述在US2009/0288739和US5,145,900中。根据本发明,该工艺步骤d)优选在比粘合剂(B)的熔融温度低的温度下进行。工艺步骤d)优选在比粘合剂(B)的熔点低至少1℃,优选比粘合剂(B)熔点低至少5℃,特别优选比粘合剂(B)的熔点低至少10℃的温度下进行。
因此,本发明的另一主题为一种制造三维生坯的方法,其中在步骤d)中,在比粘合剂(B)和/或壳材料(SM)的熔点低的温度下除去至少一部分粘合剂(B)和/或至少一部分壳体材料(SM)。
通常,工艺步骤d)在20-180℃,特别优选100-150℃的温度下进行。优选工艺步骤d)实施0.1-24小时,特别优选0.5-12小时的时间。
所需的处理时间取决于处理温度和处理气氛中的酸浓度以及三维物体的尺寸。
因此,本发明的另一主题为一种制造三维生坯的方法,其中在步骤d)中,通过酸处理除去至少一部分粘合剂和/或至少一部分壳材料(SM)。
用于本发明工艺步骤d)的合适酸例如为无机酸,其在室温下为气态或者可在处理温度或更低下蒸发。实例为卤化氢和硝酸。卤化氢为氟化氢、氯化氢、溴化氢和碘化氢。合适的有机酸为在大气压下沸点低于130℃的那些,例如甲酸、乙酸或三氟乙酸及其混合物。沸点高于130℃的酸,例如甲磺酸也可在工艺步骤d)中在作为与低沸点酸和/或水的混合物加入时使用。用于工艺步骤d)的优选酸为硝酸,10重量%的草酸水溶液或50体积%的甲磺酸在水中的混合物。
此外,可使用BF3及其与无机醚的加合物作为酸。
如果使用载气,则通常使载气事先通过酸并负载酸。然后,使以此方式负载酸的载气达到实施工艺步骤d)的温度。该温度有利地高于负载温度,以避免酸冷凝。优选地,工艺步骤d)实施的温度优选比负载温度高至少1℃,特别优选高至少5℃,最优选高至少10℃。
优选借助计量设备将酸混入载气中并将气体混合物加热至酸不再能冷凝的温度。优选地,所述温度比酸和/或载气的升华和/或蒸发温度高至少1℃,特别优选高至少5℃,最优选高至少10℃的温度。
载气通常为在步骤d)的反应条件下呈惰性的任何气体。本发明的优选载气为氮气。
本领域技术人员已知的是,在本发明的不同实施方案中,可能由粘合剂(B)和/或壳材料(SM)包含的所有组分由于其化学性质和物理性质而并非都在步骤d)中除去。
因此,在本发明的不同实施方案中可在步骤d)中除去的粘合剂(B)和/或壳材料(SM)部分可根据所用的具体化合物变化。
优选地,继续步骤d)直至粘合剂(B)和/或壳材料(SM)移除至至少40重量%,更优选至少60重量%,最优选至少80重量%,特别优选90重量%,更特别优选至少95重量%的程度,基于粘合剂(B)和/或壳材料(SM)的总重量计。这可例如用重量减轻的高度检查。
本领域技术人员已知的是,在步骤d)的温度下,三维生坯中所含的无机粉末(IP)可发生化学和/或物理反应。特别地,无机粉末(IP)的颗粒可熔合在一起,并且无机粉末可经历固相相变。
这同样适用于粘合剂(B)和壳材料(SM)。在步骤d)中,粘合剂(B)的组成可变化。
因此,在本发明的一个实施方案中,工艺步骤d)中获得的三维生坯中所含的无机粉末(IP)、粘合剂(B)和/或壳材料(SM)不同于工艺步骤c)中获得的三维褐坯中所含的无机粉末(IP)和/或粘合剂(B)。
工艺步骤d)之后可进行工艺步骤e),其中将三维褐坯烧结。工艺步骤e)也称为烧结。就本发明而言,术语“工艺步骤e)”和“烧结”是同义词,并且在本发明通篇中可互换使用。
因此,本发明的另一主题为一种制造三维生坯的方法,其中步骤d)之后为步骤e),其中将三维褐坯烧结以形成三维烧结体。
在烧结之后,三维物体为三维烧结体。三维烧结体包含无机粉末(IP)并且基本不含粘合剂(B)和壳材料(SM)。
根据本发明,“基本上不含粘合剂(B)和壳材料(SM)”意指三维烧结体包含小于5体积%,优选小于2体积%,特别优选小于0.5体积%,最优选小于0.01体积%的粘合剂(B)和壳材料(SM)。
本领域技术人员已知的是,在烧结过程中,将无机粉末(IP)烧结在一起,从而得到烧结的无机粉末。此外,在烧结过程中,无机粉末(IP)可发生化学和/或物理反应。因此,三维褐坯中所含的无机粉末(IP)通常不同于三维烧结体中所含的烧结无机粉末。
在本发明的一个实施方案中,在工艺步骤d)之后且在工艺步骤e)之前,将工艺步骤d)中获得的三维褐坯在优选为250-700℃,特别优选为250-600℃的温度下加热优选0.1-12小时,特别优选0.3-6h,以完全除去残余的粘合剂(B)和残余的壳材料(SM)。
工艺步骤e)中的温度以及持续时间和气氛取决于作为组分a)包含在混合物纤丝中的无机粉末。烧结过程的温度程序、持续时间和气氛通常根据作为组分a)包含在纤丝中的无机粉末(IP)的需要而改变。工艺步骤e)的合适条件是本领域技术人员所已知的。
