CN104826106B - 用于治疗癌症的组合免疫疗法 - Google Patents
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Landscapes
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Abstract
本文证明ICOS激动剂与T细胞抑制性受体(例如CTLA‑4、PD‑I等)阻断剂的组合适用于治疗肿瘤。
Description
本申请是申请日为2010年9月30日、申请号为201080051552.5、发明名称为“用于治疗癌症的组合免疫疗法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
发明领域
本发明大体涉及用于治疗癌症的采用T细胞抑制性受体阻断与ICOS刺激相结合的方法和组合物。
发明背景
最佳T细胞活化需要同时通过T细胞受体和协同刺激分子的信号。原型协同刺激分子CD28在与其配体B7-1和B7-2相互作用后在初始T细胞启动中起关键作用。Sharpe等,Nat.Rev.Immunol.2:203-209(2002)。CD28介导的T细胞扩增由另一B7-1,2反受体细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(CTLA-4)抵消,从而减弱新近活化的T细胞的增殖。Krummel等,J.Exp.Med.183:2533-2540(1996);Leach等,Science 271:1734-1736(1996)。CD28和CTLA-4表达的时序调控在活化信号和抑制信号之间保持平衡,并且确保产生有效免疫反应,同时提防出现自体免疫。CTLA-4介导的抑制信号的阻断在多种动物模型中显示增强T细胞反应并诱导肿瘤排斥反应,并且人CTLA-4的单克隆抗体已在正在进行的人临床试验中获得适度成功,包括在一小部分患有转移性疾病的患者中的持久完全反应。参见,例如Korman等,Adv.Immunol.90:297-339(2006)。
其它CD28和B7家族成员PD-1(程序化死亡-1)、PD-L1(程序化死亡配体-1或B7-H1)和PD-L2(B7-DC)的鉴别和表征进一步增加人中T细胞活化和周边耐受性的过程的复杂性。类似于B7-1,2/CTLA-4相互作用,PD-1与PD-L1和PD-L2的相互作用下调中枢和周边免疫反应。Fife等,Immunol.Rev.224:166-82(2008)。因此,基于抗体阻断PD-1(如CTLA-4)也在关于治疗癌症的人临床试验中进行探查。参见,例如Berger等Clin.Cancer Res.14:3044-3051(2008)。然而,如同CTLA-4一样,仍需要改良的疗法。
诱导性协同刺激物(ICOS)是在结构上与CD28和CTLA-4相关的T细胞特异性表面分子。Hutloff等,Nature 397:263-266(1999);Dong等,Nature 409:97-101(2001)。最初,ICOS在免疫反应中的作用与Th2细胞因子的产生强烈相关,表明表达ICOS的T细胞可能在抑制免疫反应中起作用。缺乏ICOS的小鼠显示Th2细胞因子白介素10的产生减少,并且已发现通过调节性T细胞的IL-10产生与以细胞外源性方式抑制效应T细胞反应相关。Yoshinaga等,Nature 402:827-832(1999);Kohyama等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 101:4192-97(2004)。然而,相反,最近的数据表明表达ICOS的T细胞还可能参与自体免疫反应,并且膀胱癌患者中的CTLA-4阻断显示使CD4+T细胞上的ICOS表达增加,所述细胞接着产生IFN-γ并识别肿瘤抗原。Yu等Nature 450:299-303(2007);Liakou等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA105:14987-992(2008)。此外,还显示ICOS与效应记忆和调节性T细胞存活增加相关,表明其功能相关性可能并不局限于调节性T细胞。Burmeister等,J.Immunol.180:774-782(2008)。因而,T细胞活化过程中ICOS信号转导的生理学作用仍未阐明。由于这种持续的不确定性,因此当前尚未知在癌症疗法的情形中调节ICOS信号转导的可能影响。
发明概述
本发明通过证明同时施用ICOS激动剂与T细胞抑制性受体阻断相结合可进一步增强所述阻断的抗肿瘤作用来阐明ICOS信号转导在癌症的发展或治疗中的作用。因此,提供组合T细胞抑制性受体(例如CTLA-4和/或PD-1)阻断与激动剂诱导的ICOS信号转导用于治疗癌症的组合物和方法。提供功能活化型ICOS抗体以及表达ICOS配体的疫苗,其适用于本发明的组合物和方法中。
附图简述
图1示出在抗CD3抗体不存在或存在的情况下抗ICOS抗体(7E.17G或C398.4)对鼠类CD4+T细胞的激动作用。
图2示出在未治疗动物或用抗CTLA-4抗体治疗的动物中三周后肿瘤体积(mm3;y-轴)与CD4+Foxp3-细胞(x-轴)的ICOS表达百分比(%)之间存在反相关。
图3示出未治疗的带有B16肿瘤的ICOS+/ICOSL+动物、用GVAX和抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)治疗的ICOS+/ICOSL+-动物、未治疗的ICOS-/ICOSL+动物、用GVAX和抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)治疗的ICOS-/ICOSL+动物、未治疗的ICOS+/ICOSL-动物和用GVAX和抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)治疗的ICOS+/ICOSL-动物的存活百分比。
图4示出在用GVAX和抗CTLA-4抗体(αCTLA4)治疗的动物或用GVAX、抗CTLA-4抗体(αCTLA4)和抗ICOS抗体(αICO)治疗的动物中肿瘤激发0-50天后(x-轴)的肿瘤尺寸(mm3,y-轴)。
图5示出未治疗、用GVAX治疗、用GVAX和抗CTLA-4抗体治疗或用GVAX、抗CTLA-4抗体和抗ICOS抗体治疗的带有B16/BL6肿瘤的动物的存活百分比。
图6示出未治疗、用GVAX和抗ICOS(7E.17G9)抗体治疗、用GVAX和抗PD-L1抗体(10F.9G2)治疗或用GVAX、抗PD-L1抗体和抗ICOS抗体治疗的带有B16/BL6肿瘤的动物的存活百分比。
图7示出用GVAX和经过转导以表达Thy1.1的B16/BL6细胞(B16-Thy1.1)或经过转导以表达膜结合ICOSL的B16/BL6细胞(B16-mICOSL)治疗的动物的各动物的个别肿瘤生长曲线(左栏)、各治疗组的平均肿瘤体积(右上图)和各治疗组的存活曲线(右下图)。个别肿瘤生长曲线中的数字指示实验结束时无肿瘤小鼠的百分比。对于存活曲线,当肿瘤体积达到300mm3时小鼠视为死亡。
图8示出用GVAX和抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)单独或与经过转导以表达膜结合ICOSL(mICOSL)的B16/BL6细胞组合治疗的动物的各动物的个别肿瘤生长曲线(左栏)、各治疗组的平均肿瘤体积(右上图)和各治疗组的存活曲线(右下图)。个别肿瘤生长曲线中的数字指示实验结束时无肿瘤小鼠的百分比。对于存活曲线,当肿瘤体积达到300mm3时小鼠视为死亡。
