CN104904450A - Spring potato film earthing planting method - Google Patents
Spring potato film earthing planting method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104904450A CN104904450A CN201510228048.2A CN201510228048A CN104904450A CN 104904450 A CN104904450 A CN 104904450A CN 201510228048 A CN201510228048 A CN 201510228048A CN 104904450 A CN104904450 A CN 104904450A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
- A01G13/0268—Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/14—Greenhouses
- A01G9/1438—Covering materials therefor; Materials for protective coverings used for soil and plants, e.g. films, canopies, tunnels or cloches
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Abstract
The invention discloses a spring potato film earthing planting method. According to the method, a plastic film mulching earth exposure cultivating mode is adopted for potato planting, Holland 15G2 good seeds are cut in the last ten-day of February, celest and agricultural streptomycin are used for stirring with seeds, after accelerating germination is conducted for 4-5 d, machinery sowing is conducted, the depth of seeding is 8-10 cm, two rows are planted in one ridge, the row spacing is 1.1 m, the small line spacing is 20 cm, the planting distance is 22 cm, sowing strains/mu is 5510, common agricultural plastic mulching films are covered on the sowed seedlings, the thickness of each plastic mulching film is 7-8 Mum, the width of each plastic mulching film is 90 cm, and when terminal buds of the potatoes are 2 cm away from the earth surface, the mulching films are covered with earth for 2-3 cm. The spring potato film earthing planting method reduces the labor cost. The implementation of earthing on the films can achieve the automatic film breaking growing of the potato seedlings, the problems that machinery can not be used in filming carving and seedling placement steps and large amount of manual work is occupied are solved, the labor intensity of farmers working on potato production is relieved, the whole course mechanized production of the potatoes is achieved, the yield, the quality and the benefit are guaranteed, and meanwhile the manual work input is effectively reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to potato planting technical field, be specifically related to earthing implantation methods on a kind of spring sowing potato film.
Background technology
Mulch film has good heating and dehumidification soil moisture conservation effect, and can effectively prevent earth from hardening, increases soil permeability, improves output afterwards, increases income, therefore doing in two seasons to have in the spring sowing potato production of producing region to apply comparatively widely.Due to the toughness of mulch film, potato young shoot can not wear out mulch film voluntarily, under mulch film temperature at noon time can reach more than 40 DEG C, very easily cause potato young shoot heat evil, severe patient is directly scalded rotten.Therefore, should carry out artificial rupture of membrane in time when potato young shoot has just exposed earth's surface and put seedling, it is little that rupture of membranes requires to put seedling hole, and with soil will around holes pressure tight, from the blowout of seedling hole, potato set is heated the growth of weeds under harmful and mulch film to prevent hot gas under mulch film.By the restriction successively of potato seedling-growing time, this operation needs 4-5 all over could all complete, not only time-consuming, increase labour intensity and human cost, and easily occur that the high temperature caused not in time because putting seedling burns seedling and put that the blue or green head rate of the seedling potato block caused of low quality increases, the problems such as weeding is difficult under film.How to overcome rupture of membranes and put the restriction that seedling link produces potato, become spring sowing potato industry and advanced entire mechanization, improve the outstanding problem that the level of production is badly in need of solving.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to the defect for prior art and deficiency, earthing implantation methods on a kind of spring sowing potato film is provided.
For achieving the above object, the technical solution used in the present invention is:
Earthing implantation methods on a kind of spring sowing potato film of the present invention, is characterized in that: potato adopts plastic mulching cultivation method, and Dutch 15G2 breeding is in late Febuary stripping and slicing, time suitable happy+and agricultural streptomycin seed dressing, after vernalization 4-5d, carry out mechanical planting, sowing depth 8-10cm, one ridge duplicate rows, row spacing 1.1m, little line-spacing 20cm, spacing in the rows 22cm, mu broadcast strain number 5510 strain, above cover 7-8 μm of thick, the wide common agricultural mulching of 90cm, potato terminal bud apart from earth's surface 2cm time on mulch film earthing 2-3cm.
Above-mentioned implantation methods, preferred scheme is: sowing depth 8.5-9.5cm (preferred, sowing depth 9cm).
Above-mentioned implantation methods, preferred scheme is: above cover 7.5 μm of thick, wide common agricultural mulchings of 90cm.
Above-mentioned implantation methods, preferred scheme is: potato terminal bud apart from earth's surface 2cm time on mulch film earthing 2.5cm.
After adopting said structure, beneficial effect of the present invention is: (1) reduces human cost.Implement earthing on film, the self-mulching-pricking growth of potato seedling can be realized, solve stingy film to put seedling link and cannot use machinery, take an artificial difficult problem in a large number, alleviate the labour intensity that peasant is engaged in potato production, the entire mechanization achieving potato is produced, while guarantee output, quality and benefit, effectively reduce artificial input.
