CN103931407A - Alpine region solar greenhouse peach cultivation method - Google Patents
Alpine region solar greenhouse peach cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN103931407A CN103931407A CN201410186153.XA CN201410186153A CN103931407A CN 103931407 A CN103931407 A CN 103931407A CN 201410186153 A CN201410186153 A CN 201410186153A CN 103931407 A CN103931407 A CN 103931407A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an alpine region solar greenhouse peach cultivation method. The alpine region solar greenhouse peach cultivation method is applicable to peach cultivation in a greenhouse built at the northern latitude of 39 degrees to 40 degrees, and comprises the steps of selecting good peach new species, conducting high-density field planting, conducting high photosynthetic efficiency tree shape cultivation, conducting water and fertilizer standardization management, conducting temperature and humidity management and clipping according to a peach growth period and a time period, and conducting pollination and plant disease and insect pest comprehensive control management at the right moment. By the adoption of the alpine region solar greenhouse peach cultivation method, the yield of peaches per mu can reach more than 3000 kg and is increased by more than 20% compared with the prior art. Soluble solids of peach fruits can reach more than 12% and is increased by two or more percent points compared with the prior art. The proportion of the high-quality peaches is improved to more than 85% and increased by 15 percent points compared with the prior art. The high-quality peaches can come into the market 10 days to 12 days ahead of time, so that more economic benefits are obtained.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the cultivation method of a planting fruit-trees, particularly the cultivation method of peach in the greenhouse by solar heat of High-cold regions.
Background technology
Peach is one of Main Cultivation fruit tree of China, all has throughout the country cultivation.According to statistics whole nation area under cultivation in 2007, surpass 9,000,000 mu, produce 400,000 tons, peach, rank first in the world.Peach not only outward appearance is gorgeous, and juice multi-flavor is beautiful, and nutritious.Sugary 7.5 grams of every 100 grams of pulp, organic acid 0.2-1.9 gram, protein 0.4-1.8 gram, fatty 0.1-1.5 gram, 31 milligrams of vitamin Cs, 20.2 milligrams of Cobastabs.Peach, except eating raw, also can be made the multiple fabricated products such as sweet can, peach butter, peach juice, peach be dry, is to be deeply subject to one of fruit that numerous people likes.Peach has precocity fruiting, early high yield, the advantage such as income early in cultivation.The drought-enduring power of peach is strong, on level land, mountain region, sand ground all can cultivate, and manageability.In recent years, China's Northern cold district peach facility cultivation, particularly greenhouse by solar heat forcing culture area expands year by year.The cultivation of greenhouse by solar heat peach is in specific greenhouse by solar heat, by conciliation and control to environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, illumination, gas, moisture, microclimate conditions in greenhouse and the peach required environmental condition of growing is adapted, to meet growth and the result of peach.Utilize greenhouse culture peach not only can resist the severe cold in winter, remove the dormancy that is forced to of peach, make peach early flowering result and listing, increase orchard worker's economic benefit, and the cultivation of greenhouse peach can also expand the cultural area of peach, prolongation market supply phase, prosperity fruit market.But, because greenhouse by solar heat peach plantation density, method for planting, planting system, tree structure, shaping and trimming method have certain difference with outdoor cropping; The Temperature and Humidity Control of the greenhouse by solar heat under different latitude is also different; The different cultivars of peach is also different to the requirement of temp. and humidity in different breeding times.For making peach branch rationally distributed, there is good ventilation and penetrating light condition, the balance of growth regulation and result, reach and prevent from setting body early ageing, extend the result time limit, the object improving the yield and quality, therefore, promoting the peach new varieties of high-quality and supporting high light efficiency cultivation technology for high with it, is practical and extremely urgent measure for seizing the market vacancy, making peach industry, increase farmers' income, promote rural economy.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of High-cold regions greenhouse by solar heat peach cultivation method that is suitable for north latitude 38-40 degree, adopt the peach of the inventive method cultivation, than prior art yield per unit area, can increase production more than 20%, per mu yield reaches more than 3000 kilograms.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions object of the present invention.
High-cold regions of the present invention greenhouse by solar heat peach cultivation method, be applicable to the High-cold regions Cultivation in Greenhouse peach of the foundation of north latitude 39-40 degree, comprise and select good peach new varieties, high density field planting, the cultivation of high light efficiency tree type, liquid manure standardized management, by peach breeding time and time cycle, carry out temperature and humidity management and pruning, pollinate and damage by disease and insect Comprehensive Preventing keyholed back plate reason in good time.
Described good peach new varieties are selected middle oily No. 4 and spring snow.