图9示出在未治疗或在抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)不存在或存在下用经过转导以表达Thy 1.1的B16/BL6细胞(B16-Thy1.1)治疗或在抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)不存在或存在下用经过转导以表达膜结合ICOSL的B16/BL6细胞(B16-mICOSL)治疗的小鼠中由第一B16/BL6实验获得的个别肿瘤生长曲线。数字指示实验结束时无肿瘤小鼠的百分比。
图10示出在未治疗或在抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)不存在或存在下用经过转导以表达Thy 1.1的B16/BL6细胞(B16-Thy1.1)治疗或在抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)不存在或存在下用经过转导以表达膜结合ICOSL的B16/BL6细胞(B16-mICOSL)治疗的小鼠中由第二B16/BL6实验获得的个别肿瘤生长曲线。数字指示实验结束时无肿瘤小鼠的百分比。
图11示出在未治疗或在抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)不存在或存在下用经过转导以表达Thy 1.1的B16/BL6细胞(B16-Thy1.1)治疗或在抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)不存在或存在下用经过转导以表达膜结合ICOSL的B16/BL6细胞(B16-mICOSL)治疗的小鼠中B16/BL6的各治疗组的存活曲线。
图12A示出在未治疗或用经过转导以表达膜结合ICOSL的B16/BL6细胞(B16-mICOSL)和/或抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)治疗的小鼠中B16/BL6的平均肿瘤生长曲线。图12B示出在未治疗或用经过转导以表达膜结合ICOSL的B16/BL6细胞(B16-mICOSL)和/或抗CTLA-4抗体(9H10)治疗的小鼠中B16/BL6的各治疗组的存活曲线。对于存活曲线,当肿瘤体积达到300mm3时小鼠视为死亡。
详细描述
本文描述通过例如ICOS配体或激动剂抗体刺激ICOS介导的信号转导增强T细胞抑制性受体(如CTLA-4和PD-1)阻断剂的抗肿瘤作用的实验结果。因此,本文提供包含T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂和ICOS刺激剂的组合物和使用所述组合物治疗罹患癌症的患者的方法。
T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂/ICOS刺激剂
诱导性T细胞协同刺激物(ICOS)也称为“AILIM”、“CD278”和“MGC39850”。ICOS的完整cDNA序列的GENBANK登录号为NM_012092.3并且人ICOS的氨基酸序列的GENBANK登录号为NP_036224。ICOS属于CD28和CTLA-4细胞表面受体家族。其形成同源二聚体并且在细胞-细胞信号转导、免疫反应和细胞增殖调节中起重要作用。然而,当前尚未知ICOS信号转导在介导抗肿瘤反应中的作用。
ICOS配体(ICOSL)也称为“B7H2”、“GL50”、“B7-H2”、“B7RP1”、“CD275”、“ICOSLG”、“LICOS”、“B7RP-1”、“ICOS-L”和“KIAA0653”。ICOSL的完整cDNA序列的GENBANK登录号为NM_015259.4并且人ICOSL的氨基酸序列的GENBANK登录号为NP_056074。
ICOS的刺激剂是通常结合ICOS的细胞外结构域的分子(例如ICOSL)。阻断剂的结合亲和力通常为至少约100μM。刺激剂实质上不与ICOS的相关分子(如CD28和免疫球蛋白超家族的其它成员)反应。如本文所证明,适合刺激剂活化ICOS的信号转导并使T细胞活化(例如增殖)相应增加。参见,例如图1。
候选ICOS刺激剂根据其符合此标准的能力进行筛选。测定结合的亲和力和特异性的测定法在本领域中是已知的,包括竞争性和非竞争性测定法。目标测定法包括ELISA、RIA、流式细胞测量术等。结合测定可使用经过纯化或半纯化的ICOS,或者可使用表达ICOS的T细胞,例如用ICOS的表达构建体转染的细胞;通过交联CD3和CD28刺激过的T细胞;添加受过辐照的同种异体细胞等。作为结合测定法的一实例,可使经过纯化的ICOS结合于不溶性载体,例如微量滴定板、磁性珠粒等。将候选刺激剂和经过标记的可溶性ICOS配体添加至细胞中,并且接着洗去未结合的组分。接着可通过定量所结合的标记配体测定刺激剂与天然配体竞争ICOS结合的能力。
可使用检测T细胞活化的功能性测定法证实所述药剂是ICOS的刺激剂。例如,可在抗CD3存在或不存在下用候选刺激剂刺激T细胞群体,如本文和图1中所例示。刺激ICOS的药剂将使T细胞活化增加,如通过例如CD4+T细胞增殖和/或细胞周期进程、IL-2释放、CD25和CD69上调等所测量。本领域的技术人员应了解,表达于细胞表面上、包装于脂质体中、粘附于粒子或孔等将增加分子的有效价数。
如本文所使用的T细胞抑制性受体包括表达于T细胞表面上的当受配体活化或结合时下调T细胞活化的任何受体。换句话说,阻断T细胞抑制性受体将增加T细胞活化和/或效应T细胞反应。T细胞抑制性受体和其配体在本领域中是熟知的。非限制性和示例性T细胞抑制性受体包括CTLA-4和PD-1。熟练技术人员将认识到,CTLA-4的配体包括CD80和CD86。此外,熟练技术人员将认识到,PD-1的配体包括PD-L1和PD-L2。
人CTLA-4的完整cDNA序列具有GENBANK登录号L15006。氨基酸区1-37是前导肽;38-161是细胞外V样结构域;162-187是跨膜结构域;并且188-223细胞质结构域。核苷酸序列的变体已有报导,包括位置49处的G至A转换、位置272处的C至T转换和位置439处的A至G转换。小鼠CTLA-4的完整DNA序列具有EMBL登录号X05719(Brunet等(1987)Nature 328:267-270)。氨基酸区1-35是前导肽。
人PD-1的完整cDNA序列具有GENBANK登录号NM_005018并且人PD-1的氨基酸序列具有GENBANK登录号NP_005009.1。氨基酸区1-20是信号肽,并且成熟肽存在于氨基酸21-288。
T细胞抑制性受体的阻断剂通常是特异性结合T细胞抑制性受体的细胞外结构域或T细胞抑制性受体配体的细胞外结构域从而通过阻断T细胞抑制性受体与其配体(例如CD80、CD86、PD-L1、PD-L2等)的结合而阻止T细胞抑制性受体活化的分子。阻断剂的结合亲和力通常为至少约100μM。阻断剂实质上不与T细胞抑制性受体的相关分子(如CD28和免疫球蛋白超家族的其它成员)反应。此外,阻断剂不活化T细胞抑制性受体的信号转导。适宜的是,此将通过使用单价或二价结合分子实现。本领域的技术人员应了解,不同分子之间的交叉反应性和竞争的以下论述欲指具有相同物种来源的分子,例如人T细胞抑制性受体结合人T细胞抑制性受体配体等。