(2) growth is conducive to.Earthing on correct enforcement film, does not affect potato seedling-growing time and breeding time, and it is neat to emerge, and emergence rate is high, and growth potential is strong, and blue or green head rate is low, and commodity is good, and production benefit is high.
(3) subsurface temperature range is reduced.Cool To Be Protected from Heat in potato happiness, to implement on film earthing by day temperature height time have cooling effect, nocturnal temperature has insulation effect time low, can effectively reduce soil temperature and subsurface temperature range, be conducive to the growth of potato root system early stage, potato plant is healthy and strong; Later stage is just in time the environment providing relative constant temperature, low temperature that expands of potato block, is conducive to expanding of potato block, avoids the generation of lopsided potato, improves commodity potato rate.
(4) weed encroachment is reduced.Implement on film after earthing, because loseing light under mulch film, weeds cannot grow; Soil on film through high temperature, tan by the sun moisture loss, be unfavorable for weed growth, overcome weeds and potato to strive water and strive fertile problem, decrease the use of chemical herbicide, while reduction production cost, decrease environmental pollution, be conducive to the lifting of product quality and the sustainable development of Potato Industry.
(5) reduce insect pest to cause harm.Implement earthing on film, potato set can wear out mulch film voluntarily, and ground perforate membrane is very little and contact closely with potato haulm, and the larva that Adult worms producting eggs hatches cannot pierce underground harm under the obstruct of mulch film, alleviate the insect bite quantity of potato block to a certain extent, potato commodity potato rate improves.
Accompanying drawing illustrates:
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is further illustrated:
What Fig. 1 was different thickness of earth covering on emergence rate affects comparison diagram (2011 year);
What Fig. 2 was different earthing time on emergence rate affects comparison diagram (2011 year);
What Fig. 3 was different thickness of earth covering on emergence rate affects comparison diagram (2012 year);
What Fig. 4 was different earthing time on emergence rate affects comparison diagram (2012 year);
What Fig. 5 was different thickness of earth covering on emergence rate affects comparison diagram (2013 year);
What Fig. 6 was different earthing time on emergence rate affects comparison diagram (2013 year);
Fig. 7 is each process comparison diagram breeding time;
Fig. 8 is the average plant height of each process plant;
Fig. 9 is each process plant average branch number;
Figure 10 is different earthing time each community commodity potato output;
Figure 11 is different thickness of earth covering each community commodity potato output;
Figure 12 is different thickness of earth covering mu Efficiency Comparisons;
Figure 13 is different earthing time mu Efficiency Comparisons;
Figure 14 is the contrast of soil relative water content investigation result;
Figure 15 is 5cm place, underground ground temperature change (in earlier stage);
Figure 16 is 15cm place, underground ground temperature change (in earlier stage);
Figure 17 is 5cm place, underground ground temperature change (later stage);
Figure 18 is 15cm place, underground ground temperature change (later stage).
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, the present invention is further illustrated.
Earthing implantation methods on a kind of spring sowing potato film, is characterized in that: potato adopts plastic mulching cultivation method, and Dutch 15G2 breeding is in late Febuary stripping and slicing, time suitable happy+and agricultural streptomycin seed dressing, after vernalization 4-5d, carry out mechanical planting, sowing depth 8-10cm, one ridge duplicate rows, row spacing 1.1m, little line-spacing 20cm, spacing in the rows 22cm, mu broadcast strain number 5510 strain, above cover 7-8 μm of thick, the wide common agricultural mulching of 90cm, potato terminal bud apart from earth's surface 2cm time on mulch film earthing 2-3cm.
Concrete research process is as follows:
On potato film, earthing technology began one's study in 2011 exploitation, by carrying out the social investigation of a series of ground and experimental study, comprehensive Best Times having grasped earthing on enforcement film, optimum thickness, system research science is implemented earthing on film and to be emerged to potato, growing way, microenvironment, commodity property, production benefit, the affecting laws of the key elements such as disease pest and weed, summary defines relative maturity, reliably, earthing technology on practical potato film, and carried out in suitable area showing demonstration widely and applying, efficiently solve stingy film to put seedling and take manually, affect the realistic problem of the restriction such as emergence rate and production benefit spring sowing potato production development.
1, the determination of best earthing time and thickness of earth covering
1.1 cultivation condition
Adopt plastic mulching cultivation method, Dutch 15G2 breeding in late Febuary stripping and slicing, time suitable happy+agricultural streptomycin seed dressing, after vernalization 4-5d, carry out mechanical planting, sowing depth 8-10cm, one ridge duplicate rows, row spacing 1.1m, little line-spacing 20cm, spacing in the rows 22cm, mu broadcasts strain number 5510 strain, on cover 7-8 μm of thick, the wide common agricultural mulching of 90cm, prevent and treat potato late blight the time of infertility 2 times in good time, gather in the crops by the end of June.Adopt drip irrigation irrigation method.
