CN104129114B - 多层垫和废气处理装置 - Google Patents
多层垫和废气处理装置 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104129114B CN104129114B CN201410302515.7A CN201410302515A CN104129114B CN 104129114 B CN104129114 B CN 104129114B CN 201410302515 A CN201410302515 A CN 201410302515A CN 104129114 B CN104129114 B CN 104129114B
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Abstract
本申请涉及多层垫和废气处理装置。本申请具体涉及放在废气处理装置内的安装催化剂载体结构的混杂型安装垫。废气处理装置包括壳、脆性催化剂载体结构和配置在壳和脆性催化剂载体结构之间的间隙中的安装垫。另外,本申请公开了制造混杂型安装垫的方法和制造结合了该安装垫的废气处理装置的方法。
Description
本申请是本申请为一项发明专利申请的分案申请,其母案的申请日为2010年9月24日、申请号为2010800422732、发明名称为“多层垫和废气处理装置”。
技术领域
公开的是用于废气处理装置的垫(mat),例如,用于在汽车排气系统中使用的催化变换器(converter)和柴油机粒子收集器(traps)的垫。该垫可以用作在废气处理装置的壳(housing)内安装脆性整体料的安装垫,或在废气处理装置的末端锥体中用作热绝缘体。
背景技术
为了降低发动机排出物对大气的污染,在汽车上使用废气处理装置。广泛使用的废气处理装置的例子包括催化变换器和柴油机粒子收集器。
处理汽车发动机排出气体的催化变换器包括:壳,容纳催化剂的脆性催化剂载体(support)结构(催化剂用于一氧化碳和烃的氧化和氮氧化物的还原)和安装垫,安装垫配置在脆性催化剂载体结构的外表面和壳的内表面之间,以便将脆性催化剂载体结构有弹性地容纳在壳之内。
控制柴油发动机所形成污染的柴油机粒子收集器一般包括:壳,收集柴油机排放物中的粒子的脆性微粒过滤器或收集器和安装垫,安装垫配置在过滤器或收集器的外表面和壳的内表面之间,从而将脆性过滤器或收集器结构有弹性地容纳在壳内。
脆性催化剂载体结构一般包括由脆的金属材料或脆性陶瓷材料(例如氧化铝,二氧化硅,氧化镁,氧化锆,堇青石,碳化硅等等)制成的整体结构。这些材料提供具有许多气流通道的骨架结构类型。这些整体结构非常脆,以至于即使小振动装填或受力常常足以使其破裂或破碎。为了保护脆性结构免于上面指出的热冲击和机械震动及其它压力,以及为了提供热绝缘和气封,在脆性结构和壳之间的缝隙之内配置安装垫。
使用的安装垫材料应该能够满足脆性结构生产商或废气处理装置生产商列出的任何数量的设计或物理要求。例如,安装垫材料应该能够对脆性结构产生有效的残留保持压力,即使当废气处理装置经受宽范围的温度波动的时候,这种情况导致金属壳相对于脆性结构出现显著膨胀和收缩,也在一定期间内导致对安装垫的显著压缩和放松循环。
在废气处理装置中使用的陶瓷和金属基质(substrates)最通常安装在带有无机纤维基安装垫的金属壳之内。这种安装垫材料可以只含有无机纤维。然而,安装垫材料也可以含有其它类型的纤维、有机粘合剂、无机粘合剂和膨胀材料。
安装垫必须在宽范围操作温度情况下而起到有效保持载体在适当位置的作用。由于振动,基质(substrate)受到作用于基质的轴向力。由于金属壳比基质本身具有程度不同的膨胀的事实,安装垫也起到补偿这种膨胀的作用。各种废气处理装置在大约20℃的环境条件至大约1200℃的温度范围内运转。因此,安装垫必须在这种宽范围的温度范围内提供坚固的保持压力功能。
某些商购的非膨胀性安装垫典型地使用高直径的非可呼吸性纤维(non-respirable fibers),以便与调节相符。然而,只包含高直径非可呼吸性纤维的安装垫具有不希望有的高导热性能。
商购的生物可溶性无机纤维具有相对小的直径,并且其显示出相对低的导热性。
工业中需要的是用于废气处理装置的安装垫,要求其可以在高操作温度下使用,并且显示出低导热性。
发明内容
本文公开的是用于废气处理装置的安装垫,其包括:包含生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层;和与所述第一个层相邻的第二个层,其包含不同于所述生物可溶性无机纤维的无机纤维。
按照某些实施方案,该安装垫包括:第一个层,其包含具有第一个平均直径的生物可溶性无机纤维;和第二个层,其包含具有第二个平均直径的无机纤维,其中第二个平均直径大于第一个平均直径。
按照某些实施方案,该安装垫包括:包含生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和包含非可呼吸性纤维的第二个层。
