CN103444399B - Tobacco cultivation method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention belongs to plant cover cultivation methods field, disclose a kind of tobacco cultivation method, comprise seeding and seedling raising, transplanting, weeding loosen the soil, apply fertilizer and gather in the crops step, transplanting method is that ridge plants, transplant step comprises ridging, lid film, punching and transplanting nursery, the height on ridge is 25-30cm, and width is 40-60cm; The cave mouth in hole is circular, and the diameter in hole is 3.2-4cm, and the degree of depth is 10-20cm, and the spacing in hole is 45-55cm; Under nursery after transplanting is positioned at film.Instant invention overcomes the cultivation of existing tobacco leaf, to transplant environmental change large, and the also seedling stage of cigarette seedling is long, and survival rate is low, poky defect, provides that a kind of to transplant environmental change little, shortening cigarette seedling also seedling stage, and survival rate is high, grows tobacco cultivation method rapidly.

Description

Tobacco cultivation method

technical field

The invention belongs to the field of plant planting methods, and in particular relates to a tobacco planting method.

Background technique

Tobacco leaves, annual herb, Solanaceae; plant covered with glandular hairs, about 1 meter high; petiole not obvious or wing-like; leaves sticky, panicle terminal; calyx tube-shaped, corolla funnel-shaped, shaped like a bugle, terminal Pink; capsules, yellow-brown seeds, tobacco leaves are raw materials for the tobacco industry.

The traditional tobacco cultivation methods are as follows, one is to dig holes in the selected land according to the distance between rows and plants, then apply base fertilizer, and transplant seedlings; the other is ridge planting with large holes, and the transplanting steps include ridging , cover film, punch holes and transplant seedlings, the height of the ridge is usually 10-15cm, the width is 20-30cm, the diameter of the hole is generally 7-10cm, and then the seedlings are transplanted. Because the seedlings are usually cultivated in the film shed, and then the seedlings with a small amount of soil are taken out and transplanted, and the seedlings leave the seedling shed suddenly, their root system is underdeveloped, and their ability to adapt to the environment is poor. Therefore, the change of the environment makes the tobacco seedlings take root slowly, and for To prevent the death of tobacco seedlings caused by the underdeveloped root system, it is time-consuming and labor-intensive to cultivate the soil for the second time after planting tobacco; the first method, the environment changes too much, and the mortality rate of tobacco seedlings is high; the second method is slightly higher than the environmental change. Small, but because the diameter of the hole is too large, you need to hold it by hand when transplanting to avoid the seedlings from lodging, and the operation is troublesome, and the hole is shallow. After transplanting, the seedlings are usually higher than the film. Compared with the environment of the seedling shed, the gap Larger, therefore, the seedling return period of tobacco seedlings is longer, and the seedling return period is the time from seedling transplanting to survival. Tobacco seedlings need to adapt to the new environment before they can settle down and grow. The survival rate is low and the growth is slow.

Contents of the invention

The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a kind of transplanting environment that has little change in transplanting environment and shortens the time for tobacco seedlings to return. At the seedling stage, the tobacco cultivation method has high survival rate and rapid growth.

In order to solve the problems of the technologies described above, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: Tobacco cultivation method, comprising the steps of sowing seedlings, transplanting, weeding and loosening soil, fertilizing and harvesting, the transplanting method is ridge planting, and the transplanting steps include ridges, covering film, Punching and transplanting seedlings, the height of the ridge is 25-30cm, and the width is 40-60cm; the hole mouth of the hole is circular, the diameter of the hole is 3.2-4cm, and the depth is 10-20cm, and the spacing of the holes is 45-55cm; the transplanted seedlings are located under the film.

Adopting the tobacco cultivation method of the technical solution of the present invention, the height of the ridge is 25-30 cm, and the width is 40-60 cm. Ridging is to pile the soil on both sides together to form a stalk. Compared with the traditional small ridge, the large ridge has loose soil and prevents soil compaction compared with the small ridge.

