CN105188917A - 粘土矿物负载型催化剂 - Google Patents
粘土矿物负载型催化剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105188917A CN105188917A CN201480025902.9A CN201480025902A CN105188917A CN 105188917 A CN105188917 A CN 105188917A CN 201480025902 A CN201480025902 A CN 201480025902A CN 105188917 A CN105188917 A CN 105188917A
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- weight
- loaded catalyst
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- hydrocarbon
- catalyst
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 137
- 239000002734 clay mineral Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 79
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 99
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 44
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003863 metallic catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical class CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001833 catalytic reforming Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021386 carbon form Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 24
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 22
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 16
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 14
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid group Chemical group C(CC(O)(C(=O)O)CC(=O)O)(=O)O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910021647 smectite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910001919 chlorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052619 chlorite group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 8
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052625 palygorskite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- -1 seladonit) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- VNSBYDPZHCQWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;aluminum;dioxido(oxo)silane;sodium;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na].[Al].[Ca+2].[O-][Si]([O-])=O VNSBYDPZHCQWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052899 lizardite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004113 Sepiolite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052631 glauconite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052903 pyrophyllite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052624 sepiolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000019355 sepiolite Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- IBPRKWGSNXMCOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimagnesium;disilicate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] IBPRKWGSNXMCOI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910001583 allophane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052898 antigorite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001649 dickite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052900 illite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L nonaaluminum;magnesium;tripotassium;1,3-dioxido-2,4,5-trioxa-1,3-disilabicyclo[1.1.1]pentane;iron(2+);oxygen(2-);fluoride;hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[F-].[Mg+2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Al+3].[K+].[K+].[K+].