Described middle oily No. 4 Shi You Zhengzhou Fruit-tree Inst., Chinese Agriculture Science Academy are bred as.The tree vigo(u)r golden mean of the Confucian school, tree performance half is opened a business, and sends out principal stresses and becomes principal stresses medium, and the equal energy of all kinds of fruit branches result, in take, fruit spur result is as main.Flower is bell type, and pollen is many, utmost point high yield.Strong adaptability, early real, high yield, fruit are large, and color and luster is bright and clean beautiful, and taste is sweet good to eat, and product are of fine quality, storage tolerance, anti-low temperature of florescence, resistance to late frost, is a sweet Nectarine Cultivars Revealed of large fruit that Comprehensive Traits is good.
The precocious peach new varieties of described spring snow Shi You U.S. seed selection, this kind is stature maximum in wild peach class early-maturing variety, belong to hard solute peach, crisp sweet, the storage tolerance of complete red bright-coloured, the taste of color, high yield, be precocious high-quality peach new varieties, and under normal temperature, the peach storage life can reach 10 days.About physiology chilling requirement 410 hours, so it is wide to adapt to plantation scope, except Guangdong, some areas, Fujian, can not plant by open country, other areas of China all can adapt to.Fruit is circular, and fruit is top.Large fruit, 200 grams of mean fruit weights, maximum fruit weighs 366 grams.Suture is shallow, and fine hair is short and rare, and two halves are more symmetrical.The comprehensive crimson of pericarp, cella sheltering from heat or light fruit also whole red.Pericarp is difficult for peeling off.Pulp white, meat is firmly crisp, and fiber is few, and local flavor is sweet, fragrance is dense, clingstone.Soluble solid content 16%, in quality, not shedding.The resistance to accumulating of fruit, 10 days lower storage lifves of normal temperature, can store more than 62 days under 0 ℃ of condition.
Described high density field planting is spacing in the rows 85cm-90cm, and line-spacing is 180-190cm, and north-south is spacing in the rows, and East and West direction is line-spacing.
It is that the trunk of tree is cultivated into high light efficiency " Y " font tree type that described high light efficiency tree type is cultivated, and two large trunks will extend to line-spacing direction, and Y-shaped spreading angle is 70o.Surely the shoot sending on major branch after doing when planting grows to the long pinching of 22-25cm, the branch growing again after pinching grows to 22-25cm and continues pinching, the tree that growing way is good will carry out three pinching, every like this strain tree can reach 30-40 fruit bearing shoot then, every branch is on average tied 1-2 fruit, on trunk, reserve two major branches that extend to line-spacing direction both sides, opening angle regulates as the unreasonable method for drawing branches that adopts; In south, spacing in the rows ground, stay an auxiliary support branch bar then, after result, cut again, when the tree body branch amount that grows fine reaches 30 branches when above, when pinching for the second time, will cut auxiliary support branch bar.
Described liquid manure standardized management is: the little tree of planting then, and the branch newly growing after fixed doing topdresses while growing to 20-35cm, executes urea 8-10 kilogram for every mu; Start from mid-June, every fertilising in 15 days once, totally 3 times, each mu is executed N, P
2o
5, K
2o content is 15 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 15 ︰ 15 ︰ 15, after fertilising, will irrigate in time; Early August sprays 45 kilograms of biphosphate potassium foliage fertilizers by every mu of 300 times of liquid; Mid-August, peach entered into flower bud differentiation and vegetative storage phase, used 4-5 cube of fertilizer for every mu, after fertilising, poured water in time, after pouring water five days, will carry out plastic mulching; Late November starts to heat up, and 8-10 days after heating up, topdresses before blooming, and every mu of little tree is executed N, P then
2o
5, K
2o content is 75 kilograms, 45 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 15 ︰ 15 ︰ 15 or soaked cake fertilizer; Entering young fruit period mid-March next year, to execute the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer be N ︰ P
20
5︰ K
220 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 0=1 ︰ 0.5 ︰ 0.5; Late March enters fruit expanding period, and every mu of ratio of executing nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer is N ︰ P
20
5︰ K
20=1 ︰ 0.5 ︰ 1.5 25 kilograms of composite fertilizers; Early April fruit enter expand, the painted maturing stage, by 500 times of liquid mus execute N, P, K, Ca content be 16 ︰ 3 ︰ 24 ︰ 15 rush 20 kilograms of fertilisings.
