CN1056069A - 氧化铝挤出物料制造方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
适用于制造催化剂的氧化铝挤出物料制造方法
包括:i)制造包括氧化铝母体,钴,铁或镍源和溶剂的
可挤出混合物;ii)挤出该混合物和iii)干燥所形成的
挤出物料。可挤出混合物必要时可包括助催化剂
源。另一方面,助催化剂源又可沉积到所得挤出物料
上。焙烧所得挤出物料可制成催化剂,该催化剂可用
于用甲醇或一氧化碳与氢的混合物制造烃的方法。
Description
本发明涉及适于制造催化剂的氧化铝挤出物料制造方法,所得挤出物料,用该物料制造催化剂的方法以及应用氧化铝挤出物料催化剂的催化方法。
文献中已知用氢/一氧化碳混合物制造烃的方法,称为费-托法,其中将混合物于高温高压下与催化剂接触。常用于烃合成的催化剂包括铝,铁和/或镍,助催化剂和载体。已知用载体沉积活性成分即可制成这些催化剂,如采取沉淀,浸渍,捏和和熔化等技术。
最近又发现一类费-托催化剂,可制成仅包括极少量烯烃和含氧化合物,而主要由无支链链烷烃组成的烃混合物。该混合物中大量烃沸点高于煤油和瓦斯油,后者为常规常压蒸馏原油而得(所谓中间馏分,沸程150-360℃)。已发现该产品的高沸点组分可经加氢裂化成中间馏分,产量高。作为加氢裂化进料,选取至少部分产品,以使初沸点高于作为要求最终产品的最重中间馏分终沸点。产品加氢裂化,一般在极低氢消耗量情况下进行,所得中间馏分倾点大大好于用费-托烃合成法直接合成所得中间馏分。
上述类型的费-托催化剂一般包括二氧化硅,氧化铝或二氧化硅/氧化铝作为载体,以及钴、铁或镍,并用选自元素周期表Ⅱa,Ⅲb,Ⅳb和Ⅴb的助催化剂,如锆、钛、铬或镁。催化剂制造期间催化活性金属,即钴,铁或镍和催化剂沉积于载体上,然后焙烧所得催化剂。催化剂活化后再最终用于费-托合成法,其中进行还原,目的是催化剂中氧化物还原成金属态。
氧化铝用作载体时,已发现有许多铁点。首先,氧化铝催化剂制造过程中要求加钌和/或铂/钯以将催化金属还原性提高到合格水平。即使这样,这些催化剂也要求相当高的还原温度。而且,这些金属费用相当高,不能工业化生产。
其次,已知上述类型催化剂,特别是氧化铝含钴催化剂,与二氧化硅含钴催化剂相比,一氧化碳氢化活性低(Journal of Catalysts Volume 85,Page 78-88,1984)。
我们的研究也惊人地发现,用包括共同挤出钴,铁或镍源的氧化铝挤出物料制造这种催化剂即可克服上述缺点。已注意到,助催化剂加入挤出物料的方式并不关键,可与氧化铝和钴,铁或镍源共同挤出或用常规方法沉积到氧化铝挤出物料上。所得挤出物料抗碎强度高,很适于制造活性,选择性和稳定性高的费-托催化剂。而且,这些催化剂易还原,温度低于300℃,优选260-270℃,工业上可采取就地还原的办法。
因此,本发明提出可用来制造催化剂的氧化铝挤出物料制造方法其步骤包括:
ⅰ)制造包括氧化铝母体,钴,铁或镍源和溶剂的可挤出混合物;
ⅱ)挤出混合物;和
ⅲ)干燥这些形成的挤出物料。
本发明优选实施方案中,用钴源制造可挤出混合物。
挤出物料基质包括挤出氧化铝母体。氧化铝母体可包括/铝氧化物,铝氢氧化物,铝氧化物氢氧化物或其混合物。优选氧化铝母体为无游离羟基铝氢氧化物,焙烧可转化成抗碎强度高的多孔氧化铝。铝氢氧化物例子包括勃姆石,假勃姆石(pseudoboehmite),水铝石,三水铝矿,三羟铝石和nordstrandite。更优选铝氢氧化物母体为水铝石,勃姆石,特别是假勃姆石。焙烧时,水铝石可转化成α-氧化铝,而勃姆石可转化成γ-氧化铝,δ-氧化铝或α-氧化铝,焙烧温度分别为450-560℃,750-1000℃和1000℃以上。假勃姆石老化和干燥时倾向于形成纤维。氧化铝表面可高达500m2/g。
氧化铝母体与钴,铁或镍源和溶剂混合而得可挤出混合物。溶剂用于使氧化铝母体和钴,铁或镍源密切接触而混合并可为本领域已知的任何溶剂。