候选阻断剂根据其符合此标准的能力进行筛选。测定结合的亲和力和特异性的测定法在本领域中是已知的,包括竞争性和非竞争性测定法。相关测定法包括ELISA、RIA、流式细胞测量术等。结合测定可使用经过纯化或半纯化的T细胞抑制性受体蛋白,或者可使用表达T细胞抑制性受体的T细胞,例如用T细胞抑制性受体的表达构建体转染的细胞;通过交联CD3和CD28刺激过的T细胞;添加受过辐照的同种异体细胞等。作为结合测定法的一实例,可使经过纯化的T细胞抑制性受体蛋白结合于不溶性载体,例如微量滴定板、磁性珠粒等。将候选阻断剂和经过标记的可溶性T细胞抑制性受体配体添加至细胞中,并且接着洗去未结合的组分。接着可通过定量所结合的标记配体测定阻断剂与配体竞争T细胞抑制性受体结合的能力。
一般来说,可溶性单价或二价结合分子将活化T细胞抑制性受体信号转导。可使用检测T细胞活化的功能性测定法进行证实。例如,可在候选阻断剂存在或不存在下用经过辐照的表达T细胞抑制性受体配体的同种异体细胞刺激T细胞群体。阻断T细胞抑制性受体信号转导的药剂将使T细胞活化增加,如通过增殖和细胞周期进程、IL-2释放、CD25和CD69上调等所测量。本领域的技术人员应了解,表达于细胞表面上、包装于脂质体中、粘附于粒子或孔等将增加分子的有效价数。
T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂或ICOS刺激剂各自可个别地为肽、小有机分子、肽模拟物、可溶性配体、抗体等。抗体为优选阻断剂或刺激剂。抗体可为多克隆或单克隆;完整或截短,例如F(ab')2、Fab、Fv;异种、同种异体、同基因,或其经过修饰的形式,例如人源化、嵌合等。
在许多情况下,T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂或ICOS刺激剂将为寡肽,例如抗体或其片段等,但还可采用提供相对较高特异性和亲和力的其它分子。组合文库提供具有必需结合特征的除寡肽以外的化合物。一般来说,亲和力为至少约10-6M,更通常约10-8M,即通常在特异性单克隆抗体的情况下所观察到的结合亲和力。
多种筛选测定法可用于T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂或ICOS刺激剂。所述测定法的组分通常分别包括T细胞抑制性受体(和任选地T细胞抑制性受体活化剂,例如T细胞抑制性受体配体)或ICOS。测定混合物还将包含候选药理学剂。一般来说,利用不同药剂浓度平行操作多种测定混合物以获得对各种浓度的不同反应。通常,这些浓度之一用作阴性对照,即0浓度或低于检测水平。
适宜的是,在这些测定中,一种或多种分子将联接于标记,其中所述标记可直接或间接提供可检测信号。各种标记包括放射性标记、荧光体、化学发光体、酶、特异性结合分子、粒子(例如磁性粒子)等。特异性结合分子包括分子对,如生物素与抗生蛋白链菌素、地高辛与抗地高辛等。对于特异性结合分子,通常将互补成员用可供根据已知程序进行检测的分子标记。
一种相关筛选测定法是针对通过同源配体干扰T细胞抑制性受体活化或活化ICOS信号转导的药剂。活化的定量可通过本领域中已知的多种方法来实现。例如,可通过定量细胞增殖、细胞因子释放等来测定T细胞活化。
其它相关测定法是针对阻断T细胞抑制性受体与其反受体或配体的结合的药剂。测定混合物将包含天然反受体的至少一部分,或共享足够序列相似性以提供特异性结合的寡肽,以及候选药理学剂。寡肽可具有适于测定条件和要求的任何长度,通常长至少8个氨基酸,并且直至全长蛋白质或其融合物。T细胞抑制性受体可结合于不溶性基材。基材可以多种材料和形状制成,例如微量滴定板、微珠粒、纤维素试纸、树脂粒子等。基材经过选择以使背景最少并使信噪比达到最大。结合可通过本领域中已知的多种方法定量。在足以允许结合达到平衡的孵育期后,洗涤不溶性载体,并对剩余标记进行定量。干扰结合的药剂将使所检测到的标记减少。
候选阻断剂或刺激剂涵盖众多化学类别,不过其通常为有机分子,优选为分子量大于50并小于2,500道尔顿的小有机化合物。候选阻断剂或刺激剂包含与蛋白质发生结构相互作用(尤其为氢键结)所必需的官能团,并且通常至少包括氨基、羰基、羟基、巯基或羧基,优选包括所述化学官能团中的至少两者。候选阻断剂或刺激剂通常包含经过以上官能团中的一个或多个取代的环碳或杂环结构和/或芳香族或聚芳香族结构。候选阻断剂或刺激剂也在生物分子中发现,包括肽、糖、脂肪酸、固醇、嘌呤、嘧啶、其衍生物、结构类似物或组合。
候选阻断剂或刺激剂从多种来源获得,包括合成或天然化合物文库。例如,众多方式可用于随机和定向合成多种有机化合物和生物分子,包括表达随机寡核苷酸。或者,可获得或容易地产生呈细菌、真菌、植物和动物提取物形式的天然化合物文库。另外,天然或合成产生的文库和化合物可容易地通过常规化学、物理和生物化学方法进行修饰。已知的药理学剂可进行定向或随机化学修饰,如酰化、烷基化、酯化、酰胺化以产生结构类似物。
筛选测定中可包括多种其它试剂。其包括如盐、中性蛋白质等试剂,例如白蛋白、清洁剂等,所述试剂可用于促进最佳蛋白质-DNA结合和/或减少非特异性或背景相互作用。还可使用以其它方式提高测定效率的试剂,如蛋白酶抑制剂、核酸酶抑制剂、抗微生物剂等。
适用作阻断剂或刺激剂的抗体可通过分别用包含T细胞抑制性受体或ICOS蛋白的全部或一部分的肽免疫宿主动物来获得。适合宿主动物包括小鼠、大鼠、绵羊、山羊、仓鼠、兔等。蛋白质免疫原的来源可为小鼠、人、大鼠、猴等。宿主动物通常为与免疫原不同的物种,例如使用小鼠T细胞抑制性受体免疫仓鼠、使用人T细胞抑制性受体免疫小鼠等。人和小鼠T细胞抑制性受体在细胞外结构域中含有高度保守的延伸段(Harper等(1991)J.Immunol.147:1037-1044)。由这些高度保守的区获得的肽可用作产生交叉特异性抗体的免疫原。
免疫原可包含完整蛋白质或其片段和衍生物。优选免疫原包含人T细胞抑制性受体(例如人CTLA-4的氨基酸残基38-161)或ICOS蛋白的细胞外结构域的全部或一部分,其中这些残基含有发现于天然T细胞抑制性受体上的翻译后修饰,如糖基化。包含细胞外结构域的免疫原以本领域中已知的多种方式产生,例如使用常规重组方法表达克隆的基因,从T细胞、表达高水平免疫原的分选细胞群体分离等。
在希望表达重组或修饰蛋白质以制备免疫原的情况下,将使用编码T细胞抑制性受体或ICOS蛋白的期望部分的载体。一般来说,表达载体设计成使得T细胞抑制性受体或ICOS蛋白的细胞外结构域位于转染细胞表面上或者细胞外结构域从所述细胞分泌。当欲分泌细胞外结构域时,将使细胞外结构域的编码序列与允许分泌的序列(包括信号肽)同框融合。信号肽可为外源的或原生的。用于免疫的相关融合蛋白联接T细胞抑制性受体的细胞外结构域与免疫球蛋白的恒定区。例如,可使用包含鼠类T细胞抑制性受体或ICOS蛋白的细胞外结构域联接于人Cg1(铰链-CH2-CH3)结构域的融合蛋白来免疫仓鼠。
当欲使T细胞抑制性受体或ICOS蛋白免疫原表达于细胞表面上时,使细胞外结构域的编码序列与编码使细胞外结构域锚定于膜中的肽的序列和信号序列同框融合。这些锚定序列包括原生T细胞抑制性受体或ICOS蛋白跨膜结构域或来自其它细胞表面蛋白(例如CD4、CD8、sIg等)的跨膜结构域。可使用经过人T细胞抑制性受体基因或人ICOS基因转染的小鼠细胞来免疫小鼠和产生分别对于人T细胞抑制性受体蛋白或ICOS蛋白具有特异性的抗体。