Described by peach breeding time and time cycle, carry out temperature and humidity management and be: at the beginning of the greenhouse by solar heat peach button canopy time is late October to 11 month, first detain tight teleblem, do not detain tight pin film, with covering straw screen or mat on caudacoria, open rear wall vent, initial several days, be beneficial to logical cold wind, before sunrise in morning, close forward foot in a step curtain tight, with cold insulation temperature; When nocturnal temperature is too low or meet snow while not opening straw screen or mat a day daytime, adopt the measure of heating; When isothermal chamber temperature reaches 0 ℃, cover tightly forward foot in a step curtain and straw screen or mat, close air vent; When 0-7.2 ℃ of temperature reaches 600 hours effective chilling requirements in greenhouse, complete and force dormancy, can heat up; Late November starts to heat up, and at temperature maintenance in daytime late November of budding period 17-20 ℃, night, temperature maintained 5-8 ℃; The canopy temperature in interior daytime in December of budding period is stabilized in 20-26 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 7-10 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at 60%-80%; Early January next year enters the florescence, and temperature control in daytime at florescence is at 18-22 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 10-12 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at 50%-60%, until the florescence finishes; Early March is young fruit period, enters fruit expanding period mid-March, until early April expanding stage finish, temperature control in daytime is between 24-26 ℃ in canopy, night, temperature maintained 10-15 ℃, relative moisture is controlled at below 60%; Mid or late April enters into fruit maturation picking time, and in canopy, temperature control in daytime is between 25-28 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 10-15 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at below 60%.When the very night, temperature was stablized by 10 ℃, remove straw screen or mat, when night, temperature was stablized by 15 ℃, remove without a film.
Described pruned by peach breeding time and time cycle, comprise while heating up and pruning and pruning in postpartum, during intensification, prune and refer to that peach reaches certain resting stage, the once pruning of carrying out while starting to heat, enter result and contain the tree of phase, stay 100-120 fruit bearing shoot, fruit bearing shoot spread length distance is 9-10 centimetre, after pruning, branch length is 10-15 centimetre, will note cutting at honeysuckle bud place and cut during pruning; Prune postpartum and refer to the pruning of after fruit harvesting, tree body being carried out, be to the result branch cutting back that bounces back, the length after retraction is 4-5 centimetre, be thinning out overstocked branch and water sprout, pruning rate require branch with between distance be 10-12 centimetre.
Described pollinates in good time, comprises honeybee pollination or artificial pollination, and while adopting honeybee pollination, a beehive for 300 honeybees is put in the greenhouse of 0.07 hectare, puts the honeybee time to open one to two when colored in every strain tree; While adopting artificial pollination, with water-wet finger, with finger, touch gently flower pesticide and column cap, with hand, do not remove directly to strike the post head, prevent column cap to fracture, every other day carry out an artificial pollination, in the time of pollination, with the pin trunk of playing gently, vibrate, promote the spatial movement of pollen.
The described damage by disease and insect Comprehensive Preventing keyholed back plate that in good time carries out is managed, and comprises annual intensification initial stage late November, and after pruning, cleaning field, sprays lime sulfur, the also double pest control of sterilization; Mid-December, bud revealed the green phase, sprayed 1000 times of liquid of 4000 times of liquid+70% thiophanate methyl wetting powders of 2000～3000 times of liquid+2% abamectin emulsifiable concentrates of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, anti-eliminated aphis, mite pest and disease; Late Febuary next year young fruit period, note preventing and treating in time the leaf diseases such as gray mold, brown rot, shothole disease; In other periods, according to concrete damage by disease and insect situation, suit the medicine to the illness and prevent and treat in time: shothole disease occurrent time, in mid or late Febuary, sprays control with 500 times of liquid of 65% Zineb wettable powder; Gray mold onset peak, in mid-February, sprays control with 1000 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder; Aphid occurs in the budding period of tree, with 2000 times of liquid of 5% Imidacloprid missible oil, sprays control; Two spotted spider mite occurs in early March, with 2000 times of liquid of 20% azocyclotin dispersant, sprays control; Apple leaf miner occurs in early March, with the 25% 1000 times of liquid of No. 3 suspending agents of young urea that go out, sprays control.
The present invention adopts high light efficiency " Y " font tree type, and such tree type can utilize the efficient light of whole day fully, without any trunk and the illumination of the branch tree that affects periphery.On trunk, reserve after two major branches that extend to line-spacing direction both sides, in south, spacing in the rows ground, stay an auxiliary support branch bar, as the overstriking that strengthens little tree mobile jib, and can also improve and work as annual production.
To the little tree of planting then, when the branch newly growing after fixed dry grows to 20-35cm, every mu imposes urea 8-10 kilogram, guarantees that it is that main growth is required that tree expands tree crown early stage, thereby to expand capillary root development, accelerates the growth of little tree.Mid-August, peach entered into flower bud differentiation and vegetative storage phase, used 4-5 cube of fertilizer for every mu, after fertilising, poured water in time, after pouring water five days, will carry out plastic mulching, was mainly in order to prevent weeds in field, prevented the generation of the excessive disease of humidity in canopy.Mid-March next year young fruit period to execute nitrogen phosphorus be main fertilizer, fruit tree expanding stage executes that once to take nitrogen phosphorus be main fertilizer for the first time, the content of potassium does not need too much, is mainly in order to strengthen the growth of fruit tree.Fruit enters into expanding stage for the second time will chase after that once to take high potassium be main fertilizer, accelerates painted maturation.
