CN109295785B - 一种纤维素纳米纤丝的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种纤维素纳米纤丝的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109295785B CN109295785B CN201811032739.5A CN201811032739A CN109295785B CN 109295785 B CN109295785 B CN 109295785B CN 201811032739 A CN201811032739 A CN 201811032739A CN 109295785 B CN109295785 B CN 109295785B
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- slurry
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- xylanase
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- 101700047052 XYLA Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 101700051122 XYLD Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 101700065756 XYN4 Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 101700001256 Xyn Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 101700065693 xlnA Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 101700006979 xyl2 Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 101710017636 xynS20E Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 241000609240 Ambelania acida Species 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000010905 bagasse Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
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- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种纤维素纳米纤丝的制备方法，以未漂蔗渣浆为原料，采用木聚糖酶处理和冷碱处理相结合对未漂蔗渣浆进行预处理，然后再进行超微研磨结合高压均质处理制得纤维素纳米纤丝。本发明的制备方法制得的纤维素纳米纤丝的直径可控制在20～40nm，最大热解速率温度达到355.7～360.2℃。为促进蔗渣浆的高值化利用提供一条新的途径。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于木质纤维素类生物质高值化利用技术领域，具体涉及一种纤维素纳米纤丝的制备方法。
背景技术
随着人类社会的不断发展，人们对能源、材料等方面的需求日益增长。传统化石能源的大量使用导致了严重的环境问题，可再生资源的研究变得尤为重要。纤维素是地球上最丰富的天然高分子化合物，具备良好的生物相容性、可生物降解和可生物合成的特点。随着材料科学的飞速发展，对于纤维素基材料的研究逐渐成为热点话题。纳米技术的应用，极大地拓展了纤维素基材料的应用领域。纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF)因具有较高的长径比和网状缠结结构，其制成品具有强度高，密度小，热膨胀系数低等特点，因此在高性能产品领域具有较好的应用潜力。
CNF在受热情况下的种种变化将直接影响到纳米纤维素基材料的热稳定性。CNF的热稳定性表示其在高温下保持自己性能的能力，可用破坏温度或者受热时的性能变化来评价，常用其热转变温度或分解温度来表征CNF的热稳定性。传统的木质纤维约在230℃时开始发生降解，纤维素是木质纤维中热稳定性最高的组分。根据Bradbury等人提出的“Broido-Shafizadeh”纤维素热解模型可知，纤维素的热解过程可以分为两个阶段，第一阶段为150～300℃，在150℃左右是纤维素糖苷键开始断裂，聚合度降低至200左右。当温度进一步升高到300℃左右时，进入纤维素热解的第二阶段，纤维素发生剧烈的解聚反应生成以脱水糖为主的中间态纤维素，并通过蒸发或气溶胶的方式向焦油转移。随着温度的升高，纤维素分子发生脱水，脱氢、脱氧、脱羧等反应形式生成热降解小分子产物。