通常,工艺步骤e)在对无机粉末(IP)和粘合剂(B)呈惰性的气体的气氛下进行。典型的惰性气体例如为氮气和/或氩气。
取决于纤丝中所含的无机粉末(IP),还可以在空气中、真空下或在氢气气氛下实施工艺步骤e)。
工艺步骤e)中的温度通常为750-1600℃,优选为800-1500℃,特别优选为850-1450℃。
本发明的其他主题还有通过上述方法制备的三维生坯、三维褐坯和三维烧结体。
以下实施例进一步阐述本发明。
实施例1)-3)(根据本发明)中的纤丝通过使用以下材料、设备和加工参数共挤出芯材料和壳材料而制备。
材料:
所有实施例1)-3)(根据本发明)的芯材料:
芯-60:60体积%的17-4PH不锈钢粉末(D50=12微米)、4.9体积%的LDPE、7体积%的聚(1,3-二氧杂环庚烷)和28.1体积%的聚缩醛(POM)
壳材料:
实施例1)(根据本发明):POM(聚缩醛;商品名:Ultraform)
实施例2)(根据本发明):PP HP 500N(聚丙烯)
实施例3)(根据本发明):PLA Ingeo 4043D(聚乳酸)
设备:
挤出设备:2台带有压缩3.08的聚烯烃螺杆8/6/11的Teach-Line E20T
挤出机
口模:改进的吹塑膜口模矩阵
附加设备:水浴
输送机BAW130T
Zumbach直径测量
处理参数:
所有聚合物在处理之前在80℃下使用空气干燥器和7m/分钟的输送速度进行干燥。
实施例1:
芯材料的芯:
使用“芯-60”的挤出机
区域1 185℃,区域2 190℃,Skin Adapter 190℃,口模190℃
螺杆速度35RPM
壳材料的外层:
与POM Ultraform Z2320共挤出
区域1 175℃,区域2 185℃,Skin adapter 190℃
螺杆速度45RPM
纤丝性质:
直径2.7mm,椭圆率0.03mm
芯直径:2.5mm
外层厚度:0.2mm
实施例2:
芯材料的芯:
使用“芯-60”的挤出机
区域1 185℃,区域2 190℃,Skin Adapter 190℃,口模190℃
螺杆速度35RPM
壳材料的外层:
与PP HP 500N共挤出
区域1 185℃,区域2 190℃,Skin adapter 190℃
螺杆速度65RPM
纤丝性质:
直径2.7mm,椭圆率0.03mm
芯直径:2.5mm
外层厚度:0.2mm
实施例3:
芯材料的芯:
“芯-60”的挤出机
区域1 185℃,区域2 190℃,Skin Adapter 190℃,口模190℃
螺杆速度35RPM
壳材料的外层:
与PLA Ingeo 4043D共挤出
区域1 185℃,区域2 190℃,Skin adapter 190℃
螺杆速度45RPM
纤丝性质:
直径:2.7mm,椭圆率0.03mm
芯直径:2.5mm
外层厚度:0.2mm

Claims (16)

1.一种包含涂覆有壳材料(SM)层的芯材料(CM)的纤丝,其中:
芯材料(CM)包含组分a)-c):
a)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为30-80体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
b)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为20-70体积%的包含组分b1)的至少一种粘合剂(B),
b1)至少一种聚合物(P),
c)基于芯材料(CM)总体积为0-20体积%的至少一种添加剂(A),
并且壳材料(SM)包含组分d)-f):
d)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为75-100体积%的至少一种热塑性聚合物(TP),
e)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0-20体积%的至少一种无机粉末(IP),
f)基于壳材料(SM)的总体积为0-25体积%的至少一种添加剂(A),其中壳材料(SM)层的厚度为0.05-0.5mm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的纤丝,其中粘合剂(B):
i)包含基于粘合剂总重量为50-96重量%的至少一种聚合物(P),和/或
ii)所述至少一种聚合物(P)为聚甲醛(POM)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的纤丝,其中芯材料(CM)中的粘合剂(B)进一步包含组分b2)和/或b3):
