CN105755884A - 生产微纤纤维素的方法以及所产生的微纤纤维素 - Google Patents
生产微纤纤维素的方法以及所产生的微纤纤维素 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及微纤纤维素的生产过程,所述过程包括提供包含纤维素纤维的浆体,对浆体进行酶处理,对浆体进行机械处理从而使纤维解体,其特征在于机械处理和用酶进行的处理在单个处理步骤中同时进行。这样有可能以改进的和高效节能的方式生产MFC。发明还涉及按照所述过程生产的微纤纤维素。
Description
本发明是基于申请日为2010年6月23日,申请号为“201080030879.4”(国际申请号为PCT/IB2010/052850),发明名称为“生产微纤纤维素的方法以及所产生的微纤纤维素”的专利申请的分案申请。
发明领域
本发明涉及通过对纤维素纤维进行处理来生产微纤纤维素的过程。发明还涉及按照所述过程生产的微纤纤维素。
背景
纤维素纤维是由纤维素聚合物,即纤维素链构成的多组分结构。还可能存在木质素、戊聚糖和其他本领域已知的成分。纤维中的纤维素链互相附着形成原纤丝(elementaryfibrils)。几个原纤丝结合在一起形成微纤维(microfibrils),几个微纤维形成束。纤维素链、原纤丝和微纤维之间的连接是氢键。
微纤纤维素(MFC)(又称为纳米纤维素)是由纤维素纤维制成的材料,其中单个微纤维或微纤维束已经相互分离。MFC通常非常薄(~20nm),长度一般在100nm到10μm之间。然而,微纤维也可能较长,例如在10-100μm之间。
利用细菌生产纳米纤维素或微纤纤维素是另一种选择。与上述不同,这是一个以木纤维之外的其他原材料开始的生物合成过程。但是该过程成本昂贵和耗时。
还可以借助能够降解或溶解纤维的不同化学物质来生产微纤维。但是这样很难控制所形成的小纤维(fibrils)的长度,小纤维往往太短。
生产MFC的一个例子在WO2007091942中有描述。WO2007091942所描述的方法中,MFC是通过酶处理后进行精磨而制备的。
但是,对改进的微纤纤维素生产过程仍有需求。
发明概述
本发明的目的是提供以改良并且高效节能的方式生产微纤纤维素的过程。
根据权利要求1所述的过程可以实现这些目的和其他优势。通过在单个处理步骤中结合对纤维素纤维的机械处理和酶处理,有可能以非常高效节能的方式制备微纤纤维素(MFC)。通过独立权利要求可以实现这一点,从属权利要求中限定了所述过程的优选实施方案。
本发明涉及微纤纤维素的生产过程,所述过程的步骤包括提供包含纤维素纤维的浆体;对浆体进行酶处理、机械处理,使纤维被分解,其中机械处理和酶处理在单个处理步骤中同时进行。酶处理与机械处理相结合被证明可以实现对纤维的更有效的处理。
单个处理步骤,即机械和酶处理的结合,可以持续15分钟至25小时。产生预期微纤纤维素所需要的时间取决于例如机械处理的程度和使用的酶。
单个处理步骤中浆体的稠度(consistency)优选按重量是在4-45%之间,更优选按重量是10-30%之间。通过结合机械和酶处理有可能提高包含纤维的浆体的稠度。机械处理确保在即便稠度很高的情况下,酶能够作用于并有效地分解纤维。
单个处理步骤的温度优选低于95℃。最佳温度取决于所用的酶。过高的温度会杀死酶,因此重要的是,温度要保持在所用酶的最高工作温度以下,优选保持在酶的最佳工作温度。不同的酶对温度有不同的抗性,最高允许温度取决于处理过程中使用的酶。
所述酶优选是能够作用于纤维素的酶,比如纤维素酶;和/或作用于半纤维素的酶,比如木聚糖酶。酶处理过程中可能添加一种或几种不同类型的酶。过程中使用的酶会分解纤维素纤维并提高纤维的可得性和活性,从而也提高了微纤纤维素的产量。
所述酶优选在浆体的机械处理之前和/或之中添加。还可以在浆体机械处理之前和/或之中,在几个加料点加入酶。
机械和酶处理优选在压实机、粉碎机、精磨机、纤维分离机、螺杆压缩机、碎浆机或泵里进行。