目前制备纤维素纳米纤丝常用的方法主要有酸水解法、TEMPO氧化法，这些方法需要消耗大量的化学药品，且这些化学药品很难回收利用，对环境产生不利影响。另外，常规方法制备纳米纤维素都需要采用漂白后高白度的纸浆。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是克服上述现有技术的不足，提供一种纤维素纳米纤丝的制备方法，通过选择含有一定量的半纤维素和木素的未漂蔗渣浆作为原料，利用木聚糖酶和冷碱联合预处理辅助机械研磨的方法，既有利于减少环境污染，又容易得到热稳定性高的纤维素纳米纤丝。该方法制得的纤维素纳米纤丝直径可控制在20～40nm，最大热解速率温度可达到355.7～360.2℃。
本发明所要解决的技术问题，通过以下技术方案予以实现：
一种纤维素纳米纤丝的制备方法，以未漂蔗渣浆为原料，采用木聚糖酶处理和冷碱处理相结合对未漂蔗渣浆进行预处理，然后再进行超微研磨结合高压均质处理。
选择含有一定量的半纤维素和木素的未漂蔗渣浆作为原料，在超微研磨结合高压均质处理过程中，木素包裹在纤维素表面，可减少纤维素间氢键的产生，使纤维素不会成片连接，减少受热面积，从而提高纤维素的热稳定性，相对于漂白浆，采用未漂蔗渣浆制得的纤维素纳米纤丝的热稳定性更高。
在木聚糖酶预处理过程中，半纤维素被降解溶出，解除了半纤维素对纤维素的包裹，有利于后续冷碱预处理时NaOH与纤维素的接触，有利于后续的超微研磨结合高压均质处理；大部分半纤维素的降解溶出可提高纤维素的结晶度，从而提高纤维素的热稳定性。
在冷碱处理过程中纤维素晶型结构发生变化，由I型向II型转变，从而提高纤维素的热稳定性。
上述制备方法，包括以下步骤：
S1.木聚糖酶处理
向未漂蔗渣浆中加入缓冲液并充分混合使浆料pH调节至6.0～6.2，然后加入木聚糖酶，再加入缓冲液调节浆料质量浓度至8％，浆料与木聚糖酶充分混合后，在50℃恒温条件下反应2～2.5小时，将浆料清洗至pH为中性；
S2.冷碱处理
向木聚糖酶处理后的浆料中加入NaOH溶液，混合均匀，再加入去离子水调节浆料质量浓度至2％，然后置于-20℃条件下冷冻至完全结冰后取出，置于室温下解冻，将浆料清洗至pH为中性；
S3.超微研磨结合高压均质处理
采用去离子水将冷碱处理后的浆料稀释至质量浓度为2％，然后采用超微研磨机进行研磨处理，调节磨盘转速为1400～1450rmp，磨盘间隙为-100μm，研磨10～15次后，采用去离子水调节浆料质量浓度至0.8％，然后采用高压均质机进行均质处理，先使用200μm大孔径高压均质腔，腔内压强为330～340Bar，使浆料通过5～7次，再换用87μm小孔径高压均质腔，腔内压强为1400～1480Bar，使浆料通过15～20次，高压均质结束后，进行冷冻干燥，制得纤维素纳米纤丝。
优选地，所述步骤S1中每克绝干未漂蔗渣浆对应木聚糖酶的用量为30～100IU。
优选地，所述步骤S2中NaOH溶液的浓度为400～500g/L，每克绝干未漂蔗渣浆对应NaOH溶液的用量为5mL。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益效果：
(1)本发明选择含有一定量的半纤维素和木素的未漂蔗渣浆作为原料，相对于漂白浆，采用未漂蔗渣浆制得的纤维素纳米纤丝的热稳定性更高，且未漂蔗渣浆的原料成本低。
(2)本发明采用木聚糖酶处理和冷碱处理相结合对未漂蔗渣浆进行预处理，在木聚糖酶预处理过程中，半纤维素被降解溶出，解除了半纤维素对纤维素的包裹，有利于后续冷碱预处理时NaOH与纤维素的接触，有利于后续的超微研磨结合高压均质处理；大部分半纤维素的降解溶出可提高纤维素的结晶度，从而提高纤维素的热稳定性；在冷碱处理过程中纤维素晶型结构发生变化，由I型向II型转变，从而提高纤维素的热稳定性。
(3)本发明的制备方法制得的纤维素纳米纤丝的直径可控制在20～40nm，最大热解速率温度达到355.7～360.2℃。为促进蔗渣浆的高值化利用提供一条新的途径。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1
一种纤维素纳米纤丝的制备方法，具体步骤如下：
S1.木聚糖酶处理
取未漂蔗渣浆置于聚乙烯袋中，加入柠檬酸-磷酸钠缓冲液并与浆料充分混合，使浆料pH调节至6.0，加入30IU/g绝干浆的木聚糖酶，向浆料中加入柠檬酸-磷酸钠缓冲液调节浆料质量浓度至8％，揉搓袋中的浆料，使浆料与木聚糖酶充分混合，然后置于50℃的恒温水浴中，每隔15min揉搓一次袋内的浆料以使浆料与木聚糖酶反应充分，反应2小时后，将聚乙烯袋从水浴中取出，使用去离子水将浆料清洗至pH为中性后，装袋平衡水分。
S2.冷碱处理
称取木聚糖酶处理后的浆料置于聚乙烯塑料桶中，然后向桶中加入浓度为400g/L，5mL/g绝干浆的NaOH溶液，摇晃聚乙烯桶使浆料与NaOH溶液混合均匀，再将去离子水加入桶中调节浆料质量浓度至2％，将浆料置于-20℃的环境中冷冻至完全结冰后取出，置于室温下解冻，使用去离子水将浆料清洗至pH为中性后，装袋平衡水分。
S3.超微研磨结合高压均质处理
采用去离子水将冷碱处理后的浆料稀释至质量浓度为2％，然后采用超微研磨机进行研磨处理，调节磨盘转速为1400rmp，磨盘间隙为-100μm，研磨10次后，采用去离子水调节浆料质量浓度至0.8％，然后采用高压均质机进行均质处理，先使用200μm大孔径高压均质腔，腔内压强为330Bar，使浆料通过5次，再换用87μm小孔径高压均质腔，腔内压强为1400Bar使浆料通过15次，高压均质结束后，将浆料进行冷冻干燥，制得直径为40nm，最大热解速率温度达355.7℃的纤维素纳米纤丝。
