CN104982314B - A kind of cultural method of hybrid cymbidium - Google Patents

A kind of cultural method of hybrid cymbidium Download PDF

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Publication number
CN104982314B
CN104982314B CN201510362428.5A CN201510362428A CN104982314B CN 104982314 B CN104982314 B CN 104982314B CN 201510362428 A CN201510362428 A CN 201510362428A CN 104982314 B CN104982314 B CN 104982314B
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basin
seedling
cun
pine bark
basins
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CN104982314A (en
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曾玉冰
何兵
廖开旭
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Mianyang City Xian Long Bioisystech Co Ltd
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G31/00Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G24/00Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor

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  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of cultural method of hybrid cymbidium, comprise the following steps:(1) bottle seedling;(2) seedling taking;(3) seedling is planted:Using pine bark as cultivation matrix, control temperature, moisture, illumination, carry out top dressing, the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control;3 cun of basins are changed after (4) 1~2 months:Using pine bark as cultivation matrix, control temperature, moisture, illumination, carry out top dressing, the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control;4 cun of basins are changed after (5) 6 months;6 cun of basins are changed after (6) 12 months;(7) temperature, moisture, illumination are controlled after bud occurs in seedling, carries out top dressing, the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control.The cultivation carries out scientific management from temperature, moisture, illumination, top dressing, preventing disease and pest etc. to hybrid cymbidium, a good living environment is provided for hybrid cymbidium, so that the survival rate of hybrid cymbidium reaches more than 99%, cultivation period also foreshortens to 2~3 years, cost has been saved, has met the demand of merchandized handling.

Description

A kind of cultural method of hybrid cymbidium
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of plant growing technology, and in particular to a kind of cultural method of hybrid cymbidium.
Background technology
Hybrid cymbidium (Cymbidum hybridium) also known as happiness Mu Bilan, are orchid family Cymbidium herbaceos perennial, greatly Flower orchid leaf length is dark green, and flower appearance is rough, and bold and unconstrained magnificence, the florescence is longer (2~March), is world-renowned " orchid nova ".Because of it It is Cymbidium artificial hybridization kind, not only the delicate fragrance with state orchid was elegant, but also had the rich and varied of cattleya, in International Flower market very It is in great demand, it is deep to be inclined love by flower amateur.
But the method for traditional cultivation hybrid cymbidium, cycle length, generally up to 3~4 years, poor quality, be easy to get rot, survival rate Only 30~40%, flowering rate is also very low, far can not meet the needs of merchandized handling.
The content of the invention
The cultural method of a kind of hybrid cymbidium that the present invention is provided for above-mentioned shortcoming, the cultivation is from temperature, water Point, illumination, top dressing, preventing disease and pest etc. scientific management is carried out to hybrid cymbidium, provide a good life for hybrid cymbidium Dis environment so that the survival rate of hybrid cymbidium reaches more than 99%, and cultivation period also foreshortens to 2~3 years, has saved cost, full The foot demand of merchandized handling.
To achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problems is:
A kind of cultural method of hybrid cymbidium, comprises the following steps:
(1) bottle seedling:Hybrid cymbidium sprouting is cut, tissue culture method culture is used in triangular flask, grows up to bottle seedling;
(2) seedling taking:Culture medium in triangular flask is smashed to pieces, seedling is taken out, is then cleaned with 14~20 DEG C of water, removes leaf With the culture medium on root;
(3) seedling is planted:The large size pine bark of tiling 2cm × 2cm in basket, thickness 4cm, then uniformly spreads on pine bark 16g mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizers of 180 days, then put the pine bark of 0.2~0.4cm × 0.2~0.4cm, and seedling finally is implanted into pine In bark, every basket is planted 100 plants, line space 3.5cm, and often capable strain spacing is 1.7cm;
Seedling controls nocturnal temperature after planting be 15~18 DEG C, and day temperature is 25~28 DEG C;Cultivation matrix humidity is 80%, Air humidity is 85%;Intensity of illumination is 1~1.5 ten thousand lux, and light application time is 8~10h;Plant seedling and proceed by blade face after 20 days Top dressing, every the flower the more water-soluble fertilizer of 3000 times of spray in 10 days, wherein in flower the more water-soluble fertilizer N, P, K content phase Together, ratio 20:20:20;Seedling plant after with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, after a week with 2000 times of Mancozebs to blade face Sterilized, then every 2 weeks to 2000 times of Bravos of foliage-spray time, plant seedling after 3 weeks to 1000 times of foliage-spray one time Avermectin;
3 cun of basins are changed after (4) 1~2 months:Seedling is extracted, shakes off the matrix on root system, places 3~4h in ventilation, then The pseudobulb position for pinching seedling is put into 3 cun of basins for being covered with 2cm thickness pine barks, and pine bark is 0.5~1cm × 0.5 using specification The medium size pine bark of~1cm, then proceedes to loosen bark in basin, until pine bark covering rhizome 0.5~1cm of engaging portion, pine Bark reaches basin along following 2cm, wherein 3 cun of basin specifications are 9cm × 9cm;
It is 15~18 DEG C to change after basin and control nocturnal temperature, and day temperature is 25~28 DEG C;Cultivation matrix humidity is 75%, empty Air humidity degree is 80%, and water spraying time is morning 7~10 point;Intensity of illumination is 3~40,000 lux, and light application time is 8~10h;Change basin When apply 3~5g mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizers of 180 days per basin;When changing basin with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, then monthly use 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, while monthly carry out drug-treated once to blade face, and selected medicine is 1000 times of Mancozebs With 1000 times of carbendazim alternately;
4 cun of basins are changed after (5) 6 months:3 cun of soft basins outside seedling are torn, seedling is placed in be placed with 2cm thickness pine barks 4 cun In basin, pine bark then proceedes to loosen bark, until pine tree using the medium size pine bark that specification is 0.5~1cm × 0.5~1cm Skin covers 1.3~1.7cm of pseudobulb, pine bark height in basin along at following 3cm, wherein 4 cun of basin specifications are 12cm × 12cm;
It is 12~15 DEG C to change after basin and control nocturnal temperature, and day temperature is 22~28 DEG C;Cultivation matrix humidity is 75%, empty Air humidity degree is 80%;Intensity of illumination is 4~50,000 lux, and light application time is 8~10h;Apply 7~10g's 180 days per basin when changing basin Mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizer, applies mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizer of one time 180 days again after 6 months, 7~10g is applied per basin;With 1000 when changing basin Times carbendazim pouring root once, then monthly with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, while drug-treated one monthly is carried out to blade face It is secondary, selected medicine for 1000 times of Mancozebs and 1000 times of carbendazim alternately;
6 cun of basins are changed after (6) 12 months:4 cun of soft basins outside seedling are torn, seedling is placed in be placed with 5cm thickness pine barks 6 cun In basin, large size pine bark of the pine bark using specification for 1.0~2.0cm × 1.0~2.0cm, then proceedes to loosen bark, until Pine bark covers 1.3~1.7cm of pseudobulb, and pine bark height is located in basin along following 4~5cm, wherein 6 cun of basin specifications be 20cm × 21cm;
It is 10~15 DEG C to change after basin and control nocturnal temperature, and day temperature is 20~30 DEG C;Cultivation matrix humidity is 70%, empty Air humidity degree is 65%, and water spraying time spring and autumn is morning 8~10 point, and winter is morning 10~12 point, and summer is morning 5~9 point; Intensity of illumination is 4~50,000 lux, and light application time is 8~10h, and intensity of illumination is 5~80,000 lux after 8 months;Applied when changing basin per basin 20~30g mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizers of 270 days, apply mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizer of one time 100 days again after 9 months, apply 8 per basin~ 10g;When changing basin with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, then monthly with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, while monthly to leaf Face carries out drug-treated once, selected medicine for 1000 times of Mancozebs and 1000 times of carbendazim alternately;
(7) nocturnal temperature is controlled to be no more than 20 DEG C after bud occurs in seedling, day temperature is no more than 30 DEG C;Cultivation matrix is wet Spend for 70%, air humidity 65%;Intensity of illumination is 4~50,000 lux, and light application time is 8~10h;Occur applying once during bud Mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizer of 100 days, 20~30g is applied per basin;When scape grows to 20cm, start flower arrangement bar and scape is tied up Tie up, scape often extends 20cm, line rod of bondage, and line rod is plastic steel spar.
