CN104303754A - Large-scale culture method of yam seedlings - Google Patents
Large-scale culture method of yam seedlings Download PDFInfo
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- CN104303754A CN104303754A CN201410516882.7A CN201410516882A CN104303754A CN 104303754 A CN104303754 A CN 104303754A CN 201410516882 A CN201410516882 A CN 201410516882A CN 104303754 A CN104303754 A CN 104303754A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0243—Protective shelters for young plants, e.g. tubular sleeves
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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Abstract
The invention discloses a large-scale culture method of yam seedlings, and belongs to an artificial associated intervention technology in the technical field of crop cultivation. The method adopts the core technology of yam bulbil and corn intercropping and bulbil and cultured yam seedling graded management. Through adopting the yam bulbil and corn intercropping mode, the corn lodging-resistance capability is enhanced, meanwhile, high-resistance yam seedlings are cultured in a large scale, the acre yield can reach 9000 to 12000 plants, the cost is basically not increased, through being compared with that of conventional corn production, 3 to 4 laborers are increased for seeding, management and caring, 6 to 8 laborers are increased for harvesting, the labor quality and work intensity requirements only equal to those of potato planting, only medium work is required for the intensity, the bulbil culture cost is only about 1/3 of that of the traditional culture mode, the competitiveness is greatly improved, and the popularization and the application are easy.
Description
Technical field
Patent of the present invention is the extensive breeding method of one of Chinese yam young plant, and belong to the artificial association intervention techniques in technical field of crop cultivation, core technology is the intercropping of made from Chinese yam bulbil and corn, and the differentiated control of bulbil and incubation Chinese yam young plant.
Background technology
Chinese yam, is often referred to Chang Mount medicine, is Chinese and that many countries are traditional stem tuber vegetables.
According to morphological feature, Chinese yam idioplasm resource is divided into 4 large kinds by horticulture: Chang Mount medicine (Dioscorea polystachya), Dioscarea persimilis Prain et Burkill. (Dioscorea persimilis), mountain potato (Dioscorea fordii) and ginseng potato (Dioscorea alata), the Chinese yam of this 4 type differs greatly in leaf portion and underground tuber's characters, is easy to distinguish.
Chang Mount medicine, formal name used at school Dioscorea polystachya, having another name called Chinese yam rhizome (Dioscorea polystachya Turcz.), Chinese yam, Chinese yam, field potato, Buddhist palm potato etc., is a main category of Chinese yam, plant classification is: vegetative kingdom, Angiospermae, Monocotyledonae, Dioscoreales, Dioscoreaceae, Dioscorea (Dioscorea, comprises Chinese yam, fragrant taro etc., and part kind is commonly called as Yam).
Chang Mount medicine is perennial winding liana, and underground is cylindrical meat stem tuber, and not etc., not etc., quality 300-3000g is not etc. for long 50-150cm for typical diameters 2-10cm.Representational as Shanxipingyao's Chang Mount medicine, Jiaozhuo, Henan iron rod yam, Jiaxiang, Shandong fine, soft fur Chang Mount medicine, Yunnan sieve time Chinese yam etc.The vegetables column Chang Mount medicine that emphasis pin of the present invention is representative with Shanxipingyao's Chang Mount medicine, Jiaxiang, Shandong fine, soft fur Chang Mount medicine, Yunnan sieve time Chinese yam etc.
Chinese yam contains the mineral element such as abundant starch, vitamin and phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, potassium, is all-ages nutriment.Meanwhile, Chinese yam also has the functions such as invigorating the spleen, kidney tonifying, benefit essence, and, poor appetite, diabetes weakness of the spleen and the stomach to animal and human, constipation etc. have certain curative effect.
Chinese yam, also grain also dish, be China traditional important foodstuffs source, concern state food safety.From 2009, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Finance started to promote " research of Chinese yam rhizome efficiency cultivation technology for high and demonstration " plan, and " northing is planted in south, and north is planted and moved westwards " strategy is wherein affirmed in the industry, and industrialization process enters fast traffic lane.
Chang Mount medicine belongs to high temperature short-day plant, and preference temperature is 20-30 DEG C, and do not bloom for less than 15 DEG C, when 10 DEG C, stem tuber can rudiment.Chang Mount medicine happiness light, cold resistance is poor, should grow in good in draining, loose fertile soil.The tradition of Chang Mount medicine is planted large more options sandy loam and is ploughed.
Chang Mount medicine is distributed widely in the ground such as (height above sea level 150-850 rice) on the south China northeast, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Huaihe River, Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang (height above sea level 450-1000 rice), Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, Hubei, Hunan, In Northern Guangxi, Guizhou, Eastern Yunnan the north (height above sea level 1500-2500 rice), Sichuan (height above sea level 500-700 rice), In Eastern Gansu (height above sea level 950-1100 rice), Southern Shaanxi (height above sea level 350-1500 rice).Also there are distribution in Korea, Japan.
Chang Mount medicine stem tuber is medicine-food two-purpose food materials, important stem tuber vegetables, also be the local speciality in particularly mountain area, multiple Far-away Backward Areas, more famous has Ya'an Sichuan province Erlongshan Mountains Chinese yam, From Anshun of Guizhou Chinese yam, Yunnan sieve time Chinese yam, Yaoan, Yunnan Chinese yam, Feng County, Jiangsu Chinese yam, Guannan, Jiangsu Chinese yam rhizome, Ruichang, Jiangxi Chinese yam, Gaoyang, Gaoyang, Hebei fiber crops Chinese yam, the white Chinese yam in Anping, Hebei, Lixian County, Hebei fiber crops Chinese yam, Jiaozhuo, Henan Huai Chinese yam, Henan temperature line iron rod yam, Xiangyang, Hubei Chinese yam, Lichuan County, Hubei Chinese yam, state, Weihe River Basin, shaanxi Province Nanhua Chinese yam, Pishan Chinese yam, Pingliang, Gansu Chinese yam etc.