[Fe+2].O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2.O1[Si]2([O-])O[Si]1([O-])O2 VGIBGUSAECPPNB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910000273 nontronite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006057 reforming reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000275 saponite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000010025 steaming Methods 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010013786 Dry skin Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000006424 Flood reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical class O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000323 aluminium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- XMPZTFVPEKAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-P ceric ammonium nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[Ce+4].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O XMPZTFVPEKAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010436 fluorite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 238000004868 gas analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052621 halloysite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052615 phyllosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N EDTA Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O KCXVZYZYPLLWCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QZKRHPLGUJDVAR-UHFFFAOYSA-K EDTA trisodium salt Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].OC(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O QZKRHPLGUJDVAR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010058490 Hyperoxia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002800 Si–O–Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PZZYQPZGQPZBDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium silicate Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O PZZYQPZGQPZBDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052626 biotite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052620 chrysotile Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012790 confirmation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YGANSGVIUGARFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxosilane oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[K+].[K+].O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O YGANSGVIUGARFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011067 equilibration Methods 0.000 description 1
- DEFVIWRASFVYLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CN(CC(O)=O)CCOCCOCCN(CC(O)=O)CC(O)=O DEFVIWRASFVYLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001447 ferric ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000222 hyperoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHKWSJBPFXBFMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Fe] MHKWSJBPFXBFMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001607 magnesium mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZATZOOLBPDMARD-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Mg] ZATZOOLBPDMARD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium;2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxylatomethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
公开了一种烃气重整负载型催化剂及其使用方法,所述负载型催化剂包括能够催化从烃气制备包含氢和一氧化碳的气体混合物的催化材料、和包含粘土矿物的粘土载体材料,其中催化材料附着于粘土载体材料。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2013年5月9日提交的美国临时申请第61/821514号的权益。参考申请的内容通过引用并入到本申请中。
背景技术
A.技术领域