本文还公开了废气处理装置,其包括:壳;弹性安装在壳内的脆性结构;和配置在所述壳和所述脆性结构之间的安装垫,所述垫包括:包含生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层;和与所述第一个层相邻的第二个层,其包含不同于所述生物可溶性无机纤维的无机纤维。按照某些实施方案,该垫包括:第一个层,其包含具有第一个平均直径的生物可溶性无机纤维,和第二个层,其包含具有第二个平均直径的无机纤维,其中第二个平均直径大于第一个平均直径,其中所述第一个层与所述壳相邻,所述第二个层与所述脆性结构相邻。按照某些实施方案,该垫包括:包含生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和包含非可呼吸性纤维的第二个层。
本文另外公开了废气处理装置,其包括:壳;弹性安装在壳内的脆性结构;配置在所述壳和所述脆性结构之间的缝隙中的安装垫;双壁末端锥体壳;和配置在末端锥体壳的壁之间的绝热垫,所述垫包括:包含生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层;和与所述第一个层相邻的第二个层,其包含不同于所述生物可溶性无机纤维的无机纤维,其中所述第一个层与所述外锥体壳相邻,所述第二个层与所述内锥体壳相邻。按照某些实施方案,该安装垫包括:第一个层,其包含具有第一个平均直径的生物可溶性无机纤维,和第二个层,其包含具有第二个平均直径的无机纤维,其中第二个平均直径大于第一个平均直径,其中所述第一个层与所述外锥体壳相邻,所述第二个层与所述内锥体壳相邻。按照某些实施方案,该垫包括:包含生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和包含非可呼吸性纤维的第二个层。
本文进一步公开了废气处理装置的末端锥体,其包括:外金属锥体;内金属锥体;和配置在末端锥体壳的壁之间的绝热垫,所述垫包括:包含生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层;和与所述第一个层相邻的第二个层,其包含不同于所述生物可溶性无机纤维的无机纤维,其中所述第一个层与所述外锥体壳相邻,所述第二个层与所述内锥体壳相邻。按照某些实施方案,该安装垫包括:第一个层,其包含具有第一个平均直径的生物可溶性无机纤维,和第二个层,其包含具有第二个平均直径的无机纤维,其中第二个平均直径大于第一个平均直径,其中所述第一个层与所述外锥体壳相邻,所述第二个层与所述内锥体壳相邻。按照某些实施方案,该垫包括:包含生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和包含非可呼吸性纤维的第二个层。
具体实施方式
混杂型垫可以包括用于废气处理装置的多层安装垫。多层安装垫可以包括:生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和独立且独特的无机纤维层,该无机纤维的化学组成与第一个层的生物可溶性无机纤维不同。
多层安装垫可以包括:生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个独立且独特的层和无机纤维的第二个独立且独特的层,第二个层的无机纤维的化学组成与第一个层的生物可溶性无机纤维不同,使它们相邻接触,形成多层垫。多层安装垫可以包括:生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个独立且独特的层和无机纤维的第二个独立且独特的层,第二个层的无机纤维的化学组成与第一个层的生物可溶性无机纤维不同,使它们通过任何合适的方法连接在一起,形成多层垫。按照替代性的实施方案,多层安装垫可以如下获得:形成生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层,而后直接在生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层上形成无机纤维的第二个独特的层,第二个层的无机纤维的化学组成与第一个层的生物可溶性无机纤维不同。
多层安装垫可以包括:具有第一个平均直径的生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和具有第二个平均直径的无机纤维的第二个层,第二个平均直径不同于第一个平均直径。按照某些实施方案,多层安装垫包括:生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和包含无机纤维的第二个层,第二个层的无机纤维的平均直径大于安装垫的第一个层的生物可溶性纤维的平均直径。多层安装垫位于脆性结构(例如,脆性整体性催化剂载体或柴油机微粒过滤器)的外表面和壳的内表面之间。按照其它实施方案,多层垫还可以在废气处理装置的末端锥体的两个壳之间用作热绝缘体。
按照某些实施方案,多层安装垫可以包括:具有平均直径小于大约6微米的纤维的第一个层和具有平均直径大于大约6微米的纤维的第二个层。
按照某些说明性的实施方案,多层安装垫可以包括:具有平均直径小于大约6微米的生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和溶胶-凝胶衍生的无机纤维的第二个层,第二个层的无机纤维的化学组成与第一个层的生物可溶性无机纤维不同,其中第二个层的纤维具有大于大约6微米的平均直径。安装垫可以配置在废气处理装置之内,配置方式应该使纤维的第二个层与脆性结构相邻,并且生物可溶性无机纤维的层与外部金属壳的内表面相邻。