A kind of cultural method of hybrid cymbidium provided by the invention, has following several beneficial effects:
(1) cultivation carries out scientific management from temperature, moisture, illumination, top dressing, preventing disease and pest etc. to hybrid cymbidium, A good living environment is provided for hybrid cymbidium so that the survival rate of hybrid cymbidium reaches more than 99%, cultivation period Foreshorten to 2~3 years, saved cost, meet the demand of merchandized handling.
(2) cultivation from bottle seedling to CP seedlings, 3 cun of basin seedlings, 4 cun of basin seedlings, 6 cun of basin seedlings, each process have uniqueness pipe Reason method, so not only takes full advantage of cultivation resource, reduces cultivation space, but also can reject the bad seedling of growing way early, makes The good seedling of quality can be obtained by obtaining each small stage to next stage, finally obtain the extraordinary hybrid cymbidium of quality.
Embodiment
Embodiment
A kind of cultural method of hybrid cymbidium, comprises the following steps:
(1) bottle seedling:Hybrid cymbidium sprouting is cut, tissue culture method culture is used in triangular flask, grows up to bottle seedling;
(2) seedling taking:Culture medium in triangular flask is smashed to pieces, seedling is taken out, is then cleaned with 14~20 DEG C of water, removes leaf With the culture medium on root;
(3) seedling is planted:The large size pine bark of tiling 2cm × 2cm in basket, thickness 4cm, contributes to draining, ventilation etc., connects And 16g mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizers of 180 days are uniformly spread on pine bark, then put the pine of 0.2~0.4cm × 0.2~0.4cm Seedling is finally implanted into pine bark, every basket is planted 100 plants, line space 3.5cm, often capable strain spacing by bark as cultivation matrix For 1.7cm;
Seedling controls nocturnal temperature after planting be 15~18 DEG C, and day temperature is 25~28 DEG C;
It is 80% to control cultivation matrix humidity, air humidity 85%;
It is 1~1.5 ten thousand lux to control intensity of illumination, and light application time is 8~10h;
Plant seedling and proceed by foliage spray after 20 days, every the flower the more water-soluble fertilizer of 3000 times of spray in 10 days, wherein The content of N, P, K are identical in flower the more water-soluble fertilizer, ratio 20:20:20;
Seedling plant after with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, blade face is sterilized with 2000 times of Mancozebs after a week, Then every 2 weeks to 2000 times of Bravos of foliage-spray time, seedling is planted after 3 weeks to the Avermectin of 1000 times of foliage-spray one time Element, prevents red spider;
3 cun of basins are changed after (4) 1~2 months:Seedling is extracted, shakes off the matrix on root system, places 3~4h in ventilation, then The pseudobulb position for pinching seedling is put into 3 cun of basins for being covered with 2cm thickness pine barks, and pine bark is 0.5~1cm × 0.5 using specification The medium size pine bark of~1cm, then proceedes to loosen bark in basin, until pine bark covering rhizome 0.5~1cm of engaging portion, pine Bark reaches basin along following 2cm, wherein 3 cun of basin specifications are 9cm × 9cm;
It is 15~18 DEG C to change after basin and control nocturnal temperature, and day temperature is 25~28 DEG C;
It is 75% to control cultivation matrix humidity, and air humidity 80%, water spraying time is morning 7~10 point;
It is 3~40,000 lux to control intensity of illumination, and light application time is 8~10h;
When changing basin 3~5g mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizers of 180 days are applied per basin;
When changing basin with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, then monthly with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, while monthly Drug-treated is carried out once to blade face, selected medicine for 1000 times of Mancozebs and 1000 times of carbendazim alternately;