本发明一般地涉及用于烃气重整催化剂的载体材料。特别地,载体材料可以包括粘土矿物。
B.相关技术说明
合成气是包含一氧化碳和氢的气体混合物。合成气通常用作中间气体以制备范围广泛的各种产物,如混合醇、氢、氨、i-C4烃、混合醇、费-托反应(Fischer-Tropsch)产物(如蜡、柴油燃料、烯烃、汽油等)、甲醇、乙醇、醛、醇等。合成气也可以用作直接燃料来源,如用于内燃机。
制备合成气的较常见方法之一是通过氧化烃气如甲烷。例如,可以使用二氧化碳、水或氧或这些材料的组合进行甲烷的受控氧化。对于工业规模的应用,可以通过使用蒸气将甲烷重整为合成气,例如通过下列反应:
CH4+H2O→CO+3H2
通过使用该方法获得的CO/H2比例为约1:3或0.33。关于该比例的问题之一是用于制备醛、醇和氨的应用需要约1:1或1的CO/H2比例。因此,当前的解决方案是通过分离技术从所制备的合成气去除过量的H2,这减少了有效制备而同时增加了相关成本。也可以通过用二氧化碳或二氧化碳和氧的混合物代替水来获得1:1的比例,例如通过下列反应:
CH4+CO2→2CO+2H2
2CH4+CO2+O2→3CO+3H2+H2O。
使用催化剂以推进上述重整反应。当前催化剂的问题之一是它们易于烧结,其会降低催化材料的活性表面积,从而降低催化剂的效率。另一个问题是碳形成或焦化,其也会在催化材料上发生。在上述甲烷/二氧化碳重整反应中所使用的催化剂在实际催化剂和用于负载催化剂的材料的表面上都特别易于出现烧结和焦化问题。
发明内容
已发现多种粘土矿物可以用作在合成气制备中通常使用的催化材料的载体。已证明这些粘土矿物能在反应过程期间减少焦化和烧结。另外,它们的耐用性优于目前市场上可以获得的那些。
在本发明的一个方面,公开了一种烃气重整负载型催化剂,其可以包括能够催化从烃气制备包含氢和一氧化碳的气态混合物的催化材料、和包含粘土矿物的粘土载体材料,其中所述催化材料附着于所述粘土载体材料。附着可以通过化学结合或物理结合或两者进行。在具体的情况下,结合可以是M1-M2结合(其中M1是来自催化剂的金属,M2是来自粘土矿物的金属)或M1-O结合(其中M1是来自催化剂的金属,O是来自粘土矿物的氧)。粘土矿物可以是合成的粘土矿物(如合成制备的而不是从天然来源获得的)。或者,粘土矿物可以是从天然来源分离的或纯化的(例如可以去除不需要的或不期望的杂质,例如在合成气制备期间可以引起烧结或焦化的那些(如可以去除铁、镍、锰、钠、钾、氯、钙、锂、铷、铍、钡、SiO2、和/或有机杂质)。在任一种情况中,合成的、经纯化的或经分离的粘土矿物可以含有极少或不含这些杂质以有助于避免烧结或焦化问题。在另一个实施方案中,然而,可以使用未经分离或未经纯化的粘土矿物。在本发明的情况下可以使用的粘土矿物的非限制性实例包括高岭土-蛇纹石粘土矿物(例如高岭石、埃洛石、利蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石)、叶腊石-滑石粘土矿物、云母粘土矿物(如伊利石、海绿石、绿鳞石)、蛭石粘土矿物、蒙皂石粘土矿物(蒙脱石、绿脱石、皂石)、绿泥石(铝绿泥石、斜绿泥石、鲕绿泥石)、海泡石-坡缕石粘土矿物、间层粘土矿物(如累托石、柯绿泥石、绿泥间膨润石)、和/或水铝英石和伊毛缟石粘土矿物。另外,也可以使用这些矿物的任意混合物或组合(如高岭土和蒙脱石、高岭土和滑石、高岭土和绿泥石等)。在具体的情况下,粘土矿物可以是具有1:1硅酸盐层或2:1硅酸盐层的一种。在具体的情况下,粘土矿物可以是高岭土,如高岭石。在一些方面,负载型催化剂可以包括至少1重量%、5重量%、10重量%、15重量%、20重量%、25重量%、30重量%、35重量%、40重量%、45重量%、50重量%或更多的催化材料和/或至少1重量%、5重量%、10重量%、15重量%、20重量%、25重量%、30重量%、35重量%、40重量%、45重量%、50重量%、60重量%、70重量%、80重量%、90重量%或更多的粘土载体材料。粘土载体材料可以包含粘土矿物,基本上由其构成或由其构成。在具体地方面,负载型催化剂包含5重量%至50重量%的催化材料和95重量%至50重量%的粘土载体材料或者10重量%至20重量%的催化材料和90重量%至80重量%的粘土载体材料。粘土载体材料和/或催化剂可以是粉末形式或颗粒形式。颗粒的大小可以根据需要变化以用于小的或实验室规模的应用或用于大的或工业规模的应用。在一个具体情况中,颗粒的大小可以为5μm至300μm。或者,粘土载体材料或催化剂可以具有经构建的几何结构(如丸粒、泡沫、蜂窝、整料等)。催化材料可以分散在载体材料的整个表面。在具体的情况下,当经受大于700℃,大于725℃、750℃、775℃,或大于800℃,或从大于700℃、725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至1100℃,或从大于700℃、725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至1000℃,或从大于700℃、725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至900℃的温度时,催化剂能够减少在所述负载型催化剂的表面上的碳形成或焦化。在具体的情况下,范围可以是800℃至1000℃或800℃至1100℃。类似地或替代地,当经受大于700℃,大于725℃、750℃、775℃,或大于800℃,或大于700℃、725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至1100℃,或大于700℃、725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至1000℃,或大于700℃、725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至900℃的温度时,负载型催化剂能够减少催化材料或粘土载体材料的烧结。在具体的情况下,范围可以是800℃至1000℃或800℃至1100℃。因此,使用本发明的催化剂的合成气制备的反应温度可以是大于700℃至1100℃或725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至900℃、1000℃或1100℃的温度。在具体的情况下,范围可以是800℃至1000℃或800℃至1100℃。催化材料可以是烧绿石。烧绿石的非限制性实例是具有以下结构的一种:
AxBy-zCzO7
其中,A是元素La、Ce、Nd、Bi、Sc或Y的三价离子,其中0≤x≤2,B是元素Zr、Pt、Pd、Ni、Mo、Rh、Ru或Ir的四价离子,其中0≤y-z≤2,C是Ba、Ca、Cu、Mg、Ru、Rh、Pt、Pd、Ni、Co或Mo的二价、三价或四价离子,其中0≤z≤2。变量x、y和z每个都是数字(如实数)。或者,催化材料可以是金属催化剂、金属氧化物催化剂、金属氧化物负载型金属催化剂(例如,负载在各种金属氧化物如Al2O3、SiO2、SBA-15、MCM-40、TiO2、ZrO2、CeO2上的金属如Pt、Pd、Ir、Ni、Co、Rh、Ru、La、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Fe、Sn、Cu、Zn等,或钙钛矿型固体溶液)。金属催化剂的非限制性实例包括Pt、Pd、Au、Ag、Ir、Ni、Co、Rh、Ru、La、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Li、Na、K、Fe、Sn、Cu、Zn、Zr、Mo、Nb、Bi或Mn或其任意组合。金属氧化物催化剂的非限制性实例包括La2O3、Ru2O3、CeO2、ZrO2、ZnO、MoO3、WO3、Nb2O5或Ta2O或其任意组合。在具体的情况下,金属可以是Ni、Pt、Rh或Ru或其任意组合。在具体的情况下,催化材料是La2Ni0.11Zr1.89O7、La2Pt0.11Zr1.89O7或La2Rh0.11Zr1.85O7,而粘土载体材料可以是高岭石。在其他情况中,催化材料可以是La/Ni或CeO2/Pt而粘土载体可以是高岭石。烃气可以是甲烷。在具体的情况下,催化材料不包括TiO2。在仍另外的情况中,粘土载体材料不包括钙钛矿、氟石、氟铝镁钠石、蒙脱石、贝德石、海泡石、坡缕石和/或云母。类似地,一些情况中的催化材料不包括钙钛矿、氟石、氟铝镁钠石、蒙脱石、贝德石、海泡石、坡缕石和/或云母。在一种情况下,催化剂不是由坡缕石粘土矿物或贝德石粘土矿物或蒙脱石负载的TiO2催化剂。