The mouth of the hole is circular, the diameter of the hole is 3.2-4cm, the depth is 10-20cm, and the distance between the holes is 45-55cm, and the transplanted seedlings are located under the film. Usually, when the seedlings are transplanted, a certain amount of wet soil will be brought from the seedling shed. The hole with a diameter of 3.2-4cm is closer to the size of the root of transplanted seedlings, so that it is not easy to put the seedlings into the hole. When operating, put the seedlings into the hole without holding it by hand. The operation is simple, time-saving and labor-saving; 10- The 22cm deep hole allows the seedlings to be placed under the film after the seedlings are placed in the hole, so that the transplanted tobacco seedlings grow in a small environment in the hole. The environment is similar to the seedling shed, and the environment changes little, so that the tobacco seedlings can adapt to the new environment. Shorten the return period of tobacco seedlings, accelerate the growth of seedlings, and increase the survival rate; the spacing of the holes is 45-55cm, which is the spacing of the tobacco seedlings. The appropriate density is conducive to the cultivation of high-quality tobacco leaves of moderate length.

Further, the fertilization step includes applying base fertilizer and applying seedling fertilizer, applying the base fertilizer before covering the film after ridges, the width of fertilization is 8-10cm, and the depth is 15cm below the ridge surface; After the seedlings are planted, the seedling fertilizer is a mixture of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and water. The nitrogen and phosphorus ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is 30:6, and the dosage is 1kg per mu. The fertilization width of the base fertilizer is 8-10cm, and the depth is 15cm below the ridge surface, so that the fertilizer dissolves in the soil and is more conducive to the growth of the tobacco seedlings, and avoids direct contact between the fertilizer and the roots of the tobacco seedlings to prevent the roots of the tobacco seedlings from being burned; It is a mixture of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and water. The nitrogen and phosphorus ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is 30:6, and the dosage per mu is 1kg.

Further, the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to water in the seedling raising fertilizer is 1:100, and the dosage per hole is 90-100mL. To avoid the poor effect of raising seedlings with less fat, the effect of raising seedlings cannot be achieved, and the danger of burning out the smoke seedlings due to more fat raising.

Still further, the diameter of the hole is 3.2cm, the depth is 15cm, and the width is 50cm. The size and depth of the holes are closer to the size of the transplanted tobacco seedlings, and closer to the environment of the seedling shed, which is beneficial to the growth of the seedlings after transplanting.

Detailed ways

The variety of tobacco planted in the following examples and experiments was Yunyan 87.

Planting points of the present invention, as shown in table 1

Table 1

Select a group of data as an example from the above-mentioned data, in conjunction with specific implementation methods, the present invention is further described:

Embodiment one

One: Sowing seedlings

(1) Select the seedbed land: choose a paddy field with loose soil, which is leeward to the sun, convenient for drainage and irrigation, far away from vegetable fields, barns, and villages;

(2) Seedbed arrangement: firstly plow the required seedbed to bask in the sun, then rake and smash it, level the surface of the box, remove debris, and scrape and compact;

(3) Seedlings: open-box seedlings, using small holes to grow seedlings, and cultivate them in seedling sheds.

Two: Transplanting

(1) Land selection and land preparation: Select the land with deep, loose, fertile soil and convenient drainage and irrigation. Ridge with a height of 25cm and a width of 40cm, and then apply base fertilizer, which uses nitrogen fertilizer. The width of the base fertilizer is 8cm, and the depth is 15cm below the surface of the ridge. , fertilize according to the amount of a handful of base fertilizer per meter;

(2) Cover film: About 20 days before transplanting, choose cover film after rain to ensure that the film is sealed, and the progress is guaranteed to be completed within 15-20 days;

(3) Hole punching: A double-head puncher is used to punch holes. The spacing, diameter and depth of the double-head puncher are set to 45cm, 3.2cm and 10cm. The depth is 10cm and the spacing is 45cm;

(4) Transplanting: Select seedlings with a seedling age of 50-55 days and a stem height of 4-6cm for transplanting. Take the seedlings out of the seedling shed. The seedlings need to be moistened with soil, and put the seedlings into the drilled holes. Ensure that the seedlings are placed in the hole, under the film, without touching the film, so that the smoke seedlings cannot be seen;

(5) Apply seedling fertilizer: use special nitrogen and phosphorus seedling fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus is 30:6, the dosage is 1kg/mu, add 0.5kg to 50kg water, stir evenly, put it in a kettle, and pour it along the wall of the hole Under the condition, the dosage per well is 90mL;