1.2 experimental scheme
Experimental scheme is in Gao Miao village Tian He Vegetables Production and Sale cooperative society's potato planting base, Xi Gang town, Tengzhou City, Shandong Province, and 2011-2013 implements 3 years continuously.According to different designs 13 process of earthing time and thickness of earth covering, adopt the group arrangement of random district, each process plot area 44m2 (4 ridges, 10m is long), repeats for 3 times, and process 1-12 does not carry out human assistance puts seedling; Process 13 is control group, carries out artificial seedling setting.
Show thickness of earth covering and the timetable of each process
1.3 investigation contents and method
In duration of test recording cell, potato sowing time, sowing strain number, strain number of emerging, harvest time, results strain number, calculate emergence rate; When in community, potato emergence rate reaches 40%, the same day counts seedling-growing time; When field 50% plant has characteristic feature, indicate that potato enters certain breeding time, writing time; During results, in community, potato is all paid, weighs respectively to commodity potato, noncommodity potato, blue or green head potato, calculates commodity potato rate, blue or green head rate, per mu yield, mu benefit, and carries out variance analysis.
1.4 investigation result
The situation 1.4.1 potato emerges
On February 27th, 2011 is sowed, and June 30 gathered in the crops, and sowing 330 strain is unified in every community.Process 1 until May 15 emergence rate just reach 40%, be only 147.2 strains to strain number of emerging when gathering in the crops, than contrasting few 149.2 strains, emergence rate is 44.61%, bearing time from emerging to gathering in the crops is 45d, than the few 41d of contrast, is the process that in 13 process, emergence rate is minimum, bearing time is the shortest; Next is process 10, process 4; Emerge comparatively early, neat process has process 7, process 8 and process 9, the seedling-growing time of three is respectively April 6, April 4 and April 6, and emergence rate is 87.79%, 90.15%, 89.52%, not remarkable with contrast difference, bearing time is 84d, 86d, 84d, with contrast very nearly the same.
The different Casing ways potato of table 1 emerges condition survey table (2011)
On March 2nd, 2012 is sowed, unification on July 4 results, and community sowing strain number is 332 strains.The impact that different Casing ways is emerged on potato is widely different.To impinging upon the just arrival 40% of emergence rate on April 8, results strain number is 312.4 strains, and final emergence rate is up to 94.10%, and fertility day is 86d; The inapparent process of difference is process 8 and process 9 with it, and both are a little higher than contrast on emergence rate, and fertility day is respectively 86d, 84d; Seedling-growing time, the fertility day of process 7 are identical with process 9, and emergence rate is 92.62%, and significance is lower than contrast; Inapparently with contrast difference on emergence rate also have process 5, process 6, process 11, process 12, final emergence rate is all more than 93%, but seedling-growing time is widely different, between 15-April 23 April; All the other final emergence rates respectively processed are all below 80%, and seedling-growing time is late, and process 1 is until emerged May 17 just to 40%, and final emergence rate is only 47.38%, and pole significance is lower than contrast, and fertility day is only 47d, than the few 39d of contrast.
The different Casing ways potato of table 2 emerges condition survey table (2012)
On March 1st, 2013 is sowed, and July 2 gathered in the crops, the strain of community sowing strain number 330.The difference of earthing time, thickness is emerged on potato, bearing time impact is remarkable.The time that the emergence rate of process 13 reaches 40% is April 6, i.e. after planting 36d, and final emergence rate is 95.97%, and fertility day is 86d; Process 7, process 8, process 9 are identical with contrasting seedling-growing time, and fertility day is identical, and process 8, process 9 are remarkable with contrast difference on final emergence rate, and the final emergence rate of process 7 is 89.24%, extremely remarkable with contrast difference; The final emergence rate of process 1 is only 45.94%, and pole significance is lower than contrast, and fertility day is 47d, than the few 39d of contrast, close with process 1 has process 4, processes 10; Other fertility day respectively processed is between 70-80d, and emergence rate is between 75%-90%.
The different Casing ways potato of table 3 emerges condition survey table (2013)
The each leaf emergence variance analysis table of table 4
1.4.2 potato growing way situation
The difference of Casing ways on potato plant height, branch amount cause to affect comparison in difference large.The average plant height of each process is between 85-110cm, and the average plant height of contrast is 105.3cm, with process 3, process 8, process 9, to process 11 differences remarkable, with process 2, processes 4, processes 6 significant differences, to process difference extremely remarkable with other; The average branch number of each process between 2.9-3.5, branch amount maximum for process 5, its average branch number is 3.5, with process 1, process 4, processes the difference of 10 significantly, and other process between significant difference.