还公开了包括连续相和分散相的组合物或分散体,所述连续相包含溶剂和能够催化从烃气制备包含氢和一氧化碳的气态混合物的催化材料,其中催化材料溶解于溶剂,所述分散相包含上面和/或本说明书全文所讨论的粘土材料的任一种。溶剂的非限制性实例包括水、甲醇、乙醇、丙醇或异丙醇、丁醇、丙酮或其混合物。分散体还可以包括另外的材料、成分和/或添加剂。这些另外的材料、成分、添加剂可以是使分散体稳定、有助于催化材料的溶解性、在催化剂使用期间有助于减少焦化或烧结等的那些。在一种情况下,添加剂是柠檬酸。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,公开有制备上面和/或本说明书全文所讨论的烃气重整负载型催化剂的方法。方法可以包括使溶剂从上述分散体中蒸发,由此得到或产生所述烃气重整负载型催化剂。然后使催化材料附着于合成的或经纯化的粘土材料。
还公开了制备气态混合物的方法,其包括在足以制备包含氢和一氧化碳的气态混合物的条件下,使包含烃和氧化剂的反应物气体混合物与上文或本说明书全文所讨论的烃气重整负载型催化剂中的任一种接触。另外,公开了催化重整反应物气体混合物的方法,其包括提供包含烃和氧化剂的反应物气体混合物,提供上面和/或本说明书全文所讨论的烃气重整负载型催化剂,和在足以制备包含一氧化碳和氢的气态混合物的条件下,使反应物气体混合物和烃气重整负载型催化剂接触。足以制备所述气态混合物的这类条件可以包括700℃至1100℃的温度范围或者725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至900℃、1000℃或1100℃或者800℃至1000℃或者800℃至1100℃的范围,0.1巴至3.0巴的绝对压力范围和/或500至10000h-1的气时空速(GHSV)。在具体情况中,烃包括甲烷。在一些方面,氧化剂包括二氧化碳、氧或水或其任意组合。在具体情况中,烃包括甲烷而氧化剂包括二氧化碳或二氧化碳和氧的混合物,在所制备的气态混合物中一氧化碳与氢的比例是约1:1或1。在其他方面,烃包括甲烷而氧化剂包括水(如水蒸气或蒸汽),在所制备的气态混合物中一氧化碳与氢的比例是约1:3或0.33。反应物气体混合物可以包括天然气,包含C2-C5烃、C6+重质烃(例如,C6至C24烃如柴油、喷气燃料、汽油、焦油、煤油等)、含氧烃的液化石油气,和/或生物柴油、醇或二甲醚。在具体情况中,反应物气体具有等于或大于0.9的总氧原子与碳原子比例。方法可以还包括分离和/或储存所制备的气态混合物。方法也可以包括从所制备的气态混合物分离氢(例如通过使所述所制备的气态混合物穿过氢选择性膜来产生氢渗透)。方法可以包括从所制备的气态混合物分离一氧化碳(例如通过使所述所制备的气态混合物穿过一氧化碳选择性膜来产生一氧化碳渗透)。在某些方面,在负载型的催化剂上碳形成或焦化减少或不发生和/或在负载型的催化剂上烧结减少或不发生。在具体情况中,当使所述负载型催化剂经受大于700℃至1100℃或者725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至900℃、1000℃或1100℃的温度时,碳形成或焦化和/或烧结减少或不发生。在具体情况中,范围可以是800℃至1000℃或800℃至1100℃。
术语“大约”或“约”定义为如本领域普通技术人员所理解的接近于,并且在一个非限制性实施方案中该术语定义为在10%以内,优选在5%以内,更优选在1%以内,最优选在0.5%以内。
当在权利要求或说明书中与术语“包含”一起使用时,对象前不使用数量词可以表示“一个”,但是其也符合“一个或更多个”、“至少一个”和“一个或多于一个”的意思。
词语“包含”、“具有”、“包括”或“含有”是包括性的或开放式的,并且不排除另外的、未列举的要素或方法步骤。
本发明的催化剂可以“包含”在本说明书全文所公开的特定成分、组分、组合物等,“基本上由在本说明书全文所公开的特定成分、组分、组合物等构成”或“由在本说明书全文所公开的特定成分、组分、组合物等构成”。对于过渡短语“基本由……构成”,在一个非限制性的方面,本发明的催化剂的基本的和新的特征是它们减少在催化材料上和/或粘土载体材料上的烧结和焦化的能力。
本发明的其他目的、特征和优点通过以下附图、详细说明和实施例会变得明显。然而,应理解,附图、具体实施方式和实施例,在表明本发明的具体实施方案时,仅以举例说明的方式给出并不表示限制。另外,预期的是通过该详细描述,本发明的精神和范围内的变化和修改对于本领域技术人员而言会变得明显。
附图说明
图1:存在于各种粘土矿物中的1:1和1:2硅酸盐层的图示。
图2:可以由合成气制备的各种产物的举例说明。
图3:在1000℃煅烧8小时的纯净高岭土的透射电子显微图。
图4:在1000℃煅烧8小时的净10重量%La2Ni0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土催化剂的透射电子显微图。
图5:烧绿石/高岭土催化剂(B)20重量%La2Ru0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土、(C)La2Rh0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土、(D)La2Pd0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土和(E)La2Ni0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土的粉末X射线衍射图谱。
图6:在800℃和1巴的绝对压力下用10重量%的CeO2/2重量%的Pt/高岭土催化剂的二氧化碳重整甲烷(CDRM)。
图7:在800℃和1巴的绝对压力下用10重量%的La2Ni0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土催化剂的CDRM。
图8:在915℃和1巴的绝对压力下用10重量%的La2Pt0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土催化剂的CDRM。
图9:20%La6.5%Ni/高岭土催化剂的性能:在800℃、1巴的绝对压力和GHSV=73000h-1时获得的CH4和CO2转化率和H2/CO比例。使用含有45%CH4+45%CO2+10%Ar的气体混合物作为进料。
图10:20%La2Rh0.11Zr1.85O7/高岭土的性能:在800℃、1巴的绝对压力和GHSV=73000h-1时获得的CH4和CO2转化率和H2/CO比例。使用含有45%CH4+45%CO2+10%Ar的气体混合物作为进料。
具体实施方式
用于将烃重整成合成气的当前可用的催化剂易于焦化和烧结,两者都会导致低效率的催化性能和相对短时间的使用后催化剂的最终失效。这会导致低效率的合成气制备也增加了与其制备相关的成本。
