CN104755073A - 半氟化烷烃组合物 - Google Patents
半氟化烷烃组合物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104755073A CN104755073A CN201380047374.2A CN201380047374A CN104755073A CN 104755073 A CN104755073 A CN 104755073A CN 201380047374 A CN201380047374 A CN 201380047374A CN 104755073 A CN104755073 A CN 104755073A
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- Prior art keywords
- fatty acid
- omega
- derivant
- reactive compound
- liquid
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种新型组合物,其包含半氟化烷烃和至少一种对氧化敏感或易于氧化的化合物。该组合物可以被用作局部施用至眼部或眼组织的药物。本发明还提供了包含这样的组合物的试剂盒。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于包含易氧化的药物活性成分的组合物领域,尤其是基于半氟化烷烃的组合物领域。特别地,本发明的组合物可以是用于治疗眼科疾病或病症的局部眼用组合物。
背景技术
活性药物化合物在各种条件下的储存过程中的稳定性是在该化合物的制剂的研发过程中的普遍关注的问题。此方面尤其与那些敏感的和/或易于经由氧化途径分解的化合物的液体制剂相关。当今其随着适度湿热气候的国家(即ICH区IVb国家)对制药公司正变得越来越重要而正变得更加相关,所以需要考虑到这些国家的较高的温度和湿度的新的药物制剂。
用热的方法、光解、或者通过化学方法可以促进氧化。含有脂肪族双键体系的化合物对通过氧化,通常经由与分子氧的自由基链过程的降解尤其敏感。
这样的过程,也称为自动氧化,通常经由生成自由基的引发过程(例如,经由通过自由基引发剂夺取氢原子)开始,接着是涉及氧和其它化合物分子的增长反应步骤。终止可能发生在两种自由基产物偶联时。诸如多不饱和脂质衍生物的亚甲基中断的多烯体系之类的含有自由基稳定脂肪族双键结构的化合物通常更易于自动氧化。随着时间的推移,这些和其它氧化过程可容易地导致不希望有的以及药学上无效的反应产物的形成和积累。一些降解物可能是有害的或有毒的。
使用抗氧化剂和/或稳定剂辅料仍然是减缓或防止这样的化合物的氧化以及延长保质期的最重要的策略之一。典型的抗氧化剂是丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT)、抗坏血酸、生育酚衍生物等。许多抗氧化剂将作用为自由基清除剂;并通过终止自由基和抑制链过程起作用。能作用为金属离子螯合剂的辅料(例如,乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA))也可以被用来限制痕量重金属杂质的作用,该痕量重金属杂质也可以催化氧化反应。例如使用脂质体或环糊精对氧化敏感的化合物进行封装或屏蔽也是已知的防止降解的方法。
防止这样的化合物的氧化降解的另一种措施将是通过用惰性气体(例如,用氮气)喷射来除去溶解在液体载体中的氧。然而,这是过程密集型和不具有成本效益的方法,此外,在进一步的处理步骤过程中需要特别注意并带有包装以防止重新引入大气。
多不饱和脂肪酸(通常缩写为PUFA)是易于氧化降解的一类化合物。这些化合物包括诸如欧米伽-3脂肪酸(也称为ω-3脂肪酸或n-3脂肪酸)和欧米伽-6脂肪酸(也称为ω-6脂肪酸或n-6脂肪酸)之类的欧米伽脂肪酸。这些是必需脂肪酸,因为它们只能通过饮食摄入,并因为它们参与许多人类的代谢过程和代谢功能。正因为如此,它们已被认为有益于多种不同的健康状况的治疗或预防。
例如,这些化合物已被发现对诸如干眼症(DED)之类的眼部疾病的局部治疗和预防有用。DED,也称为干燥性角膜结膜炎或泪液功能不全综合征,是泪膜和眼表的多功能障碍,其导致不适、视觉障碍并甚至常常导致眼表损伤。泪膜的结构、组成、体积和分布以及间隙的动力学稳定性下降能够导致DED的发展。
炎症周期是维持并可能推进干眼症的关键过程之一。欧米伽脂肪酸,关于它们的抗炎特性,已被发现来降低DED及其症状的严重程度并改善泪液分泌。特别地,欧米伽-3脂肪酸与诸如PGE1之类的抗炎的和免疫调节的类花生酸前列腺素的生成相关。欧米伽-3脂肪酸还与诸如IL-1和TNF-α之类的促炎性细胞因子的表达抑制有关,这些细胞因子与干眼症相关。
但这种容易氧化成局部眼用组合物(例如滴眼剂)的活性成分的制备可能是具有挑战性的。可使用的赋形剂的选择以及因此抗氧化剂和稳定剂的选择由于其与眼表的不兼容性、毒性或耐受性差而变得更加有限。然而,同时,降解(导致制剂的颜色改变、不溶性物质的沉淀等)的最小化变得更加急剧。
然而,用于干眼症及其症状的局部治疗的包含欧米伽脂肪酸的组合物是本领域中已知的。可以通过直接和局部施用这些活性分子至眼睛表面来避免口服大量用作补充剂的这些脂肪酸而导致的胃肠道不耐受(以及全身吸收效果)。