Traditional long yam planting utilizes Chinese yam young plant to do seedling.Chinese yam young plant comprises the young plant be bred as by bulbil the first year, or the halter young plant under cutting out when results Chinese yam eats stem tuber, or from the silently young plant the sanction of Chinese yam stem tuber top, cross-talk young plant, all belongs to vegetative propagation.
Traditional bulbil educates the mode of young plant normally: after made from Chinese yam bulbil grew up and came off White Dew to the Autumnal Equinox, selects larger to be housed in cellar for storing things, carries out nursery in order to Second Year around Clear and Bright; Deep plough the early spring 30-45cm on the arable land being suitable for planting potato, makes base fertilizer with farmyard manure, and ridging is standby to be broadcast; Press line-spacing 20-27cm along furrow, open the ditch of dark 3-5cm, thickness of sowing every mu 2-3 ten thousand; Be barricaded as the product cabinet frame of about 700 after emerging with more than 2100 strain 1.5-2.0m bamboo poles, and carry out field management by plantation Chinese yam mode, emphasis is weeding; Gather then little Chinese yam, namely bulbil young plant, enter cellar for storing things and preserve, next spring transplants land for growing field crops after autumn.
This mode usually every mu can produce usable zero minor young plant 18000-22000 strain.By 1000 yuan of land rents, 35 medium labour costss 3500 yuan, built cost 1300 yuan, 600 yuan, fertilizer etc., each 0.15 yuan of meter of effective bulbil, to produce bulbil young plant cost be 0.44-0.51 unit.
Degenerate from preventing germ plasm resource, and detoxification efficiency, seedling resistance angle consider, it is optimal selection in the preparation of several young plant that bulbil educates young plant, from the angle being convenient to deposit and differentiated control, also be that bulbil young plant is dominant, but, this traditional bulbil educates young plant mode to be needed to take high-quality soil in a large number, also need to Chinese yam tendril built, cost remains high always, cause seedling proportion in yam cultivation cost too high, the threshold both having built industrialization high, also reduces investment yield.
In corn planting process, milpa takes root general partially shallow, and this meets with the wind sky rainy day and easily lodges after making later stage corn knob rod.Corn lodging is a key factor of the corn underproduction, is a difficult problem of corn planting.The mode improved and method mainly still select kind resistant to lodging at present, and fertilising dispenser increases resistance, the mode of physical support because of cost reason actually rare, even the traditional approach that cultivation and banking is reinforced, also no longer adopt because labour cost is too high also many, and the mode of association plantation rarely has trial especially.
The reason of corn lodging is caused to be mostly: 1. planting density is unreasonable; 2. fertilizing method is improper: the first situation be when applying fertilizer to the subsoil without phosphorus potash fertilizer or phosphorus Potassium Fertilizer very few, nitrogen fertilizer amount is obviously too much, and potash fertilizer is very few, and corn nourishment all can be caused unbalance, and corn growth is too fast, and plant is too high, and stem stalk is elongated easily to lodge.When the second situation is dressing fertilizer material during corn growth, fertilizer from rhizome base portion excessively close to, or directly to spread fertilizer over the fields above root system, foundation portion blown, the quantity of nodose root (aerial root) is reduced, cause the supporting function of root reduce and lodge; 3. field management measure is improper: can not reasonably fertilizing, watering during corn growth; Can not prevent and treat in time when there is damage by disease and insect, corn resistivity is reduced; 4. when corn sprays herbicide after seedling, everyly spray paraquat or Kirchhoff integral corn field, also can cause the minimizing of corn aerial root, thus increase the probability that lodging occurs corn.
Traditional measure resistant to lodging is generally: 1. when maize planting, and every mu applies 150-300g particulate zinc or 1-2kg zinc sulphate as base fertilizer with base fertilizer; 2. rational close planting: suit measures to local conditions, because of kind suiting measures to different conditions, according to the density requirements of corn variety, arbitrarily can not increase planting density; 3. in corn 3-5 leaf phase and 9-12 leaf phase, spray in conjunction with prevention and elimination of disease and pests, mend potassium application and organic silicon fertilizer, impel well developed root system, stalk is sturdy, increases the toughness of stalk; 4. spray corn chlormequat in good time.
In agricultural ecosystem, association is phenomenon the most common, as Associated weeds, but most to run counter to production object, they and crops competitive space and nutrition, and the host of the still damage by disease and insect had, makes the adverse factor of agricultural production; But also have the effect of Mutualism, as pulse family and gramineous between kind be apply in traditional farming the most successful.Dioscoreaceae and association gramineous then rare.
Summary of the invention
The invention belongs to the artificial association intervention techniques in the technical field of cultivation of crops, core technology is Dioscoreaceae and association gramineous, the specifically intercropping of made from Chinese yam bulbil and corn.