4 cun of basins are changed after (5) 6 months:3 cun of soft basins outside seedling are torn, seedling is placed in be placed with 2cm thickness pine barks 4 cun In basin, pine bark then proceedes to loosen bark, until pine tree using the medium size pine bark that specification is 0.5~1cm × 0.5~1cm Skin covers 1.3~1.7cm of pseudobulb, pine bark height in basin along at following 3cm, wherein 4 cun of basin specifications are 12cm × 12cm;
It is 12~15 DEG C to change after basin and control nocturnal temperature, and day temperature is 22~28 DEG C;
It is 75% to control cultivation matrix humidity, air humidity 80%;
It is 4~50,000 lux to control intensity of illumination, and light application time is 8~10h;
7~10g mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizers of 180 days are applied per basin when changing basin, apply mole section of one time 180 days after 6 months again Special slow-release fertilizer, 7~10g is applied per basin;
When changing basin with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, then monthly with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, while monthly Drug-treated is carried out once to blade face, selected medicine for 1000 times of Mancozebs and 1000 times of carbendazim alternately;
6 cun of basins are changed after (6) 12 months:4 cun of soft basins outside seedling are torn, seedling is placed in be placed with 5cm thickness pine barks 6 cun In basin, large size pine bark of the pine bark using specification for 1.0~2.0cm × 1.0~2.0cm, then proceedes to loosen bark, until Pine bark covers 1.3~1.7cm of pseudobulb, and pine bark height is located in basin along following 4~5cm, wherein 6 cun of basin specifications be 20cm × 21cm;
It is 10~15 DEG C to change after basin and control nocturnal temperature, and day temperature is 20~30 DEG C;
It is 70% to control cultivation matrix humidity, and air humidity 65%, water spraying time spring and autumn is morning 8~10 point, the winter Season is morning 10~12 point, and summer is morning 5~9 point;
It is 4~50,000 lux to control intensity of illumination, and light application time is 8~10h, and intensity of illumination is 5~80,000 lux after 8 months;
20~30g mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizers of 270 days are applied per basin when changing basin, apply mole of one time 100 days after 9 months again Section's spy's slow-release fertilizer, 8~10g is applied per basin;
When changing basin with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, then monthly with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, while monthly Drug-treated is carried out once to blade face, selected medicine for 1000 times of Mancozebs and 1000 times of carbendazim alternately;
(7) nocturnal temperature is controlled to be no more than 20 DEG C after bud occurs in seedling, day temperature is no more than 30 DEG C;Cultivation matrix is wet Spend for 70%, air humidity 65%;Intensity of illumination is 4~50,000 lux, and light application time is 8~10h;Occur applying once during bud Mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizer of 100 days, 20~30g is applied per basin;When scape grows to 20cm, start flower arrangement bar and scape is tied up Tie up, scape often extends 20cm, and line rod of bondage, generally needs bondage 3~4 times.According to bud quantity number come bar of arranging flowers, flower Bar is shaped according to triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, it is desirable to which the flower footpath after the completion of bondage is not bent uprightly, and line rod exists Interior, outside, outwardly, line rod is plastic steel spar to flower to Hua Jing.
Mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizer used is the N that Japan produces to Shan Lan gardens in cultivation:P:K is 13:13:13 it is slow The property released fertilizer;
Flower the more Water soluble fertilizer is the N of Shi Ke get companies of the U.S. of U.S. production:P:K is 20:20:20 universal Water soluble fertilizer;
Carbendazim is that Beijing Weiyuan bio tech ltd at prime produces, content 80%;
Mancozeb is that the big of Dow production gives birth to M-45, content 80%;
Bravo is that Syngenta produces, trade name " Da Kening ", content 75%;
Avermectin is that Syngenta produces, trade name " double-edged sword ", content 6%.