例如,Omega(由TRB Chemedica International S.A.销售的)是可商购的适用于干眼症的包含欧米伽脂肪酸的眼用制剂。如其产品信息所公开的,该制剂是含有二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、抗氧化剂维生素E(醋酸生育酚)、润肤物质卡姆波980、甘油、pemulen、和氢氧化钠、磷酸二钠、以及蒸馏水的低渗水凝胶。该水凝胶组合物本身被描述为微乳液,带有脂质分子(脂肪酸和维生素E)的分散体。该产品被以包装的单剂量容器的形式填充在铝药袋中,建议使用后立即丢弃该产品。关于稳定性,建议储存在2-8℃下的冰箱中,如果储存在低于25℃的非冷藏环境中,则只有3个月的保质期。由于该产品较差的热稳定性,导致其是在冷链中运输,即,在冷藏集装箱中运输并在冷藏条件下储存在仓库和药房中。因此,寄售是昂贵的并且在温度监控和物流方面需要付出大量的努力。
如果不是相同类型的话,也是相似类型的眼用水凝胶组合物也被公开在美国2012/0010280中。描述了:脂肪酸是在抗氧化剂生育酚乙酸酯的溶液中,其中生育酚乙酸酯以按重量计占油性混合物的高达75%的量存在。这些被分散为水凝胶中的油性液滴。在WO 2006/007510中提出了发现含有欧米伽-3脂肪酸和欧米伽-6脂肪酸的组合、和表面活性剂(例如,吐温80)、Glucam E-20、以及成滴的作为抗氧化剂的维生素E的水性乳液不太适合维持欧米伽脂肪酸的稳定性。然而,应当注意的是,由于基于水凝胶的乳液体系普遍增加了粘度和生物黏附性,所以在滴入时以及也在其与眼表的接触时间过程中可能会发生异物刺激感和视觉模糊。另外根据它们的粘度的大小,这些可能更难以配药和给药。
一般来说,基于乳液体系的制剂的主要缺点之一在于,与单相体系相比,乳液体系可能更复杂且难以制备,尤其是难以以无菌形式制备。通常,在不对乳液的物理性质产生不利影响的前提下,乳液要通过热处理灭菌是不易的。乳液本身也不稳定,并且随着时间的推移可能发生相分离或者在储存条件下不稳定。乳液体系与所有的水基体系一样,在使用过程中也都较容易产生生物污染。乳液的无菌处理复杂、昂贵并与较高的失败风险(即微生物污染)有关。
类视黄醇(维生素A)衍生物是另一类含有高的多不饱和级别的且也易于经由氧化途径降解的烃化合物。类视黄醇衍生物包括视黄醇、视黄醛、视黄酸、维甲酸、异维甲酸、阿利维A酸以及相关的衍生物。维生素A衍生物已被用于有关角膜、结膜和其它粘膜和上皮组织的炎症(包括诸如干眼症之类的病症)的治疗。
例如,US2012/0095097公开了含有维生素A、至少0.4w/v%的聚氧乙烯聚丙二醇和氨基丁三醇的水性眼用组合物。诸如二丁基羟基甲苯和α-生育酚乙酸酯之类的抗氧化剂也可以存在于这些组合物中。这些组合物是基于维生素A的胶束,其可能是通过非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯聚丙二醇而屏蔽和稳定的。因此,这些组合物没有被防腐。
原则上,如果将这些制剂提供在原则上对患者来讲比一次性使用小瓶更有经济效益且更方便的多剂量容器中,那么必须对其防腐以确保其微生物学质量。这同样将适用于所有的水基制剂。然而,同时,可用于眼用制剂中的防腐剂可能损伤眼睛,特别是眼表,且应避免在干眼症背景中使用。至少在早些年,用于眼部施用的多剂量制剂必须使用生理学上可接受的防腐剂防腐以减少微生物污染和感染的风险。
然而,对于DED患者,大多数防腐剂是有问题的,因为防腐剂具有不利地影响眼表的可能性,因此抵消了治疗目的。这与患有中度至重度干眼症症状的可能需要频繁使用以缓解症状的患者以及与需要多倍防腐的局部药剂的患者尤其相关。
作为替代方案,单剂量容器成为用于施用不防腐制剂的主要选择,例如,用于Omega产品的那些单剂量容器。然而这些容器对患者来说处理起来不如常规的多剂量瓶有成本效益和方便。同时,采用诸如亚氯酸钠或过硼酸钠之类在滴注并与泪膜接触后能转化成无毒离子和水的“消失”防腐剂的眼用制剂也可能是一种选择,但这些眼用制剂仍然可能刺激患者,尤其是刺激那些患有重度疾病可能没有足够的眼泪量来有效地降解防腐剂的患者。
WO 2011/073134公开了用于治疗干燥性角膜结膜炎的包含诸如环孢素A之类的免疫抑制剂大环内酯类和半氟化烷烃的眼用局部药物组合物。在所公开的组合物中的半氟化烷烃用作将治疗药剂输送到眼部的合适的液体载体,且尤其具有用于溶解诸如环孢素之类的极具挑战性难溶化合物的高性能。然而,没有提及半氟化烷烃在长的时间下对氧化敏感的化合物的稳定能力。
因此,本发明的目的是提供包含一种或多种含有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的活性化合物且同时解决并克服各种问题以及与现有技术制剂相关的至少一个局限性或缺点的新型组合物。在特定方面,本发明的目的是提供用于治疗或预防诸如干眼或干眼症之类的与眼组织的炎症有关的病症或疾病的眼用组合物。在又一方面,本发明的目的是提供稳定具有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的活性化合物的方法,该方法没有表现出现有技术中的一个或多个缺点。基于以下的说明、实施例和专利权利要求书,本发明的其它目的将变得清晰。
发明内容