已有了避免上述焦化或烧结问题的发现。该发现基于使用粘土矿物作为催化材料的载体。不希望受到理论的束缚,认为与当前使用的载体材料相比时,粘土矿物如高岭石具有增加的氧流动特性。特别地,一些粘土矿物具有被认为能够提供具有高氧交换容量和流动特性的环境的化学和结构特性,由此减少使用本发明的催化剂制备合成气时焦化和烧结的发生。
在以下部分更详细地讨论本发明的这些和其它非限制性方面。
A、粘土矿物
在本发明的情况下,有多种粘土矿物可以被用作载体材料。以下提供这类材料的非限制性实例。在具体的方面,然而,使用具有1:1的硅酸盐层结构形式的粘土矿物(如高岭石),当用作载体时,在实施例中其显示出在800℃以上的温度下具有零焦化。
通常,粘土矿物包括二氧化硅、氧化铝或氧化镁或两者、和水。一些粘土矿物可以用如下的理想化学式来表示:2SiO2Al2O32H2O(高岭石)、4SiO2Al2O3H2O(叶蜡石)、4SiO23MgOH2O(滑石)和3SiO2Al2O35FeO4H2O(鲕绿泥石)。SiO2比例是用于确定粘土矿物类型的关键因素。可以基于化学组成和原子结构的不同将粘土矿物分成九组:(1)高岭土-蛇纹石(高岭石、埃洛石、利蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石),(2)叶蜡石-滑石,(3)云母(伊利石、海绿石、绿鳞石),(4)蛭石,(5)蒙皂石(蒙脱石、绿脱石、皂石),(6)绿泥石(如铝绿泥石、斜绿泥石、鲕绿泥石),(7)海泡石-坡缕石,(8)间层粘土矿物(例如累脱石、柯绿泥石、绿泥间蒙石),和(9)水铝英石-伊毛缟石。
粘土矿物的普遍结构特征是存在含水层状硅酸盐。这些特征是Si2O5与SiO4四面体通过共用每个四面体的三个角连接以形成六方网样式的连续的二维四面体片。通常垂直于片的、在四面体的第四个角上的顶点氧形成相邻的八面体片的一部分,其中八面体通过共用边连接。称作硅酸盐层的粘土矿物结构“骨架”有两种主要类型。通过使一个八面体片对准一个四面体片所形成的单位硅酸盐层被称为1:1硅酸盐层,并且八面体片的暴露面包含氢氧根。在另一种类型中,单位硅酸盐层由被面向相反方向的两个四面体片夹着的一个八面体片构成,并被称为2:1硅酸盐层。因此,包含1:1硅酸盐层的粘土矿物是其中八面体片与四面体片对准的硅酸盐层。相比之下,包含2:1硅酸盐层的粘土矿物是其中八面体片在一侧与四面体片对准且在相对侧与又一四面体片对准的硅酸盐层。图1提供了1:1和1:2的硅酸盐层的图解。
粘土矿物的高岭土-蛇纹石组是1:1层状硅酸盐。它们的基本结构单位包括四面体和八面体片,其中八面体片的暴露面上的阴离子是氢氧根。因此,它们的通用结构可以表示为:Y2-3Z2O5(OH)4,其中Y是八面体片中的阳离子,例如对于二八面体物质是Al3+和Fe3+,对于三八面体物质是Mg2+、Fe2+、Mn2+和Ni2+,Z是四面体片中的阳离子,大多数是Si,在较小程度上是Al和Fe3+。高岭石具有结构式Al2Si2O5(OH)4。高岭石是静电中性的,并具有三斜对称。迪开石和珍珠石是高岭石的多型变种,两者都包括双1:1层并具有单斜对称,但是两个1:1硅酸盐层的堆积顺序不同。埃洛石也具有和高岭石相近的组成,与高岭石颗粒的扁平状性质相比,其特征在于它的管状性质。埃洛石具有组成为Al2Si2O5(OH)42H2O的水合形式。在相对低的温度下(60℃)或暴露于低的相对湿度的条件后,这种水合形式不可逆地变成脱水变体。三八面体镁物质、纤蛇纹石、叶蛇纹石和利蛇纹石具有化学式Mg3Si2O5(OH)4。纤蛇纹石晶体具有圆柱筒形。叶蛇纹石晶体呈现交替的波纹结构。利蛇纹石晶体是扁平状的,可以包括少量铝或三价铁离子对硅和镁两者的取代。
关于粘土矿物的叶蜡石-滑石组,它们具有单位厚度为约9.2至的2:1层形式。结构式两个四面体片夹着的八面体片。叶蜡石和滑石分别代表组中的二八面体和三八面体成员。叶腊石的结构式是Al2Si4O10(OH)2,滑石的结构式是Mg3Si4O10(OH)2。因此,这些矿物的2:1层是静电中性的且以范德华键结合在一起。
云母粘土矿物也具有类似于叶腊石和滑石的2:1层类型的基本机构单元。实例包括白云母(KAl2(Si3Al)O10(OH)2)、金云母(KMg3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2)、黑云母(K(Mg,Fe)3(Si3Al)O10(OH)2)、绿鳞石(K(Mg,Fe3+)(Si4-xAlx)O10(OH)2,其中x=0-0.2)和海绿石。
蛭石粘土矿物包括被水分子层分开的三八面体云母或滑石的片。
蒙皂石粘土矿物来源于叶蜡石和滑石的结构。与叶腊石和滑石不同,由于在八面体和四面体片中的取代,蒙皂石的2:1硅酸盐层具有少量负电荷。蒙皂石的结构式包括(Al2-yMg2+/y)(Si4-xAlx)O10(OH)2M+/x+ynH2O,其中M+是表示为单价阳离子的层间可交换的阳离子,其中x和y分别是四面体和八面体取代的量(0.2≤x+y≤0.6)。具有y>x的蒙皂石称为蒙脱石,x>y的那些称为贝得石。绿脱石是其中铁离子为八面体片中的主要离子而不是铝和镁的那些。贝得石是其中铬(Cr3+)和钒(V3+)也作为八面体片中的主要阳离子存在的那些。三八面体铁镁蒙皂石具有下式(Mg,Fe2+)3(Si4-xAlx)O10(OH)2M+/xnH2O。
绿泥石粘土矿物包括:斜绿泥石(Mg5Al)(Si3Al)O10(OH)8;鲕绿泥石(Fe5 2+Al)(Si3Al)O10(OH)8;锰铝绿泥石(Mn5Al)(Si3Al)O10(OH)8和(镍绿泥石)(Ni5Al)(Si3Al)O10(OH)8。
海泡石和坡缕石是纸莎草状或纤维状水合硅酸镁矿物。它们包括Si2O5组合物的二维四面体片,并被认为具有在角处台阶式连接的2:1层的狭窄条或带。海泡石的结构是Mg8Si12O30(OH)4(OH2)4(H2O)8,坡缕石的结构是(Mg,Al)5Si8O20(OH)2(OH2)4(H2O)4。
间层化的粘土矿物包括各种粘土矿物的混合物。实例包括累脱石(二八面体的云母/蒙脱石)、绿泥间膨润石(二八面体的绿泥石/蒙皂石)、柯绿泥石(三八面体的蛭石/绿泥石)、水黑云母(三八面体的云母/蛭石)、阿里石(滑石/皂石)和绿泥间滑石(滑石/绿泥石)。其他实例包括伊利石/蒙皂石、海绿石/蒙皂石、二八面体的云母/绿泥石、二八面体的云母/蛭石和高岭石/蒙皂石。
伊毛缟石粘土矿是具有SiO2Al2O32.5H2O的大致组成的铝硅酸盐。水铝英石是以Si-O-Al键为主的含水的铝硅酸盐矿物,即大多数铝原子是四面体配位的。不同于伊毛缟石,水铝英石的形态从细的圆颗粒通过环状颗粒到不规则聚集体变化。
上述粘土矿物的任一种都可以在本发明的情况下使用。另外,虽然预期了可以使用天然的/未经纯化的或未经分离的或非合成的形式,但在某些方面,粘土矿物可以是经分离的或经纯化的或合成制备的。使用经分离的或经纯化的或合成制备的粘土矿物的原因之一是减少或去除当在重整反应中被用作催化剂的载体时可能引起或导致在矿物表面上的焦化或矿物的烧结的杂质。在合成气制备期间可能引起烧结或焦化的这类杂质包括铁、镍、锰、钠、钾、氯、钙、锂、铷、铍、钡、SiO2和/或有机杂质。举例来说,当在升高的温度下如在制备合成气的烃的二氧化碳重整中所使用的那些加热粘土矿物时,粘土矿物内的这类杂质(如铁或钾)会熔合到一起。去除或减少这类杂质的量因此可以有助于减少或避免烧结和/或焦化。
B、催化材料