所述单个处理步骤,即机械和酶处理的结合可以在一个以上连续的单个处理步骤完成。这种方式已被证明使过程更高效,因为机械处理可以柔和一些,已证实这样可以提高微纤纤维素的产量。
本发明还涉及到根据以上描述的过程生产的微纤纤维素。
发明详述
本发明涉及以改进和高效节能的方式生产微纤纤维素的过程。
使纤维素纤维解体的机械处理与酶处理的结合表明能够得到更有效的微纤纤维素生产过程。解体意味着纤维被缩短、软化或以任何其他方式受到所述处理的机械式影响(orinanyotherwaymechanicallyaffectedbythetreatment)。对包含纤维和酶的浆体仅进行搅拌或混合以保证酶在浆体中均匀分布,这种做法无法使纤维以本发明描述的方式解体。微纤化的纤维素的长度较短,因此浆体中被处理过的纤维的长度因发明的组合处理而极大地缩短(thelengthoftreatedfibersoftheslurryisthusstronglyreducedbythecombinedtreatmentaccordingtotheinvention)。
效率的提高是由于组合处理的协同作用。机械处理使纤维解体,然后酶立即附着到纤维上并软化纤维。因为机械处理过程中酶是存在的,酶能够找到更合适的地方附着并作用于纤维素。这样更多的酶可以附着到纤维上,能够软化和分解纤维的酶量增加。通过这种方式,产生微纤纤维素的组合处理能够更有效。
当根据本发明将酶处理与机械处理结合时,通常未表现出很好的分解纤维素纤维能力的酶的能力将得以提高。因此,可以使用那些在顺序进行处理时不是很有效的酶。提高效率可能取决于有适合酶附着并作用于纤维的位置出现时,酶是存在的。如果象现有技术描述的,在后续步骤中添加酶,纤维上的许多合适位置还没有,即酶不可能在那个位置附着和分解纤维。
本发明的另一个优点是,因为酶处理更加高效,机械处理可以柔和一些。这样就有可能减少机械处理过程所需的能量,因为可以降低机械处理的程度。这样产生的微纤纤维素的强度增加,同时成本下降。
此外,与顺序处理相比,产生的微纤纤维素显示包含更少的糖,即在根据本发明的过程中,微纤纤维素的产量增加,这也使得过程更高效。
本发明的优点是可以在高稠度进行组合处理。包含纤维的浆体的稠度优选按重量在10-30%。先前的酶处理通常在低得多的稠度进行。高稠度纤维素纤维的酶处理以前不够高效,因为混合不够好,因此酶不能以相同的程度作用于纤维。然而,通过将能够使纤维解体的机械处理与酶处理结合起来,有可能在即便高稠度的情况下提供良好的混合。
浆体稠度也可以较低,例如按重量在4-10%之间。如果组合处理在精磨机或其他类似设备中进行,较低的稠度可能是必要的,否则温度可能过高,即高于酶的最高工作温度。同样,如果组合处理在泵里进行,而泵不能泵高稠度浆体,较低的浆体稠度可能是有益的。
浆体稠度也可能更高,按重量高达45%的稠度是可能的。
也可能在组合处理过程中提高浆体稠度。这可以在螺杆压缩机或其他能够在过程中抽走水或液体的设备中进行。
组合的机械处理和酶处理可能持续15分钟-25小时,优选在1-3个小时之间。所需的时间取决于被处理的纤维素纤维、酶的活性、以及处理的温度和pH值。用酶进行的处理期间的pH值优选在4–7之间。酶活可以在10-1000nkat/g。pH值和酶的活性取决于纤维类型和所用酶的类型。
优选使用能够分解半纤维素的酶,比如木聚糖酶,但也可以使用诸如纤维素酶(例如内切葡聚糖酶)的其他酶。为了提高机械处理效果和减少过长的机械处理,可以加入酶,从而既保持了纤维强度又节省了所需能源。所用的酶可以是能够分解纤维素纤维的任何木材降解酶。酶可以分解初生纤维层,这样就进一步提高了纤维的可得性。优选使用纤维素酶,可以使用的酶的其他例子是木聚糖酶和甘露聚糖酶。所述酶通常是酶制剂,除了制剂中的主要酶,可能还包含小部分的其他酶活性。