The present invention with regard to potassium the effect in fruit development test.The peach fruit size of middle oily No. 4, is decided by the increase in cell number, volume and space between cells, but take the first two factor as main.Through field trial observation, find, nectarine fruits grows as typical two " S " types, in growth course, successively occurs the ramp phase twice, and centre is slow vegetative period once.The vertical footpath of the phase fruit of ramp is for the first time faster than transverse diameter, the growth of side footpath, is the important stage that cell number increases.Rapidly grow slightly faster than vertical footpath in expanding stage fruit transverse diameter, side footpath for the second time, and this phase volume of fruits and weight increase rapidly, the increase of fruit weight account for total fruit heavy 50% one 70%.Test shows, potassium is mainly realized by increasing for the second time the longitudinal and transverse footpath of expanding stage fruit rate of rise rapidly the impact of nectarine fruits size.This and nectarine self grow and Nutrition absorption characteristic has close ties, because it is interim to grow at nectarine fruits, expanding stage is that plant is to the most vigorous stage of potassium nutrition demand rapidly, the absorption of a large amount of potassium elements, can improve the activity of plurality of enzymes in photosynthesis, accelerate photophosphorylation process, the synthetic quantity of ATP is increased, thereby improve CO
2assimilability, be that cell development ensures adequate nutrients.
Nectarine fruits quality forms the variation that shows as on the one hand appearance luster, is the conversion of inner nutriment on the other hand, and particularly the accumulation of sugar, is determining taste of fruit and mouthfeel.In this test, Potassium has significantly improved nectarine fruits soluble sugar and ascorbic content, and has reduced fruit acidity, makes sugar-acid ratio be significantly higher than contrast.Why potassium can improve fruit sugar content, improves fruit quality, and with the prosperous length of its control young sprout, synthetic, the transhipment, the accumulation and distribution that accelerate carbohydrate have substantial connection.Because potassium is the important driving force of accelerating the interior assimilation products of plant corpus and nutriment running.Potassium mainly concentrates on the most active position of plant, can promote conversion and the transportation of sugar, makes photosynthetic product transport to rapidly stem tuber, piece root or seed.Potassium can promote photosynthesis on the one hand, and carbohydrate quantity is increased; Promote that on the other hand in fruit, starch transforms to sugar, make photosynthetic product mainly with sucrose and amino acid form from phloem to physiological reaction storehouse (fruit, root system, stem tuber, seed and seed) transportation, thereby be conducive to the raising of sugar content in fruit, and the content of potassium and the loading of phloem, exploitation speed and drawing off is directly proportional.Potassium is the energy metabolism in involved in plant body also, and this is a kind of indirectly-acting.The process need of photosynthesis and respiration formation energy-rich compound (ATP) has the participation of potassium ion.Potassium ion can maintain the charge balance of chloroplast as hydrionic exchange ion, make luminous energy be transformed into chemical energy ATP and NADPH, and all anabolism of fruit tree, as the formation of the carbohydrate relevant to fruit quality, protein and lipid material all be unable to do without these energy-rich compounds.But this does not also mean that potassium application rate is The more the better.Result of study shows, as potassium (K
20) when consumption surpasses 33.6 kg/ mu, nectarine output and fruit quality decline on the contrary to some extent, and this may cause the element absorption minimizings such as Ca, Mg relevant with the excessive potassium of executing.Therefore,, under this test land occupation condition, the ratio of executing nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer of take is N ︰ P
20
5︰ K
20=1 ︰ 0.5 ︰ 1.5, fertilizing amount is N 22.4 kg/ mus, P
20
511.2kg/ mu, K
2the effect of 033.6 kg/ mu is best.Under above-mentioned fertilizer application condition, the soluble solid of peach fruit can reach more than 12%, than prior art, has improved percentage point more than 2; Peach per mu yield can reach more than 3000 kilograms, than prior art, has improved more than 20%.