预期当前用于从烃制备合成气的已知催化材料的任一种都可以用于本发明的情况。这些催化材料可以由上面和本说明书全文所讨论的粘土矿物负载,由此产生本发明的烃气重整粘土矿物负载型催化剂。这些催化剂的非限制性实例可以包括金属催化剂(如Pt、Pd、Au、Ag、Ir、Ni、Co、Rh、Ru、La、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Li、Na、K、Fe、Sn、Cu、Zn、Zr、Mo、Nb、Bi或Mn或其任意组合),金属氧化物催化剂(如La2O3、Ru2O3、CeO2、ZrO2、ZnO、MoO3、WO3、Nb2O5和/或Ta2O),烧绿石催化剂,和用于从烃制备合成气的其他已知的催化剂(如钙钛矿型固体溶液、负载在各种金属氧化物如Al2O3、SiO2、SBA-15、MCM-40、TiO2、ZrO2、CeO2上的各种金属如Pt、Pd、Ir、Ni、Co、Rh、Ru、La、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Fe、Sn、Cu或Zn,等)。烧绿石催化剂的非限制性实例包括具有以下结构的那些:
AxBy-zCzO7
其中,A是元素La、Ce、Nd、Bi、Sc或Y的三价离子,其中0<x<2,B是元素Zr、Pt、Pd、Mo、Rh、Ru或Ir的四价离子,其中0<y-z<2,C是Ba、Ca、Cu、Mg、Ru、Rh、Pt、Pd、Ni、Co或Mo的二价、三价或四价离子,其中0<z<2。
C、制备和使用粘土矿物负载型催化剂的方法
本发明的粘土矿物负载型催化剂可以通过提供催化材料于粘土矿物表面附着的现有技术已知的方法来制备。附着可以通过化学结合或物理结合或两者。在具体的情况下,结合可以是M1-M2结合(其中M1是来自催化剂的金属,M2是来自粘土矿物的金属)或M1-O结合(其中M1是来自催化剂的金属,O是来自粘土矿物的氧)。
除了已知的方法,已发现以下方法可以用于制备本发明的粘土矿物负载型催化剂:
1.分散体的制备:
(a)获得包含溶剂(如可以使催化材料溶解的任意溶剂——非限制性实例包括水、甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、异丙醇、丁醇或其混合物)和溶解于所述溶剂的催化材料的溶液。
(b)获得粘土矿物,如以上所述的一种。它可以是颗粒或粉末形式。
(c)将粘土矿物与溶剂混合以产生分散体,其中连续相包括溶液而非连续相/分散相包括粘土矿物。混合可以发生一段时间以产生分散体,并使粘土矿物与催化材料接触。在一个非限制性的方面,混合时间可以发生5、10、15、20、25、30、40、50、60或更多分钟。在具体的情况下,混合可以发生约10至约20分钟或约15分钟。可以使用任意类型的混合仪器。
(d)任选地,可以添加另外的材料或成分或其他粘土矿物以使分散体稳定、修饰所得到的催化剂或粘土矿物等。例如,可以添加螯合剂(如柠檬酸、EDTA、EDTA二钠、EDTA三钠、EGTA、磷酸、琥珀酸等)以在合成的初始阶段使金属离子保持分离,这导致在催化剂中形成更小的颗粒。更小的颗粒可以导致更大的表面积和孔体积,其可以对本发明的催化剂的活性产生正面影响。
2.处理分散体以产生催化剂:
(a)使分散体经受干燥步骤以去除溶剂。可以使用蒸发仪器如旋蒸仪。所得到的样品是干燥的且为粉末或颗粒形式。
(b)然后可以使来自(a)的样品经受煅烧步骤。该步骤可以包括将样品放置在陶瓷坩埚中,并使它受热(如来自马弗炉)。可以使样品首先经受150℃的温度2小时,然后900℃8小时,温度以10℃/分钟的速率增加。
所得到的材料之后可以用作制备合成气的催化剂。如实施例部分所确认的,当催化剂在至少800℃的温度下使用时没有观察到焦化或烧结,但在700℃的温度下观察到焦化。因此,使用本发明的催化剂制备合成气的反应温度可以是大于700℃至1100℃的范围,或者725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至900℃、1000℃或1100℃的范围。在具体的情况下,范围可以是800℃至1000℃或800℃至1100℃。除了温度,1巴至30巴的绝对压力,和/或500至10000h-1的气时空速(GHSV)可以用作从烃材料和本发明的催化剂制备合成气的反应条件。
该制备和使用催化剂的方法的益处是它用于工业/大规模应用的简单和方便的可伸缩性。
本发明的方法中所使用的气态进料混合物中的二氧化碳可以从各种来源获得。在一个非限制性例子中,可以从废气流或循环气流(例如从相同位置的工厂,像例如从氨合成)或从气流回收二氧化碳后获得二氧化碳。回收这种二氧化塘作为本发明的方法中的起始材料的益处是它可以减少排放到大气的二氧化碳的量(例如从化学生产位置)。进料中的氢也可以来源于各种来源,包括来自其他化学过程如乙烷裂解、甲醇合成或甲烷转化为芳香烃的气流。本发明的方法中使用的包括二氧化碳和氢的气态进料混合物可以还含有其他气体,前提是这些气体不会负面影响反应。这类其他气体的实例包括蒸汽或氧。反应中所使用的烃材料可以是甲烷。
可以将得到的合成气用于其他下游反应方案以产生另外的产物。图2是可以从合成气制备的各种产物的举例说明。这类实例包括化学产物如甲醇制备、烯烃合成(例如经费-托反应)、芳香烃制备、甲醇羰基化、烯烃羰基化、钢铁生产中铁氧化物的还原等。
实施例
本发明会通过具体的实施例更加详细地描述。以下实施例仅为了说明的目的提供,并不打算以任何方式限制本发明。本领域技术人员会容易地识别出可以变化或改变而产生基本相同结果的各种非关键性参数。
实施例1(粘土负载型催化剂的合成)
使用以下过程来合成接枝在高岭土载体上的10重量%和20重量%的La2Ni0.11Zr1.89O7烧绿石催化剂:将0.8gLa(NO3)3·6H2O、0.4gZrCl4、0.02gNiCl2.6H2O溶解于7.5ml去离子水中以形成澄清溶液。将0.4g柠檬酸添加至上述溶液。向其添加5.1g经纯化的高岭土粉末(线性化学式Al2Si2O5(OH)4)(从获得),并将烧瓶转移至旋蒸仪。使材料在旋蒸仪中混合15分钟,然后在真空下蒸发溶剂直至样品变得完全干燥。图3是在1000℃煅烧8小时的纯净高岭土的透射电子显微图。图4是在1000℃煅烧8小时的10重量%的La2Ni0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土催化剂的透射电子显微图。对于20重量%的催化剂,金属前体的量是两倍。预期的是本发明的情况下可以使用各种重量%,例如约5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、50%或更多。另外,高岭土粉末可以被替换为另一种粘土矿物,烧绿石催化剂可以通过改变起始材料而改变。利用该过程,还制备以下另外的高岭土负载型烧绿石催化剂:10重量%La2Pt0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土;20重量%La2Ru0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土;20重量%La2Rh0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土;和20重量%La2Pd0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土。图5包括烧绿石/高岭土催化剂(B)20重量%的La2Ru0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土、(C)20重量%的La2Rh0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土、(D)20重量%的La2Pd0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土和(E)20重量%的La2Ni0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土的粉末X射线衍射图谱。