适于制造可挤出混合物或捏塑体的溶剂包括极性溶剂,如水和低级醇,如乙醇和甲醇及其混合物,优选用水。用于形成可挤出混合物的溶剂量应保证所得混合物具有适宜的挤出性能,即混合物易于经适宜模板挤出,而且挤出物料在干燥过程中可保持其形状。一般来说,可挤出混合物包括20wt%-120wt%溶剂,以氧化铝母体干重计计。
可挤出混合物优选为捏塑体状,可将氧化铝母体胶溶而得。可挤出混合物中可加的适宜胶溶剂为已知,包括弱酸,如甲酸,乙酸和丙酸。乙酸为特别优选胶溶剂。胶溶剂量足以形成捏塑体,一般为1-25wt%,以氧化铝母体干重计。可挤出混合物优选包括3-20vt%胶溶剂。已发现胶溶剂量达到优选范围之上限范围,即10-20wt%,特别是约15wt%的可挤出混合物可得到特别强的氧化铝挤出物料。
虽然优选用氧化铝作可挤出基质,但氧化铝与氧化钛和/或氧化硅和/或氧化锆的混合物也可用,只能该混合物的挤出性能不受到不利影响就行。
本发明方法的基本特点是钴,铁或镍源与氧化铝母体共同挤出。钴,铁或镍源包括能与氧化铝母体和溶剂形成可挤出混合物。并且可使钴,铁或镍化合物还原成金属元素的任何化合物。含钴,铁或镍的适宜化合物为无机或有机盐,如硝酸盐,氢氧化物和氧化物。钴源具体例子为硝酸钴和氢氧化钴。一般来说,钴,铁或镍源优选用氢氧化物,因为还原时挥发性分解产物(水)不会构成环境污染。
一般来说,钴,铁或镍源量应使制成的挤出物料包括10-300重量份钴,铁或镍/100重量份氧化铝。最终挤出物料中钴,铁或镍量优选为约25-200重量份,更优选40-100重量份,尤其是50-100重量份/100重量份氧化铝。
可挤出混合物的流变性可得以改进,其中可漆加结构剂,如聚丙烯酰胺,如以商标NALCO销售的产品和羧甲基纤维素,如以商标AVICEL销售的产品。
为了改进可挤出混合物在挤出机中的流通性能,可加入表面活性剂或聚电解质。表面活性剂或聚电解质可降低混合物粘度,得到更光滑的挤出物料组织,并促进挤出产品的切割。而且,加这种制剂可改善焙烧催化物料中大孔的形成,而这又会提高最终产品的催化性能。适宜表面活性剂包括阳离子表面活性剂,如脂肪胺,季铵化合物,脂族单羧酸,乙氧化烷基胺,聚乙烯基吡啶,氧化锍,锍,鏻和碘鎓化合物阴离子表面活性剂,如烷基化芳烃,无环单羧酸,脂肪酸,磺化芳烃硫酸醇酯,硫酸醚醇酯,硫酸化脂肪和油以及磷酸盐和非离子表面活性剂,如聚环氧乙烷烷基酚,聚环氧乙烷烷基酰胺,多元醇和炔二醇。
可挤出氧化铝母体,钴,铁或镍源和溶剂共同研究而使这些成分充分混合,形成可挤出混合物。混合时间一般约10-100分钟,优选约35-80分钟。一般来说,可挤出混合物中固体含量约15-65wt%,优选约25-55wt%。
共同研磨后,可挤出混合物用常规挤出机挤出。可用螺旋挤出机使混合物从孔形状和尺寸符合要求的模板。这样形成的挤出条切成规定尺寸后干燥。挤出物料可形成任何适宜的截面形状,如图形,多叶形或US 4,028,227中规定的形状。三叶形挤出物料和中空圆柱体为非常合适的产品。
挤出物料可包括一种或多种助催化剂,选自元素周期表中Ⅱa,Ⅲb,Ⅳb和Ⅴb族,如锆,钛,铬或镁,特别是锆。铼也可用作助催化剂。可采用常规沉积技术或混入待挤出混合物中的方式加助催化剂。若将助催化剂沉积到挤出物料上,可采用任何常规沉积技术,如浸渍。常规沉积方法已见于US 4,522,939。优选将助催化剂加入可挤出混合物中,可省略单独的沉积步骤并可一次形成符合要求的挤出物料。
可采用任何助催化剂源。若助催化剂源加入可挤出混合物中,要求对混合物挤出性能不带来不利影响。无机和有机助催化剂化合物均适宜于加入可挤出混合物中。适宜化合物例子为氧化物,氢氧化物和碳酸盐。适宜锆化合物为氢氧化锆,碳酸锆和碳酸铵锆。
尽管助催化剂用量取决于其加料方式(沉积或共同挤出),但一般用量为约0.1-100重量份/100重量份氧化铝,优选用量为5-50重量份氧化铝。
另一方面,本发明提出上述方法制成的氧化铝挤出物料。
本发明还提出催化剂制造方法,其中焙烧上述方法制得的氧化铝挤出物料。焙烧温度一般约300-1000℃,优选约400-900℃。若用于形成挤出物料的可挤出混合物不包括助催化剂,则催化剂制造方法可能还包括焙烧前将助催化剂沉积到挤出物料上的另一步骤。