单克隆抗体通过常规技术产生。一般来说,经过免疫的宿主动物的脾和/或淋巴结提供浆细胞来源。通过与骨髓瘤细胞融合使浆细胞永生化以产生杂交瘤细胞。使用标准技术筛选来自个别杂交瘤的培养物上清液以鉴别产生具有期望特异性的抗体的杂交瘤。适用于产生人蛋白质的单克隆抗体的动物包括小鼠、大鼠、仓鼠等。为产生针对小鼠蛋白质的抗体,动物通常为仓鼠、天竺鼠、兔等。抗体可通过常规技术,例如使用结合于不溶性载体的T细胞抑制性受体的亲和色谱、蛋白质A琼脂糖等从杂交瘤细胞上清液或腹水纯化。
抗体可以单链形式产生,替代正常多聚结构。单链抗体描述于Jost等(1994)J.B.C.269:26267-73和其它文献中。将编码重链可变区和轻链可变区的DNA序列连接于编码小中性氨基酸(例如甘氨酸和/或丝氨酸)的至少4个氨基酸的间隔子。由此融合物编码的蛋白质允许组装保留原始抗体的特异性和亲和力的功能性可变区。
对于体内使用,尤其对于注射至人体内,需要降低阻断剂或刺激剂的抗原性。接受者针对阻断剂的免疫反应将可能减少疗法有效的时间。产生嵌合抗体的方法在本领域中是已知的。人源化抗体可为具有转基因人免疫球蛋白恒定区基因的动物的产物(参见,例如国际专利申请WO 90/10077和WO 90/04036)。或者,可通过重组DNA技术对相关抗体进行工程改造以用相应人序列取代CH1、CH2、CH3、铰链结构域和/或框架结构域(参见WO 92/02190)。
使用Ig cDNA来构建嵌合免疫球蛋白基因在本领域中是已知的(Liu等(1987)P.N.A.S.84:3439和(1987)J.Immunol.139:3521)。从杂交瘤或其它产生抗体的细胞分离mRNA并用于产生cDNA。相关cDNA可使用特定引物通过聚合酶链反应进行扩增(美国专利No.4,683,195和4,683,202)。或者,制备文库并进行筛选以分离相关序列。接着使编码抗体可变区的DNA序列与人恒定区序列融合。人恒定区基因的序列可见于Kabat等(1991)Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest,N.I.H.出版物no.91-3242中。人C区基因可容易地从已知克隆获得。同种型的选择将受期望效应功能影响,如补体固定或抗体依赖性细胞毒性中的活性。优选同种型是IgG1、IgG3和IgG4。可使用人轻链恒定区κ或λ中的任一者。接着通过常规方法表达嵌合、人源化抗体。
抗体片段(如Fv、F(ab')2和Fab)可通过裂解完整蛋白质,例如通过蛋白酶或化学裂解来制备。或者,设计截短基因。例如,编码一部分F(ab')2片段的嵌合基因包括编码H链的CH1结构域和铰链区、接着为翻译终止密码子的DNA序列以产生截短分子。
可使用H和L J区的共有序列来设计用作引物的寡核苷酸以将适用限制性位点引入J区中,以供随后将V区区段连接于人C区区段。可通过定点诱变对C区cDNA进行修饰以在人序列中的类似位置安置限制性位点。
表达载体包括质粒、逆转录病毒、YAC、EBV来源的附加体等。适宜载体为编码功能上完整的人CH或CL免疫球蛋白序列的载体,其中工程改造有适当限制性位点以便可容易地插入和表达VH或VL序列。在所述载体中,拼接通常发生于所插入J区中的拼接供体位点与人C区前方的拼接受体位点之间以及发生于存在于人CH外显子内部的拼接区。聚腺苷酸化和转录终止发生于编码区下游的原生染色体位点。所得嵌合抗体可联接于任何强启动子,包括逆转录病毒LTR,例如SV-40早期启动子(Okayama等(1983)Mol.Cel l.Bio.3:280)、劳斯肉瘤病毒(Rous sarcoma virus)LTR(Gorman等(1982)P.N.A.S.79:6777)和莫洛尼鼠白血病病毒(moloney murine leukemia virus)LTR(Grosschedl等(1985)Cell 41:885);天然Ig启动子等。
在一个实施方案中,T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂是结合CTLA-4的细胞外结构域并抑制抗CTLA-4信号转导的抗CTLA-4抗体。适用于人的抗CTLA-4抗体包括例如伊匹单抗(ipilimumab)(MDX-010)和特利姆单抗(tremelimumab)(CP 675,206)。在另一实施方案中,T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂是阻断PD-1与PD-L1的结合并抑制PD-1信号转导的抗PD-1抗体。适用于人的抗体包括例如MDX-1106/ONO-4538和CT-011。在另一实施方案中,T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂是阻断PD-1与PD-1L的结合并抑制PD-1信号转导的抗B7-H1(PD-1L)抗体。在另一实施方案中,T细胞抑制剂的阻断剂是抗CTLA-4抗体和/或抗PD-1抗体和/或抗B7-H1抗体的组合。
在另一实施方案中,ICOS刺激剂是结合ICOS的细胞外结构域并活化ICOS信号转导的抗ICOS抗体,所述信号转导导致T细胞活化增加,例如增殖。在另一实施方案中,ICOS刺激剂是重组ICOSL,其可溶或表达于遗传修饰细胞的表面上。
编码阻断剂或刺激剂的病毒载体和其表达细胞
在一个实施方案中,一种或多种T细胞抑制性受体的阻断剂和/或ICOS刺激剂是由病毒载体和转化细胞表达。例如,本文所述的病毒载体和转化人细胞可表达阻断通过T细胞抑制性受体进行的信号转导的抗T细胞抑制性受体抗体和/或活化ICOS介导的信号转导的ICOS刺激剂(例如ICOS配体)。在一优选实施方案中,表达候选阻断剂和/或刺激剂的病毒载体和人细胞能够接近于肿瘤(尤其浸润淋巴细胞的肿瘤)表达所述药剂。
可使用的人细胞包括肿瘤细胞、抗原呈递细胞(例如树突状细胞)、B细胞和T细胞。当前公开的细胞可供由细胞接近于肿瘤局部表达阻断剂和/或刺激剂。细胞可在体内修饰,或者可将离体修饰的细胞通过多种方法(如通过注射)施用于患者。
在一个实施方案中,细胞是肿瘤细胞。对于离体转化,可如本领域中所已知对所述肿瘤细胞进行辐照以消除细胞复制的能力,同时维持施用后阻断剂和/或刺激剂的瞬时表达。对于体内转化,可优选非整合型表达载体。
在某些优选实施方案中,肿瘤细胞是自体的或内源性的。在前一种情况下,从患者取出肿瘤细胞,用编码阻断剂和/或刺激剂的构建体转染或转导,并在例如辐照后再引入患者体内。在后一种情况下,通过局部施用本文所述的适当构建体在体内转化肿瘤细胞。
在一替代实施方案中,经过修饰的肿瘤细胞是同种异体的。同种异体肿瘤细胞因此可在细胞系中维持。在此情况下,肿瘤细胞可选自经过辐照或引入患者体内的细胞系。
在另一替代实施方案中,经过修饰的人细胞是抗原呈递细胞(如树突状细胞)或单核细胞。在另一替代实施方案中,经过修饰的人细胞是T细胞。
能够产生阻断剂和/或刺激剂的经过修饰的人细胞可通过用编码阻断剂和/或刺激剂的表达载体转染或转导细胞来制备。用于表达阻断剂、刺激剂或阻断剂和/或刺激剂的组合的表达载体可通过本领域中熟知的方法制备。
在各种实施方案中,阻断剂和/或刺激剂可以一种或多种核酸构建体形式施用于患者。
在一个实施方案中,构建体包含逆转录病毒载体。逆转录病毒载体能够将编码阻断剂和/或刺激剂的DNA永久整合至细胞基因组中。因此,在离体操纵自体或同种异体细胞的情况下,可制备组成性产生阻断剂和/或刺激剂的稳定细胞系。在一优选实施方案中,细胞在施用于患者之前进行辐照。经过辐照的细胞产生阻断剂和/或刺激剂持续有限时间。