Peach has the habit of natural dormancy, only has and meets a certain amount of low temperature, after breaking dormancy, could normal rudiment bloom.This required low temperature amount of dormancy that must be satisfied is called chilling requirement.Low temperature amount is time accumulated value, with a hour expression.Optimum and effective temperature that peach completes natural dormancy are 7.2 ℃ of left and right, and 7.2 ℃ above or 0 ℃ of following temperature is substantially invalid to the accumulation of requirement of low temperature.Peach, under self-sow environment, enters resting state after fallen leaves naturally, after the dormancy in a winter, can normally yield positive results.The peach cultivation of this project research protection ground uses humiture control technology to force dormancy, is specially: the greenhouse by solar heat peach button canopy time is first detained tight teleblem at the beginning of being late October to 11 month, does not detain tight pin film, with covering straw screen or mat on caudacoria.Open rear wall vent, initial several days, be beneficial to logical cold wind, before sunrise in morning, close forward foot in a step curtain tight, with cold insulation temperature.When isothermal chamber temperature reaches 0 ℃, cover tightly forward foot in a step curtain and straw screen or mat.Close air vent, when nocturnal temperature is too low or meet snow while not opening straw screen or mat a day daytime, take to heat measure.When in greenhouse, 0-7.2 ℃ of temperature reaches more than 600 hours, can heat up.
Reasonably carry out peach pruning and can control tree vigo(u)r, improve the ventilation and penetrating light condition of tree crown, regulate the balanced relation of tree above and under tree, promote bud to form, increase setting fruit position, avoid biennial bearing phenomenon, extend the result time limit of tree body, reach the object of stable and high yields, high-quality.Peach tree crown increases and to expand with the age of tree, and branches and leaves are too much, certainly will cause outer close interior sky, tree vigo(u)r early ageing, biennial bearing is serious and the consequence such as fruit yield, quality reduction.In time, reasonably pruning can have following effects: the reasonable layout that 1. regulates branches and leaves:, on the basis of shaping, adjust branches and leaves density, distribution arrangement and the leaf-area coefficient of tree crown each several part, effective photosynthetic area of tree crown is reached to greatest extent.2. growth regulation and result: normally and only prosperous excessive growth makes to nourish and grow; Become in right amount colored, solid and do not weaken tree vigo(u)r; Meanwhile, can prevent that fruit tree is old and feeble in advance, rejuvenation upgrades in time.3. regulate branch class proportion of composing: brachyplast is short vegetative period, and consumption accumulates early less, but leaf is few, photosynthesis is low; Vegetative shoot is long vegetative period, and consumption is many, but later stage accumulation is also many.Different seeds, the age of tree require there is corresponding, suitable branch class ratio, just can make to set in Annual growth cycle running, distribution and consumption, the accumulation of endotrophic material, by normal growth, reproduction rhythm harmony, are undertaken.By pruning, can reach this purpose.4. also prune can equilibrium population plant between and the growth potential between each major branch on a plant, thereby reach output equilibrium, be convenient to management.In addition pruning, is also the means that make overground part and root system harmonic growth.
Beneficial effect of the present invention: (1) adopts cultivation method of the present invention, peach per mu yield can reach more than 3000 kilograms, than prior art, has improved more than 20%; The soluble solid of peach fruit can reach more than 12%, than prior art, has improved percentage point more than 2; The ratio of high-quality peach is brought up to more than 85%, than prior art, has improved 15 percentage points.(2) adopt cultivation method of the present invention, can make the high-quality peach 10-12 days that goes on the market ahead of time, seize the rare phase of market, obtain larger economic benefit.
embodiment
embodiment 1
2011 Shuozhou City Shuocheng District, Nian Shanxi Province Sheng Yuan vegetables Specialty Co-operative Organizations adopt High-cold regions of the present invention greenhouse by solar heat peach cultivation method to carry out show-how.39 ° 18 of demonstration pilot project north latitude ', 1090 meters of height above sea level, 20 mu of day-light greenhouses of demonstration area.
During peach variety adopts, No. 4, oil; According to greenhouse length and width structural adjustment planting density, be spacing in the rows 85cm, north-south is spacing in the rows, and line-spacing is 190 cm, and East and West direction is line-spacing.Every mu of booth field planting 320 strains.
In October, 2011, No. 4 peach of oil in booth is planted, the shoot sending on major branch after dry of planting surely grows to the long pinching of 22-25cm, the branch growing again after pinching grows to 22-25cm and continues pinching, the tree that growing way is good will carry out three pinching, every like this strain tree can reach 30-40 fruit bearing shoot, every the average 1-2 of branch fruit.On trunk, reserve two major branches that extend to line-spacing direction both sides, tree type is cultivated as " Y " font, Y-shaped spreading angle is 70o, adopts method for drawing branches adjusting stretching angle.In south, spacing in the rows ground, stay an auxiliary support branch bar, after result, cut again, when the tree body branch amount that grows fine reaches 30 branches when above, when pinching for the second time, will cut auxiliary support branch bar.