按照某些说明性的实施方案,多层安装垫可以包括:具有平均直径小于大约6微米的生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和具有平均直径大于大约6微米的非呼吸性无机纤维的第二个层,并且第二个层的导热性比第一个层的导热性高。安装垫可以配置在废气处理装置之内,配置方式应该使纤维的第二个层与脆性结构相邻,并且生物可溶性无机纤维的层与外部金属壳的内表面相邻。
废气处理装置一般包括:壳、位于壳内的脆性结构和多层安装垫,其中多层安装垫配置在壳和脆性结构之间,用于有弹性地保持脆性整体料处于壳内的合适位置。多层安装垫可以包括:生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和包含无机纤维的第二个层,第二个层的无机纤维的平均直径大于安装垫的第一个层的生物可溶性无机纤维的平均直径。多层垫的第一个层可以与壳的内表面相邻,第二个层可以与脆性结构的外表面相邻。
进一步公开的是用于废气处理装置的末端锥体。末端锥体包括:外金属锥体壳、内金属锥体壳和配置在末端锥体壳之间的多层绝热垫。多层安装垫可以包括:生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和包含无机纤维的第二个层,第二个层的无机纤维的平均直径大于安装垫的第一个层的生物可溶性无机纤维的平均直径。多层垫的第一个层可以与内锥体壳的外表面相邻,第二个层可以与外锥体壳的内表面相邻。
按照某些说明性的实施方案,废气处理装置包括:壳、位于壳内的脆性结构,配置在壳和脆性结构之间间隙中的安装垫,其用于有弹性地保持脆性整体料处于壳内的合适位置,和双壁末端锥体壳。多层安装垫还配置在双壁末端锥体的内和外锥体壳之间。多层安装垫包括:生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层和包含无机纤维的第二个层,第二个层的无机纤维的平均直径大于安装垫的第一个层的生物可溶性无机纤维的平均直径。多层垫的第一个层与外锥体壳的内表面相邻,第二个层与内锥体壳的外表面相邻。
在某些实施方案中,与低直径生物可溶性无机纤维的层相比较,包含高直径非呼吸性无机纤维的安装垫的层具有高导热性。然而,与低直径生物可溶性无机纤维的层相比较,高直径非呼吸性无机纤维的层能承受更高的温度。配置多层安装垫时,其配置方式应该使高直径非呼吸性无机纤维的层与脆性结构的外表面相邻(即,与催化变换器的脆性催化剂载体结构的外表面相邻,或与柴油机粒子收集器的柴油机微粒过滤器的外表面相邻)。将生物可溶性无机纤维的层配置在与废气处理装置的外壳的内表面相邻的位置。由此,高直径非呼吸性无机纤维的层与“热面(hot side)”交界,低直径生物可溶性无机纤维的层与和装置外壳相邻的“冷面(cold side)”交界。与脆性结构相邻的层的高直径无机纤维可以承受脆性结构的交界面处所遇到的更高温度(即,在脆性催化剂载体结构或柴油机微粒过滤器和高直径非可呼吸性纤维的层之间的交界面处)。由此,多层安装垫包含符合“绿色”纤维(即,非呼吸性和/或生物可溶性纤维)有关的法规的无机纤维的层。多层安装垫在正常运转废气处理装置期间所遇到的高运转温度下是有用的(例如,在催化变换器和柴油机微粒过滤器中所经受的),同时保持合适低的导热性。
基质是改变排出物质的废气处理装置中的组成部分。有许多种可以包含基质的废气处理装置。废气处理装置的一种类型是催化变换器。催化变换器的有效部分包括涂有催化剂或充满催化剂的基质,以便促进一氧化碳和烃的氧化和氮氧化物的还原,将排出气流中的不希望有的燃烧产物除去。
基质整体料的截面构型典型地是椭圆形或圆形,但其它形状也是可能的。基质通过缝隙宽度距离而使其与它的壳之间存在间隙(spaced),这种缝隙宽度距离根据所使用装置(例如,催化变换器,柴油机催化剂结构或柴油机粒子收集器)的类型和设计而变化。在一些实施方案中,缝隙可以至少为大约0.05英寸(1.27 mm),在其它实施方案中,缝隙可以高达大约1英寸(25.4 mm)或更大。这种缝隙宽度可以典型地在大约3 mm至大约25 mm的范围,商业上常见的宽度在大约3 mm至大约8 mm的范围。为了提供对外界环境的热绝缘和对陶瓷整体料基质提供机械性支撑(保护载体免于由于机械震动所造成的损坏),在这种间隙(space)中配置基质安装系统。
柴油机颗粒过滤器是另一种类型的废气处理装置。柴油机颗粒过滤器的有效部分包括充当过滤器的基质。柴油机颗粒收集器可以包括一个或多个多孔管状或蜂巢状的结构(然而,具有在一端密闭的通道),利用耐热材料将其安装在壳内。排出气体中的颗粒被收集在多孔结构中,典型地直到通过高温烧除过程进行再生为止。
另一种类型的废气处理装置是选择性的催化还原装置。选择性的催化还原装置的有效部分包括:涂有催化剂的基质,以便促进排出气流中不希望有的产物的化学还原和除去。
另一种类型的废气处理装置是NOx收集器。NOx收集器的有效部分包括催化剂载体(substrate),其包含碱金属或碱土金属材料。以循环方式运转收集器;在“吸附”过程和“再生”过程之间进行循环。在吸附期间,载体(substrate)引入NOx物种,并将它们以硝酸盐物种的形式吸附在催化剂载体(substrate)的表面上。在再生期间,将还原剂引入NOx收集器中,将硝酸盐物种从载体(substrate)中除去,并还原成氮。