在一个实施方案中,表达构建体包含在哺乳动物细胞中显示高水平瞬时表达的SFV载体。SFV载体描述于例如Lundstrom,Expert Opin.Biol.Ther.3:771-777(2003)中,所述文献以引用的方式整体并入本文。因此,在患者中体内操纵内源性细胞的情况下,可实现阻断剂和/或刺激剂的高水平瞬时表达。此举用于防止体内T细胞的组成性表达和永久活化。
能够在体内表达重组蛋白质的系统在本领域中是已知的。举例来说并且不加限制,所述系统可使用Fang等,Nature Biotech.23(5)2005和美国专利公布2005/0003506中公开的2A介导的抗体表达系统,所述文献明确以引用的方式整体并入本文。预期本领域中已知的其它系统,并且也可适于产生如本文所述的阻断剂和/刺激剂。
可将施用本文公开的表达阻断剂和/或刺激剂的细胞与施用刺激抗原呈递细胞的细胞因子(如粒细胞-巨噬细胞群落刺激因子(GM-CSF)、巨噬细胞群落刺激因子(M-CSF)、粒细胞群落刺激因子(G-CSF)、白介素3(IL-3)、白介素12(IL-12)等)或能够表达所述细胞因子的细胞疫苗进行组合。在优选实施方案中,对阻断剂和/或刺激剂表达细胞进行进一步修饰以表达所述细胞因子。已知增强T细胞增殖和分泌的其它蛋白质和/或细胞因子(如IL-1、IL-2、B7、抗CD3和抗CD28)可与阻断剂同时或依序使用以增强免疫反应。本疗法还可与任何分子组合,或如美国专利No.6,051,227中所述进行,所述文献以引用的方式整体并入本文。
载体和转化方法
编码阻断剂和/或刺激剂的表达载体可为病毒或非病毒载体。病毒载体对于体内使用为优选的。本发明的表达载体包含编码T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂的核酸或编码ICOS刺激剂的核酸或其互补序列可操作地连接于在哺乳动物中具有功能的表达控制区或其互补序列。表达控制区能够驱动可操作地连接的阻断剂和/或刺激剂编码核酸的表达以使得所述阻断剂和/或刺激剂在经过所述表达载体转化的人细胞中产生。
表达控制区为影响可操作地连接的核酸的表达的调节性聚核苷酸(在本文中有时称为元件),如启动子和增强子。
本发明表达载体的表达控制区能够使可操作地连接的编码核酸在人细胞中表达。在一个实施方案中,细胞是肿瘤细胞。在一个实施方案中,细胞是非肿瘤细胞。
在一个实施方案中,表达控制区使得可操作地连接的核酸的表达可调节。信号(有时称为刺激物)可增加或减少可操作地连接于这一表达控制区的核酸的表达。回应于信号增加表达的所述表达控制区通常称为诱导性。回应于信号减少表达的所述表达控制区通常称为阻遏性。通常,由所述元件所赋予的增加或减少量与所存在信号的量成比例;信号量越大,表达增加或减少越多。
本发明尤其优选使用能够瞬时回应于信号实现高水平表达的诱导性启动子。当与肿瘤细胞接近时,通过使转化细胞暴露于适当信号诱导经过包含这一表达控制序列的阻断剂和/或刺激剂表达载体转化的细胞瞬时产生高水平的ICOS配体。
优选诱导性表达控制区包括包含以如小分子化合物等信号刺激的诱导性启动子的诱导性表达控制区。特定实例可见于例如美国专利No.5,989,910、5,935,934、6,015,709和6,004,941中,所述专利各自以引用的方式整体并入本文。
表达控制区包括全长启动子序列,如原生启动子和增强子元件,以及保留全部或部分全长或非变异型功能的子序列或聚核苷酸变体。如本文所用,术语“功能性”和其语法变体当在提及核酸序列、子序列或片段的情况下使用时,意谓所述序列具有原生核酸序列(例如非变异型或未修饰序列)的一种或多种功能。
如本文所用,“可操作地连接”是指所述组分的实体并置关系允许其以预定方式起作用。在表达控制元件与核酸可操作地连接的实例中,所述关系使得控制元件可调节所述核酸的表达。通常,调节转录的表达控制区并置于所转录核酸的5'端附近(即“上游”)。表达控制区还可位于所转录序列的31端(即“下游”)或在转录物内(例如在内含子中)。表达控制元件可位于离所转录序列一定距离处(例如离所述核酸100至500、500至1000、2000至5000或更多个核苷酸)。表达控制元件的特定实例是启动子,其通常位于所转录序列的5'。表达控制元件的另一实例是增强子,其可位于所转录序列的5'或3',或在专利序列内部。
在人细胞中具功能性的表达系统在本领域中是已知的,且包括病毒系统。一般来说,在人细胞中具功能性的启动子是能够结合哺乳动物RNA聚合酶并起始下游(3')ICOS配体编码序列转录成mRNA的任何DNA序列。启动子将具有转录起始区,其通常接近编码序列5'端安置,并且TATA盒通常位于转录起始位点上游25-30个碱基对处。认为TATA盒引导RNA聚合酶II在正确位点开始RNA合成。启动子通常还含有上游启动子元件(增强子元件),其通常位于TATA盒上游100至200个碱基对以内。上游启动子元件决定转录起始速率并且可以任何方向起作用。来自哺乳动物病毒基因的启动子特别适用作启动子,因为病毒基因通常高水平表达并且具有广泛宿主范围。实例包括SV40早期启动子、小鼠哺乳动物肿瘤病毒LTR启动子、腺病毒主要晚期启动子、单纯疱疹病毒启动子和CMV启动子。
通常,由哺乳动物细胞识别的转录终止和聚腺苷酸化序列是位于转录终止密码子3'的调节区并且因此连同启动子元件一起侧接编码序列。成熟mRNA的31末端由位点特异性翻译后裂解和聚腺苷酸化形成。转录终止子和聚腺苷酸化信号的实例包括来源于SV40者。表达构建体中还可包括内含子。
存在多种可用于将核酸引入不同细胞中的技术。适于在体外将核酸转移至哺乳动物细胞中的技术包括使用脂质体、电穿孔、微注射、细胞融合、基于聚合物的系统、DEAE-葡聚糖、病毒转导、磷酸钙沉淀法等。对于体内基因转移,也可使用多种技术和试剂,包括脂质体;基于天然聚合物的递送载体,如壳聚糖和明胶;病毒载体对于体内转导也是优选的(例如Dzau等,Trends in Biotechnology 11,205-210[1993])。在一些情况下,希望提供靶向剂,如对于肿瘤细胞表面膜蛋白具有特异性的抗体或配体。在采用脂质体的情况下,结合与内吞作用相关的细胞表面膜蛋白的蛋白质可用于靶向和/或促进摄取,例如亲近特定细胞类型的衣壳蛋白或其片段、在循环中进行内化的蛋白质的抗体、靶向细胞内定位并增强细胞内半衰期的蛋白质。受体介导的内吞作用的技术描述于例如Wu等,J.Biol.Chem.262,4429-4432(1987);和Wagner等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 87,3410-3414(1990)中。关于基因疗法方案的综述,请参见Anderson等,Science256,808-813(1992)。
适当时,还可采用基因递送剂,如整合序列。众多整合序列在本领域中是已知的(参见,例如Nunes-Duby等,Nucleic Acids Res.26:391-406,1998;Sadwoski,J.Bacteriol.,165:341-357,1986;Bestor,Cell,122(3):322-325,2005;Plasterk等,TIG15:326-332,1999;Kootstra等,Ann.Rev.Pharm.Toxicol.,43:413-439,2003)。其包括重组酶和转座酶。实例包括Cre(Sternberg和Hami l ton,J.Mol.Biol.,150:467-486,1981)、λ(Nash,Nature,247,543-545,1974)、FIp(Broach等,Cel l,29:227-234,1982)R(Matsuzaki等,J.Bacteriology,172:610-618,1990)、φC31(参见,例如Groth等,J.Mol.Biol.335:667-678,2004)、睡美人(sleeping beauty)、水手家族的转座酶(Plasterk等,同上)和整合型病毒的组分,如具有可供病毒整合的组分的AAV、逆转录病毒和抗病毒,如逆转录病毒或满病毒的LTR序列和AAV的ITR序列(Kootstra等,Ann.Rev.Pharm.Toxicol.,43:413-439,2003)。