Table 5 is process potato plant height, branch amount investigation and variance analysis table respectively
1.4.3 potato commodity property
On the commodity potato of community, differ greatly between each process.Process 8 commodity potato output and be up to 286.63kg, commodity potato rate is 96.40%, and than contrast volume increase 16.57kg, amount of increase in production is 6.14%, reaches pole significant difference with contrasting; The commodity potato output of process 9 is 283.79kg, commodity potato rate 96.10%, and than contrast volume increase 13.75kg, amount of increase in production 5.09%, reaches pole significant difference with contrasting, not remarkable with process 8 difference; Other respectively processes the underproduction all shown compared with the control in various degree, and underproduction amplitude is between 6%-65%.
Table 6 different Casing ways potato commodity property application form
Between each process the difference trend of community gross yield and the difference trend of community commodity potato similar.Process 8, process 9 and control treatment 13 cell production are at about 296kg, and process 8 comparatively contrasts volume increase 0.75%, and process comparatively contrasts volume increase 0.06%, and between three, difference is not remarkable, but pole significance respectively processes higher than other.
Different thickness of earth covering differs greatly in blue or green head rate.The blue or green head rate of process 1 is the highest, reach 3.10%, and pole significance respectively processes higher than other; Secondly be process 4, process 7, process 10 and process 13, their blue or green head rate is respectively 2.6%, 2.5%, 2.4%, 2.4%, and between three, difference is not remarkable; The blue or green head rate of process 2 is 2.1%, and other respectively process between difference extremely remarkable; The blue or green head rate of process 3, process 5, process 6, process 8, process 9, process 11, process 12 is between 0.4%-0.7%, and quantity is little.
Table 7 different Casing ways potato commodity property variance analysis table
Mu benefit significant difference between each process, its difference trend is identical with commodity potato difference trend.The mu of process 8 is most effective, is 9342.55 yuan, increases 540.71kg than contrast.The mu benefit that pole significance respectively processes higher than other; Next is process 9, and the mu benefit of this process is 9249.84 yuan, comparatively contrasts synergy 448 yuan; The mu benefit of control treatment 13 is 8801.84 yuan, and pole significance is higher than process 1-7 and process 10-12.
1.5 interpretation of result
1.5.1 different Casing ways impact that potato is emerged
The he result of investigation of continuous 3 years shows, on potato film, earthing time is different, the different impact of emerging on potato of thickness of earth covering is comparatively large, and result as shown in Figure 1, 2.
Manually carried out auxiliary rupture of membranes when potato just exposes earth's surface put seedling owing to processing 13, early, emerge comparatively neat, emergence rate is high, and fertility day is long, as Fig. 3,4 expressions for seedling-growing time.
Process 1 is after planting carrying out earthing on film at once, but earthing only has 1-2cm, through wind and weather, when potato emerges, stay soil on mulch film seldom, can do nothing to help the toughness that potato young shoot overcomes mulch film and pass voluntarily, cause most potato evil of being heated under mulch film to be rotted, potato emerges uneven, seedling-growing time is long, and emergence rate is very low, only has about 45%.Process 2 and process 3 are after planting carrying out earthing on film at once, and what had a strong impact on mulch film heats effect, and seedling-growing time is longer, and effective bearing time is short, as shown in Figure 5,6.
Process 4, process 5, process 6 earthing when potato young shoot distance mulch film about 5cm, reduce temperature under film, seedling-growing time is long, but than process 2 with to process 3 seedling-growing times short.
Process 7, process 8, process 9 carry out earthing on film when potato young shoot distance mulch film about 2cm, and the now existing certain accumulation of temperature under film, gap of emerging is little, and seedling-growing time is not remarkable with contrast difference, and bearing time is substantially identical.Process 7 due to earthing very few, part potato young shoot can not wear out mulch film voluntarily, and emergence rate is slightly low; Process 8, to process 9 earthing thicker, can wear out mulch film easily at the effect Potato of ground pressure, and emerge relatively more neat, emergence rate is higher.
When potato young shoot will expose earth's surface, potato young shoot majority has turned green, and leaf primordium grows vanelets, and penetration capacity is very weak, and now the pressure of Sealing soil can cause potato terminal bud to expand, thickerly to pass again, and seedling-growing time is slightly long.Process 10 due to earthing on film few, under film, temperature is high, potato young shoot portions under heat evil rot, emerge irregular, emergence rate is slightly low; Process 11, process 12 thickness of earth covering and be suitable for, emerge comparatively neat, as shown in Figure 7.