目标安装系统的非汽车应用包括但不局限于:化学工业排放(排出)烟囱的催化变换器。
在废气处理装置中,基质可以在显著高于环境温度(大约20℃)的温度下工作。对于废气处理装置的某些实施方案来说,工作温度大约为1000℃(没有限制作用)。由于基质在显著升高的温度下工作,所以,基质典型地包含具有出色耐热性的材料∶熔点很高,热膨胀系数极低。有许多具有这些性能的材料,包括多种陶瓷、钨、铼和更多外来的材料。一组显示出出色耐热性的非常常见的材料是陶瓷。废气处理装置基质典型地包含脆性材料,例如,脆性耐火陶瓷材料(例如但不局限于:氧化铝,二氧化硅,氧化镁,氧化锆,堇青石,碳化硅等等)形成的整体结构。
许多常见的陶瓷的性质是它们的低韧性。也就是说,尽管许多陶瓷很硬、结实或既硬又结实,但陶瓷倾向于显示低韧性和在弱应变水平下倾向于断裂。这使得陶瓷部件在机械负荷条件下有破损或断裂倾向,这种机械负荷条件是废气处理装置在热循环期间典型经受的条件。因此,需要采用保护基质的方法。
壳是空心体,其至少部分地围绕或覆盖载体。壳保护基质免受能够损坏基质的冲击、扭曲、拉伸、压缩或其它机械负荷。在某些实施方案中,壳包括薄壳。壳包括具有良好耐热性(高熔点和耐高温)的材料。构成废气处理装置壳的材料通常是韧性(ductile)材料,其耐热性比整体料低、热膨胀系数比整体料高、耐冲击性比整体料高。在某些实施方案中,废气处理装置壳包括金属或金属合金,例如,耐高温的钢(没有限制作用)。
术语“生物可溶性”无机纤维指的是在生理性介质或在模拟的生理性介质(例如,模拟的肺液)中可溶解或可分解的无机纤维。通过测定纤维在模拟的生理性介质中随时间变化的溶解度,可以评价纤维的溶解度。美国专利US 5,874,375(授于Unifrax)公开了测定纤维在生理性介质中的生物溶解度(即,非耐久性)的方法,本文以引证的方式将其结合。其它方法也适合于评价无机纤维的生物溶解度。按照某些实施方案,当在37℃使0.1 g样品接触0.3 ml/min流速的模拟肺液时,生物可溶性纤维显示出至少30 ng/cm2-hr的溶解度。按照其它实施方案,当在37℃使0.1 g样品接触0.3 ml/min流速的模拟肺液时,生物可溶性无机纤维可以显示出至少50 ng/cm2-hr的溶解度,或至少100 ng/cm2-hr,或至少1000 ng/cm2-hr。
可用于制作废气处理装置的安装垫的生物可溶性无机纤维的合适例子(没有限制作用)包括公开在美国专利US 6,953,757、6,030,910、6,025,288、5,874,375、5,585,312、5,332,699、5,714,421、7,259,118、7,153,796、6,861,381、5,955,389、5,928,075、5,821,183和5,811,360中的那些生物可溶性无机纤维,本文以引证的方式结合每个专利。
按照某些实施方案,生物可溶性碱土金属硅酸盐纤维可以包括镁和硅的氧化物的混合物的纤维化产物。这些纤维通常称为硅酸镁纤维(magnesia-silicate fibers)。硅酸镁纤维一般包括大约60至大约90%重量的氧化硅、大于0至大约35%重量的氧化镁和大约5%重量或更少杂质的纤维化产物。按照某些实施方案,碱土金属硅酸盐纤维包括大约65至大约86%重量的氧化硅、大约14至大约35%重量的氧化镁、0至大约7%重量的氧化锆和大约5%重量或更少杂质的纤维化产物。按照其它实施方案,碱土金属硅酸盐纤维包括大约70至大约86%重量的氧化硅、大约14至大约30%重量的氧化镁和大约5%重量或更少杂质的纤维化产物。更多有关硅酸镁纤维的信息可以在美国专利US 5,874,375中得到,在此以引证的方式将其结合。
合适的硅酸镁纤维可从Unifrax I LLC(Niagara Falls,New York)商购,注册商标ISOFRAX®。商购的ISOFRAX®纤维一般包括大约70至大约80%重量的氧化硅、大约18至大约27%重量的氧化镁和大约4%重量或更少杂质的纤维化产物。
按照某些实施方案,生物可溶性碱土金属硅酸盐纤维可以包括钙氧化物、镁氧化物和氧化硅的混合物的纤维化产物。这些纤维通常称为氧化钙-氧化镁-硅酸盐(calcia-magnesia-silicate)纤维。按照某些实施方案,氧化钙-氧化镁-硅酸盐纤维包括大约45至大约90%重量的氧化硅、大于0至大约45%重量的氧化钙、大于0至大约35%重量的氧化镁和大约10%重量或更少杂质的纤维化产物。典型地,生物可溶性氧化钙-氧化镁-氧化硅纤维包括大约15至大约35%重量的氧化钙、大约2.5至大约20%重量的氧化镁和大约60至大约70%重量的氧化硅。
有用的氧化钙-氧化镁-硅酸盐纤维可从Unifrax I LLC(Niagara Falls,NewYork)商购,注册商标INSULFRAX®。INSULFRAX®纤维一般包括大约61至大约67%重量的氧化硅、大约27至大约33%重量的氧化钙和大约2至大约7%重量的氧化镁的纤维化产物。其它合适的氧化钙-氧化镁-硅酸盐纤维可从Thermal Ceramics(Augusta,Georgia)商购,商标SUPERWOOL® 607和SUPERWOOL® 607 MAX。SUPERWOOL® 607纤维包括大约60至大约70%重量的氧化硅、大约25至大约35%重量的氧化钙、大约4至大约7%重量的氧化镁和痕量的氧化铝。SUPERWOOL® 607 MAX纤维包括大约60至大约70%重量的氧化硅、大约16至大约22%重量的氧化钙、大约12至大约19%重量的氧化镁和痕量的氧化铝。