The technical solution used in the present invention is as follows:
An extensive breeding method for Chinese yam young plant, comprises the steps:
A, general farming level can be produced corn more than dry granular 400kg and plough and to increase point one, two, three by output, that is: can produce corn dry granular 400-700kg is one-level, and 700-900kg is secondary, and more than 900kg is three grades;
B, the bulbil being used for cultivating Chinese yam young plant increased by weight point 1,2,3 grade:
Select particle shape full non-abnormity, epidermis without damaged, pore is sparse, surface is glossy, without the bulbil of damage by disease and insect as sowing material, and grade by weight, 1 grade is weight 3g≤weight≤6g, and 2 grades is 2g≤weight≤3g, 3 grades is 1g≤weight≤2g, and all the other are not for conforming to level;
C, select breeding time more than 110 days, well developed root system, plant type is compact, the thick and strong spring corn kind of stalk;
D, join 3 grades of kinds with carrying out one-level by above-mentioned a step and b step classification, join 2 grades of kinds secondary, three grades of ground join 1 grade of kind carry out with the pairing of planting;
E, the bulbil described in above-mentioned b step carried out broadcasting front vernalization, the bulbil starting rudiment is used further to sowing;
Described vernalization first bulbil is put into cryopreservation at 3-10 DEG C of temperature, takes out and be seeded in seedling-cultivating tray after 60-80 days; Cover bulbil with the seedling medium of perlite, vermiculite and fine sand composition, then irrigate seedling medium with clear water; Be placed in vernalization at 23-30 DEG C of temperature; Wherein, the concrete ratio of perlite, vermiculite and fine sand does not do requirement;
F, on the arable land described in above-mentioned a step ridging, duplicate rows one ridge, row spacing 120 ± 5cm;
G, on the ridge described in above-mentioned f step, sow corn described in step c, spacing in the rows 35 ± 2cm, line-spacing 55 ± 3cm;
H, arable land after seeding corn described in above-mentioned g step adopt mulch film, pine needle, straw, wheat stalk or maize straw residue mulching weeding system to preserve soil moisture weeding;
I, on the arable land described in above-mentioned h step after emergence of corn 9-11cm, the bulbil sowing that step e is obtained;
J, bulbil described in above-mentioned i step are intercutted at distance maize seedling 23-27cm place;
Within 5-10 days, to emerge to bulbil after the operation of k, above-mentioned j step and inspect, according to the situation of inspecting, or seedling is carried in artificial reaming, or after-culture;
After l, Chinese yam described in above-mentioned i step get rid of tendril, artificial reason tendril seeks connections with on milpa;
M, carry out above-mentioned l step operation 25-40d time, long Chinese yam tendril is drawn to close milpa and seeks connections with, have Chinese yam tendril to march to be formed between milpa;
If n, tendril described in above-mentioned m step occur that damage by disease and insect will spray medicine control in good time;
After bud appears in o, tendril described in above-mentioned m step, the soil of potassium deficiency will spray potash fertilizer or nutrition regulating agent;
P, corn described in above-mentioned g step are gathered will take manually to break and are received ear of maize mode, climing with antisitic defect common yam stem;
After q, tendril described in above-mentioned m step are completely withered, Chinese yam young plant can be excavated;
After r, step q tendril are completely withered, before excavating Chinese yam young plant, tendril and maize straw are together gathered;
S, carry out classification process to the young plant gathered in the crops described in above-mentioned q step, Engage of standard is completed a business transaction storehouse and is stored.
Do not conform to the too small bulbil of level in technical solution of the present invention step b for nursing young plants in hothouses, excessive bulbil is used as special breeding or is processed into food.
In technical solution of the present invention step I, every strain corn both sides interval 25cm sows the bulbil that 4 step e obtain.
The picking methods of technical solution of the present invention step r tendril and maize straw is that mechanization is by maize straw and Chinese yam tendril harvesting chopping and returning.
The mode of excavating of technical solution of the present invention step q Chinese yam young plant is for manually to gather or machine deep ploughing is gathered.
Further preferably described machine deep ploughing gathers ploughing depth more than 40cm.
10 days after the frost time of excavating of technical solution of the present invention step q Chinese yam young plant can start, and completes, or complete when Second Year teds soil before frozen soil.
Classification process described in technical solution of the present invention step s is: divide three-level management by the young plant that bulbil is bred as, that is:
One-level kind is planted: girth diameter >=3.0cm, 80g≤weight≤110g, cleanliness >=90%, plumpness >=90%;
Secondary kind is planted: 2.0≤girth diameter≤3.0cm, 60g≤weight≤80g, 80%≤cleanliness≤90%, 80≤plumpness≤90%;
Three grades of kinds are planted: 1.0cm≤girth diameter≤2.0cm, 40g≤weight≤60g, 70%≤cleanliness≤80%, 70%≤plumpness≤80%; All the other are not for conforming to a grade product;
Do not conform to excessive Chinese yam young plant in grade product, weight >=110g, as arid in the early spring cool regional special requirement use;
Do not conform to too small Chinese yam young plant in grade product, weight≤40g, as greenhouse culture, or use in desirable water and fertilizer condition plot, or use as secondary nursery.
Chinese yam young plant before storing after gathering described in technical solution of the present invention step s will ted.
Chinese yam young plant described in technical solution of the present invention step s needs to be stored in storage temperature 2-8 DEG C, the clean environment of relative moisture 85-93%.
key technology explanation
The mode of the present invention by planting between made from Chinese yam bulbil and corn, while enhancing corn lodging tolerance, cultivate resistance young plant, its Main Economic technical indicator and concrete operations are:
0 Main Economic technical indicator
This complete sets of Techniques cultivate young plant method by bulbil, per mu yield can reach 9000-12000 strain.
0.1 only increases sowing than conventional production corn manages and protects a labour 3-4 work, and increase a labour 6-8 work of gathering, labour's quality and labour intensity require only to be equivalent to Potato Breeding, and labour intensity all belongs to medium work.
0.2 corn lodging tolerance increases.
0.3 is distributed in 50-120g with bulbil for planting produced underground stem tuber fresh weight between sowing material and corn more, mean fresh reaches about 80g, the little Chinese yam produced all can be used as potato seed and sows for the coming year, wherein about more than 50% also can be directly used in the sale of small goods potato.
1 nursery is selected
Corn more than dry granular 400kg can be produced by the general farming level of ordinary maize kind to plough.
1.1 model plot
Plow layer thickness is more than 40cm, and suitable potato growth plot, height above sea level, fertility do not do strict restriction.
1.2 get rid of plot
If above-mentioned plot nitrogenous fertilizer is excessively sufficient, or fluorine ion is crossed sufficient plot and will be got rid of.
1.3 carry out classification
The classification of corn dry granular can be produced with the general farming water of ordinary maize kind, be divided into one, two, three totally three grades.
2 pairs of bulbils carry out differentiated control and use
Select particle shape full non-abnormity, epidermis without damaged, pore is sparse, surface is glossy, without the bulbil of damage by disease and insect as sowing material.
2.1 pairs for educating the bulbil of young plant through row differentiated control
The bulbil being used for cultivating young plant graded by weight, 1 grade is weight 3g≤weight≤6g, and 2 grades is 2g≤weight≤3g, and 3 grades is 1g≤weight≤2g, and all the other are not for conforming to level.