使用以下两步骤过程来合成接枝在高岭土载体上的10重量%CeO2/2重量%Pt催化剂。在第一步中,将0.17g四氨合氯化铂水合物盐溶解于孔体积当量的水中,并用干燥的4.9g高岭土浸渍。将所得到的产物首先在125℃干燥2小时,然后在200℃煅烧4小时。在第二步中,将需要量的0.5g硝酸铈铵盐溶解于孔体积当量的水中,并用Pt/高岭土样品浸渍。将所得到的混合物首先在150℃干燥2小时,然后在900℃煅烧8小时。根据需要通过调节成分的量和类型可以获得不同的重量百分比和催化剂。
使用以下过程来合成接枝在高岭土载体上的La、Ni催化剂:将2.95gLa(NO3)3·6H2O和1.62gNiCl2.6H2O溶解于7.5ml去离子水以形成澄清溶液。将1.57g柠檬酸添加至上述溶液。向该溶液添加4.52g高岭土粉末并将烧瓶转移至旋蒸仪。使材料在旋蒸仪中混合15分钟,然后在真空下蒸发溶剂直至样品变得完全干燥。
表1提供了所制备高岭土负载型催化剂中一些的总结。
表1
高岭土负载型催化剂 | 所使用的溶剂 | 表面积(m2/g) |
10%La2Ni0.11Zr1.89O7 | 水 | 16.3 |
20%La2Ni0.11Zr1.89O7 | 水 | 8.8 |
10%La2Pt0.11Zr1.89O7 | 水 | 18.2 |
10%CeO2/2重量%Pt/高岭土 | 水 | 15.0 |
La,Ni/高岭土 | 水 | 14.8 |
实施例2
(粘土负载型催化剂的用途)
利用10重量%CeO2/2重量%Pt/高岭土、10重量%的La2Ni0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土和10重量%La2Pt0.11Zr1.89O7/高岭土分别在800℃和1巴的绝对压力、800℃和1巴的绝对压力、以及915℃和1巴的绝对压力进行二氧化碳重整甲烷(CDRM)反应20小时。在反应前,将每种催化剂首先在10%H2气氛中在900℃还原4小时。然后,通过将气体混合物改变为10%CH4+10%CO2+80%N2各自引发CDRM反应。使用GC和质谱仪两者来监测气体组成。将200-500目大小的催化剂粉末用于测试,所使用的GHSV为5000h-1。还在相同的压力(1巴的绝对压力)但是在700℃的温度下进行每种催化剂的比较CDRM反应,在这个温度下发生焦化和催化剂失活。
从反应中获得CO/H2比例是约1:1(见图6-8)。另外,发现每种催化剂在20小时期间是稳定的且没有任何失活。值得注意的是,在高于800℃的温度下没有观察到这些催化剂的任一种的焦化形成(催化剂上没有出现深黑色)。这通过在800℃在开放环境中进行所使用的催化剂的灼烧试验得到了确认。通过比较,在700℃的温度观察到焦化形成(催化剂在颜色上变深)。进一步地,没有观察到烧结。
因此,已发现对于本发明的催化作用的防止焦化形成的关键反应温度范围。
实施例3
(另外的催化剂)
在800℃和1巴的绝对压力下测试用于甲烷的CO2重整的两种另外的粘土负载型催化剂20%La6.5%Ni/高岭土和20%La2Rh0.11Zr1.85O7/高岭土。两种催化剂分别在180和100小时期间均显示出良好的活性(见图9(20%La6.5%Ni/高岭土)和图10(20%La2Rh0.11Zr1.85O7/高岭土))。两种催化剂均根据实施例1中所使用的过程制备。
在德国HTE提供的高通量反应体系中测试这两种催化剂的性能。反应器是塞流类型并由钢SS316制成,具有内部陶瓷内衬。使用具有5mm直径和55cm长度的陶瓷内衬来避免由于甲烷在钢表面裂解的焦化。借助于防漏石墨箍将钢内表面和陶瓷内衬外壁之间的气体密封,这确保了100%的进料气体穿过含有催化剂和惰性材料的陶瓷内衬。压碎催化剂颗粒并过筛至100μm-300μm。将需要量的催化剂过筛部分置于陶瓷内衬内侧的惰性材料的顶部。将(45%CO2+45%CH4+10%Ar)的混合物用作进料。使用氩气作为GC分析的内标物。在(90%N2+10%Ar)的存在下将在氧化状态的每种催化剂加热至800℃。以4个步骤供给(CH4+CO2)混合物,在每个步骤中以5分钟的间隔替换当量的氮。在800℃、1巴的绝对压力和大约气时空速(GHSV)=25000h-1下测试全部催化剂。在达到(45%CO2+45%CH4+10%Ar)的进料组成后,在1小时的平衡时间后开始气体分析。安捷伦GC7867用于气体分析。甲烷和CO2转化率计算如下:
氢与一氧化碳的比例计算如下:
在(20%La6.5%Ni/高岭土)和(20%La2Rh0.11Zr1.85O7/高岭土)的情况下,所得到的H2/CO为≈0.75(见图9和10)。这是由于反向水煤气变换反应(CO2+H2=CO+H2O)。反向水煤气变换反应取决于甲烷和CO2转化率,在更高的转化率下变换反应达到产生更高H2/CO比例的平衡。因此,H2/CO比例不是催化剂特异性的。通过减少催化反应的GHSV,h-1来增加CH4和CO2转化率可以获得接近1的H2/CO比例。
Claims (45)
1.一种烃气重整负载型催化剂,其包含:
(a)能够催化从烃气产生包含氢和一氧化碳的气态混合物的催化材料;和
(b)包含粘土矿物的粘土载体材料,
其中所述催化材料附着于所述粘土载体材料。
2.权利要求1所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述粘土矿物包含1:1硅酸盐层或2:1硅酸盐层。
3.权利要求2所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述粘土矿物包含1:1硅酸盐层。
4.权利要求3所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述粘土矿物是高岭土矿物。
5.权利要求4所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述高岭土矿物是高岭石。
6.权利要求1至5中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述粘土矿物是经纯化或经分离的粘土矿物或合成的粘土矿物。
7.权利要求1至6中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述负载型催化剂包含至少1重量%、5重量%、10重量%、15重量%、20重量%、25重量%、30重量%、35重量%、40重量%、45重量%、50重量%或更多的催化材料。
8.权利要求7所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述负载型催化剂包含至少1重量%、5重量%、10重量%、15重量%、20重量%、25重量%、30重量%、35重量%、40重量%、45重量%、50重量%、60重量%、70重量%、80重量%、90重量%或更多的粘土载体材料。
9.权利要求8所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述负载型催化剂包含5重量%至50重量%的催化材料和95重量%至50重量%的粘土载体材料或10重量%至20重量%的催化材料和90重量%至80重量%的粘土载体材料。
10.权利要求1至9中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述粘土载体材料是颗粒或粉末形式,且其中所述催化材料附着于粘土载体材料的表面。
11.权利要求10所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述粘土载体材料的粒度为5μm至300μm。
12.权利要求1至11中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述粘土载体材料是非粉末形式或具有经构建的几何结构,且其中所述催化材料附着于粘土载体材料的表面。
13.权利要求12所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述经构建的几何结构是丸粒、泡沫、蜂窝或整料。