在一方面,本发明提供了一种稳定的液体组合物,其包含具有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的活性化合物,其中该活性化合物被溶解、分散或悬浮于包含式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH或式F(CF2)n(CH2)m(CF2)oF的半氟化烷烃的液体载体中,其中n、m和o是独立地选自3至20的范围内的整数。该液体载体基本上不含水。
在一个实施方式中,本发明的组合物包含多不饱和脂肪酸或其衍生物,特别是酯衍生物。进一步优选的是,多不饱和脂肪酸或其衍生物选自欧米伽-3脂肪酸或欧米伽-6脂肪酸或者其衍生物(例如,欧米伽-3脂肪酸酯或欧米伽-6脂肪酸酯)或其混合物。在进一步优选的实施方式中,所述欧米伽-3脂肪酸或欧米伽-6脂肪酸选自十二碳六烯酸或二十碳五烯酸及其酯衍生物。
在另一方面,本发明提供了这种组合物作为药物的用途,其中该药物可以被局部施用到眼睛或眼组织,以及/或其中该药物可以用于诸如眼组织的炎性病症或干燥性角膜结膜炎(干眼)之类的眼部或眼组织的病症或疾病的治疗。
在又一方面,本发明提供了稳定具有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的活性化合物的方法,其包括如下的步骤:将活性化合物溶解、分散、悬浮于包含式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH或式F(CF2)n(CH2)m(CF2)oF的半氟化烷烃的液体载体中,其中n、m和o是独立地选自3至20的范围内的整数,并且其中液体载体基本上不含水。在一个优选的实施方式中,该活性化合物是欧米伽-3脂肪酸或欧米伽-6脂肪酸或者其酯衍生物。
具体实施方式
在一方面,本发明提供了一种稳定的液体组合物,其包含具有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的活性化合物。该组合物的进一步特征在于:该活性化合物被溶解、分散或悬浮于包含如权利要求1所述的以及以下进一步说明的半氟化烷烃的液体载体中。
如本文所使用的,活性化合物是指在病症或疾病的预防、诊断、稳定、治疗、或一般来说控制中有用的任何类型的药学上、营养学上或以其它方式促进健康的活性化合物或衍生物。治疗有效量是指对产生期望的药学、营养学或其它的促进健康效果或支持健康效果有用的剂量、浓度或强度。
具有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的活性化合物通常容易随着时间的推移和储存而发生降解和变质。这些化合物的脂肪族双键的特点在于特别容易进行氧化反应,导致随着时间的推移而形成副产物以及导致活性化合物的量的损失。本发明提供了稳定这种活性化合物抗氧化的方法,该抗氧化特别是抗通过采取热、光或化学措施并且在例如可能存在于大气中的氧或者例如随着时间的推移而被引入到初始惰性环境中的氧的存在的情况下可能发生的氧化和/或促进的氧化。
如本文所用,脂肪族双键是指碳-碳双键(C=C)。具有一个以上的这种双键的活性化合物可以具有至少两个脂肪族双键,特别是具有这样的结构,即其中双键由亚甲基(-CH2-)所分开。本发明的活性化合物的一个或多个脂肪族双键可以是顺式(Z)构型或反式(E)构型、或者该两种构型的组合。在一个实施方式中,本发明的活性化合物包含式-(HC=CH-CH2-HC=CH)X-的结构部分,其中x是2至10的范围内的整数,尤其是2至5的范围内的整数。
具有一个以上的脂肪族双键的、其中双键由桥亚甲基所分开的活性化合物(通常也称为拥有亚甲基中断的多烯的化合物)包含多不饱和脂肪酸。多不饱和脂肪酸是拥有具有一个以上的碳-碳双键的碳链的线性羧酸。这些亲脂性脂类容易氧化,尤其是在大气氧的存在下经由自由基引发的自动氧化过程。在一个实施方式中,本发明的组合物包括碳原子数目在从C16至C24的范围内的多不饱和脂肪酸。诸如酯类之类的且尤其是诸如烷基酯类之类的多不饱和脂肪酸的衍生物都落入本发明的保护范围。应理解的是,即使没有特别提及,在本发明的背景中,所提及的任何多不饱和脂肪酸、或其基团或其种类也涵盖了各自的衍生物,尤其是酯类衍生物。
多不饱和脂肪酸(通常缩写为PUFA)包括诸如欧米伽-3脂肪酸(也称为ω-3脂肪酸或n-3脂肪酸)和欧米伽-6脂肪酸(也称为ω-6脂肪酸或n-6脂肪酸)之类的欧米伽脂肪酸。欧米伽-3脂肪酸(也被称为ω-3脂肪酸或n-3脂肪酸)的实例包括二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、α-亚麻酸(ALA)。欧米伽-6脂肪酸(也被称为ω-6脂肪酸或n-6脂肪酸)的实例包括γ-亚麻酸、亚油酸、二高-γ-亚麻酸。诸如酯衍生物或烷基酯衍生物之类的欧米伽-3脂肪酸或欧米伽-6脂肪酸的衍生物也落入本发明的范围之内。特别优选的烷基酯衍生物是二十碳五烯酸乙酯或二十二碳六烯酸乙酯。诸如消散素(resolvin)和神经保护素(neuroprotectin)之类的二十碳五烯酸或二十二碳六烯酸的衍生物也适于作为落入本发明范围内的活性化合物。
在另一个实施方式中,具有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的活性化合物是包含具有一个以上的彼此线性共轭的脂肪族双键的结构部分的化合物。包含一个以上的线性共轭的脂肪族双键的活性化合物通常也称为多烯类化合物。优选地,活性化合物包含至少三个或更优选地包含四个或五个线性共轭的双键。优选地,活性化合物在结构上包括共轭三烯部分、共轭四烯部分、共轭五烯部分、共轭六烯部分或共轭七烯部分。在一个实施方式中,包含多烯部分的活性化合物可以是大环化合物,其中多烯或线性共轭的双键构成环状结构的部分。一个或多个线性共轭的脂肪族双键可以是顺式(Z)构型或反式(E)构型、或者该两种构型的组合。