The little tree that liquid manure standardized management is planted then, the branch newly growing after fixed doing topdresses while growing to 20-35cm, executes 10 kilograms, urea for every mu; Start from mid-June, every fertilising in 15 days once, totally 3 times, each mu is executed N, P
2o
5, K
2o content is 15 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 15:15:15, after fertilising, will irrigate in time; Early August sprays 45 kilograms of biphosphate potassium foliage fertilizers by every mu of 300 times of liquid; Mid-August, peach entered into flower bud differentiation and vegetative storage phase, used 5 cubes of fertilizers for every mu, after fertilising, poured water in time, after pouring water five days, will carry out plastic mulching; Late November starts to heat up, and heats up latter 10 days, before blooming, topdresses, and every mu of little tree is executed N, P then
2o
5, K
2o content is 45 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 15 ︰ 15 ︰ 15; Entering young fruit period mid-March next year, to execute the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer be N ︰ P
20
5︰ K
220 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 0=1 ︰ 0.5 ︰ 0.5; Late March enters fruit expanding period, and every mu of ratio of executing nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer is N ︰ P
20
5︰ K
20=1 ︰ 0.5 ︰ 1.5 25 kilograms of composite fertilizers; Early April fruit enter expand, the painted maturing stage, by 500 times of liquid mus execute N, P, K, Ca content be 16 ︰ 3 ︰ 24 ︰ 15 rush 20 kilograms of fertilisings.
The temperature and humidity management greenhouse by solar heat peach button canopy time is late October, first detain tight teleblem, do not detain tight pin film, with covering straw screen or mat on caudacoria, open rear wall vent, initial several days, be beneficial to logical cold wind, before sunrise in morning, close forward foot in a step curtain tight, with cold insulation temperature, when nocturnal temperature is too low or meet snow while not opening straw screen or mat a day daytime, adopt the measure of heating; When isothermal chamber temperature reaches 0 ℃, cover tightly forward foot in a step curtain and straw screen or mat, close air vent, when 0-7.2 ℃ of temperature reaches 600 hours effective chilling requirements in greenhouse, complete and force dormancy, can heat up.Late November starts to heat up, and at temperature maintenance in daytime late November of budding period 17-20 ℃, night, temperature maintained 5-8 ℃; The canopy temperature in interior daytime in December of budding period is stabilized in 20-26 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 7-10 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at 60%-80%.Early January enters the florescence, and temperature control in daytime at florescence is at 18-22 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 10-12 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at 50%-60%, until the florescence finishes.Early March is young fruit period, enters fruit expanding period mid-March, until early April expanding stage finish, temperature control in daytime is between 24-26 ℃ in canopy, night, temperature maintained 10-15 ℃, relative moisture is controlled at below 60%.Mid or late April enters into fruit maturation picking time.In canopy, temperature control in daytime is between 25-28 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 10-15 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at below 60%.When the very night, temperature was stablized by 10 ℃, remove straw screen or mat, when night, temperature was stablized by 15 ℃, remove without a film.
Prune emphasis and be while heating up and twice pruning in postpartum.The once pruning of carrying out when annual late November starts to heat, next year enters the tree that result is contained the phase, stays 100-120 fruit bearing shoot, and fruit bearing shoot spread length distance is 9-10 centimetre, and after pruning, branch length is 10-18 centimetre.During pruning, at honeysuckle bud place, cut and cut.Prune the pruning refer to that to tree body carry out after fruit harvesting the annual the first tenday period of a month in May postpartum, to the result branch cutting back that bounces back, the length after retraction is 4-5 centimetre, be thinning out overstocked branch and water sprout, pruning rate require branch with between distance be 10-12 centimetre.
The pollination of peach adopts honeybee pollination, and a beehive for 300 honeybees is put in the greenhouse of 0.07 hectare, puts the honeybee time to open one to two when colored in every strain tree.
The principle of damage by disease and insect Comprehensive Preventing control techniques is to take cultural control as basis, advocates biological control, and science is used chemical control, and emphasis is carried out the diseases and pests controlling work of following 3 critical periods.(1) annual late November heats up the initial stage, and after pruning, cleaning field, sprays lime sulfur, sterilization the pest control of holding concurrently; (2) mid-December, bud revealed the green phase, sprayed 1000 times of liquid of 4000 times of liquid+70% thiophanate methyl wetting powders of 2000～3000 times of liquid+2% abamectin emulsifiable concentrates of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, anti-eliminated aphis, mite pest and disease; (3) late Febuary next year young fruit period, note preventing and treating in time the leaf diseases such as gray mold, brown rot, shothole disease; In other periods, according to concrete damage by disease and insect situation, suit the medicine to the illness and prevent and treat in time: (1) shothole disease: greenhouse occurrent time, in mid or late Febuary, sprays control with 500 times of liquid of 65% Zineb wettable powder; (2) gray mold: greenhouse onset peak, in mid-February, sprays control with 1000 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder; (3) aphid: occur in the budding period of tree, spray control with 2000 times of liquid of 5% Imidacloprid missible oil; (4) two spotted spider mite: greenhouse occurs in early March, sprays control with 2000 times of liquid of 20% azocyclotin dispersant; (5) apple leaf miner: greenhouse occurs in early March, sprays control with the 25% 1000 times of liquid of No. 3 suspending agents of young urea that go out.