Claims (1)

1. a kind of cultural method of hybrid cymbidium, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
(1) bottle seedling:Hybrid cymbidium sprouting is cut, tissue culture method culture is used in triangular flask, grows up to bottle seedling;
(2) seedling taking:Culture medium in triangular flask is smashed to pieces, seedling is taken out, is then cleaned with 14~20 DEG C of water, removes leaf and root On culture medium;
(3) seedling is planted:The large size pine bark of tiling 2cm × 2cm in basket, thickness 4cm, then uniformly spreads 16g on pine bark Mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizer of 180 days, then puts the pine bark of 0.2~0.4cm × 0.2~0.4cm, seedling finally is implanted into pine bark In, every basket is planted 100 plants, line space 3.5cm, and often capable strain spacing is 1.7cm;
Seedling controls nocturnal temperature after planting be 15~18 DEG C, and day temperature is 25~28 DEG C;Cultivation matrix humidity is 80%, air Humidity is 85%;Intensity of illumination is 1~1.5 ten thousand lux, and light application time is 8~10h;Plant seedling and proceed by foliage spray after 20 days, Every the flower the more water-soluble fertilizer of 3000 times of spray in 10 days, wherein the content of N, P, K are identical in flower the more water-soluble fertilizer, ratio For 20:20:20;Seedling plant after with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, blade face is killed with 2000 times of Mancozebs after a week Bacterium, then every 2 weeks to 2000 times of Bravos of foliage-spray time, plants seedling after 3 weeks to the AVM hereinafter of 1000 times of foliage-spray one time Rhzomorph;
3 cun of basins are changed after (4) 1~2 months:Seedling is extracted, shakes off the matrix on root system, 3~4h is placed in ventilation, then pinches The pseudobulb position of seedling is put into 3 cun of basins for being covered with 2cm thickness pine barks, and pine bark is 0.5~1cm × 0.5~1cm using specification Medium size pine bark, then proceed to loosen bark in basin, until pine bark covering rhizome 0.5~1cm of engaging portion, pine bark reaches To basin along following 2cm, wherein 3 cun of basin specifications are 9cm × 9cm;
It is 15~18 DEG C to change after basin and control nocturnal temperature, and day temperature is 25~28 DEG C;Cultivation matrix humidity is 75%, and air is wet Spend for 80%, water spraying time is morning 7~10 point;Intensity of illumination is 3~40,000 lux, and light application time is 8~10h;Change every during basin Basin applies 3~5g mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizers of 180 days;When changing basin with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, then monthly with 1000 times Carbendazim pouring root once, while monthly carries out drug-treated once to blade face, and selected medicine is 1000 times of Mancozebs and 1000 Times carbendazim is alternately;
4 cun of basins are changed after (5) 6 months:3 cun of soft basins outside seedling are torn, seedling are placed in 4 cun of basins for being placed with 2cm thickness pine barks, Pine bark then proceedes to loosen bark, until pine bark lid using the medium size pine bark that specification is 0.5~1cm × 0.5~1cm Live in 1.3~1.7cm of pseudobulb, pine bark height in basin along at following 3cm, wherein 4 cun of basin specifications are 12cm × 12cm;
It is 12~15 DEG C to change after basin and control nocturnal temperature, and day temperature is 22~28 DEG C;Cultivation matrix humidity is 75%, and air is wet Spend for 80%;Intensity of illumination is 4~50,000 lux, and light application time is 8~10h;When changing basin 7~10g moles of 180 days is applied per basin Section's spy's slow-release fertilizer, applies mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizer of one time 180 days again after 6 months, 7~10g is applied per basin;With more than 1000 times when changing basin Bacterium spirit pouring root once, then monthly with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, while monthly to blade face carry out drug-treated once, institute Select medicine for 1000 times of Mancozebs and 1000 times of carbendazim alternately;