2.2 pairs of excessive too small bulbils are used alone
Too small bulbil can be used as nurses young plants in hothouses, and excessive bulbil can be used as special breeding or is processed into food and uses.
3 bulbil presowing treatments
3.1 bulbil vernalization
First bulbil is put into cryopreservation at 3-10 DEG C of temperature, takes out after 60-80 days and be seeded in seedling-cultivating tray; Cover bulbil with the seedling medium of perlite, vermiculite and fine sand composition, then irrigate seedling medium with clear water; Be placed in vernalization at 23-30 DEG C of temperature.
3.2 control seedling-growing time
Sowing after taking short bud to bulbil, be because the bad measuring and calculating of bulbil dormancy, or inconsistent impact is to the control of seedling-growing time.
3.3 control emergence rate
Sow after short bud is taked to bulbil, and require that the bulbil selecting rudiment is used further to sowing, be to improve emergence rate, reduce and reseed quantity.
Plant between 4 and corn
4.1 maize seed
This planting patterns will select spring corn kind, variety characteristic will select breeding time more than 110 days, well developed root system, plant type is compact, and stalk is thick and strong, blade upper punch, the breeding of strong stress resistance, the optional Su Yu 20 in corn belt, the Plain of Huanghua Area, or Nongda108, or red beautiful 86, yellow single No. 4 of optional a surname in Mountain Area of Southwest corn belt etc.
4.2 duplicate rows ridgings
Duplicate rows ridging, row spacing 120 ± 5cm, had both increased plow layer thickness, had also been conducive to draining, also helped covering weeding, thus was conducive to the association of Chinese yam seedling and corn.
4.3 corn plants line-spacing adjustment
Controlled by Corn Densities about every mu of 3100 strains, namely corn plants line-spacing is adjusted to spacing in the rows 35 ± 2cm, and line-spacing 55 ± 3cm(tradition is generally line-spacing 50-60cm, spacing in the rows 33-40cm).
Plant between 4.4 bulbils
Every strain corn both sides interval 25cm sows 4 have started rudiment bulbil through process.Every mu of ground bulbil thickness of sowing is 12500-13000 grain like this.Sprout by about 75% and produce into, every mu of ground can produce bulbil young plant 9000-10000 strain.
4.5 the sowing time
4.5.1 corn
Sow by normal farming season, selection kind mode morning is well for Chinese yam leaves enough growth times.
4.5.2 bulbil
About emergence of corn 10cm sows the bulbil of vernalization again, avoids Chinese yam tendril and corn competitive influence corn knob rod.
4.6 weeding
4.6.1 corn and Chinese yam want timely weeding after emerging.Hoe up weeds or uprooting weed time Chinese yam seedling will be prevented to extract in the lump, or the obvious damage underground root of just having grown.
4.6.2 avoid using potent weed killer herbicide as far as possible, reduce the harm to Chinese yam seedling; It is good for taking to cover weeding by the mode such as mulch film or pine needle.
4.6.3 area with good conditionsi, take pine needle, or straw, or wheat stalk, or organic covering weeding system soil moisture conservation such as maize straw weeding, to reduce high weeding cost and labour intensity.
4.7 association modes
4.7.1, after Chinese yam gets rid of tendril, to manually manage tendril and seek connections with on milpa.
4.7.2 in conjunction with manual intervention corn poplar bloassom, long Chinese yam tendril is drawn to close milpa and seeks connections with, formed between milpa and have Chinese yam tendril to march, increase because of corn take over the baton after lodging tolerance.
4.7.3 after corn maturation, maize cob needs manually to gather, and stalk will retain and try one's best and do not hurt the tendril of Chinese yam, until Chinese yam tendril dries up.
4.7.4 be thisly conducive to low labour intensity low cost without support planting type and realize straw-returning, if mechanization is by maize straw and Chinese yam tendril harvesting chopping and returning.
5 Chinese yam young plants are gathered
The Chinese yam young plant having gathered in maize straw and Chinese yam tendril cultivates ground, can manually gather, and also practicable machine deep ploughing mode is gathered.
5.1 10 days after frost times of gathering can start, and complete, or complete when Second Year teds soil before frozen soil.
5.2 take machine to deep plough gathers, and ploughing depth will more than 40cm, to guarantee not sliding trackle young plant.
6 Chinese yam young plants store transport
6.1 conventional storage
Young plant after gathering will ted, and reduces moisture, sterilization.Long term storage (more than 20 days) will be placed on temperature 2-8 DEG C of relative moisture about 90% clean environment, and avoids transporting for long-distance in high temperature environments.
6.2 java standard libraries store
Sell for ease of commercialization, be also convenient to planned production, the java standard library that will realize with good conditionsi stores, and namely at least realizes differentiated control, cases by strain number.
6.2.1 differentiated control
The Chinese yam young plant that bulbil is bred as by the present invention divides three-level management, that is:
One-level kind is planted: girth diameter >=3.0cm, 80g≤weight≤110g, cleanliness >=90%, plumpness >=90%;
Secondary kind is planted: 2.0≤girth diameter≤3.0cm, 60g≤weight≤80g, 80%≤cleanliness≤90%, 80≤plumpness≤90%;
Three grades of kinds are planted: 1.0cm≤girth diameter≤2.0cm, 40g≤weight≤60g, 70%≤cleanliness≤80%, 70%≤plumpness≤80%.
6.3 pairs of excessive Chinese yam young plants are used alone
Excessive Chinese yam young plant (weight >=110g) can be used as the early spring arid cool regional special requirement use.
6.4 pairs of too small Chinese yam young plants are used alone
Too small Chinese yam young plant (weight≤40g) can be used as greenhouse culture, or uses in desirable water and fertilizer condition plot.Also can be used as secondary nursery to use.
compared with prior art, its beneficial effect is in the present invention:
Facts have proved, accompanying planting mode of the present invention clearly enhances corn lodging tolerance, makes corn to resist general disaster caused by a windstorm, and the lodging of soaking due to too much rainwater.