Gather in the crops every per mu yield in mid-April, 2012 and reach 3220 kilograms, the soluble solid of peach fruit reaches 12.2%, and the ratio of high-quality peach is 87%, with place of production greenhouse cultivation peach, goes on the market ahead of time 12 days.
embodiment 2
2012 two demonstration areas, branch, red flag pasture, Shuozhou City development zone, Nian Shanxi Province adopt High-cold regions of the present invention greenhouse by solar heat peach cultivation method to carry out show-how.39 ° 18 of demonstration pilot project north latitude ', 1090 meters of height above sea level, 100 mu of day-light greenhouses of demonstration area.
Peach variety adopts spring snow; According to greenhouse length and width structural adjustment planting density, be spacing in the rows 90cm, north-south is spacing in the rows, and line-spacing is 180 cm, and East and West direction is line-spacing.Every mu of booth field planting 320 strains.
In October, 2012, No. 4 peach of oil in booth is planted, the shoot sending on major branch after dry of planting surely grows to the long pinching of 22-25cm, the branch growing again after pinching grows to 22-25cm and continues pinching, the tree that growing way is good will carry out three pinching, every like this strain tree can reach 30-40 fruit bearing shoot, every the average 1-2 of branch fruit.On trunk, reserve two major branches that extend to line-spacing direction both sides, tree type is cultivated as " Y " font, Y-shaped spreading angle is 70o, adopts method for drawing branches adjusting stretching angle.In south, spacing in the rows ground, stay an auxiliary support branch bar, after result, cut again, when the tree body branch amount that grows fine reaches 30 branches when above, when pinching for the second time, will cut auxiliary support branch bar.
The little tree that liquid manure standardized management is planted then, the branch newly growing after fixed doing topdresses while growing to 20-35cm, executes 8 kilograms, urea for every mu; Start from mid-June, every fertilising in 15 days once, totally 3 times, each mu is executed N, P
2o
5, K
2o content is 15 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 15:15:15, after fertilising, will irrigate in time; Early August sprays 45 kilograms of foliage fertilizer potassium dihydrogen phosphates by every mu of 300 times of liquid; Mid-August, peach entered into flower bud differentiation and vegetative storage phase, used 4 cubes of fertilizers for every mu, after fertilising, poured water in time, after pouring water five days, will carry out plastic mulching; Late November starts to heat up, and heats up latter 8 days, before blooming, topdresses, and every mu of little tree is executed N, P then
2o
5, K
2o content is 45 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 15 ︰ 15 ︰ 15; Entering young fruit period mid-March next year, to execute the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer be N ︰ P
20
5︰ K
220 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 0=1 ︰ 0.5 ︰ 0.5; Late March enters fruit expanding period, and every mu of ratio of executing nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer is N ︰ P
20
5︰ K
20=1 ︰ 0.5 ︰ 1.5 25 kilograms of composite fertilizers; Early April fruit enter expand, the painted maturing stage, by 500 times of liquid mus execute N, P, K, Ca content be 16 ︰ 3 ︰ 24 ︰ 15 rush 20 kilograms of fertilisings.
The temperature and humidity management greenhouse by solar heat peach button canopy time is late October, first detain tight teleblem, do not detain tight pin film, with covering straw screen or mat on caudacoria, open rear wall vent, initial several days, be beneficial to logical cold wind, before sunrise in morning, close forward foot in a step curtain tight, with cold insulation temperature, when nocturnal temperature is too low or meet snow while not opening straw screen or mat a day daytime, adopt the measure of heating; When isothermal chamber temperature reaches 0 ℃, cover tightly forward foot in a step curtain and straw screen or mat, close air vent, when 0-7.2 ℃ of temperature reaches 600 hours effective chilling requirements in greenhouse, complete and force dormancy, can heat up.Late November starts to heat up, and at temperature maintenance in daytime late November of budding period 17-20 ℃, night, temperature maintained 5-8 ℃; The canopy temperature in interior daytime in December of budding period is stabilized in 20-26 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 7-10 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at 60%-80%.Early January enters the florescence, and temperature control in daytime at florescence is at 18-22 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 10-12 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at 50%-60%, until the florescence finishes.Early March is young fruit period, enters fruit expanding period mid-March, until early April expanding stage finish, temperature control in daytime is between 24-26 ℃ in canopy, night, temperature maintained 10-15 ℃, relative moisture is controlled at below 60%.Mid or late April enters into fruit maturation picking time.In canopy, temperature control in daytime is between 25-28 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 10-15 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at below 60%.When the very night, temperature was stablized by 10 ℃, remove straw screen or mat, when night, temperature was stablized by 15 ℃, remove without a film.