b2)至少一种聚烯烃(PO),
b3)在组分b)为聚甲醛(POM)的情况下,至少一种其他聚合物(FP)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的纤丝,其中粘合剂(B)包含基于粘合剂(B)的总重量为2-35重量%的组分b2)和/或基于粘合剂(B)的总重量为2-40重量%的组分b3)。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的纤丝,其中:
i)纤丝的直径为1.5-3.5mm,优选为2.0-3.1mm,更优选为2.6-3.0mm,和/或
ii)芯材料的直径为1.5-3.0mm,优选为1.9-2.7mm,更优选为2.2-2.7mm,和/或
iii)壳材料(SM)层的厚度为0.09-0.3mm,优选为0.1-0.25mm,和/或
iv)无机粉末(IP)的粒度为0.1-80μm,优选为0.5-50μm,更优选为0.1-30μm,和/或
v)无机粉末(IP)为选自金属、金属合金和陶瓷材料中的至少一种无机材料的粉末,和/或
vi)壳材料(SM)的所述至少一种热塑性聚合物(TP)选自聚甲醛(POM),聚烯烃(PE)如聚丙烯或聚乙烯,聚氨酯(PU),聚酰胺(PA),聚醚(PETH),聚碳酸酯(PC)和/或聚酯(PES)如聚乳酸及其共混物。
6.根据权利要求1-5中任一项所述的纤丝,其中组分(b1)中的聚合物(P)为甲醛(POM)共聚物,其通过聚合如下单体而制备:
-至少50摩尔%的甲醛源(b1a),
-0.01-20摩尔%的至少一种通式(II)的第一共聚单体(b1b):
其中:
R1-R4彼此独立地各自选自H、C1-C4烷基和卤素取代的C1-C4烷基;
R5选自化学键、(–CR5aR5b–)基团和(-CR5aR5bO–)基团,
其中:
R5a和R5b彼此独立地各自选自H和未取代的或至少单取代的C1-C4烷基,其中取代基选自F、Cl、Br、OH和C1-C4烷基;
n为0、1、2或3;
-0-20摩尔%的至少一种选自式(III)化合物和式(IV)化合物的第二共聚单体(b1c):
其中:
Z选自化学键、(-O-)基团和(-O-R6-O-)基团,
其中R6选自未取代的C1-C8亚烷基和C3-C8亚环烷基。
7.根据权利要求3所述的纤丝,其中所述其他聚合物(FP)为至少一种选自如下组的其他聚合物(FP):聚醚、聚氨酯、聚环氧化物、聚酰胺、乙烯基芳族聚合物、聚乙烯基酯、聚乙烯基醚、聚(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯及其共聚物。
8.一种制备根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的纤丝的方法,其中通过将芯材料(CM)与壳材料(SM)共挤出而用壳材料(SM)层涂覆芯材料(CM)。
9.一种通过熔丝制造方法制造三维生坯的方法,其至少包括步骤a)、b)、c):
a)将线轴上的根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的纤丝提供给喷嘴,
b)将纤丝加热至温度(TM),
c)使用基于层的增材技术将步骤b)中获得的加热的纤丝沉积在构建室中以形成三维坯体。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中步骤b)中的温度(TM)为140-240℃。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的方法,其中在步骤c)之后实施步骤d),其中将至少一部分粘合剂(B)和/或至少一部分壳材料(SM)从三维生坯中除去,从而形成三维褐坯。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中在步骤d)中:
i)通过酸处理除去粘合剂(B)和/或壳材料(SM),和/或
ii)在比粘合剂(B)和/或壳材料(SM)的熔点低的温度下除去粘合剂(B)和/或壳材料(SM)。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的方法,其中步骤d)之后为步骤e),其中将三维褐坯烧结以形成三维烧结体。
14.一种通过根据权利要求9或10所述的方法制备的三维生坯。
15.一种根据权利要求11或12所述的方法制备的三维褐坯。
16.一种通过根据权利要求13所述的方法制备的三维烧结体。
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