包含一个以上的线性共轭的双键的活性化合物的实例包括,但不限于,诸如类视黄醇之类的亲脂性维生素衍生物及其衍生物。这类化合物对长时间储存也不稳定且易于通过诸如自动氧化之类的氧化途径降解。类视黄醇和视黄醇衍生物(也经常被称为维生素A衍生物)包括视黄醇、视黄酸及其酯类(例如,视黄醇棕榈酸酯或视黄醇乙酸酯)、视黄醛、维甲酸、异维甲酸以及阿利维A酸。
还包含对与氧进行的自由基介导的氧化降解敏感的和/或易于与氧进行自由基介导的氧化降解的线性共轭的双键体系的活性化合物的其它实例包括西罗莫司(雷帕霉素)、结构中含有三个连续双键的大环内酯类免疫抑制剂药物化合物。
此外,多烯化合物,尤其是多烯抗真菌剂类被考虑作为根据本发明的氧化敏感的活性成分。在一个实施方式中,组合物包含诸如制霉菌素、游霉素或两性霉素之类的溶解于基本上由如本文所述的一种或多种半氟化烷烃组成的液体载体中的多烯抗真菌剂。
本发明的组合物可任选地进一步包含类胡萝卜素或类胡萝卜素衍生物,特别是叶黄质。这些化合物还拥有聚共轭双键体系。尤其优选的是叶黄素和玉米黄素。诸如叶黄素酯类或玉米黄素酯类之类的叶黄素或玉米黄素的衍生物也被考虑。在一个具体的实施方式中,包含至少两种或更多种半氟化烷烃的液体组合物还包含叶黄素或其衍生物。
在另一个实施方式中,组合物包含作为活性成分的环吡酮胺(ciclopirox olamine)。优选地,环吡酮胺是以溶解状态被掺入的。如将在下面更详细地加以讨论的,本发明的一些主要优点是通过这样的方式带来的,即半氟化烷烃存在于组合物中作为诸如多不饱和脂肪酸、类视黄醇之类的活性化合物或具有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的其它活性化合物的液体载体或该液体载体的部分。
半氟化烷烃是其某些氢原子已被氟取代的直链或支链烷烃。在一个优选的实施方式中,本发明中使用的半氟化烷烃(SFA)由至少一个非氟化烃片段和至少一个全氟化烃片段组成。特别有用的是根据通式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH,具有连接至一个全氟化烃片段的一个非氟化烃片段的SFA,或根据通式F(CF2)n(CH2)m(CF2)oF,具有被一个非氟化烃片段隔开的两个全氟化烃片段的SFA。
本文使用的另一种命名法是将以上提及的具有两个或三个片段的SFA分别称为RFRH和RFRHRF,其中RF表示全氟化烃片段,RH表示非氟化烃片段。替代地,这些化合物可分别被称为FnHm和FnHmFo,其中F是指全氟化烃片段,H是指非氟化烃片段,且n、m和o是相应片段的碳原子数目。例如,F3H3用来表示全氟丙基丙烷。另外,这种类型的命名法通常用于具有直链片段的化合物。因此,除非另外指明,否则应认为F3H3指1-全氟丙基丙烷,而不是2-全氟丙基丙烷、1-全氟异丙基丙烷或2-全氟异丙基丙烷。
优选地,根据通式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH和F(CF2)n(CH2)m(CF2)oF的半氟化烷烃具有从3至20个碳原子范围内的片段大小,即n、m和o是独立地选自从3至20的范围内的整数。还在EP-A 965 334、EP-A 965329和EP-A2110126中描述了在本发明的内容中有用的SFA,这些文件的公开内容并入本文。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明的组合物包含根据式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH的半氟化烷烃,其中n和m是独立地选自从3至20的范围内的整数。在另一个具体的实施方式中,n是从3至8的范围内的整数且m是从3至10的范围内的整数。在又一个具体的实施方式中,半氟化烷烃是根据式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH的化合物,其中n是从6至20的范围内的整数且m是从10至20的范围内的整数。最优选地,半氟化烷烃是液体。特别地,优选的SFA包括化合物F(CF2)4(CH2)5H、化合物F(CF2)4(CH2)6H、化合物F(CF2)4(CH2)8H、化合物F(CF2)6(CH2)4H、化合物F(CF2)6(CH2)6H、化合物F(CF2)6(CH2)8H和化合物F(CF2)6(CH2)10H。特别地,其它的优选的SFA包括F(CF2)8(CH2)10H和F(CF2)10(CH2)12H。