病毒载体
在一个方面,本发明提供用于表达阻断剂和/或刺激剂的表达载体,其为病毒载体。已知许多适用于基因疗法的病毒载体(参见,例如Lundstrom,Trends Biotechnol.,21:117,122,2003。
优选病毒载体包括选自由抗病毒(LV)、逆转录病毒(RV)、腺病毒(AV)、腺相关病毒(AAV)和α病毒组成的组的载体,不过也可使用其它病毒载体。对于体内使用,优选不整合至宿主基因组中的病毒载体,如α病毒和腺病毒,其中α病毒尤其优选。α病毒的优选类型包括辛德毕斯病毒(Sindbis virus)、委内瑞拉马脑炎(Venezuelan equine encephalitis;VEE)病毒和塞姆利基森林病毒(Semliki Forest virus;SFV),其中SFV尤其优选。参见,例如Lundstrom,Expert Opin.Biol.Then 3:771-777,2003;Afanasieva等Gene Then,10:1850-59,2003。对于体外使用,优选整合至宿主基因组中的病毒载体,如逆转录病毒、AAV和抗病毒。
在一优选实施方案中,病毒载体供在经过转导的人细胞中瞬时高水平表达。
在一个实施方案中,病毒载体并不用于将阻断剂和/或刺激剂编码核酸整合至经过转导的人细胞的基因组中。
在另一实施方案中,病毒载体用于将阻断剂和/或刺激剂编码核酸整合至经过转导的人细胞的基因组中。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供体内转导人细胞的方法,其包括在体内使实体肿瘤与本发明的病毒载体接触。
在另一实施方案中,本发明提供离体转导人细胞的方法,其包括离体使人细胞与本发明的阻断剂和/或刺激剂病毒载体接触。在一个实施方案中,人细胞是肿瘤细胞。在一个实施方案中,人细胞是同种异体细胞。在一个实施方案中,肿瘤细胞是来源于患者。在一个实施方案中,人细胞是非肿瘤细胞,如抗原呈递细胞(APC)或T细胞。
病毒粒子包膜可经过修饰以改变特异性和改良细胞/组织靶向,如本领域中所熟知。病毒载体还可于其它媒剂中递送,例如脂质体。脂质体还可具有靶向部分连接于其表面以改良细胞/组织靶向。
本申请是涉及表达阻断剂和/或刺激剂的人细胞。在一优选实施方案中,人细胞表达ICOS刺激剂(例如ICOSL,其可分泌或以细胞表面蛋白形式表达),其特异性结合ICOS的细胞外结构域并且活化ICOS介导的负信号转导。在某些实施方案中,人细胞接近例如癌症患者的肿瘤细胞表达ICOS配体。因此,人细胞能够在肿瘤细胞或肿瘤细胞块处局部表达配体。ICOS配体可活化接近所述肿瘤细胞的细胞中的ICOS信号转导和/或破坏针对肿瘤相关自体抗原的免疫耐受性并且刺激针对所述肿瘤细胞的自体反应性T细胞反应。在一优选实施方案中,ICOS配体的局部表达减少或抑制不当不良免疫反应。
理解作用机制对于本发明的实施来说并不必要。本文所述的细胞和方法提供接近于肿瘤细胞或肿瘤细胞块的人细胞。接近于肿瘤细胞表达ICOS刺激剂和任选地T细胞抑制性蛋白阻断剂或其它细胞因子增强抗肿瘤免疫反应。
治疗方法
本文描述治疗罹患癌症的患者的方法,其包括向所述患者施用包含药理学有效量的T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂和ICOS刺激剂的药物组合物。本文所述的方法是针对治疗癌症,例如白血病和实体肿瘤(例如黑素瘤、癌瘤、肉瘤、淋巴瘤等)。更多常见实体癌症包括膀胱癌、骨癌(骨肉瘤)、结肠直肠癌、脑癌、乳癌、子宫颈癌、食道癌、霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(Hodgkin'slymphoma)、肾癌、肝癌、肺癌、间皮瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、阴茎癌、前列腺癌、皮肤癌(黑素瘤和非黑素瘤)、软组织癌瘤、胃癌、睾丸癌、甲状腺癌和子宫内膜癌。
适当时,所施用的药物组合物通常更包含一种或多种缓冲剂(例如中性缓冲盐水或磷酸盐缓冲盐水)、碳水化合物(例如葡萄糖、甘露糖、蔗糖或葡聚糖)、甘露糖醇、蛋白质、多肽或氨基酸(如甘氨酸)、抗氧化剂(例如抗坏血酸、偏亚硫酸氢钠、丁基化羟基甲苯、丁基化羟基苯甲醚等)、抑菌剂、螯合剂(如EDTA或谷胱甘肽)、使制剂与接受者的血液等渗、低渗或微弱高渗的溶质、悬浮剂、增稠剂、防腐剂、调味剂、甜味剂和着色化合物。
虽然可在组合物中使用本领域的普通技术人员已知的任何适合载剂,但载剂的类型通常将根据施用模式而变化。治疗组合物可根据任何适当施用模式进行配制,包括例如口服、经鼻、粘膜、直肠、阴道、局部外用、静脉内、腹膜内、皮内、皮下和肌肉内施用。
对于胃肠外施用,组合物可以可注射剂量的一种或多种T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂、ICOS刺激剂的溶液或悬浮液、表达一种或多种T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂和/或ICOS刺激剂的表达载体、经过表达一种或多种T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂和/或ICOS刺激剂的表达载体转化的细胞或其组合形式于具有药用载剂的生理学上可接受的稀释剂中施用,所述载剂可为无菌液体,如无菌无热原质水、油、盐水、甘油、聚乙二醇或乙醇。另外,组合物中可存在辅助物质,如湿润剂或乳化剂、表面活性剂、pH值缓冲物质等。药物组合物的其它组分为石油、动物、植物或合成来源的组分,例如花生油、大豆油、玉米油、棉籽油、油酸乙酯和豆蔻酸异丙酯的非水性溶液。
本文所述的阻断剂和/或刺激剂(包括表达所述阻断剂和/或刺激剂的表达载体和/或转化细胞)可存在于单位剂量或多剂量容器中,如密封输注袋、安瓿或小瓶。所述容器的密封方式通常在使用前保持制剂的无菌性和稳定性。一般来说,制剂可如上文所述以悬浮液、溶液或乳液形式于油性或水性媒剂中保存。或者,药物组合物可在冷冻干燥条件下保存,仅需要在临使用前添加无菌液体载剂。
施用于宿主的量将根据施用何物、施用目的(如预防或治疗)、宿主状态、施用方式、施用次数、施用之间的间隔时间等而变化。其可由本领域的技术人员凭经验确定且可根据治疗反应的程度进行调整。确定适当剂量时的考虑因素包括但不限于患者的体型和体重、患者的年龄和性别、症状严重性、疾病病期、药剂的递送方法、药剂半衰期和药剂功效。所考虑的疾病病期包括疾病为急性还是慢性、复发期或减轻期和疾病的进展。
确定治疗有效量的剂量和施用时间完全在本领域的普通技术人员的技能范围内。例如,初始有效剂量可根据细胞培养或其它体外测定法进行估算。接着可在动物模型中配制剂量以产生循环浓度或组织浓度,包括如通过细胞培养测定法所测定的IC50的浓度。