Practice also proves, although Corn Densities reduces, single luxuriant net weight obviously increases, and corn is stable yields not only, does not also have the obvious underproduction.
Practice also proves that the Chinese yam young plant that this association mode is cultivated compares traditional approach, although per unit area yield quantity is only about half, more even, hundred weights obviously increase, and resistance is also better.
And on labour intensity, producing corn than routine only increases sowing and manage and protect 3-4 work, increase a labour 6-8 work of gathering, labour's quality and labour intensity require only to be equivalent to potato planting, and intensity only needs medium work.
Cost aspect, compares with traditional approach, and soil and liquid manure increase cost hardly, and recruitment is also little, and do not comprise bulbil cost and be about every strain 0.13 yuan, be only about 1/3rd of traditional type of rearing, competitiveness improves greatly.
Embodiment
embodiment 1
An extensive breeding method for Chinese yam young plant, comprises the steps:
A, general farming level can be produced corn more than dry granular 400kg and plough and to increase point one, two, three by output, that is: can produce corn dry granular 400-700kg is one-level, and 700-900kg is secondary, and more than 900kg is three grades;
B, the bulbil being used for cultivating Chinese yam young plant increased by weight point 1,2,3 grade:
Select particle shape full non-abnormity, epidermis without damaged, pore is sparse, surface is glossy, without the bulbil of damage by disease and insect as sowing material, and grade by weight, 1 grade is weight 3g≤weight≤6g, and 2 grades is 2g≤weight≤3g, 3 grades is 1g≤weight≤2g, and all the other are not for conforming to level; Do not conform to the too small bulbil of level for nursing young plants in hothouses, excessive bulbil is used as special breeding or is processed into food;
C, select breeding time more than 110 days, well developed root system, plant type is compact, the thick and strong spring corn kind of stalk;
D, join 3 grades of kinds with carrying out one-level by above-mentioned a step and b step classification, join 2 grades of kinds secondary, three grades of ground join 1 grade of kind carry out with the pairing of planting;
E, the bulbil described in above-mentioned b step carried out broadcasting front vernalization, the bulbil starting rudiment is used further to sowing;
Described vernalization first bulbil is put into cryopreservation at 3 DEG C of temperature, within 60 days, takes out afterwards and be seeded in seedling-cultivating tray; Cover bulbil with the seedling medium of perlite, vermiculite and fine sand composition, then irrigate seedling medium with clear water; Be placed in vernalization at 23 DEG C of temperature; Wherein, the concrete ratio of perlite, vermiculite and fine sand does not do requirement;
F, on the arable land described in above-mentioned a step ridging, duplicate rows one ridge, row spacing 115cm;
G, on the ridge described in above-mentioned f step, sow corn described in step c, spacing in the rows 33cm, line-spacing 52cm;
H, arable land after seeding corn described in above-mentioned g step adopt plastic mulching weeding system to preserve soil moisture weeding;
I, on the arable land described in above-mentioned h step after emergence of corn 9cm, the bulbil sowing that step e is obtained;
J, bulbil described in above-mentioned i step are intercutted at distance maize seedling 23cm place;
Within 5-10 days, to emerge to bulbil after the operation of k, above-mentioned j step and inspect, according to the situation of inspecting, or seedling is carried in artificial reaming, or after-culture;
After l, Chinese yam described in above-mentioned i step get rid of tendril, artificial reason tendril seeks connections with on milpa;
M, carry out above-mentioned l step operation 25-40d time, long Chinese yam tendril is drawn to close milpa and seeks connections with, have Chinese yam tendril to march to be formed between milpa;
If n, tendril described in above-mentioned m step occur that damage by disease and insect will spray medicine control in good time;
After bud appears in o, tendril described in above-mentioned m step, the soil of potassium deficiency will spray potash fertilizer;
P, corn described in above-mentioned g step are gathered will take manually to break and are received ear of maize mode, climing with antisitic defect common yam stem;
After q, tendril described in above-mentioned m step are completely withered, can excavate Chinese yam young plant, mode of excavating is for manually to gather; Excavating 10 days after frost time can start, and completes before frozen soil;
After r, step q tendril are completely withered, before excavating Chinese yam young plant, tendril and maize straw are together gathered, picking methods is that mechanization is by maize straw and Chinese yam tendril harvesting chopping and returning;
S, carry out classification process to the young plant gathered in the crops described in above-mentioned q step, the Chinese yam young plant before storing after gathering will ted, and then Engage of standard is completed a business transaction storehouse and stored, and needs to be stored in storage temperature 8 DEG C, the clean environment of relative moisture 93%;
Wherein, described classification process is: divide three-level management by the young plant that bulbil is bred as, that is:
One-level kind is planted: girth diameter >=3.0cm, 80g≤weight≤110g, cleanliness >=90%, plumpness >=90%;
Secondary kind is planted: 2.0≤girth diameter≤3.0cm, 60g≤weight≤80g, 80%≤cleanliness≤90%, 80≤plumpness≤90%;
Three grades of kinds are planted: 1.0cm≤girth diameter≤2.0cm, 40g≤weight≤60g, 70%≤cleanliness≤80%, 70%≤plumpness≤80%; All the other are not for conforming to a grade product;
Do not conform to excessive Chinese yam young plant in grade product, weight >=110g, as arid in the early spring cool regional special requirement use;
Do not conform to too small Chinese yam young plant in grade product, weight≤40g, as greenhouse culture, or use in desirable water and fertilizer condition plot, or use as secondary nursery.