非可呼吸性纤维的层可以包含溶胶-凝胶衍生的纤维。溶胶-凝胶衍生的纤维是如下产生的:将氧化前体物溶解在液体中,进行纺丝,形成纤维。将初生纤维(spun fibers)干燥并锻烧,形成最终的氧化物纤维。纺丝步骤可以如下实现:使液体通过喷丝头或其合适的组合来进行离心纺丝、拉伸纺丝、喷气纺丝、粘纺、挤压纺丝。美国专利US 4,159,205和4,277,269讨论了产生溶胶-凝胶衍生的纤维的各种方法。合适的溶胶-凝胶衍生的纤维包括(但不限于)氧化铝纤维、高铝质纤维(high alumina fibers)和莫来石纤维。在某些实施方案中,氧化铝纤维可以包含至少大约60%重量的氧化铝。在某些实施方案中,高铝质纤维可以包含至少大约95%重量的氧化铝,其余部分典型地是氧化硅,但也许是其它的氧化物。在某些实施方案中,莫来石纤维可以包含大约72%重量的氧化铝和大约28%重量的氧化硅,任选存在少量的其它氧化物。
非可呼吸性纤维的层可以包括沥滤玻璃纤维(leached glass fibers)。按照某些实施方案,沥滤玻璃纤维可以具有至少大约67%重量的氧化硅含量。在某些实施方案中,沥滤玻璃纤维含有至少大约90%重量的氧化硅,在这些实施方案中,含有大约90%重量至小于大约99%重量的氧化硅。这些沥滤玻璃纤维的平均纤维直径可以是大约6微米。平均起来,玻璃纤维典型地具有大约9微米的平均直径,最多至大约14微米。由此,这些沥滤玻璃纤维是非可呼吸性纤维。
沥滤玻璃纤维(氧化硅含量高并且适合用于制作催化变换器或其它已知的气体处理装置的安装垫)的例子包括:得自于BelChem Fiber Materials GmbH,Germany的那些沥滤玻璃纤维,商标BELCOTEX®,和得自于Hitco Carbon Composites,Inc. of GardenaCalifornia的那些沥滤玻璃纤维,注册商标REFRASIL®,和得自于Polotsk-Steklovolokno,Republic of Belarus的那些沥滤玻璃纤维,命名为PS-23®。
BELCOTEX®纤维是标准型短纤维预取向丝(staple fiber pre-yarns)。这些纤维具有大约550 特(tex)的平均纤度(fineness),并且一般用氧化铝改性的硅酸来生产。BELCOTEX®纤维是非晶(amorphous)纤维,并且一般含有大约94.5%氧化硅、大约4.5%氧化铝、小于大约0.5%氧化钠和小于大约0.5%其它组分。这些纤维具有大约9微米的平均纤维直径和在大约1500℃至大约1550℃范围内的熔点。这些纤维可耐热高达1100℃的温度,并且典型地是不含渣质(shot)和不含粘合剂的纤维。
REFRASIL®纤维,例如BELCOTEX®纤维,是非晶沥滤玻璃纤维,含硅量高,在1000℃至1100℃温度范围内的应用中提供热绝缘。这些纤维的直径在大约6和大约13微米之间,并且具有大约1700℃的熔点。将该纤维浸渍之后,典型地具有大约95%重量的含硅量。可以存在大约4%重量的氧化铝,其它组分的存在数量为大约1%或更少。
Polotsk-Steklovolokno的PS-23®纤维是非晶玻璃纤维,含硅量高,适合于需要耐受至少大约1000℃的应用中的热绝缘。这些纤维具有大约5至大约20 mm范围内的纤维长度和大约9微米的纤维直径。这些纤维,例如REFRASIL®纤维,具有大约1700℃的熔点。
在某些实施方案中,非可呼吸性纤维是具有大约3µm平均直径或更大平均直径的纤维。在其它说明性的实施方案中,非可呼吸性纤维是具有大约6µm平均直径或更大平均直径的纤维。进一步的,以纤维长度大于大约100µm为特征的纤维在某些研究中已经显示了非呼吸性(与纤维直径无关)。其它研究表明,以纤维长度大于大约200至大约250µm为特征的纤维是非可呼吸性纤维(与纤维直径无关)。
在某些实施方案中,安装垫的一个或多个层可以包含膨胀材料,或可以包括独特的膨胀层。膨胀材料可以包括下列中的至少一种:未膨胀的蛭石,水黑云母,水膨胀四硅氟云母,碱金属硅酸盐或可膨胀的石墨,并且可以使用有机和/或无机粘合剂来形成薄片,从而提供合乎需要的湿强度。可以利用标准纸生产技术来制造膨胀材料的片材,如美国专利US 3,458,329中所描述,本文以引证的方式结合其公开内容。
可以用若干不同的方式来制作柔韧、弹性、膨胀纤维安装垫,包括常规造纸工艺,既可以手工铺设、也可以机械铺设。可以使用手抄纸模型(handsheet mold)、长网抄纸机(Fourdrinier paper machine) rotoformer paper machine或真空圆网抄纸机(rotoformer paper machine)来制作柔韧、膨胀的纤维安装垫。在任何情况下,将含有许多组分的絮凝的水浆液进行挤压,以便除去大部分水,然后将垫干燥。这种工艺对本领域技术人员来说是众所周知的。