在另一个实施方式中,组合物可以包含一种以上的SFA。优选地,包含一种以上的SFA的组合物包含选自F(CF2)4(CH2)5H、F(CF2)4(CH2)6H、F(CF2)4(CH2)8H、F(CF2)6(CH2)4H、F(CF2)6(CH2)6H、F(CF2)6(CH2)8H和F(CF2)6(CH2)10H中的SFA中的至少一种。在另一个实施方式中,组合物包含选自化合物F(CF2)4(CH2)5H、化合物F(CF2)4(CH2)6H、化合物F(CF2)4(CH2)8H、化合物F(CF2)6(CH2)4H、化合物F(CF2)6(CH2)6H、化合物F(CF2)6(CH2)8H和化合物F(CF2)6(CH2)10H中的至少两种SFA以及选自F(CF2)8(CH2)10H和F(CF2)10(CH2)12H中的至少一种SFA。在优选的实施方式中的一个中,组合物包含式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH的第一半氟化烷烃,其中n是从3至8的范围内的整数且m是从3至10的范围内的整数,以及式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH的第二半氟化烷烃,其中n是从6至20的范围内的整数且m是从10至20的范围内的整数。
如所提及的,组合物包含具有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的活性化合物,其中活性化合物被溶解、分散或悬浮于包含SFA且基本上不含水的液体载体中。在一些实施方式中,包含SFA的液体载体可以进一步包含其他有机液体或其它赋形剂,但实际上不含水。
根据一个具体的实施方式,本发明的活性化合物可以溶解(也就是,以完全的溶剂化或溶液的形式)于包含半氟化烷烃的液体载体中。替代地,活性化合物可以被分散或悬浮于包含半氟化烷烃的液体载体中。如本文所使用的,分散是指形成具有至少一种连续(或连贯的)相和至少一种分散在该连续相中的不连续(或内部的)相的体系。术语分散体应被理解为包括胶体系统,在该胶体系统中,活性化合物被均匀分散在液相中。还应当理解,悬浮体是一种类型的分散体,其中分散相是固态。对实施本发明有用的悬浮体是至少在生理温度下的液体,这意味着连续相是液体。通常情况下,悬浮体在室温下是液体。
液体SFA是化学或生理学上惰性、无色且稳定的。其典型密度范围是从1.1至1.7g/cm3,且其表面张力可低至19mN/m。F(CF2)n(CH2)mH类型的SFA是不溶于水的,而且是略微两亲的,具有与增大的非氟化片段的尺寸相关的增强的亲脂性。这种类型的液体SFA正被商业用于展开并重新敷用视网膜,用于长期填塞作为玻璃体替代物((H.Meinert等人,European Journal ofOphthalmology,Vol.10(3),pp.189-197,2000)和在玻璃体-视网膜手术之后作为残余硅油的洗出液。这种和其它应用已确定SFA为生理上耐受良好的化合物。
还已经提出,SFA对诸如氧气之类的气体具有高的溶解性,并且其可以作用为氧气载体(US 6262126)。实验上,其也已被用作血液替代物、用作氧气载体(H.Meinert等人,Biomaterials,Artificial Cells,andImmobilization Biotechnology,Vol.21(5),pp.583-95,1993)。
与这些事实和教导相反,本发明人已经发现,包含SFA和氧化敏感的活性化合物的液体组合物(例如,如上所述的那些组合物)在环境以及非理想条件(如下文通过实施例所说明的)下惊人地稳定。
本发明人已经发现,稳定本发明的化合物的方法可以简单地包括如下的步骤:将本发明的活性化合物溶解、分散或悬浮于包含半氟化烷烃的液体载体中,不需要如通常被用于这种化合物的制备的额外的赋形剂或其它活性化合物稳定剂。这种简化可以对涉及尤其是频繁施用至诸如眼组织或粘膜组织之类的组织的组合物的各种医疗用途有利。这些通常对各种抗氧化剂和稳定剂具有差的耐受性且通常不利于频繁暴露于这种赋形剂。
在一个实施方式中,稳定多不饱和脂肪酸或其酯衍生物的方法包括如下的步骤:将多不饱和脂肪酸或其酯衍生物溶解、分散或悬浮于包含式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH或式F(CF2)n(CH2)m(CF2)oF的半氟化烷烃的液体载体中,其中n、m和o是独立地选自3至20的范围内的整数并且其中该液体载体基本上不含水。在又一个实施方式中,所述稳定方法包括如下的步骤:将选自欧米伽-3脂肪酸或欧米伽-6脂肪酸或者其酯衍生物或者其混合物的多不饱和脂肪酸溶解、分散或悬浮于包含选自F(CF2)4(CH2)5H、F(CF2)4(CH2)6H、F(CF2)4(CH2)8H、F(CF2)6(CH2)4H、F(CF2)6(CH2)6H、F(CF2)6(CH2)8H和F(CF2)6(CH2)10H中的半氟化烷烃的液体载体中。
落入本发明范围内的其它实施方式是基本上由溶解或分散于式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH或式F(CF2)n(CH2)m(CF2)oF的液体半氟化烷烃中的一种或多种欧米伽-3脂肪酸或其衍生物组成的稳定液体组合物,其中n、m和o是独立地选自3至20的范围内的整数并且其中该液体载体基本上不含水。除了欧米伽-3脂肪酸或其衍生物之外不含有其它活性化合物的组合物也落入本发明的范围内。
优选的是由选自α-亚麻酸、二十二碳六烯酸或二十碳五烯酸及其酯衍生物中的一种或多种欧米伽-3脂肪酸及其酯衍生物组成的稳定液体组合物,其中欧米伽-3脂肪酸及其酯衍生物被溶解或分散于本发明的半氟化烷烃,例如,F(CF2)6(CH2)8H。在另一个优选的实施方式中,液体组合物基本上由溶解于或分散于F(CF2)6(CH2)8H中的二十二碳六烯酸和/或二十碳六烯酸或其酯衍生物组成。