embodiment 2
An extensive breeding method for Chinese yam young plant, comprises the steps:
A, general farming level can be produced corn more than dry granular 400kg and plough and to increase point one, two, three by output, that is: can produce corn dry granular 400-700kg is one-level, and 700-900kg is secondary, and more than 900kg is three grades;
B, the bulbil being used for cultivating Chinese yam young plant increased by weight point 1,2,3 grade:
Select particle shape full non-abnormity, epidermis without damaged, pore is sparse, surface is glossy, without the bulbil of damage by disease and insect as sowing material, and grade by weight, 1 grade is weight 3g≤weight≤6g, and 2 grades is 2g≤weight≤3g, 3 grades is 1g≤weight≤2g, and all the other are not for conforming to level; Do not conform to the too small bulbil of level for nursing young plants in hothouses, excessive bulbil is used as special breeding or is processed into food;
C, select breeding time more than 110 days, well developed root system, plant type is compact, the thick and strong spring corn kind of stalk;
D, join 3 grades of kinds with carrying out one-level by above-mentioned a step and b step classification, join 2 grades of kinds secondary, three grades of ground join 1 grade of kind carry out with the pairing of planting;
E, the bulbil described in above-mentioned b step carried out broadcasting front vernalization, the bulbil starting rudiment is used further to sowing;
Described vernalization first bulbil is put into cryopreservation at 10 DEG C of temperature, within 80 days, takes out afterwards and be seeded in seedling-cultivating tray; Cover bulbil with the seedling medium of perlite, vermiculite and fine sand composition, then irrigate seedling medium with clear water; Be placed in vernalization at 30 DEG C of temperature; Wherein, the concrete ratio of perlite, vermiculite and fine sand does not do requirement;
F, on the arable land described in above-mentioned a step ridging, duplicate rows one ridge, row spacing 125cm;
G, on the ridge described in above-mentioned f step, sow corn described in step c, spacing in the rows 37cm, line-spacing 58cm;
H, arable land after seeding corn described in above-mentioned g step adopt pine needle cover weeding system soil moisture conservation weeding;
I, on the arable land described in above-mentioned h step after emergence of corn 11cm, the bulbil sowing that step e is obtained;
J, bulbil described in above-mentioned i step are intercutted at distance maize seedling 27cm place;
Within 5-10 days, to emerge to bulbil after the operation of k, above-mentioned j step and inspect, according to the situation of inspecting, or seedling is carried in artificial reaming, or after-culture;
After l, Chinese yam described in above-mentioned i step get rid of tendril, artificial reason tendril seeks connections with on milpa;
M, carry out above-mentioned l step operation 25-40d time, long Chinese yam tendril is drawn to close milpa and seeks connections with, have Chinese yam tendril to march to be formed between milpa;
If n, tendril described in above-mentioned m step occur that damage by disease and insect will spray medicine control in good time;
After bud appears in o, tendril described in above-mentioned m step, the soil of potassium deficiency will spray nutrition regulating agent;
P, corn described in above-mentioned g step are gathered will take manually to break and are received ear of maize mode, climing with antisitic defect common yam stem;
After q, tendril described in above-mentioned m step are completely withered, can excavate Chinese yam young plant, the mode of excavating is that machine deep ploughing is gathered, and ploughing depth is more than 30cm; Excavating 10 days after frost time can start, and completes before frozen soil;
After r, step q tendril are completely withered, before excavating Chinese yam young plant, tendril and maize straw are together gathered, picking methods is that mechanization is by maize straw and Chinese yam tendril harvesting chopping and returning;
S, carry out classification process to the young plant gathered in the crops described in above-mentioned q step, the Chinese yam young plant before storing after gathering will ted, and then Engage of standard is completed a business transaction storehouse and stored, and needs to be stored in storage temperature 2 DEG C, the clean environment of relative moisture 85%;
Wherein, described classification process is: divide three-level management by the young plant that bulbil is bred as, that is:
One-level kind is planted: girth diameter >=3.0cm, 80g≤weight≤110g, cleanliness >=90%, plumpness >=90%;
Secondary kind is planted: 2.0≤girth diameter≤3.0cm, 60g≤weight≤80g, 80%≤cleanliness≤90%, 80≤plumpness≤90%;
Three grades of kinds are planted: 1.0cm≤girth diameter≤2.0cm, 40g≤weight≤60g, 70%≤cleanliness≤80%, 70%≤plumpness≤80%; All the other are not for conforming to a grade product;
Do not conform to excessive Chinese yam young plant in grade product, weight >=110g, as arid in the early spring cool regional special requirement use;
Do not conform to too small Chinese yam young plant in grade product, weight≤40g, as greenhouse culture, or use in desirable water and fertilizer condition plot, or use as secondary nursery.
embodiment 3
An extensive breeding method for Chinese yam young plant, comprises the steps:
A, general farming level can be produced corn more than dry granular 400kg and plough and to increase point one, two, three by output, that is: can produce corn dry granular 400-700kg is one-level, and 700-900kg is secondary, and more than 900kg is three grades;
B, the bulbil being used for cultivating Chinese yam young plant increased by weight point 1,2,3 grade:
Select particle shape full non-abnormity, epidermis without damaged, pore is sparse, surface is glossy, without the bulbil of damage by disease and insect as sowing material, and grade by weight, 1 grade is weight 3g≤weight≤6g, and 2 grades is 2g≤weight≤3g, 3 grades is 1g≤weight≤2g, and all the other are not for conforming to level; Do not conform to the too small bulbil of level for nursing young plants in hothouses, excessive bulbil is used as special breeding or is processed into food;
C, select breeding time more than 110 days, well developed root system, plant type is compact, the thick and strong spring corn kind of stalk;
D, join 3 grades of kinds with carrying out one-level by above-mentioned a step and b step classification, join 2 grades of kinds secondary, three grades of ground join 1 grade of kind carry out with the pairing of planting;
E, the bulbil described in above-mentioned b step carried out broadcasting front vernalization, the bulbil starting rudiment is used further to sowing;
Described vernalization first bulbil is put into cryopreservation at 5 DEG C of temperature, within 70 days, takes out afterwards and be seeded in seedling-cultivating tray; Cover bulbil with the seedling medium of perlite, vermiculite and fine sand composition, then irrigate seedling medium with clear water; Be placed in vernalization at 28 DEG C of temperature; Wherein, the concrete ratio of perlite, vermiculite and fine sand does not do requirement;