焙烧后催化剂还原活化,优选还原温度低于300℃,更优选约250-280℃。该还原就地进行,即催化剂制备在反应器中进行。将催化剂与氢或含氢气接触即可适当进行还原。
另外,本发明提出可用上述方法得到的催化剂。
再一方面,本发明提出用上述催化剂合成烃的方法。
包括合成气,必要时并用甲醇的进料制造烃的方法包括将进料与上述催化剂接触,温度一般100-600℃,更一般150-350℃,优选180-270℃,更优选200-250℃,总压一般约1-200巴(绝对),优选10-70巴(绝对)。空速一般约200-2000m3(STP)气态进料/m2反应区/小时。“STP”意指标准温度(0℃)和压力(1巴(绝对))。进料中氢:一氧化碳mol比优选0.9∶1-3∶1,更优选1∶1-2.3∶1。
在本发明优选实施方案中,一氧化碳和氢制取烃的方法用作两步法制造中间馏分的第一步。
为此,将初沸点高于要求中间馏分终沸点的烃产品,至少是部分该产品在该法第二步进行催化加氢处理。高温高压并在氢气存在下将第一步所得烃物料与载体上包括一种或多种氢化活性金属的催化剂接触,即可适当地进行催化加氢。
加氢时优选应用载体上包括一种或多种Ⅷ族金属的催化剂。特别是应用载体上包括铂的催化剂,载体中13-15wt%是氧化铝,其余为二氧化硅。加氢处理的优选反应条件为温度约175-400℃,特别是250-350℃,氢分压1-25MPa,特别是2.5-15MPa,空速0.1-5kg·l/h,特别是0.25-2kg·l/h,氢/油比100-5000Nl/kg,特别是250-2500Nl/kg。
下述实例详述制造氧化铝挤出物料和用所得挤出物料制造催化剂的方法。
实例1
制造挤出物料
本发明各种挤出物料及其组成见表Ⅰ,制法如下:
假勃姆石用稀冰醋酸(3wt%干重)进行胶溶。然后以任何要求顺序加钴源和锆源。最后加水,其量应保证对挤出混合物而言,达到要求点火损失(LOI)。该混合物充分混合规定混合时间而共同研磨。最后,加结构剂,AVICEL以及必要时的流通改性剂。
所得可挤出混合物用l“Bonnet挤出机挤出,挤出机设1.7mm迭尔林三叶基板。三叶形挤出物料干燥后约500℃焙烧。
所有可挤出混合物显示出良好至优选的挤出性能。
催化性能
焙烧挤出物料,也称催化剂,均用同一数字表示,破碎后送入反应器,氮气流中260℃干燥。氮气流中加氢气使干燥催化剂还原,温度260℃。
还原后温度降至约195℃,压力逐渐加到26巴。
合成气引入反应器,时空速800Nl/hr,调节催化剂温度,达到约60-70%的H2+CO转化,相当于空时产量(STY约100g/l/h。这些催化剂的性能,以C5+选择性表示,列于表Ⅱ。
作为对比,还试验了两种现有技术催化剂的性能,即浸渍25Co/lZr/100SiO2催化剂和浸渍25Co/1La/0.5Ru/100Al2O3催化剂,前者260℃还原,后者350℃还原。类似合成条件下,C5+选择性分别为90%和88%。因此可以看出,本发明催化剂根本上克服了上述现有技术催化剂所表现出的缺点,的确是提高了活性。
表 1
物料 | 挤出物料 | |||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
氧化铝母体1):假勃母石Co-源1):Co(OH)2Zr一源1):Zr(OH)4(NH4)2Zr(CO3)2溶剂(g):水乙酸(g):结构剂(g):LOI(wt%)混合时间(min):可挤出性:重量比Al2O2/Co/Zr: | 13371264580-127587404740优100/70/32 | 842813-8041.65057良100/25/12 | 8428-147041.65370光滑挤出物料100/25/12 | 7672-332052.35157光滑挤出物料100/70/32 |
1)干重(g),以氧化物计
实例2
用实例1所述其方法制造另外6种挤出物料,其组成列于表Ⅲ。
试挤出物料抗碎强度(N/m),其值列于表Ⅲ。可以看出,本发明方法可制得很高抗碎强度的氧化铝挤出物料,尤其是应用优选3-20%上限量的胶溶剂可制得抗碎强度特别高的挤出物料。
Claims (13)