6 cun of basins are changed after (6) 12 months:4 cun of soft basins outside seedling are torn, seedling is placed in 6 cun of basins for being placed with 5cm thickness pine barks In, pine bark then proceedes to loosen bark, until pine using the large size pine bark that specification is 1.0~2.0cm × 1.0~2.0cm Bark covers 1.3~1.7cm of pseudobulb, and pine bark height is located in basin along following 4~5cm, wherein 6 cun of basin specifications be 20cm × 21cm;
It is 10~15 DEG C to change after basin and control nocturnal temperature, and day temperature is 20~30 DEG C;Cultivation matrix humidity is 70%, and air is wet Spend for 65%, water spraying time spring and autumn is morning 8~10 point, and winter is morning 10~12 point, and summer is morning 5~9 point;Illumination Intensity is 4~50,000 lux, and light application time is 8~10h, and intensity of illumination is 5~80,000 lux after 8 months;When changing basin 20 are applied per basin~ 30g mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizers of 270 days, apply mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizer of one time 100 days again after 9 months, 8~10g is applied per basin; When changing basin with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, then monthly with 1000 times of carbendazim pouring roots once, while monthly to blade face into Row drug-treated once, selected medicine for 1000 times of Mancozebs and 1000 times of carbendazim alternately;
(7) nocturnal temperature is controlled to be no more than 20 DEG C after bud occurs in seedling, day temperature is no more than 30 DEG C;Cultivation matrix humidity is 70%, air humidity 65%;Intensity of illumination is 4~50,000 lux, and light application time is 8~10h;Occur applying one time 100 during bud It mole section's spy's slow-release fertilizer, 20~30g is applied per basin;When scape grows to 20cm, start flower arrangement bar and bondage carried out to scape, Scape often extends 20cm, line rod of bondage, and line rod is plastic steel spar.
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CN105409516A (en) * 2015-11-16 2016-03-23 浙江农林大学 Year-round production and cultivation method of Cymbidium hybridum
CN105475105B (en) * 2015-12-08 2022-06-24 福建连城兰花股份有限公司 Production process of special culture medium for orchid cultivation
CN106105741A (en) * 2016-07-28 2016-11-16 福建省农业科学院植物保护研究所 A kind of simplification pest controlling method for state's orchid facility plantation
CN106665070A (en) * 2016-12-13 2017-05-17 四川农业大学 Pleionebulbocodioides potted flowers cultivation method
CN108077010A (en) * 2017-12-15 2018-05-29 佛山科学技术学院 A kind of hormone treatment method for improving early blossoming chalk Flowering quality
CN108094109A (en) * 2017-12-22 2018-06-01 广西乙木农业科技有限公司 A kind of efficient cultivation method of Chinese cymbidium
CN109168961A (en) * 2018-10-31 2019-01-11 芒市喜丰农业发展有限公司 A kind of cultural method of white ginseng
CN109329023B (en) * 2018-11-01 2021-10-22 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 Rejuvenation method for ornamental dendrobium plants
CN114175995A (en) * 2020-09-11 2022-03-15 玉溪市岁兰花卉有限公司 Method for shortening flower age of cymbidium hybridum and improving flowering rate
CN113854132B (en) * 2021-09-07 2023-03-14 嵩明博源农业科技有限公司 Cultivation method for promoting early blooming of cymbidium hybridum seedlings

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CN101485288B (en) * 2009-03-02 2011-11-16 天津城市建设学院 Method for breeding anti-dry heat-resisting Cymbidium hybridum
CN103609452B (en) * 2013-11-29 2015-04-01 湖州师范学院 Tissue-culture rapid propagation method of cymbidium

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