Can be found out by the result of study contrasting continuous 3 years, when thickness of earth covering is identical, when when after planting instant earthing, potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 5cm, when earthing, potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 2cm, earthing and potato terminal bud are about to emerge earthing 4 different earthing time each process in, the highest with the emergence rate of earthing during potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 2cm, emerge the most neat, fertility day is the longest; When earthing time is identical, in each process of earthing 1-2cm, earthing 2-3cm, earthing 3-4cm tri-different thickness of earth covering, best with general performances such as the leaf emergence of earthing 2-3cm, Phase ofsprouting, fertility days.
1.5.2 different Casing ways is on the impact of potato growing way
The average plant height of potato, average branch number and Potato Cultivars, Field densities have direct relation.Therefore, the difference of emergence rate and Field densities result in the difference of the average plant height of potato, average branch number, as shown in Figure 8.
Process 1, process 5, process 10 average plant heights lower, between 86-88cm, process 2, process 3, process 4, process 6, process 7, process 8, process 9, process 11, process 12, process 13 average plant height between 96-110cm, as shown in Figure 9.
When earthing time is identical, along with the increase of thickness of earth covering, the average plant height of potato is in the trend increased, and average branch number is in the trend reduced.When thickness of earth covering is identical, during earthing 1-2cm, the average plant height of potato from broadcast rear instant earthing, potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 5cm time earthing to potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 2cm time earthing increase gradually, when potato is about to emerge, during earthing, declining to a great extent appears in average plant height, and the variation tendency of potato average branch number is contrary with average plant height; The variation tendency of average plant height during earthing 3-4cm is with the variation tendency of the average plant height of earthing 1-2cm; During earthing 2-3cm, the average plant height of potato be increase trend from earthing when earthing is about to emerge to potato when earthing, potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 2cm when broadcasting rear instant earthing, potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 5cm substantially, and potato average branch number is then progressively downward trend.
1.5.3 different Casing ways is on the impact of potato yield and benefit
On cell production, as can be seen from Figure 10, the output of carrying out earthing on film during potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 2cm respectively cover be under ground thickness the highest, secondly for covering the output on ground and the potato terminal bud output apart from earthing during the 5cm of earth's surface when potato is about to emerge, after potato sowing immediately the output of earthing respectively process be minimum; As can be seen from Figure 11, the process of earthing 2-3cm, except sowing namely cover ground time output a little less than the process of earthing 3-4cm, being the highest in other situation, is secondly the process of thickness of earth covering 3-4cm, and the process output of thickness of earth covering 1-2cm is minimum.
The effect tendency of different Casing ways to mu benefit is slightly different from the effect tendency to cell production.As seen from Figure 12, be covered with at one time, the process mu benefit of thickness 2-3cm and thickness 3-4cm is significantly higher than the process of earthing 1-2cm all the time; As seen from Figure 13, when thickness of earth covering is identical, when potato bud distance earth's surface 2cm, the process mu of earthing is most effective, be secondly the process of earthing when potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 5cm, the process of potato earthing when being about to emerge, the process of earthing immediately after potato sowing.
1.6 conclusion
By carrying out laterally each process thickness of earth covering, earthing time two factor, longitudinally investigate and comparative analysis, we think, earthing on film is carried out to potato, significantly can affect the Phase ofsprouting of potato, seedling-growing time, fertility day, plant growing way, output and benefit.Comprehensive above-mentioned investigation and analysis result, seminar reaches a conclusion: when potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 2cm, on mulch film, earthing 2-3cm effectively can improve the emergence rate of potato, and emerge neat, blue or green head rate is low, and commodity potato rate is high, and per mu yield is high, mu high efficiency.
On 2 films, earthing is on the impact of potato growth microenvironment
By the Primary Study of 2011, seminar tentatively determined on film, to cover the native seedling-growing time of 2-3cm comparatively early when potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 2cm, and emerge neat, potato plant growing way is strong, significantly can increase the output of potato, particularly commodity potato output.Therefore, seminar have studied this earthing measure to the impact of potato growth microenvironment, particularly on the impact of ground temperature, soil moisture, potato disease insect pest in 2012,2013 continuous 2 years.
2.1 cultivation condition
Adopt plastic mulching cultivation method, Dutch 15G2 breeding, late Febuary stripping and slicing, suitable happy time+agricultural streptomycin seed dressing, vernalization 4-5d, in mechanical planting by the end of February, sowing depth 8-10cm, a ridge duplicate rows, row spacing 1.1m, little line-spacing 20cm, spacing in the rows 22cm, mu broadcasts strain number 5510 strain, above covers 7-8 μm of thick, the wide common agricultural mulching of 90cm, prevent and treat potato late blight the time of infertility 2 times in good time, gather in the crops by the end of June.Adopt drip irrigation irrigation method.