另外,毒性和治疗功效通常通过细胞培养测定法和/或使用实验动物,通常通过测定LD50(测试群体的50%致死剂量)和ED50(在50%测试群体中具有治疗有效性)加以确定。指南见于标准参考著作中,例如Goodman和Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics,第10版(Hardman,J.G.等编著)McGraw-Hill,New York,N.Y.(2001)。
出于本发明的目的,根据所治疗的病状和药物组合物选择施用方法。阻断剂和/或刺激剂的施用可以多种方式进行,包括但不限于皮下、静脉内、腹膜内、肌肉内和可能直接注射至指定器官或肿瘤,不过优选全身性注射。药物组合物的施用可通过单一路径或同时通过若干路径进行。
组合物可根据所治疗的适应症和开处方医师的判断以及其它因素每天施用一次、每天施用数次或若干次或甚至每天施用多次。
实现治疗效果所需要的阻断剂和/或刺激剂的量可出于特定目的根据常规程序凭经验确定。一般来说,对于出于治疗目的施用细胞,细胞以药理学有效剂量给予。“药理学有效量”或“药理学有效剂量”是指足以产生期望生理作用的量或能够实现期望结果,尤其用于治疗病症或疾病病状,包括减少或消除所述病症或疾病的一种或多种症状或表现的量。作为说明,向罹患癌症的患者施用细胞不仅在基本病状得到根除或改善时,而且也在患者报告与所述疾病相关的症状的严重性或持续时间减少,例如肿瘤负荷(包括播散性肿瘤细胞(DTC))减少、循环肿瘤细胞减少、无进展存活增加时提供治疗效益。治疗效益还包括基本疾病或病症的进展停止或减缓,而不论是否实现改善。如上文所定义的药理学有效剂量还适用于与细胞组合使用的治疗化合物,如下文进一步描述。
优选地,所述作用将产生至少约10%、优选至少20%、30%、50%、70%或甚至90%或更高的可定量变化。治疗效益还包括基本疾病或病症的进展停止或减缓,而不论是否实现改善。当T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂和ICOS刺激剂的组合用于其它治疗方案时,有效量是组分组合的比率并且作用不仅限于个别组分。
用于治疗癌症的有效量将调节症状达至少约10%;通常至少约20%;优选至少约30%;或更优选至少约50%。此将使受影响细胞的数量产生例如统计上显著并且可定量的变化。其可为远端器官中微转移灶的数量减少、复发性转移疾病的减少等。
本文所述的阻断剂和刺激剂可与其它抗肿瘤治疗组合,例如手术切除、辐射疗法、化学疗法、免疫疗法和支持疗法(例如止痛剂、利尿剂、抗利尿剂、抗病毒剂、抗生素、营养补充剂、贫血治疗剂、凝血治疗剂、骨治疗剂以及精神病和心理治疗剂)。所述其它抗肿瘤治疗(包括用一种或多种T细胞抑制性受体的一种或多种阻断剂治疗)可与ICOS刺激剂的施用依序(例如之前或之后)或同时提供。
实施例
实施例1:ICOS刺激剂增强抗CTLA-4抗体和抗PD-L1抗体的抗肿瘤作用。
实施例1.1:ICOS抗体刺激剂对CD4+T细胞增殖的影响。
CD4+T细胞是利用Dynal鼠类CD4+T细胞阴性选择试剂盒根据制造商的说明从C57BL/6小鼠脾脏制备。在用或未用抗CD3mAb(0.5μg/ml)和2μg/ml抗CD28、5μg/ml抗ICOSmAb(克隆C398.4A和7E.17G9)预先涂布的96孔板中刺激五万个CD4+T细胞。细胞在37℃下,5%CO2中孵育72小时并且在培养结束前8小时向各孔中添加1μci 3H-胸苷。收集板并分析3H-胸苷并入。
如图1中所示,抗ICOS抗体在抗CD3抗体存在下增强CD4+T细胞的增殖。
实施例1.2:抗CTLA-4诱导的ICOS表达与肿瘤生长之间的间接相关性
小鼠用2×104个B16/F10肿瘤细胞激发。不治疗或治疗小鼠。经过治疗的动物在第3天接受200μg抗CTLA-4抗体并在肿瘤激发后6、9、12、15、18和21天时接受100μg抗CTLA-4抗体。每三天监测肿瘤生长和血液中CD4+FOXP3-效应T细胞上ICOS的水平。
如图2中所示,从经过治疗的动物分离的CD4+FOXP3-细胞的ICOS表达水平增加。另外,ICOS的表达增加与肿瘤负荷间接相关(图2)。
实施例1.3:ICOS-或ICOSL-小鼠显示由抗CTLA-4抗体介导的抗肿瘤反应减少。
带有B16/BL6肿瘤的野生型C57BL/6、ICOS缺乏C57BL/6和ICOS配体(ICOSL)缺乏C57BL/6小鼠不进行治疗或用1×106个经过辐照的产GM-CSF的B16(GVAX)皮下治疗(肿瘤植入后3天时)和以抗CTLA-4(9H10)分别在第3、5和7天以0.2、0.1和0.1mg剂量腹膜内治疗。检测肿瘤生长并在第80天计算存活百分比。
带有肿瘤的野生型、ICOS缺乏或ICOSL缺乏小鼠和未治疗动物在肿瘤植入后的25天至41天死亡(分别为空心圆圈、空心三角和空心方块)。相反,当将野生型表述用GVAX和抗CTLA-4组合疗法治疗时观察到90%存活(实心圆圈)。值得注意的是,ICOS缺乏小鼠(实心三角)和ICOSL缺乏小鼠(实心方块)在用GVAX和抗CTLA-4抗体治疗后显示显著较低的保护,表明此配体/受体对相互作用在GVAX/抗CTLA-4组合疗法期间具有关键作用。
实施例1.4:使用GVAX、抗CTLA-4抗体和抗ICOS抗体增强抗肿瘤作用。
用5×104个B16/BL6肿瘤细胞激发的小鼠(1)未治疗,(2)仅用1×106个经过辐照的产GM-CSF的B16治疗(GVAX;皮下,植入后3、6和9天),(2)用1×106个经过辐照的GVAX(皮下,植入后3、6和9天)、200μg抗CTLA-4抗体(肿瘤植入后3天)和100μg抗CTLA-4抗体(肿瘤植入后6、9、13和17天)治疗,或(3)用1×106个经过辐照的GVAX(植入后3、6和9天)、200μg抗CTLA-4抗体(肿瘤植入后3天)、100μg抗CTLA-4抗体(肿瘤植入后6、9、13和17天)和200μg抗ICOS抗体(肿瘤植入后3、6、9、13和17天)治疗。检测肿瘤生长并在第80天计算存活率。
如图4中所示,用GVAX、抗CTLA-4抗体和抗ICOS抗体的组合治疗动物与仅用GVAX和抗CTLA-4抗体治疗动物相比使得肿瘤生长延缓。此发现结果与用GVAX同抗CTLA-4和抗ICOS抗体治疗的小鼠与仅用GVAX和抗CTLA-4抗体治疗的小鼠相比显示较高存活率的发现结果一致(图5)。
实施例1.5:使用抗ICOS和抗PD-L1抗体增强抗肿瘤作用
带有B16/BL6的三日龄小鼠未治疗或用1×106个经过辐照的产GM-CSF的B16(GVAX)皮下治疗(肿瘤植入后3天时)和用抗ICOS抗体(7E.17G9)、抗PD-L1抗体(10F.9G2)或组合分别在第3、5和7天时以0.2、0.1和0.1mg的剂量腹膜内治疗。检测肿瘤生长并在第80天计算存活百分比。
用GVAX与抗ICOS抗体或GVAX与抗PD-L1抗体的组合治疗的小鼠显示较低存活率(图6)。相反,施用抗PD-L1抗体、抗ICOS抗体和GVAX的组合疗法得到50%存活率,表明用抗ICOS抗体(7E.17G9)与抗PD-L1抗体(10F.9G2)和GVAX的组合获得有效协同效应。
实施例2:使用表达ICOS配体的肿瘤细胞作为抗肿瘤疫苗
实施例2.1
实施例2.1.1:抗体
抗CTLA4(克隆9H10)是购自Bio X Cell。
实施例2.1.2:细胞系
使用高致瘤性且低免疫原性的黑素瘤细胞系B16/BL6进行肿瘤激发。使用表达GM-CSF的B16/BL6(此处称为GVAX)治疗带有肿瘤的小鼠。通过用载体MSCV-IRES-Thy1.1对B16/BL6细胞进行逆转录病毒转导产生B16-Thy1.1,所述载体是来自康涅狄格大学(Universityof Connecticut)的Leo lefrancois博士的馈赠。通过用表达全长小鼠ICOSL的载体MSCV-ICOSL(来自加州大学伯克利(University of California,Berkeley)的William Sha博士的馈赠)对B16/BL6细胞进行逆转录病毒转导产生B16-mICOSL。GVAX细胞也用MSCV-ICOSL载体转导以产生GVAX-mICOSL。