组合的机械和酶处理过程中的温度优选低于95℃,可能在20-95℃之间。然而,最佳工作温度以及最高温度根据使用的酶和处理过程中诸如时间和pH的其他参数而各有不同。如果是使用纤维素酶,处理过程中的温度可能是大约50℃。
向包含纤维的浆体中添加酶可以在浆体被机械处理前和/或处理中进行。还可能在一个以上的加料点添加酶。添加何时进行往往取决于所使用的设备,因为不同设备适合的加料点不同。
组合的机械和酶处理可以在压实机(compactor)、粉碎机(shredder)、精磨机(refiner)、纤维分离机(defibrator)、碎浆机(pulper)、螺杆压缩机(screw)中进行,泵送浆体时在泵里进行,或者在用于机械分解纤维的任何其他已知设备中进行。
也可能在生产过程中对产生的微纤纤维素进行修饰,形成改性小纤维。这可以在例如螺杆压缩机或类似设备中进行。
可以提高组合处理过程中的压力。这样能够加强酶渗透到纤维中,并且可以提高温度,使该过程耗能更低。
使用压实机已被证明可能是有利的,因为压实机对纤维有粉碎效果,这一点结合酶处理显示可以提高生产微纤纤维素。例如,已证实使用压实机时,产糖量减少。此外,有可能增加压实机中浆体的稠度,仍然收到良好的组合处理效果,从而生产微纤纤维素的过程也有良好效果。这是因为压实机能够切短纤维,纤维缩短了所以粘度降低,因此更容易在较高的稠度泵送和混合浆体。压实机中的浆体稠度按重量可以在15-50%之间,优选按重量在20-35%之间。
高稠度碎浆机也被证明是非常好的用于组合处理的装备。它既能确保对纤维进行良好的搅拌和机械处理,也可能保证进行较长一段时间的处理。因此有可能借助于碎浆机,在单个加工步骤中以高稠度生产微纤纤维素。
也可能通过在一个以上的后续单处理步骤中处理包含纤维素纤维的浆体来生产微纤纤维素。通过使用一个以上的后续处理步骤,有可能联用不同的机械设备,以及更好地增加浆体处理时间。例如可能很难把泵作为唯一的设备,因为浆料在泵里的处理时间往往太短。然而,如果第一个单处理步骤是在泵里,可以有利地将这个处理与在另一台泵或设备中进行的后续组合处理结合起来。有可能进行两个、三个、四个或更多个组合处理的后续处理步骤。
可以在进行发明所述组合处理前对浆体做预处理。这可以是指首先在压实机中处理浆体,即机械处理步骤,随后在诸如压实机的合适设备中进行组合处理。
包含纤维的浆体还可以包含填料或颜料。可以采用传统使用的填料和颜料。
可能优选在处理完成后,通过升高温度或pH值来使酶变性从而终止对纤维的酶活性。优选在浆体的纤维或微纤纤维素被使用或者转移到额外的处理步骤之前进行这一步。也可能在组合处理结束时升高温度。这样的热处理也可能会导致产生的微纤纤维素被接枝到MFC或者某些脱离的成分被重新吸收到MFC上。也可能通过高稠度精磨步骤处理浆体来终止酶活性。
由浆体纤维产生的微纤纤维素的量按重量是至少20%,优选按重量在60-85%之间。
各种不同类型的浆粕(pulps),比如化学、机械或化学机械浆,都可以用于浆体。也可以使用纸或纸板的干或湿破碎或再生纤维。本发明的一个优点在于它对杂质不是太敏感,因此有可能使用破碎甚至再生的纤维来生产微纤纤维素。纤维还可以是漂白或未漂白的,虽然优选漂白过,因为这样木质素含量下降,则产生所需微纤纤维素的耗能较少。纤维素纤维可以是硬木和/或软木纤维或者来自农业原料的纤维,比如马铃薯纤维或燕麦纤维。
根据发明生产的纤维素材料可用于制作膜。
按照本文描述的过程由软木硫酸盐浆(kraftpulps)生产的MFC显示出优良的成膜性能。
微纤纤维素(MFC)通常也被称为纳米纤维素。已经原纤维化的纤维,和表面含有微纤维的纤维,以及已被分离并且位于浆体水相中的微纤维或晶须,都包含在MFC的定义中。
实施例
以活性为80nkat/g的富含内切葡聚糖酶的酶对松树硫酸盐浆进行机械和酶组合处理。浆粕稠度为20wt%,在pH5于温度50℃±3℃,处理3个小时。此后用显微镜观察浆粕。作为参考,同样的浆粕首先在20wt%的浆稠度机械处理5小时,然后在5wt%的浆稠度用和组合处理中相同的酶、剂量、pH值和温度进行酶处理3个小时。