F, on the arable land described in above-mentioned a step ridging, duplicate rows one ridge, row spacing 120cm;
G, on the ridge described in above-mentioned f step, sow corn described in step c, spacing in the rows 35cm, line-spacing 55cm;
H, arable land after seeding corn described in above-mentioned g step adopt Wheat stalk-covering weeding system to preserve soil moisture weeding;
I, on the arable land described in above-mentioned h step after emergence of corn 10cm, the bulbil sowing that step e is obtained;
J, bulbil described in above-mentioned i step are intercutted at distance maize seedling 25cm place, and namely often strain corn both sides interval 25cm sows the bulbil that 4 step e obtain;
Within 5-10 days, to emerge to bulbil after the operation of k, above-mentioned j step and inspect, according to the situation of inspecting, or seedling is carried in artificial reaming, or after-culture;
After l, Chinese yam described in above-mentioned i step get rid of tendril, artificial reason tendril seeks connections with on milpa;
M, carry out above-mentioned l step operation 25-40d time, long Chinese yam tendril is drawn to close milpa and seeks connections with, have Chinese yam tendril to march to be formed between milpa;
If n, tendril described in above-mentioned m step occur that damage by disease and insect will spray medicine control in good time;
After bud appears in o, tendril described in above-mentioned m step, the soil of potassium deficiency will spray potash fertilizer;
P, corn described in above-mentioned g step are gathered will take manually to break and are received ear of maize mode, climing with antisitic defect common yam stem;
After q, tendril described in above-mentioned m step are completely withered, can excavate Chinese yam young plant, mode of excavating is for manually to gather; Excavating 10 days after frost time can start, and completes when Second Year teds soil.；
After r, step q tendril are completely withered, before excavating Chinese yam young plant, tendril and maize straw are together gathered, picking methods is that mechanization is by maize straw and Chinese yam tendril harvesting chopping and returning;
S, carry out classification process to the young plant gathered in the crops described in above-mentioned q step, the Chinese yam young plant before storing after gathering will ted, and then Engage of standard is completed a business transaction storehouse and stored, and needs to be stored in storage temperature 6 DEG C, the clean environment of relative moisture 90%;
Wherein, described classification process is: divide three-level management by the young plant that bulbil is bred as, that is:
One-level kind is planted: girth diameter >=3.0cm, 80g≤weight≤110g, cleanliness >=90%, plumpness >=90%;
Secondary kind is planted: 2.0≤girth diameter≤3.0cm, 60g≤weight≤80g, 80%≤cleanliness≤90%, 80≤plumpness≤90%;
Three grades of kinds are planted: 1.0cm≤girth diameter≤2.0cm, 40g≤weight≤60g, 70%≤cleanliness≤80%, 70%≤plumpness≤80%; All the other are not for conforming to a grade product;
Do not conform to excessive Chinese yam young plant in grade product, weight >=110g, as arid in the early spring cool regional special requirement use;
Do not conform to too small Chinese yam young plant in grade product, weight≤40g, as greenhouse culture, or use in desirable water and fertilizer condition plot, or use as secondary nursery.
The foregoing describe general principle of the present invention not to be restricted to the described embodiments.The technical staff of the industry should understand, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, can improve the formula described in foregoing embodiments or replace wherein part material is equivalent, these improve or equivalent replacement does not depart from spirit and scope of the invention.
the concrete performance of technical solution of the present invention:
One, implement ground
Wu Liping village, Long Chang town, Xuanwei of Yunnan Province city
West village, Xuanwei of Yunnan Province slab bridge town
Green Dragon village, Qilin District, Fields of Qujing City in Yunnan
Two, people is implemented
Fine jade industry five Li Ping piggery, sea, Xuanwei
Seed multiplication farm base, National agricultural demonstration area, Xuanwei
Xuanwei of Yunnan Province slab bridge seed multiplication farm
Three, kind
Sieve time Chinese yam, general girth diameter 6-15cm, the edible long 60-90cm of stem tuber, traditional per mu yield about 3 tons.
Sieve time Chinese yam, have another name called Roots Chinese yam, be the long yam variety of main product of Lufeng Yunnan Roots embankment, cultivation history is long, delicate satiny, the micro-delicate fragrance of taste of, meat large with individuality glutinous tender, of fine quality, measure large and known far and wide.
Document is had to record, bronze period, the clan tribal chief in the ancients of the Yi nationality, distributed over Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou---sieve portion and time portion is transplanted to wild yam on mountain in the fertile sandy loam of the new reclamation of wasteland, through over thousands of year artificial cultivation, optimum choice, to the fine quality cultivated during the Two Jins in Chinese yam, locals's ancient times is " axe is Chinese yam " or " oxtail Chinese yam ".
Nan Zhao period, namely in 96 years of 760-856 Christian era, Nan Zhao Wang Feng gal is different, different try to gain seek, advise the rich three generations of helping prince all marry the female that time solely brocade is rough sieve be prince wife, be after, sieve time Chinese yam obtains imperial family and to praise highly and famous.
Four, area is implemented
36 mu, Wu Liping village, Long Chang town.
15 mu, west village, slab bridge town.
12 mu, Green Dragon village, Qilin District
Five, performance
2011, carry out 100 strain tests respectively, mainly carry out different plant and row spacing paired observation.
2012, carry out 1 mu of test respectively, the paired observation of checking different plant and row spacing, and carry out differently power and bulbil size proportioning comparative trial.
2013, carry out large neoasozin experiment.
Six, effect assessment
In Green Dragon village, Qilin District, experimental field belong to the barren soil of woodland, 2100 meters of High aititude cool and cold climate, output is lower slightly, but seedling is few in spite of illness.
In west village, slab bridge town, experimental field belong to standard nursery lot, 1900 High aititude Ba Qu, output is significantly improved, but seedling is obvious in spite of illness.
In Wu Liping village, Long Chang town, experimental field belong to representative corn planting ground, Wumeng Shan Mountain section, be divided into height above sea level 2000 and two groups, 2200 meters of tablelands.Ground deblocking reaction and the Green Dragon village, Qilin District of height above sea level are close, the ground deblocking reaction that height above sea level is low and west village, slab bridge town close.