在一个具体的实施方式中,包含至少两种或更多种半氟化烷烃的液体组合物进一步包含一个或多个欧米伽-3脂肪酸或欧米伽-3-脂肪酸衍生物、和/或欧米伽-6脂肪酸或欧米伽-6脂肪酸衍生物。
还考虑的是,稳定选自视黄醇、视黄酸、视黄醛、维甲酸、异维甲酸、和阿利维A酸或其衍生物的类视黄醇、或西罗莫司、或多烯化合物、或环吡酮胺的方法,其包括如下的步骤:将所述化合物溶解、分散或悬浮于包含式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH或式F(CF2)n(CH2)m(CF2)oF的半氟化烷烃的液体载体中,其中n、m和o是独立地选自3至20的范围内的整数并且其中该液体载体基本上不含水。在另一个实施方式中,稳定选自视黄醇、视黄酸、视黄醛、维甲酸、异维甲酸以及阿利维A酸或其衍生物的类视黄醇、或西罗莫司的方法包括如下的步骤:将所述化合物溶解、分散或悬浮于包含选自F(CF2)4(CH2)5H、F(CF2)4(CH2)6H、F(CF2)4(CH2)8H、F(CF2)6(CH2)4H、F(CF2)6(CH2)6H、F(CF2)6(CH2)8H和F(CF2)6(CH2)10H中的半氟化烷烃的液体载体中。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,包含至少两种或更多种半氟化烷烃的液体组合物进一步包括至少一种增溶的亲脂性维生素或维生素衍生物。
包含具有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的被溶解、分散或悬浮于包含如先前所述的半氟化烷烃的液体载体中的活性化合物,其中该液体载体基本上不含水的液体组合物,可以包含至少约0.01-10wt.%的活性化合物。优选地,组合物包含相对于组合物的重量的至少约1wt.%的活性化合物,例如,约2wt.%或更多,或者至少5wt.%。
本发明的组合物可用作药物,特别是用作局部施用至眼部或眼组织、至皮肤、或至面颊、肛门、阴道、或鼻粘膜的药物。
这些组合物的液体载体的SFA组分表现出使其特别适合于眼科应用的性质。如本文所定义的许多SFA具有接近于水的折射率。因此,在具体的实施方式之一中,用其折射率在20℃下为从1.29至1.35,且特别是从约1.30至约1.35的SFA实施本发明。
此外,根据本发明的SFA显示出优越的润湿和铺展性质,借助这种性质其能快速且有效地铺展于角膜表面和结膜上。润湿指当液体和固体表面靠在一起时液体通过分子间相互作用建立并维持与固体表面的接触的能力。粘合力和内聚力之间的平衡决定了润湿度。相对于内聚力,粘合力越高,则越多的液滴将铺展遍及固体材料表面。相反,液体内非常高的内聚力将导致液滴形成球形,从而避免与表面接触。相似地,铺展还可发生在彼此处于接触状态的两种液体的界面处。
润湿和铺展的量度标准是接触角θ。接触角是液体-蒸气界面与固体-液体或液体-液体界面相交时的角度。当接触角减小时,液滴向外铺展的趋势增加。因此,接触角提供了润湿性的相反量度标准。
小于90°的低接触角表示高的润湿性和/或铺展性,而较高的接触角表示差的润湿性和铺展性。完美的润湿和铺展导致接触角为0°,也记录为没有可测量的接触角。
根据本发明的SFA表现出对多种表面的极佳润湿。例如,F4H5和F6H8两者对曲司氯铵或菲诺贝特压制的片剂(150mg的在15-20kN下压制成直径13mm的片剂的药物物质)的接触角是不可测量的,即发生了完美润湿。注意,菲诺贝特是疏水性的、水溶性差的化合物的实例,而曲司氯铵是亲水性的且溶于水的。相比之下,测定纯水对菲诺贝特片剂的接触角为92.5°,即片剂是水润湿性差的。
此外,当从诸如眼用滴管之类的滴管分配时,根据本发明的SFA还能够形成非常小的液滴。不希望被理论约束,认为小的液滴尺寸是SFA的独特性质相互作用的在其密度、粘度和表面张力方面的结果。在任何情况下,认为由于泪囊接受并容纳液体的能力是极其有限的,因而对眼睛局部施用小液滴或小体积是非常有利的。实际上,施用基于水或油的常规滴眼制剂立即导致流出大部分的所施用药剂以及一些泪液是非常普遍的。同时,存在风险,即某些施用剂量将通过鼻泪管被全身吸收。
本发明还提供制备微生物学上稳定的非水性眼用组合物的装置。水性眼用组合物往往容易被细菌污染。相比之下,根据本发明的SFA具有抑菌性并且不支持微生物生长。因此,可以制备许多患有容易由通过反复暴露可能发生刺激的防腐剂或其它防腐剂引起恶化的眼病的患者更好耐受的无防腐剂的眼用组合物。
本发明的组合物因此非常适合于局部施用至眼部或眼组织。眼组织包括眼部解剖的任何表面,该任何表面是或者可以是(即,通过非手术方式)局部暴露的。优选地,组合物被施用至角膜或结膜。组合物还优选地被施用至上眼睑边缘或下眼睑边缘、睑板腺导管、睫毛或眼睛或眼睑解剖的任何区域。
特别地,可以预期的是,这些组合物可以用于诸如眼组织的炎性病症或干燥性角膜结膜炎(干眼)之类的眼部或眼组织的病症或疾病或者与之相关的症状或病症的治疗。根据本发明的实施方式,由式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH的半氟化烷烃(其中n是从3至8的范围内的整数且m是从3至10的范围内的整数)、以及任选地一种或多种其它赋形剂组成的组合物可以用作治疗干燥性角膜结膜炎(干眼)或与之相关的症状或病症的药物。