(6) Insecticide: After the seedling fertilizer is applied, spray the soil silkworm golden needle killing again, the dosage is 25mL per mu, add 100kg water, and spray it into the hole with a sprinkler. The soil silkworm golden needle killing is a drug for preventing and controlling underground pests. Prevent the tobacco seedlings from being infested by insects under the film; at the same time, put 4-5 snail-control medicines in each hole, such as 6% metaldehyde granules;

(7) Sealing: After the tobacco seedlings grow out of the hole, apply ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer, add 200-300 catties of water to 4 kg of ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer per mu, and pour in the hole.

Three: field management

(1) Top-dressing: top-dressing after 30 days of transplanting seedlings to provide sufficient nutrition for tobacco seedlings, top-dressing fertilizer is nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer is 14:31, apply 15kg per mu, apply to the hole, seal with soil after application ;

(2) Topping and suppressing buds: Topping at the right time, controlling and adjusting the size of tobacco leaves, ensuring that the number of leaves per plant reaches 20-22, and the maximum is no more than 25.

Four: Harvesting and baking.

Embodiment two:

One: Sowing seedlings

(1) Select the seedbed land: choose a paddy field with loose soil, which is leeward to the sun, convenient for drainage and irrigation, far away from vegetable fields, barns, and villages;

(2) Seedbed arrangement: firstly plow the required seedbed to bask in the sun, then rake and smash it, level the surface of the box, remove debris, and scrape and compact;

(3) Seedlings: open-box seedlings, using small holes to grow seedlings, and cultivate them in seedling sheds.

Two: Transplanting

(1) Land selection and land preparation: Select the land with deep, loose, fertile soil and convenient drainage and irrigation. Ridge the ridge with a height of 30cm and a width of 60cm, and then apply base fertilizer. The base fertilizer uses nitrogen fertilizer. , fertilize according to the amount of a handful of base fertilizer per meter;

(2) Cover film: About 20 days before transplanting, choose cover film after rain to ensure that the film is sealed, and the progress is guaranteed to be completed within 15-20 days;

(3) Hole punching: use a double-head puncher to punch holes. The distance, diameter, and depth of the double-head puncher can be set to 50cm, 4cm, and 20cm. The holes are round and 4cm in diameter. , the depth is 20cm, and the spacing is 50cm;

(4) Transplanting: Select seedlings with a seedling age of 50-55 days and a stem height of 4-6cm for transplanting. Take the seedlings out of the seedling shed. The seedlings need to be brought with soil. Put the seedlings into the drilled holes to ensure Put the seedlings into the hole, under the film, without touching the film, so that the smoke seedlings cannot be seen;

(5) Apply seedling fertilizer: use special nitrogen and phosphorus seedling fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus is 30:6, the dosage is 1kg/mu, add 0.5kg to 50kg water, stir evenly, put it in a kettle, and pour it along the wall of the hole 100mL per well;

(6) Insecticide: After the seedling fertilizer is applied, spray the soil silkworm golden needle killing again, the dosage is 25mL per mu, add 100kg water, and spray it into the hole with a sprinkler. The soil silkworm golden needle killing is a drug for preventing and controlling underground pests. Prevent the tobacco seedlings from being infested by insects under the film; at the same time, put 4-5 snail-control medicines in each hole, such as 6% metaldehyde granules;

(7) Sealing: After the tobacco seedlings grow out of the hole, apply ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer, add 200-300 catties of water to 4 kg of ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer per mu, and pour in the hole.

Three: field management

(1) Top-dressing: top-dressing after 30 days of transplanting seedlings to provide sufficient nutrition for tobacco seedlings, top-dressing fertilizer is nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer, the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer is 14:31, apply 15kg per mu, apply to the hole, seal with soil after application ;

(2) Topping and suppressing buds: Topping at the right time, controlling and adjusting the size of tobacco leaves, ensuring that the number of leaves per plant reaches 20-22, and the maximum is no more than 25.

Four: Harvesting and baking.