实施例2.1.3:肿瘤激发和治疗实验。
小鼠在第0天于右侧腹皮内注射50,000个B16/BL6黑素瘤细胞并且在第3、6、9和12天在左侧腹用7.5×105个经过辐照(150Gy)的GVAX与7.5×105个经过辐照(150Gy)的B16/BL6-Thy1.1(n=10)或B16-mICOSL(n=10)的混合物与腹膜内100μg抗CTLA4(第3天200μg)组合治疗。随时间监测肿瘤生长和排斥反应。
小鼠在第0天于右侧腹皮内注射20,000个B16/BL6黑素瘤细胞并且在第3、6、9和12天在左侧腹用1×106个经过辐照(150Gy)的GVAX(n=10)或GVAX-mICOSL(n=10)与腹膜内100μg抗CTLA4(第3天200μg)组合治疗或不治疗。随时间监测肿瘤生长和排斥反应。
小鼠在第0天于右侧腹皮内注射20,000个B16/BL6黑素瘤细胞并且在第3、6、9和12天在左侧腹用1×106个经过辐照(150Gy)的B16/BL6-Thy1.1(n=10)或B16-mICOSL(n=10)在有或没有腹膜内100μg抗CTLA4(第3天200μg)的情况下治疗或不治疗。随时间监测肿瘤生长和排斥反应。
小鼠在第0天于右侧腹皮内注射20,000个B16/F10黑素瘤细胞并且在第3、6、9和12天在左侧腹用1×106个经过辐照(150Gy)的B16-mICOSL(n=5)在有或没有腹膜内100μg抗CTLA4(第3天200μg)的情况下治疗或不治疗。随时间监测肿瘤生长和排斥反应。
实施例2.2:结果
表达ICOSL的B16细胞疫苗在不存在或存在GVAX的情况下并未使肿瘤保护率增加超过GVAX与CTLA-4阻断的先前组合疗法(图7和8)。
在没有GM-CSF的环境中,表达ICOSL的B16细胞疫苗连同CTLA-4阻断一起具有使肿瘤生长延缓和/或总体有利于肿瘤排斥的协同效应(图9-12)。
本文提及的所有专利和专利公布据此以引用的方式并入。
本领域的技术人员在阅读前述描述后将进行某些修改和改良。应了解,所有所述修改和改良在本文中出于简洁和可读性的原因均被删除,但完全落在上述权利要求书的范围内。
本发明的优选实施方案如下:
1.一种治疗患者的癌症的方法,其包括向所述患者同时或依序施用包含T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂和ICOS激动剂的组合物。
2.根据实施方案1所述的方法,其中所述T细胞抑制性受体阻断剂是选自由阻断性抗CTLA-4抗体、阻断性抗PD-1抗体和其组合组成的组。
3.根据实施方案1或实施方案2所述的方法,其中所述ICOS激动剂是抗ICOS抗体。
4.根据实施方案1或实施方案2所述的方法,其中所述ICOS激动剂是ICOS配体。
5.根据实施方案4所述的方法,其中所述ICOS配体是可溶性的。
6.根据实施方案4所述的方法,其中所述ICOS配体表达于细胞的表面上。
7.根据实施方案6所述的方法,其中所述细胞是肿瘤细胞。
8.根据实施方案7所述的方法,其中所述肿瘤细胞是经过辐照的。
9.根据实施方案7所述的方法,其中所述肿瘤细胞是从所述患者手术移除的。
Claims (13)
1.(a)阻断性抗PD-1抗体和(b)ICOS激动剂在制备用于治疗患者的癌症的药物中的用途。
2.(a)阻断性抗PD-L1抗体和(b)ICOS激动剂在制备用于治疗患者的癌症的药物中的用途。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述阻断性抗PD-1抗体和所述ICOS激动剂同时或依序进行施用。
4.根据权利要求2所述的用途,其中所述阻断性抗PD-L1抗体和所述ICOS激动剂同时或依序进行施用。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的用途,其中所述ICOS激动剂是抗ICOS抗体。
6.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的用途,其中所述ICOS激动剂是ICOS配体。
7.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述ICOS配体是可溶性的。
8.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述ICOS配体表达于细胞的表面上。
9.根据权利要求8所述的用途,其中所述细胞是肿瘤细胞。
10.根据权利要求9所述的用途,其中所述肿瘤细胞是经过辐照的。
11.根据权利要求9所述的用途,其中所述肿瘤细胞是从所述患者手术移除的。
12.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的用途,其中所述癌症为黑素瘤、癌瘤、肉瘤或淋巴瘤。
13.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的用途,其中所述癌症为膀胱癌、骨肉瘤、结肠直肠癌、脑癌、乳癌、子宫颈癌、食道癌、霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、肾癌、肝癌、肺癌、间皮瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、阴茎癌、前列腺癌、黑素瘤、非黑素瘤、软组织癌瘤、胃癌、睾丸癌、甲状腺癌或子宫内膜癌。
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CA2775761C (en) | 2018-08-28 |
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CN104826106A (zh) | 2015-08-12 |
EP2482849A2 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
AU2016206233A1 (en) | 2016-08-04 |
WO2011041613A3 (en) | 2011-08-04 |
US10023637B2 (en) | 2018-07-17 |
US8709417B2 (en) | 2014-04-29 |
EP3375791A1 (en) | 2018-09-19 |
EP2482849B1 (en) | 2018-06-06 |
AU2010303149B2 (en) | 2016-08-04 |
CN102740887B (zh) | 2015-04-15 |
US20140308299A1 (en) | 2014-10-16 |
WO2011041613A2 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
ES2681214T3 (es) | 2018-09-12 |
US20120251556A1 (en) | 2012-10-04 |
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