2.2 experimental scheme
Experimental scheme is in Gao Miao village Tian He Vegetables Production and Sale cooperative society's potato planting base, Xi Gang town, Tengzhou City, Shandong Province, and 2 process are established in field: human assistance is put seedling (not earthing process) and carried out earthing 2-3cm on film (earthing process) when potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 2cm.3 repetitions are established in each process, and random district group arranges, plot area 100m2.
2.3 pilot survey
2.3.1 ground temperature
The mensuration of ground temperature adopts curved tube geothermometer to measure, every community in back of the body middle position, ridge with the machine transplanting of rice 3 underground 5cm ground thermometers, 3 underground 15cm ground thermometers.Terminate to squaring period (March 25) from after earthing, when 5d measures the morning 6 respectively, afternoon 2 time respectively process 5cm, 15cm soil layer ground temperature; First 35 days (May 25) of potato harvest, when 5d measures the morning 6 respectively, afternoon 2 time respectively process 5cm, 15cm soil layer ground temperature.Maximum temperature, minimum temperature relatively when earthing and not earthing under mulch film, and calculate the accumulated temperature between this process breeding time.
2.3.2 soil relative water content
The mensuration of soil relative water content adopts soil moisture content quick analyser to measure, and terminates, measure each process 10cm place soil moisture respectively every 5d from after earthing (March 25) to squaring period.Measure Shi Mei community and take random 5 point samplings, often measures 2 data.
2.3.3 field grass phase
At potato squaring period, the kind investigating weeds in field harvest time, quantity, fresh weight.Random 5 point samplings are taked in investigation Shi Mei community, often some investigation 1/4m2.
2.3.4 damage by disease and insect
The potato harvest phase investigation potato fields between damage by disease and insect kind and a situation arises.Insect pest every community 5 point sampling, the potato block number of often some continuous observation 5 strain, insect bite potato block number, calculate insect bite potato block ratio, and carry out variance analysis.Random 5 point samplings are taked in late blight, early blight investigation Shi Mei community, and often some investigation 2 strains, look into whole blade, calculate state of an illness occurrence index.
Severity Scaling standard:
0 grade: without scab;
1 grade: lesion area accounts for whole leaf area less than 5%;
3 grades: lesion area accounts for whole leaf area 6%-10%;
5 grades: lesion area accounts for whole leaf area 11%-20%;
7 grades: lesion area accounts for whole leaf area 21%-50%;
9 grades: lesion area accounts for whole leaf area more than 50%.
2.4 investigation result
2.4.1 on the impact of soil temperature
Soil temperature statistical form (in earlier stage) when table 8 morning 6
As can be seen from Table 8, when the morning 6, the ground temperature of underground 5cm place earthing process is all higher than the ground temperature of not earthing process, after earthing, the ground temperature at underground 5cm place is between 9.7-14.6 DEG C, and the numerical value be in the suitable temperature range of potato shoot growth has 7, and 2 groups of numerical value is close to the lower limit of thermophilic; The temperature at earthing underground 5cm place is not between 9.4-13.4 DEG C, and the numerical value be in the suitable temperature range of potato shoot growth has 3, and all the other 6 groups of numerical value are close to the lower limit of thermophilic.The temperature at 15cm place, underground, equally also be the temperature of temperature higher than not earthing of earthing, after earthing, the ground temperature at underground 15cm place is between 10.3-16.7 DEG C, all be in potato shoot growth suitable temperature range, the temperature of earthing underground 15 centimeters is not between 9.9-16.5 DEG C, the numerical value be in potato shoot growth suitable temperature range has 8, and 1 group of numerical value is close to the lower limit of thermophilic.
Soil temperature statistical form (in earlier stage) when table 9 afternoon 2
From table 9, when 14, the ground temperature of underground 5cm place earthing process is all lower than the ground temperature of not earthing process, after earthing, the ground temperature at underground 5cm place is between 12.9-25.7 DEG C, the numerical value be in the suitable temperature range of potato shoot growth has 4, the temperature at earthing underground 5cm place is not between 13.4-27.4 DEG C, the numerical value be in the suitable temperature range of potato shoot growth has 4, other 5 groups of numerical distance thermophilic upper limits are far away. the temperature at 15cm place, underground, equally also be that the temperature of earthing is slightly lower than the temperature of not earthing, after earthing, the ground temperature at underground 15cm place is between 12.2-18.3 DEG C, earthing temperature is not between 12.4-18.4 DEG C, all be in the suitable temperature range of potato shoot growth.