实施例2
一种纤维素纳米纤丝的制备方法，具体步骤如下：
S1.木聚糖酶处理
取未漂蔗渣浆置于聚乙烯袋中，加入柠檬酸-磷酸钠缓冲液并与浆料充分混合，使浆料pH调节至6.1，加入65IU/g绝干浆的木聚糖酶，向浆料中加入柠檬酸-磷酸钠缓冲液调节浆料质量浓度至8％，揉搓袋中的浆料，使浆料与木聚糖酶充分混合，然后置于50℃的恒温水浴中，每隔15min揉搓一次袋内的浆料以使浆料与木聚糖酶反应充分，反应2小时15分钟后，将聚乙烯袋从水浴中取出，使用去离子水将浆料清洗至pH为中性后，装袋平衡水分。
S2.冷碱处理
称取木聚糖酶处理后的浆料置于聚乙烯塑料桶中，然后向桶中加入浓度为450g/L，5mL/g绝干浆的NaOH溶液，摇晃聚乙烯桶使浆料与NaOH溶液混合均匀，再将去离子水加入桶中调节浆料质量浓度至2％，将浆料置于-20℃的环境中冷冻至完全结冰后取出，置于室温下解冻，使用去离子水将浆料清洗至pH为中性后，装袋平衡水分。
S3.超微研磨结合高压均质处理
采用去离子水将冷碱处理后的浆料稀释至质量浓度为2％，然后采用超微研磨机进行研磨处理，调节磨盘转速为1430rmp，磨盘间隙为-100μm，研磨12次后，采用去离子水调节浆料质量浓度至0.8％，然后采用高压均质机进行均质处理，先使用200μm大孔径高压均质腔，腔内压强为335Bar，使浆料通过6次，再换用87μm小孔径高压均质腔，腔内压强为1450Bar使浆料通过18次，高压均质结束后，将浆料进行冷冻干燥，制得直径为30nm，最大热解速率温度达358.0℃的纤维素纳米纤丝。
实施例3
一种纤维素纳米纤丝的制备方法，具体步骤如下：
S1.木聚糖酶处理
取未漂蔗渣浆置于聚乙烯袋中，加入柠檬酸-磷酸钠缓冲液并与浆料充分混合，使浆料pH调节至6.2，加入100IU/g绝干浆的木聚糖酶，向浆料中加入柠檬酸-磷酸钠缓冲液调节浆料质量浓度至8％，揉搓袋中的浆料，使浆料与木聚糖酶充分混合，然后置于50℃的恒温水浴中，每隔15min揉搓一次袋内的浆料以使浆料与木聚糖酶反应充分，反应2.5小时后，将聚乙烯袋从水浴中取出，使用去离子水将浆料清洗至pH为中性后，装袋平衡水分。
S2.冷碱处理
称取木聚糖酶处理后的浆料置于聚乙烯塑料桶中，然后向桶中加入浓度为500g/L，5mL/g绝干浆的NaOH溶液，摇晃聚乙烯桶使浆料与NaOH溶液混合均匀，再将去离子水加入桶中调节浆料质量浓度至2％，将浆料置于-20℃的环境中冷冻至完全结冰后取出，置于室温下解冻，使用去离子水将浆料清洗至pH为中性后，装袋平衡水分。
S3.超微研磨结合高压均质处理
采用去离子水将冷碱处理后的浆料稀释至质量浓度为2％，然后采用超微研磨机进行研磨处理，调节磨盘转速为1450rmp，磨盘间隙为-100μm，研磨15次后，采用去离子水调节浆料质量浓度至0.8％，然后采用高压均质机进行均质处理，先使用200μm大孔径高压均质腔，腔内压强为340Bar，使浆料通过7次，再换用87μm小孔径高压均质腔，腔内压强为1480Bar使浆料通过20次，高压均质结束后，将浆料进行冷冻干燥，制得直径为20nm，最大热解速率温度达360.2℃的纤维素纳米纤丝。
Claims (3)
1.一种纤维素纳米纤丝的制备方法，其特征在于，以未漂蔗渣浆为原料，采用木聚糖酶处理和冷碱处理相结合对未漂蔗渣浆进行预处理，然后再进行超微研磨结合高压均质处理；所述的制备方法包括以下步骤：
S1.木聚糖酶处理
向未漂蔗渣浆中加入缓冲液并充分混合使浆料pH调节至6.0～6.2，然后加入木聚糖酶，再加入缓冲液调节浆料质量浓度至8%，浆料与木聚糖酶充分混合后，在50℃恒温条件下反应2～2.5小时，将浆料清洗至pH为中性；
S2.冷碱处理
向木聚糖酶处理后的浆料中加入NaOH溶液，混合均匀，再加入去离子水调节浆料质量浓度至2%，然后置于-20℃条件下冷冻至完全结冰后取出，置于室温下解冻，将浆料清洗至pH为中性；
S3.超微研磨结合高压均质处理
采用去离子水将冷碱处理后的浆料稀释至质量浓度为2%，然后采用超微研磨机进行研磨处理，调节磨盘转速为1400～1450rmp，磨盘间隙为-100μm，研磨10～15次后，采用去离子水调节浆料质量浓度至0.8%，然后采用高压均质机进行均质处理，先使用200μm大孔径高压均质腔，腔内压强为330～340Bar，使浆料通过5～7次，再换用87μm小孔径高压均质腔，腔内压强为1400～1480Bar，使浆料通过15～20次，高压均质结束后，进行冷冻干燥，制得纤维素纳米纤丝。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤S1中每克绝干未漂蔗渣浆对应木聚糖酶的用量为30～100IU。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述步骤S2中NaOH溶液的浓度为400～500g/L，每克绝干未漂蔗渣浆对应NaOH溶液的用量为5mL。
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