Above-mentioned corn field, use local advantage corn variety to declare yellow single No. 4, dry granular 800kg generally can be received in high every mu, the place of production, and dry granular 400kg generally can be received in the low place of production, and sample plot reduces output and is all no more than 150kg.
Claims (10)
1. an extensive breeding method for Chinese yam young plant, is characterized in that comprising the steps:
A, general farming level can be produced corn more than dry granular 400kg, and plow layer thickness is more than the arable land of 40cm, to increase point one, two, three by output, that is: can produce corn dry granular 400-700kg is one-level, and 700-900kg is secondary, and more than 900kg is three grades;
B, the bulbil being used for cultivating Chinese yam young plant increased by weight point 1,2,3 grade:
Select particle shape full non-abnormity, epidermis without damaged, pore is sparse, surface is glossy, without the bulbil of damage by disease and insect as sowing material, and grade by weight, 1 grade is weight 3g≤weight≤6g, and 2 grades is 2g≤weight≤3g, 3 grades is 1g≤weight≤2g, and all the other are not for conforming to level;
C, select breeding time more than 110 days, well developed root system, plant type is compact, the thick and strong spring corn kind of stalk;
D, join 3 grades of kinds with carrying out one-level by above-mentioned a step and b step classification, join 2 grades of kinds secondary, three grades of ground join 1 grade of kind carry out with the pairing of planting;
E, the bulbil described in above-mentioned b step carried out broadcasting front vernalization, the bulbil starting rudiment is used further to sowing; Described vernalization first bulbil is put into cryopreservation at 3-10 DEG C of temperature, takes out and be seeded in seedling-cultivating tray after 60-80 days; Cover bulbil with the seedling medium of perlite, vermiculite and fine sand composition, then irrigate seedling medium with clear water; Be placed in vernalization at 23-30 DEG C of temperature;
F, on the arable land described in above-mentioned a step ridging, duplicate rows one ridge, row spacing 120 ± 5cm;
G, on the ridge described in above-mentioned f step, sow corn described in step c, spacing in the rows 35 ± 2cm, line-spacing 55 ± 3cm;
H, arable land after seeding corn described in above-mentioned g step adopt mulch film, pine needle, straw, wheat stalk or maize straw residue mulching weeding system to preserve soil moisture weeding;
I, on the arable land described in above-mentioned h step after emergence of corn 9-11cm, the bulbil sowing that step e is obtained;
J, bulbil described in above-mentioned i step are intercutted at distance maize seedling 23-27cm place;
Within 5-10 days, to emerge to bulbil after the operation of k, above-mentioned j step and inspect, according to the situation of inspecting, or seedling is carried in artificial reaming, or after-culture;
After l, Chinese yam described in above-mentioned i step get rid of tendril, artificial reason tendril seeks connections with on milpa;
M, carry out above-mentioned l step operation 25-40d time, long Chinese yam tendril is drawn to close milpa and seeks connections with;
If n, tendril described in above-mentioned m step occur that damage by disease and insect will spray medicine control in good time;
After bud appears in o, tendril described in above-mentioned m step, the soil of potassium deficiency will spray potash fertilizer or nutrition regulating agent;
P, corn described in above-mentioned g step are gathered will take manually to break and are received ear of maize mode;
After q, tendril described in above-mentioned m step are completely withered, Chinese yam young plant can be excavated;
After r, step q tendril are completely withered, before excavating Chinese yam young plant, tendril and maize straw are together gathered;
S, carry out classification process to the young plant gathered in the crops described in above-mentioned q step, Engage of standard is completed a business transaction storehouse and is stored.
2. the extensive breeding method of Chinese yam young plant according to claim 1, is characterized in that the too small bulbil not conforming to level in step b is for nursing young plants in hothouses, and excessive bulbil is used as special breeding or is processed into food.
3. the extensive breeding method of Chinese yam young plant according to claim 1, is characterized in that the bulbil that every strain corn both sides interval 25cm in step I sows 4 step e and obtains.
4. the extensive breeding method of Chinese yam young plant according to claim 1, is characterized in that the picking methods of step r tendril and maize straw is that mechanization is by maize straw and Chinese yam tendril harvesting chopping and returning.
5. the extensive breeding method of Chinese yam young plant according to claim 1, the mode of excavating that it is characterized in that step q Chinese yam young plant is for manually to gather or machine deep ploughing is gathered.
6. the extensive breeding method of Chinese yam young plant according to claim 5, is characterized in that described machine deep ploughing gathers ploughing depth more than 40cm.
7. the extensive breeding method of Chinese yam young plant according to claim 1, is characterized in that 10 days after the frost time of excavating of step q Chinese yam young plant can start, completes, or complete when Second Year teds soil before frozen soil.
8. the extensive breeding method of Chinese yam young plant according to claim 1, is characterized in that the classification process described in step s is: divide three-level management by the young plant that bulbil is bred as, that is:
One-level kind is planted: girth diameter >=3.0cm, 80g≤weight≤110g, cleanliness >=90%, plumpness >=90%;
Secondary kind is planted: 2.0≤girth diameter≤3.0cm, 60g≤weight≤80g, 80%≤cleanliness≤90%, 80≤plumpness≤90%;
Three grades of kinds are planted: 1.0cm≤girth diameter≤2.0cm, 40g≤weight≤60g, 70%≤cleanliness≤80%, 70%≤plumpness≤80%; All the other are not for conforming to a grade product;
Do not conform to excessive Chinese yam young plant in grade product, weight >=110g, as arid in the early spring cool regional special requirement use;
Do not conform to too small Chinese yam young plant in grade product, weight≤40g, as greenhouse culture, or use in desirable water and fertilizer condition plot, or use as secondary nursery.
9. the extensive breeding method of Chinese yam young plant according to claim 1, the Chinese yam young plant before storing after it is characterized in that gathering described in step s will ted.
10. the extensive breeding method of Chinese yam young plant according to claim 1, is characterized in that the Chinese yam young plant described in step s needs to be stored in storage temperature 2-8 DEG C, the clean environment of relative moisture 85-93%.
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