The tobacco cultivated by the embodiment of the present invention is adopted to test below, and compared with the traditional ridge planting large-hole tobacco cultivation technique:

1. Experimental content:

(1) Investigation of climate spot disease and viral disease

After transplanting, the five-point sampling method in the field was used to investigate the occurrence of tobacco virus disease and climate spot disease in the group tree stage and the flourishing stage in the field, and the incidence rate and disease index were calculated.

(2) Ambient temperature measurement

From the beginning of transplanting, the temperature in the hole and the temperature at 5cm, 10cm, 15cm, 20cm and 25cm under the film were investigated every day.

(3) Survey on reproductive period

According to the six periods of transplanting, returning seedlings, clustering, thriving, budding, and harvesting, the specific growth dates of tobacco plants are recorded.

(4) Investigation of chlorophyll content

The measured value of the chlorophyll meter has a stable and extremely significant correlation with the chlorophyll content, so the change of the measured value of the chlorophyll meter can be used to represent the change of the chlorophyll content. 10 days after transplanting, the chlorophyll meter CCM-200 was used to measure the change of chlorophyll value in the tobacco leaves. The investigation was performed every 10 days, and it ended after the flourishing period. The chlorophyll value unit was expressed by CCI.

(5) Survey of agronomic traits

Agronomic traits such as plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, and stem girth were investigated at the group stage, flourishing stage, and topping stage after transplanting.

2. Results and Analysis

(1) Effects of different transplanting methods on the disease resistance of tobacco plants

Virus and climate spot disease are common diseases of tobacco leaves. Virus diseases mainly include tobacco cucumber mosaic virus, potato Y virus and etch virus, and aphids are the main vectors. The seedling stage after transplanting in high-altitude tobacco areas is vulnerable to the influence of the environment, and large changes in weather can easily cause the occurrence of climate spot disease, which also affects the survival rate of tobacco seedlings to a large extent. See Table 1 and Table 2 for the results of the disease resistance of tobacco plants:

Table 1 Effects of disease resistance at the cluster stage

Table 2 Effect of long-term disease resistance

As can be seen from Table 1, the climate spot disease of demonstration area group tree stage of the present invention, the occurrence disease index of tobacco virus disease is 1.415, 1.625 on average, obviously lower than 3.78, 4.27 of traditional cultivation; As can be seen from Table 2, The occurrence of two kinds of diseases in prosperous long period all rises to some extent, and the occurrence degree of the present invention is still lighter than traditional cultivation. Generally speaking, the occurrence of diseases can be significantly reduced by adopting the cultivation technique of the present invention.

(2) Effects of different transplanting methods on the environmental temperature in the early stage of tobacco seedling growth

From the beginning of transplanting, investigate the hole temperature, the temperature of 5cm, 10cm, 15cm, 20cm and 25cm under the film every day, and determine the temperature closest to the seedling shed.

Table 3 Ambient temperature comparison

Note: The temperature of the seedling shed is 23.79°C

Can find out from table 3: 1. in the present invention, the average temperature in the hole of the present invention is 21.73 ℃, will obviously be higher than the average temperature 18.23 ℃ in the hole in traditional cultivation, higher than 3.5 ℃; 2. the temperature in the film is closer to The temperature in the nursery shed.

(3) Effects of different transplanting methods on the growth and development of tobacco plants

1. Effects on Tobacco Growth Period

According to the six periods of transplanting, returning seedlings, clustering, thriving, budding, and harvesting, the specific growth dates of tobacco plants are recorded.

Table 4 Comparison of Growth Periods

deal with transplant return seedlings Group tree Wang Chang budding Harvest start Embodiment one May 16 none June 14 June 24 July 13 July 29 after transplanting number of days - 0 29 39 58 74 Embodiment two May 16 none June 15 June 25 July 13 July 30 after transplanting number of days - 0 30 40 58 75 conventional transplanting May 16 May 24 June 20 June 29 July 17 August 3 after transplanting number of days - 8 35 44 62 79

As can be seen from Table 4, the present invention does not have a seedling return period, while the comparison requires a return seedling period of about 8 days for conventional transplanting; the group tree, vigorous growth, budding, and maturity of the present invention are advanced by about 5 days on average. It shows that the technology of the present invention has the obvious effect of promoting the early growth and rapid development of seedlings.