在其它实施方案中,柔韧的纤维安装垫可以包含耐高温纤维和粘合剂的基本上不膨胀的复合片材。在某些实施方案中,安装垫是“整体式的”是指:制作之后,安装垫具有自撑式结构,不需要织物、塑料或纸张的强化或围护层(包括与垫滚压(stitch)结合的那些层),并且不用离解就可以操作或控制。“基本上不膨胀”是指:当给片材施加热量时,片材不容易膨胀,而预计膨胀层将会受热膨胀。当然,基于片材的热膨胀系数,片材也会出现一些膨胀。然而,与基于膨胀性能出现的膨胀相比较,膨胀量不具有显著性。应理解,这些基本上不膨胀的安装垫基本上不含膨胀材料。
在不膨胀安装垫中使用的粘合剂典型地是性质上可能损失的有机粘合剂。“损失”是指:随着安装垫温度第一次提高至工作温度,粘合剂最终会被烧掉而离开安装垫,只剩余纤维及其它任选组分作为最终的安装垫。合适的粘合剂包括水和非水粘合剂,但使用的粘合剂通常是反应性的、可热凝固的胶乳,固化之后,其是可以从上述装配的安装垫中被烧掉的柔韧性材料。合适粘合剂或树脂的例子包括但不局限于:丙烯酸树酯、苯乙烯-丁二烯、乙烯吡啶、丙烯腈。氯乙烯、聚氨酯等等的水基胶乳。其它树脂包括低温、柔韧性的热固性树脂,例如不饱和聚酯、环氧树脂和聚乙烯酯。具体使用的粘合剂包括但不局限于:HI-STRETCH V-60TM,B.F. Goodrich Co.(Akron,Ohio)(丙烯腈基胶乳)。粘合剂的溶剂可以包括水,或合适的有机溶剂,例如丙酮。可以基于粘合剂加载目标和粘合剂系统的工作性(粘度,固体含量,等等),利用常规方法测定粘合剂在溶剂(如果使用的话)中的溶液浓度。
类似地,可以利用常规造纸技术来制作不膨胀安装垫。使用这种工艺,使无机纤维与粘合剂混合,形成混合物或浆液。然后为了增加成型可以用水稀释浆液,最后用絮凝剂和排液助留剂使其絮凝。然后,可以将絮凝的混合物或浆液放在造纸机械上,形成陶瓷纸垫。垫或片材可以如下形成:用常规造纸设备将浆液或混合物真空模铸,并可以在烘箱中干燥。
或者,可以利用常规方法,例如,干空气铺设方法,将纤维加工成为垫。在此步骤中,该垫几乎没有结构完整性,并且相对于常规催化变换器和柴油机收集器安装垫,非常厚。如果使用这种替代性技术,可以通过浸渍方法向垫中加入粘合剂,将垫进一步加工,形成间断式纤维复合体(discontinuous fiber composite)。在垫成型之后,加入粘合剂,而不是像常规造纸技术方面所记载的那样形成垫。
任选,不膨胀的安装垫包括粘合剂。合适的粘合剂可以包括水和非水粘合剂,但使用的粘合剂可以是反应性的、可热凝固的胶乳,其固化之后是柔韧性材料,在最高达至少大约350℃下是稳定的。可以使用大约5至大约10%的胶乳。
单一类型的粘合剂或超过一种类型的粘合剂的混合物可以包含在安装垫内。合适的粘合剂包括有机粘合剂、无机粘合剂和这两种类型粘合剂的混合物。按照某些实施方案,膨胀或不膨胀的安装垫包括一或多种有机粘合剂。可以以固体、液体、溶液、分散体、胶乳或类似的形式提供该有机粘合剂。有机粘合剂可以包括热塑性或热固性粘合剂,其固化之后是柔韧性材料,并可以从装配的安装垫中被烧掉。合适的有机粘合剂的例子包括但不局限于:丙烯酸胶乳(甲基)丙烯酸胶乳,苯乙烯和丁二烯的共聚物,乙烯吡啶,丙烯腈,丙烯腈和苯乙烯的共聚物,氯乙烯,聚氨酯,醋酸乙烯酯和乙烯的共聚物,聚酰胺,硅氧烷,等等。其它树脂包括低温、柔韧性的热固性树脂,例如不饱和聚酯、环氧树脂和聚乙烯酯。
有机粘合剂可以包含在安装垫中,基于安装垫的总重量,含量大于0至大约20重量%,大约0.5至大约15重量%,大约1至大约10重量%,或大约2至大约8重量%。
安装垫可以包括聚合物粘合剂纤维,用其代替树脂或液体粘合剂,或与它们组合。可以使用这些聚合物粘合剂纤维,基于整个组合物的100重量%,其含量大于0至大约20重量%、大约1至大约15重量%和大约2至大约10重量%,从而帮助将热处理的纤维粘结在一起。粘合剂纤维的合适例子包括聚乙烯醇纤维,聚烯烃纤维(例如聚乙烯和聚丙烯),丙烯酸纤维,聚酯纤维,醋酸乙烯乙基酯纤维(ethyl vinyl acetate fibers),尼龙纤维和其组合物。
当使用有机粘合剂时,将组分混合,形成混合物或浆液。然后,使纤维和粘合剂的浆液形成为垫结构,除去粘合剂,由此提供含有热处理过的纤维(和任选其它纤维)的安装垫。典型地,使用能够损失的粘合剂,以便在开始时将纤维粘结在一起。“损失”是指:有机粘合剂最终会从安装垫中烧掉,只剩下热处理的纤维(及其它陶瓷或玻璃纤维(如果使用的话))作为支撑脆性结构的安装垫。
除了有机粘合剂之外,安装垫还可以包括无机粘合剂材料。合适的无机粘合剂材料包括但不限于:无机颗粒材料,氧化铝的胶态分散体,氧化硅,氧化锆和其混合物。
可以利用在安装垫的制作中通常使用的任何已知的技术来制作安装垫。例如,使用造纸工艺,可以将纤维与粘合剂或其它粘合剂纤维混合,形成混合物或浆液。可以将纤维组分以大约0.25%至大约5%的稠度或固体含量(大约0.25至大约5份固体至大约99.75至大约95份水)混合。然后为了增加成型可以用水稀释浆液,最后用絮凝剂和排液助留剂使其絮凝。可以将絮凝的混合物或浆液放在造纸机械上,形成含有纤维的纸(fiber containingpaper)的层片或纤维片材。或者,可以将浆液真空模铸,形成层片或片材。在两种情况下,可以将层片或片材在烘箱中干燥。对于所使用的标准造纸技术的更详细说明,参见美国专利US 3,458,329,本文以引证的方式结合其公开内容。