结果如图1和图2所示。图1显示了按照发明进行的组合处理,图2显示了顺序处理,即首先进行机械处理然后进行酶处理。
从图中可以清楚地看出,当按照发明对纤维进行处理时,纤维已经解体。结果就生产微纤纤维素而言,与机械和酶处理以先后步骤分别进行相比,本发明所述的过程更有效率。
本发明具体涉及:
1.微纤纤维素的生产过程,所述过程包括:
-提供包含纤维素纤维的浆体,
-对浆体进行酶处理,
-对浆体进行机械处理从而使纤维解体,
其特征在于机械处理和用酶进行的处理在单个处理步骤中同时进行。
2.如段落1所述的过程,其特征在于所述单个处理步骤持续15分钟-25小时。
3.如前述段落中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于单个处理步骤中浆体的稠度按重量在4-45%之间,优选按重量在10-30%之间。
4.如前述段落中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于单个处理步骤过程中浆体的温度低于95℃。
5.如前述段落中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于所述酶是作用于纤维素的酶,比如纤维素酶;和/或作用于半纤维素的酶,比如木聚糖酶。
6.如前述段落中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于所述酶是在机械处理之前或之中加入浆体。
7.如前述段落中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于所述单个处理步骤是在压实机、粉碎机、精磨机、纤维分离机、螺杆压缩机、碎浆机或泵里进行。
8.如前述段落中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于浆体可以在一个以上后续单处理步骤中进行处理。
9.按照段落1-8中任一项所述的过程生产的微纤纤维素。
Claims (9)
1.微纤纤维素的生产过程,所述过程包括:
-提供包含纤维素纤维的浆体,
-对浆体进行酶处理,
-对浆体进行机械处理从而使纤维解体,
其特征在于机械处理和用酶进行的处理在单个处理步骤中同时进行,酶处理中酶活为10-1000nkat/g。
2.如权利要求1所述的过程,其特征在于所述单个处理步骤持续15分钟-25小时。
3.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于单个处理步骤中浆体的稠度按重量在4-45%之间,优选按重量在10-30%之间。
4.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于单个处理步骤过程中浆体的温度低于95℃。
5.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于所述酶是作用于纤维素的酶,比如纤维素酶;和/或作用于半纤维素的酶,比如木聚糖酶。
6.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于所述酶是在机械处理之前或之中加入浆体。
7.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于所述单个处理步骤是在压实机、粉碎机、精磨机、纤维分离机、螺杆压缩机、碎浆机或泵里进行。
8.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的过程,其特征在于浆体可以在一个以上后续单处理步骤中进行处理。
9.按照权利要求1-8中任一项所述的过程生产的微纤纤维素。
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