2. Effects on Chlorophyll Content in Tobacco Leaf

10 days after transplanting, use the chlorophyll meter CCM-200 to measure the change of chlorophyll value in the tobacco leaves, investigate once every 10 days, and end after the prosperous period. The chlorophyll value unit is represented by CCI, as shown in Table 5

Table 5 Comparison of chlorophyll content

Embodiment one 28.52 27.44 31.56 37.89 38.23 Embodiment two 27.89 26.53 31.03 37.24 37.68 traditional cultivation 23.63 22.21 25.89 37.36 37.98

As can be seen from Table 5, the chlorophyll value in the tobacco leaf body of the present invention is significantly higher than that of conventional transplanting before the prosperous period, and is about 4.00CCI higher on average. It shows that the content of chlorophyll in the early growth stage of the present invention is high, the photosynthesis of tobacco leaves is stronger, and the growth speed is faster.

3. Effects on Tobacco Agronomic Traits

The agronomic traits of tobacco plants with different treatments were investigated in the group tree stage, the prosperous long-term stage and the topping stage, and the results are shown in Table 6:

Table 6 Comparison of agronomic characters

It can be seen from Table 6 that compared with traditional cultivation, the present invention has increased plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width, indicating that transplanting of the present invention can effectively promote the growth and development of tobacco plants.

4. Conclusion

(1) The occurrence of pests and diseases can be better prevented by adopting the present invention. Firstly, it reduces the frequency of leaf cutting in seedbeds, reduces the infection rate of viral diseases, and ensures the health of tobacco seedlings after transplanting; secondly, tobacco seedlings can also avoid the peak period of migration of aphids at the seedling stage, effectively reducing the impact of aphids on tobacco. chances of virus transmission and the occurrence of aphid-borne virus diseases; thirdly, tobacco seedlings grow at a relatively stable temperature after transplanting, and are less susceptible to natural damage caused by changes in the external environment, thereby ensuring healthy growth at the seedling stage and promoting Early growth and rapid growth at the seedling stage.

(2) The cultivation method of the present invention can increase the content of chlorophyll in the early stage of tobacco seedlings, effectively promote the accumulation of photosynthetic products in the early stage of tobacco plants, and also improve the disease resistance and stress resistance of tobacco plants.

(3) The transplanting method of the present invention can reduce production costs. Reduce the labor for seedbed management, reduce the economic cost caused by multiple leaf pruning, multiple application of pesticides, etc.; field planting method is simple, less process, high seedling rate, less seedling replacement, can reduce labor.

(4) The transplanting of the present invention is suitable for application in high-altitude smoking areas. The temperature at the seedling stage in the high-altitude tobacco area has a large range of changes, which is easy to cause natural damage to the tobacco seedlings. However, the transplanting method of the invention can ensure a stable temperature for the healthy growth of the seedlings. Through the transplanting of the invention, the growth period of the flue-cured tobacco can be advanced by about 5 days, and the agronomic traits can be obviously improved.

For those skilled in the art, under the premise of not departing from the structure of the present invention, some deformations and improvements can also be made, which should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention, and these will not affect the effect and patent of the present invention. practicality.

Claims (1)

1. Tobacco cultivation method, comprising the steps of sowing and growing seedlings, transplanting, weeding and loosening soil, fertilizing and harvesting, the transplanting method is ridge planting, and the transplanting steps include ridging, covering film, punching and transplanting and growing seedlings, characterized in that: The height of the ridge is 25-30cm, and the width is 40-60cm; The mouth of the hole is circular, the diameter of the hole is 3.2cm, the depth is 10cm, and the distance between the holes is 45cm; The seedlings after the transplanting are located at under the film; The fertilization step includes applying base fertilizer and applying seedling fertilizer, and applying base fertilizer before covering the film after ridges, the width of fertilization is 8-10cm, and the depth is 15cm below the ridge surface; Finally, the fertilizer for raising seedlings is a mixture of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and water, the nitrogen and phosphorus ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is 30:6, and the dosage per mu is 1kg; The ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to water in the seedling raising fertilizer is 1:100, and the dosage per hole is 90-100mL.