在其它实施方案中,可以利用常规方法,例如干空气铺设方法,将热处理的纤维加工成为垫。在此步骤中,该垫几乎没有结构完整性,并且相对于常规催化变换器和柴油机收集器安装垫,非常厚。因此,可以对得到的垫进行干燥针刺,这在本领域通常是已知的,使垫致密并提高它的强度。
如果使用干空气铺设技术,可以通过浸渍方法向垫中加入粘合剂,将垫加工,形成纤维复合体。在这种技术中,在垫成型之后,加入粘合剂,而不是如常规造纸技术所述的那样形成本文指明的垫。
用粘合剂浸渍垫的方法包括:将垫完全浸入液体粘合剂系统中,或者将垫进行刷涂、涂渍、浸渍、辊轧、喷溅或喷涂。在连续工艺中,将纤维垫(可以用卷的形式输送)开卷并移动通过给垫施加粘合剂的喷嘴,例如,在输送机或稀松布上。或者,可以使垫依靠重力来通过喷嘴。然后使垫在压辊之间通过,除去过量的液体,并使垫致密,达到近似于它的目标厚度。然后可以使致密的垫通过烘箱,除去任何剩余的溶剂,如有必要,将粘合剂部分固化,形成复合体。干燥和固化温度主要取决于所使用的粘合剂和溶剂(如果有的话)。然后,可以将复合体切割或卷成卷,用于储存或运输。
还可以以批量模式生产安装垫:将垫的部分浸渍在液体粘合剂中,取出垫,挤压,除去过量的液体,而后干燥,形成复合体,并储存或切割成应有的尺寸。
人们注意到,对于在某些催化变换器应用中的使用容易程度来说,由这些纤维制作的安装垫密度太低。因此,可以用本领域已知的任何方式使它们进一步致密化,以便提供更高密度。致密化的一种方式是将纤维针刺,使得它们缠绕和缠结。额外地或替代地,可以使用水刺(hydro-entangling)方法。另一种替代性方法是使纤维通过压辊,将它们压制成垫形。可以容易地使用这些使垫致密化的任何方法或这些方法的组合,获得所需形式的安装垫。
无论使用上述哪种技术,可以切割安装垫,例如模压,形成确切形状和大小的安装垫(具有可再现容许误差)。当用针刺等等进行致密化时,安装垫显示出合适的操作性能,意味着它可以容易加工,并且不会像其它纤维毯或垫一样因为太脆而在人手中破碎。它可以容易和灵活地安装或包裹在催化剂载体结构或类似的脆性结构周围,不会破裂,而后配置在催化变换器壳内。通常,可以将安装垫包裹的脆性结构插入壳中,或围绕安装垫包裹的脆性结构建造或构成壳。
由于废气处理装置从环境温度至工作温度进行循环,所以,包括该装置的部件将达到它们的各自工作温度。废气处理装置中任何给定组件的工作温度可以小于装置本身的工作温度,这是因为一些组件与高温组件隔离。由于组件受热,它们将会按照它们的热膨胀系数成比例地膨胀。
尽管结合各种实施方案描述了垫和废气处理装置,如各个图所示,但应该理解,可以使用其它类似的实施方案,可以对所描述实施方案进行改进和增加,用于完成相同功能。此外,为了产生目标效果,可以将各个说明性实施方案组合。因此,该垫和废气处理装置不应该局限于任何单一实施方案,而应该按照附加权利要求的讲述的宽度和范围来解释。
Claims (12)
1.垫,其包括∶
包含具有第一个平均直径的生物可溶性无机纤维的第一个层;和
与所述第一个层相邻的第二个层,其包含非可呼吸性、溶胶-凝胶衍生的、含有至少60%重量氧化铝的氧化铝纤维,并具有大于第一个平均直径的第二个平均直径。
2.权利要求1的垫,其中所述生物可溶性纤维包括铝酸钙纤维、氧化钙-氧化镁-氧化硅纤维、氧化镁-氧化硅纤维或其组合物。
3.权利要求2的垫,其中所述氧化镁-氧化硅纤维包括65至86重量%的氧化硅、14至35重量%的氧化镁和5重量%或更少杂质的纤维化产物。
4.权利要求2的垫,其中氧化钙-氧化镁-氧化硅纤维包括45至90重量%的氧化硅、大于0至45重量%的氧化钙和大于0至35重量%的氧化镁的纤维化产物。
5.权利要求1的垫,其中所述氧化铝纤维含有至少95%重量氧化铝。
6.权利要求1的垫,其中所述非可呼吸性、溶胶-凝胶衍生的、含有至少60%重量氧化铝的氧化铝纤维包括莫来石纤维。
7.权利要求1的垫,其中所述第一个平均直径为6µm或更小,所述第二个平均直径为6µm或更大。
8.权利要求1的垫,其中所述第二个平均直径为3µm或更大。
9.废气处理装置,其包括∶
壳;
弹性安装在壳内的脆性结构;和
配置在所述壳和所述脆性结构之间的权利要求1-8的任一项的安装垫。
10.权利要求9的废气处理装置,其中所述第一个层被配置在与所述壳的内表面相邻,并且所述第二个层被配置在与所述脆性结构的外表面相邻。
11.废气处理装置,其包括∶
壳;
弹性安装在壳内的脆性结构;和
配置在所述壳和所述脆性结构之间的间隙中的安装垫;
双壁末端锥体壳;和
配置在末端锥体壳的壁之间的绝热垫,所述垫包含权利要求1-8的任一项的垫。
12.废气处理装置的末端锥体,其包括∶
外金属锥体;
内金属锥体;和
配置在末端锥体壳的壁之间的绝热垫,所述垫包含权利要求1-8的任一项的垫。
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WO2009048857A1 (en) * | 2007-10-09 | 2009-04-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Mounting mats including inorganic nanoparticles and method for making the same |