干燥性角膜结膜炎是如上所述的复杂的、多层面的疾病或病症。缺水性DED、蒸发性DED落入干燥性角膜结膜炎的范围内并形成其特定的亚型。综合征、泪腺不足、睑板腺疾病和睑板腺功能障碍、以及其它病症也与干燥性角膜结膜炎相关,干燥性角膜结膜炎是综合征、泪腺不足、睑板腺疾病和睑板腺功能障碍、以及其它病症的直接或间接原因,并且其可以用本发明的组合物治疗。
睑板腺疾病涵盖范围广泛的包括肿瘤和先天性疾病的睑板腺紊乱。睑板腺功能障碍在另一方面被理解为是常常以腺管堵塞和/或腺体分泌物改变(定性的和/或定量的)为特征的睑板腺异常情况。一般而言,引起或导致异常的,减少的或增加的脂质输送至泪膜的病症或疾病状态能够引起干燥性角膜结膜炎和与之相关的症状。
干燥性角膜结膜炎的症状包括眼睛内干燥、发痒、砂砾感或沙感;异物感;疼痛或酸胀;刺痛或灼烧感;痒;眨眼增多;眼睛疲劳;畏光症;视觉模糊;发红;粘性分泌物;隐形眼镜不耐症;过度的反射性流泪。除了如所述的干燥性角膜结膜炎的症状外,患有睑板腺功能障碍的患者还可能会经历的症状包括发痒、发红、肿胀、疼痛或酸胀、尤其在眼睑边缘排出累积物或结痂。应当理解并不是患干燥性角膜结膜炎的所有患者都同时表现所有症状。因此,目前没有诊断该疾病的一套统一标准。还应理解患者可能患有一种或多种亚型的干燥性角膜结膜炎,或者遭遇一种或多种引起干燥性角膜结膜炎的病症或疾病的途径。然而,重要的是要注意,在本发明的范围内,可以解决DED的任何方面、症状或病理生理后果。
如果需要或有用的话,本发明的组合物还可以包含一种或多种活性化合物和/或另外的赋形剂。在一个实施方式中,本发明的组合物可以进一步包含选自NSAID、皮质激素和免疫调节剂中的抗炎化合物。特别地,这种组合物可以用作局部施用至眼部或眼组织的药物,尤其是用作治疗眼组织的炎性病症或干燥性角膜结膜炎(干眼)或与之相关的症状或病症的药物。优选的免疫调节剂是钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(例如,环孢霉素或他克莫司)或mTOR抑制剂(例如,西罗莫司)。优选的NSAID包括氟吡洛芬、双氯芬酸、吲哚美辛、溴芬酸、奈帕芬胺、酮基布洛芬和酮咯酸及其盐和其衍生物。优选的皮质激素包括氢化泼尼松、氯替泼诺、地塞米松、氢化可的松、利美索龙、氟米龙及其盐和其衍生物。这些另外的活性化合物也优选地溶解或分散于本发明的液体半氟化烷烃中。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明的组合物还可以进一步包含诸如儿茶素之类的黄烷-3-醇类。儿茶素或儿茶素异构体(例如,表儿茶素)及其衍生物(例如,儿茶素酯衍生物)是特别优选的。
就另外的赋形剂而言(如果有的话),尤其优选的是眼睛生物相容的和耐受的且是液体和/或在SFA中可溶的和互溶的赋形剂。特别地,赋形剂优选地选自:脂类、油类、润滑剂类、脂溶性维生素类、增粘剂类、抗氧化剂、表面活性剂以及它们中的两种或多种的混合物。
可以包含在本发明的组合物中的可能有用的酯类和油性赋形剂的实例包括甘油三酯油(例如,大豆油、橄榄油、芝麻油、棉籽油、蓖麻油、甜杏仁油)、矿物油(例如,矿脂和液体石蜡)、中链甘油三酯类(MCT)、油性脂肪酸类、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、油性脂肪醇类、山梨醇和脂肪酸类的酯类、油性蔗糖酯类、油性胆固醇酯类、油性蜡酯类、甘油磷脂类、鞘脂类,或眼睛在生理条件下耐受的任何油性物质。模拟在泪膜脂质层中天然发现的成分或与其结构上类似或相关的任何合成的、半合成的或天然的油性赋形剂也都落入本发明的范围内。
可能有用的脂溶性维生素赋形剂的实例包括维生素E(例如,α-生育酚)和其衍生物(例如,生育三烯酚类)和酯类(例如,醋酸生育酚或生育酚TPGS)。在一个实施方式中,本发明的液体组合物可以进一步包含至少一种完全溶解的脂溶性维生素赋形剂。
可能有用的润滑剂和/或增粘剂的实例包括羧甲基纤维素、羟甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、甘油、聚乙烯醇、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、透明质酸、羟丙基瓜尔胶。
在实施方式之一中,本发明的组合物不含表面活性剂。在替代的实施方式中,并取决于将要制备的具体活性成分,可以掺入少量生理上可接受的表面活性剂。可能有用的表面活性剂赋形剂尤其包括非离子型表面活性剂或两性脂类。被认为可能有用的表面活性剂包括泰洛沙泊、例如PluronicF68LF或Lutrol F68、Pluronic L-G2LF和Pluronic L62D之类的泊洛沙姆、例如聚山梨醇酯20和聚山梨醇酯80之类的聚山梨醇酯类、聚氧乙烯蓖麻油衍生物、脱水山梨醇酯类、聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯、和它们中的两种或更多种的混合物。
组合物当然可以包含其它所需要的或有用的赋形剂,例如酸、碱、电解质、缓冲剂、溶质、稳定剂、增效剂和在特定情况下的防腐剂(如果需要的话)。然而,在实施方式之一中,组合物不含防腐剂。
组合物可以被制备成待以液体溶液、凝胶、悬浮液、或喷雾剂的形式施用。其可以通过用于制造所述液体溶液、凝胶、悬浮液、或喷雾剂的公知技术来制备。
此外,本发明提供了包含如上所述的组合物和容纳所述组合物的容器的药物试剂盒。优选地,包含组合物的容器具有分配装置,例如适于将所述组合物局部施用到患者眼睛的滴液装置。