Soil temperature statistical form (later stage) when table 10 morning 6
After potato enters expanding stage, the ground temperature of 5cm place, underground earthing process is all lower than the ground temperature of not earthing process, after earthing, the ground temperature at underground 5cm place is between 15.8-21.1 DEG C, the numerical value be in suitable temperature range that potato block expands has 4, all the other 4 groups of numerical value are limit close to the height of thermophilic, the temperature at earthing underground 5cm place is not between 17.4-25.7 DEG C, and the numerical value be in suitable temperature range that potato block expands has 1, and 2 groups of numerical value are limit close to the height of thermophilic.The temperature at 15cm place, underground, equally also be the temperature of temperature lower than not earthing of earthing, after earthing, the ground temperature at underground 15cm place is between 14.7-19.7 DEG C, the numerical value be in suitable temperature range that potato block expands has 2, all the other 6 groups of numerical value are limit close to the height of thermophilic, the temperature at earthing underground 15cm place is not between 15.6-24.8 DEG C, and the numerical value be in suitable temperature range that potato block expands has 3, and 2 groups of numerical value are limit close to the height of thermophilic.In table 10.
Soil temperature statistical form (later stage) when table 11 afternoon 14
When 14, the ground temperature of underground 5cm place earthing process is all lower than the ground temperature of not earthing process, after earthing, the ground temperature at underground 5cm place is between 20.1-24.6, the numerical value be in suitable temperature range that potato block expands has 0,4 groups of numerical value are limit close to the height of thermophilic, the temperature at earthing underground 5cm place is not at 27.4-34.0, the numerical value be in suitable temperature range that potato block expands has 0, and the high limit of distance thermophilic is far away; The temperature at 15cm place, underground, equally also be the temperature of temperature lower than not earthing of earthing, after earthing, the ground temperature at underground 15cm place is between 19.8-22.1, the numerical value be in suitable temperature range that potato block expands has 0, but the high limit of distance thermophilic is nearer, the temperature at earthing underground 15cm place is not between 22.4-26.4, all away from potato block expand thermophilic high limit.
2.4.2 on the impact of soil relative water content
As shown in Figure 14, under same irrigation conditions, the soil relative water content of earthing process is all the time higher than the process of not earthing.Soil relative water content after earthing is up to 100%, and minimum is 77.6%, and only the soil relative water content on April 4 is below 80%, and the remaining time is all higher than 80%; The soil relative water content of earthing process is not up to 100%, and minimum is 71.8%, and the soil relative water content in March 30, April 4, April 24, April 29 is below 80%, and the remaining time is all higher than 80%.
2.4.3 on the impact of weeds in field
Known through field investigation, earthing process and the weeds in field kind indifference of not earthing process, mainly contain grey dish, iron amaranth, wrinkle fruit amaranth, lady's-grass and green foxtail etc.Squaring period, the community weeds fresh weight 156.4g of earthing process, the community weeds fresh weight 513.7g of not earthing process, both differences are extremely remarkable; Harvest time, the community weeds fresh weight 1024.6g of earthing process, the community weeds fresh weight 2615.8g of not earthing process, both differences are extremely remarkable.
Table 12 weeds in field investigation statistics table
2.4.4 on the impact of damage by disease and insect
Harvest time is investigated, and earthing process is identical with the damage by disease and insect species survey of not earthing process potato, mainly contains late blight, early blight, ring rot, balck shank, tar spot, grub, wireworm etc.Disease index aspect, two process field late blight disease indexs are 1.2, indifference; Between the potato fields of earthing process, early blight disease index is 2.3, and what be not covered with process is 2.5, both significant differences.Insect pest aspect, potato film covering 2-3cm soil layer to the ratio of potato insect bite potato block during results is 12.4%, lower than the potato insect bite potato block proportional numbers of only covering with plastic film, both significant differences.
Table 13 field Pests statistical form
2.5 interpretation of result
2.5.1 on film earthing technology on the impact of ground temperature
Potato is that a kind of happiness cools the crop that To Be Protected from Heat.Potato block after planting, starts rudiment when ground temperature reaches 5-7 DEG C, and during 10-20 DEG C, young shoot can be unearthed very soon, and it grows optimum temperature is 13-18 DEG C.Too low, evening of germinateing, impact are grown, and the rapid seedling seedling grown up to that germinates though too high is weak little.On potato film after earthing by day temperature height time have cooling effect, have insulation effect when nocturnal temperature is low, ensured that potato young shoot is in a metastable environment, the young shoot grown is healthy and strong, and internode is short, as shown in Figure 15,16.