1、适用于制造催化剂的氧化铝挤出物料制造方法,其步骤包括:
ⅰ)制造包括氧化铝母体,钴,铁或镍源和溶剂的可挤出混合物;
ⅱ)挤出该混合物;以及
ⅲ)干燥形成的挤出物料。
2、权利要求1的方法,其特征是氧化铝母体选自勃姆石,假勃姆石,三水铝矿及其混合物。
3、权利要求1或2之一的方法,其特征是钴,铁或镍源为选自钴,铁或镍碳酸盐,氢氧化物,硝酸盐及其混合物的化合物。
4、上述权利要求中任一项的方法,其特征是可挤出混合物包括钴源。
5、上述权利要求中任一项的方法,其特征是可挤出混合物还包括胶溶剂。
6、权利要求5的方法,其特征是作为胶溶剂,该混合物包括10-20wt%乙酸,以氧化铝干重计。
7、上述权利要求中任一项的方法,其特征是可挤出混合物还包括选自元素周期表Ⅱa,Ⅲb,Ⅳb和Ⅴb的助催化剂源。
8、权利要求7的方法,其特征是助催化剂源为选自其氢氧化物,碳酸盐和碳酸复盐的化合物。
9、催化剂制造方法,其特征是其中包括将权利要求1-8中任一项所述方法制成的氧化铝挤出物料焙烧。
10、催化剂制造方法,其步骤包括:
ⅰ)在权利要求1-6中任一项所述方法制成的氧化铝挤出物料上沉积选自元素周期表Ⅱa,Ⅲb,Ⅳb和Ⅴb的助催化剂源;以及
ⅱ)熔烧挤出物料。
11、按权利要求1-8中任一项所述方法制得的挤出物料。
12、按权利要求9或10之一制得的催化剂。
13、烃制造方法,其特征是将包括甲醇和/或一氧化碳与氢气的混合物与权利要求12所述催化剂接触。
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CN113751017A (zh) * | 2020-06-05 | 2021-12-07 | 国家能源投资集团有限责任公司 | 费托合成催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN113751017B (zh) * | 2020-06-05 | 2024-01-19 | 北京低碳清洁能源研究院 | 费托合成催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
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DE69103319T2 (de) | 1994-12-01 |
DE69103319D1 (de) | 1994-09-15 |
EP0455307A1 (en) | 1991-11-06 |
ZA913304B (en) | 1992-01-29 |
RU1836146C (ru) | 1993-08-23 |
GB9010075D0 (en) | 1990-06-27 |
NO911719D0 (no) | 1991-05-02 |
CA2041686A1 (en) | 1991-11-05 |
EP0455307B1 (en) | 1994-08-10 |
NZ238026A (en) | 1993-06-25 |
CN1030898C (zh) | 1996-02-07 |
NO911719L (no) | 1991-11-05 |
DK0455307T3 (da) | 1994-09-26 |
ATE109681T1 (de) | 1994-08-15 |
NO305157B1 (no) | 1999-04-12 |
JP3248925B2 (ja) | 2002-01-21 |
JPH04227847A (ja) | 1992-08-17 |
AU7605791A (en) | 1991-11-07 |
AU649249B2 (en) | 1994-05-19 |
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CA2041686C (en) | 2001-10-16 |
ES2059035T3 (es) | 1994-11-01 |
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