以下的实施例用于说明本发明;然而,这些不应被理解为限制本发明的范围。
实施例
实施例1
配制浓度为1.0wt%和5.0wt%的欧米伽-3脂肪酸酯、二十碳五烯酸乙酯(EPA-EE)和二十二碳六羧酸乙酯(DHA-EE)于F(CF2)6(CH2)8H中的溶液。
还配制了含有1wt%DHA-EE和1wt%EPA-EE(总共2.0wt%的活性化合物)以及5.0wt%的DHA-EE与EPA-EE以接近2:3的比例组合的混合物于F(CF2)6(CH2)8H中的溶液。将这些溶液填充在卷曲小瓶中并且为了进行6个月稳定性项目的目的而将其储存在2-8℃下、25℃/60%RH下、40℃/75%RH下。在13周的时期后所获得的结果列于此处。
在各间隔从小瓶中取出样品以进行组合物的GC分析(结果见表1-3)。将通过GC(FID)检测到的但没有示于这里的表中的剩余百分比的其它组分归因于在配置前已经存在于欧米伽-3脂肪酸酯或SFA载体的原始样品中的杂质。在稳定性项目的过程中没有观察到杂质水平的升高。
在所有测试温度下,都没有检测到欧米伽-3脂肪酸酯的含量的明显可观察到的变化。这些结果或多或少能跨越不同的批次在所有的储存条件下是可比的。在下面的表中,活性成分的含量是以相对于初始含量的百分数呈现。
表1:在2-8℃下储存后活性化合物的含量(%)
表2:在25℃/60%RH下储存后活性化合物的含量(%)
1稍微增加可能是由于杂质具有与DHA-EE相类似的洗脱时间
表3:在40℃/75%RH下储存后活性化合物的含量(%)
Claims (17)
1.一种稳定的液体组合物,其包含具有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的活性化合物,其中所述活性化合物被溶解、分散或悬浮于包含式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH或式F(CF2)n(CH2)m(CF2)oF的半氟化烷烃的液体载体中,其中n、m和o是独立地选自3至20的范围内的整数,并且其中所述液体载体基本上不含水。
2.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述活性化合物是多不饱和脂肪酸或其衍生物,其中所述衍生物优选为酯。
3.根据权利要求2所述的组合物,其中所述多不饱和脂肪酸或其衍生物是欧米伽-3脂肪酸或者欧米伽-6脂肪酸或者其衍生物、或者欧米伽-3脂肪酸或者欧米伽-6脂肪酸或者其衍生物的混合物。
4.根据权利要求3所述的组合物,其中所述欧米伽-3脂肪酸选自α-亚麻酸、二十二碳六烯酸、二十碳五烯酸及其酯衍生物。
5.根据权利要求4所述的组合物,其基本上由溶解或分散于液体半氟化烷烃中的一种或多种欧米伽-3脂肪酸或者其酯衍生物组成。
6.根据权利要求5所述的组合物,其基本上由溶解于F(CF2)6(CH2)8H中的二十二碳六烯酸和/或二十碳五烯酸或者其烷基酯衍生物组成。
7.根据任何前述权利要求所述的组合物,其包含约0.01-10wt.-%的所述活性化合物。
8.根据权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述活性化合物是
(a)选自视黄醇、视黄醛、视黄酸、维甲酸、异维甲酸、阿利维A酸、和其衍生物中的类视黄醇,或者
(b)西罗莫司,或者
(c)多烯化合物,或者
(d)环吡酮胺。
9.根据任何前述权利要求所述的组合物,其中所述半氟化烷烃选自F(CF2)4(CH2)5H、F(CF2)4(CH2)6H、F(CF2)4(CH2)8H、F(CF2)6(CH2)4H、F(CF2)6(CH2)6H、F(CF2)6(CH2)8H和F(CF2)6(CH2)10H。
10.根据任何前述权利要求所述的组合物,其进一步包含选自甘油三酯类、磷脂类、和胆固醇或者其衍生物中的脂质赋形剂。
11.根据权利要求1至4或8至9所述的组合物,其进一步包含选自NSAID、皮质激素和免疫调节剂中的抗炎化合物。
12.根据任何前述权利要求所述的组合物,其用作药物。
13.根据权利要求12所述的组合物,其用作药物,其中所述药物被局部施用至眼部或眼组织、至皮肤、或至面颊、肛门、阴道、或鼻粘膜。
14.根据权利要求12或13所述的组合物,其用作药物,其中所述药物被用于诸如眼组织的炎性病症或干燥性角膜结膜炎(干眼)之类的眼部或眼组织的病症或疾病或者与之相关的症状或病症的治疗。
15.一种稳定具有一个以上的易于氧化的脂肪族双键的活性化合物的方法,其包括如下的步骤:将所述活性化合物溶解、分散、悬浮于包含式F(CF2)n(CH2)mH或式F(CF2)n(CH2)m(CF2)oF的半氟化烷烃的液体载体中,其中n、m和o是独立地选自3至20的范围内的整数并且其中所述液体载体基本上不含水。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述半氟化烷烃选自F(CF2)4(CH2)5H、F(CF2)4(CH2)6H、F(CF2)4(CH2)8H、F(CF2)6(CH2)4H、F(CF2)6(CH2)6H、F(CF2)6(CH2)8H和F(CF2)6(CH2)10H。
17.根据权利要求15或16所述的方法,其中所述活性化合物是选自欧米伽-3脂肪酸或者欧米伽-6脂肪酸或者其酯衍生物或者其混合物中的多不饱和脂肪酸。
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