The preference temperature that potato tubers expands is 15-19 DEG C, and in this temperature range, potato nutrient accumulation is rapid, and stem tuber expands soon, and potato skin is smooth, and food flavor is good; During ground temperature 25 DEG C, stem tuber expands slowly, and when ground temperature is more than more than 30 DEG C, respiration strengthens, and the nutrient of photosynthesis manufacture is consumed by respiration, and stem tuber stops expanding, and the suberification of potato skin, rough coat, content of starch is low, poor eating, yields poorly, and stem tuber is storage tolerance not.Carry out soil temperature film effectively reducing the potato growth later stage after earthing, potato block is expanded and is in an environment of relatively feeling nice and cool, be conducive to expanding of potato block, reduce the amplitude of variation of ground temperature simultaneously, avoid the generation of potato block diauxic growth, improve commodity potato rate, shown in Figure 17,18.
2.5.2 on the impact of soil relative water content
The process of earthing must not carried out artificial rupture of membrane and puts seedling, and comparatively large to the destructiveness of mulch film, the loss of broken hole position soil moisture is serious, when raining, rainwater can enter soil easily by holes, and the water content of soil is increased suddenly, and soil relative water content change is violent.Potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 2cm time on mulch film earthing 2-3cm, potato can wear out mulch film voluntarily, and the perforation of mulch film is very little and contact closely with potato haulm, and soil moisture can not from aperture out, extraneous water also can not enter from aperture, avoids the acute variation of soil moisture content.
2.5.3 on the impact of weeds in field
Implement earthing on film and can not change the kind of potato weeds in field, but obviously can reduce the quantity of weeds, control the growing way of weeds, alleviate the fresh weight of weeds.This is mainly because implement on film after earthing, and the weeds under mulch film cannot grow because loseing light, on film the soil of 2-3cm through high temperature, tan by the sun moisture loss, be unfavorable for weed growth.
2.5.4 on the impact of damage by disease and insect
The kind that earthing on film can not change the sick worm generation in field is carried out to potato, but the occurrence degree of damage by disease and insect can be alleviated, mainly owing to carrying out earthing on film before potato emerges, potato set can wear out mulch film voluntarily, little to the destructiveness of mulch film, the larva that Adult worms producting eggs hatches cannot pierce underground harm under the obstruct of mulch film, alleviates the insect bite quantity of potato block to a certain extent, and potato commodity potato rate improves.
2.6 conclusion
When potato terminal bud distance earth's surface 2cm, on mulch film, earthing 2-3cm can improve the microenvironment between potato fields, avoid the acute variation of soil temperature, water content, be conducive to the growth of potato root system early stage, potato plant is healthy and strong, later stage is just in time the environment providing relative constant temperature, low temperature that expands of potato block, be conducive to expanding of potato block, avoid the generation of lopsided potato.Meanwhile, implement earthing on film and effectively can reduce weed growth and insect pest is caused harm, to ensureing that potato yield has positive role.
The above, it is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, not any pro forma restriction is done to the present invention, although the present invention discloses as above with preferred embodiment, but and be not used to limit the present invention, any those skilled in the art, do not departing within the scope of technical solution of the present invention, make a little change when the technology contents of above-mentioned announcement can be utilized or be modified to the Equivalent embodiments of equivalent variations, in every case be the content not departing from technical solution of the present invention, according to any simple modification that technical spirit of the present invention is done above embodiment, equivalent variations and modification, all still belong in the scope of technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. an earthing implantation methods on spring sowing potato film, is characterized in that: potato adopts plastic mulching cultivation method, and Dutch 15 G2 breedings are in late Febuary stripping and slicing, time suitable happy+and agricultural streptomycin seed dressing, after vernalization 4-5d, carry out mechanical planting, sowing depth 8-10cm, one ridge duplicate rows, row spacing 1.1m, little line-spacing 20cm, spacing in the rows 22cm, mu broadcast strain number 5510 strain, above cover 7-8 μm of thick, the wide common agricultural mulching of 90cm, potato terminal bud apart from earth's surface 2cm time on mulch film earthing 2-3cm.
2. implantation methods according to claim 1, is characterized in that: sowing depth 8.5-9.5cm (preferred, sowing depth 9cm).
3. implantation methods according to claim 1, is characterized in that: above cover 7.5 μm of thick, wide common agricultural mulchings of 90cm.
4. implantation methods according to claim 1, is characterized in that: potato terminal bud apart from earth's surface 2cm time on mulch film earthing 2.5cm.
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| CN103609308A (en) * | 2013-11-28 | 2014-03-05 | 鲁天文 | Potato cultivation technology with high ridge films covered with soil |
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| CN104186165A (en) * | 2014-08-26 | 2014-12-10 | 山西省农业科学院高寒区作物研究所 | High-yield cultivation method for north potatoes through drip irrigation under mulch |
| CN104221682A (en) * | 2014-09-19 | 2014-12-24 | 甘肃农业大学 | Dry-land potato mechanized full-film furrow-ridge cultivating method |
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Application publication date: 20150916 |