14.权利要求1至13中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述催化材料分散在粘土载体材料的表面上。
15.权利要求1至14中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中当经受大于700℃至1100℃,或725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至900℃、1000℃或1100℃,或800℃至1000℃,或800℃至1100℃的温度时,所述负载型催化剂能够减少所述负载型催化剂表面上的碳形成。
16.权利要求1至15中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中当经受大于700℃至1100℃,或725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至900℃、1000℃或1100℃,或800℃至1000℃,或800℃至1100℃的温度时,所述负载型催化剂能够减少催化材料的烧结或粘土载体材料的烧结。
17.权利要求1至16中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述催化材料包含具有下式的烧绿石:
AxBy-zCzO7
其中,A是元素La、Ce、Nd、Bi、Sc或Y的三价离子,其中0≤x≤2,B是元素Zr、Pt、Pd、Ni、Mo、Rh、Ru或Ir的四价离子,其中0≤y-z≤2,C是Ba、Ca、Cu、Mg、Ru、Rh、Pt、Pd、Ni、Co或Mo的二价、三价或四价离子,其中0≤z≤2。
18.权利要求1至16中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述催化材料是金属催化剂或金属氧化物催化剂。
19.权利要求18所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述金属催化剂或金属氧化物催化剂包括Pt、Pd、Au、Ag、Ir、Ni、Co、Rh、Ru、La、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Li、Na、K、Fe、Sn、Cu、Zn、Zr、Mo、Nb、Bi或Mn或其任意组合。
20.权利要求19所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述金属催化剂包括Ni、Pt、Rh或Ru或其任意组合。
21.权利要求1所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述催化材料包括La2Ni0.11Zr1.89O7或者La2Rh0.11Zr1.85O7,所述粘土载体材料包括高岭石。
22.权利要求1至21中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂,其中所述烃气是甲烷。
23.一种组合物,所述组合物包含:
(a)连续相,所述连续相包含溶剂和能够催化从烃气产生包含氢和一氧化碳的气态混合物的催化材料,其中所述催化材料溶解于所述溶剂中;和
(b)分散相,所述分散相包含粉末或颗粒形式的粘土矿物。
24.权利要求23所述的组合物,其中所述溶剂是水、甲醇、乙醇、丙醇或异丙醇、丁醇或其混合物。
25.一种制备权利要求1至22中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂的方法,其包括获得权利要求23至24中任一项所述的组合物,并从所述组合物蒸发溶剂,其中制备了所述烃气重整负载型催化剂,并且其中催化材料附着于粘土矿物。
26.一种制备气态混合物的方法,其包括在足以制备包含氢和一氧化碳的气态混合物的条件下,使包含烃和氧化剂的反应物气体混合物与权利要求1至22中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂接触。
27.一种催化重整反应物气体混合物的方法,其包括:
(a)提供包含烃和氧化剂的反应物气体混合物;
(b)提供权利要求1至22中任一项所述的烃气重整负载型催化剂;和
(c)在足以制备包含一氧化碳和氢的气态混合物的条件下,使所述反应物气体混合物与所述烃气重整负载型催化剂接触。
28.权利要求26至27中任一项所述的方法,其中所述烃包括甲烷。
29.权利要求26至27中任一项所述的方法,其中所述氧化剂包括二氧化碳、氧或水或其任意组合。
30.权利要求29所述的方法,其中所述烃包括甲烷,所述氧化剂包括二氧化碳或二氧化碳和氧的混合物。
31.权利要求30所述的方法,其中在所制备的气态混合物中一氧化碳与氢的比例为约1。
32.权利要求30所述的方法,其中所述烃包括甲烷,所述氧化剂包括水。
33.权利要求32所述的方法,其中所述水是水蒸气。
34.权利要求32至33中任一项所述的方法,其中在所制备的气态混合物中一氧化碳与氢的比例为约0.33。
35.权利要求26至27中任一项所述的方法,其中所述反应物气体混合物包括天然气。
36.权利要求26至27中任一项所述的方法,其中所述反应物气体混合物包括包含C2-C5烃的液化石油气。
37.权利要求26至27中任一项所述的方法,其中所述反应物气体混合物包括C6+重质烃。
38.权利要求37所述的方法,其中所述C6+重质烃包括柴油、喷气燃料、汽油、焦油或煤油。
39.权利要求26至27中任一项所述的方法,其中所述反应物气体混合物包括含氧烃。
40.权利要求39所述的方法,其中所述含氧烃包括生物柴油、醇或二甲醚。
41.权利要求26至40中任一项所述的方法,其中所述反应物气体混合物具有等于或大于0.9的总氧原子与碳原子比例。
42.权利要求26至41中任一项所述的方法,还包括在700℃至1100℃或者725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至900℃、1000℃或1100℃的温度下,在1巴至30巴的绝对压力下和/或在500h-1至10000h-1的气时空速(GHSV)下使反应物气体混合物与烃气重整负载型催化剂接触。
43.权利要求26至42中任一项所述的方法,其中在负载型催化剂上碳形成减少或不发生。
44.权利要求26至43中任一项所述的方法,其中在负载型催化剂上烧结减少或不发生。
45.权利要求43至44中任一项所述的方法,其中当使所述负载型催化剂经受大于700℃至1100℃或者725℃、750℃、775℃或800℃至900℃、1000℃或1100℃的温度时碳形成和/或烧结减少或不发生。
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Also Published As
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WO2014188278A3 (en) | 2015-01-22 |
US20140332725A1 (en) | 2014-11-13 |
US20160318003A1 (en) | 2016-11-03 |
CN105188917B (zh) | 2019-04-26 |
WO2014188278A2 (en) | 2014-11-27 |
US9782751B2 (en) | 2017-10-10 |
EP2994227A2 (en) | 2016-03-16 |
US9409150B2 (en) | 2016-08-09 |
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