JP5014070B2 (ja) | 2007-11-06 | 2012-08-29 | イビデン株式会社 | マット材および排気ガス処理装置 |
MX2011002132A (es) * | 2008-08-29 | 2011-04-05 | Unifrax I Llc | Placa de montaje con proteccion de bordes flexibles y dispositivo de tratamiento de gases de escape que incorpora la placa de montaje. |
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2010
- 2010-09-24 CN CN201410302515.7A patent/CN104129114B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-09-24 CN CN201080042273.2A patent/CN102575552B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-09-24 CA CA 2773757 patent/CA2773757A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-09-24 EP EP20100766371 patent/EP2480765A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-09-24 JP JP2012530869A patent/JP5963053B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-09-24 US US12/890,065 patent/US8951323B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-09-24 BR BR112012009439A patent/BR112012009439A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2010-09-24 KR KR20127007556A patent/KR20120074284A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-09-24 WO PCT/US2010/002613 patent/WO2011037634A1/en active Application Filing
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2012
- 2012-03-23 ZA ZA2012/02164A patent/ZA201202164B/en unknown
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2015
- 2015-03-02 JP JP2015040691A patent/JP2015158204A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6923942B1 (en) * | 1997-05-09 | 2005-08-02 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Compressible preform insulating liner |
CN101460717A (zh) * | 2006-06-01 | 2009-06-17 | 3M创新有限公司 | 多层安装垫 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2013506076A (ja) | 2013-02-21 |
US20110126499A1 (en) | 2011-06-02 |
ZA201202164B (en) | 2013-08-28 |
BR112012009439A2 (pt) | 2016-06-14 |
CN104129114A (zh) | 2014-11-05 |
CN102575552A (zh) | 2012-07-11 |
JP2015158204A (ja) | 2015-09-03 |
CN102575552B (zh) | 2016-03-16 |
KR20120074284A (ko) | 2012-07-05 |
EP2480765A1 (en) | 2012-08-01 |
US8951323B2 (en) | 2015-02-10 |
CA2773757A1 (en) | 2011-03-31 |
WO2011037634A1 (en) | 2011-03-31 |
JP5963053B2 (ja) | 2016-08-03 |
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