Prune emphasis and be while heating up and twice pruning in postpartum.The once pruning of carrying out when annual late November starts to heat, next year enters the tree that result is contained the phase, stays 100-120 fruit bearing shoot, and fruit bearing shoot spread length distance is 9-10 centimetre, and after pruning, branch length is 10-18 centimetre.During pruning, at honeysuckle bud place, cut and cut.Prune the pruning refer to that to tree body carry out after fruit harvesting the annual the first tenday period of a month in May postpartum, to the result branch cutting back that bounces back, the length after retraction is 4-5 centimetre, be thinning out overstocked branch and water sprout, pruning rate require branch with between distance be 10-12 centimetre.
The pollination of peach adopts artificial pollination, with water-wet, point, with finger, touch gently flower pesticide and column cap, with hand, do not remove directly to strike the post head, prevent column cap to fracture, every other day carry out an artificial pollination, in the time of pollination, with the pin trunk of playing gently, vibrate, promote the spatial movement of pollen.
The principle of damage by disease and insect Comprehensive Preventing control techniques is to take cultural control as basis, advocates biological control, and science is used chemical control, and emphasis is carried out the diseases and pests controlling work of following 3 critical periods.(1) annual late November heats up the initial stage, and after pruning, cleaning field, sprays lime sulfur, sterilization the pest control of holding concurrently; (2) mid-December, bud revealed the green phase, sprayed 1000 times of liquid of 4000 times of liquid+70% thiophanate methyl wetting powders of 2000～3000 times of liquid+2% abamectin emulsifiable concentrates of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, anti-eliminated aphis, mite pest and disease; (3) late Febuary next year young fruit period, note preventing and treating in time the leaf diseases such as gray mold, brown rot, shothole disease; In other periods, according to concrete damage by disease and insect situation, suit the medicine to the illness and prevent and treat in time: (1) shothole disease: greenhouse occurrent time, in mid or late Febuary, sprays control with 500 times of liquid of 65% Zineb wettable powder; (2) gray mold: greenhouse onset peak, in mid-February, sprays control with 1000 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder; (3) aphid: occur in the budding period of tree, spray control with 2000 times of liquid of 5% Imidacloprid missible oil; (4) two spotted spider mite: greenhouse occurs in early March, sprays control with 2000 times of liquid of 20% azocyclotin dispersant; (5) apple leaf miner: greenhouse occurs in early March, sprays control with the 25% 1000 times of liquid of No. 3 suspending agents of young urea that go out.
In mid or late April, 2013 gathers in the crops every per mu yield and reaches 3080 kilograms, and the soluble solid of peach fruit reaches 12.1%, and the ratio of high-quality peach is 86%, with the place of production greenhouse cultivation peach 10-12 days that goes on the market ahead of time.
embodiment 3
Within 2012, in the Dang Liu village, Southern Suburb, Datong City, Shanxi Province vegetables Specialty Co-operative Organization, adopt High-cold regions of the present invention greenhouse by solar heat peach cultivation method to carry out show-how.39 ° 98 of demonstration pilot project north latitude ', 1040 meters of height above sea level, 10 mu of day-light greenhouses of demonstration area.During peach variety adopts, No. 4, oil.According to greenhouse length and width structural adjustment planting density, be spacing in the rows 85cm, north-south is spacing in the rows, and line-spacing is 190 cm, and East and West direction is line-spacing.Every mu of booth field planting 320 strains.In October, 2012, in the booth peach of planting, management method is with embodiment 1.
In mid or late April, 2013 gathers in the crops every per mu yield and reaches 3120 kilograms, and the soluble solid of peach fruit reaches 12.3%, and the ratio of high-quality peach is 89%, with the place of production greenhouse cultivation peach 10-12 days that goes on the market ahead of time.
Claims (2)
1. High-cold regions greenhouse by solar heat peach cultivation method, be applicable to the High-cold regions Cultivation in Greenhouse peach of the foundation of north latitude 39-40 degree, comprise and select good peach new varieties, high density field planting, the cultivation of high light efficiency tree type, liquid manure standardized management, by peach breeding time and time cycle, carry out temperature and humidity management and pruning, pollinate and damage by disease and insect Comprehensive Preventing keyholed back plate reason in good time, it is characterized in that:
(1) peach variety is middle oily No. 4 and spring snow;
(2) planting density is spacing in the rows 85cm-90cm, and line-spacing is 180-190cm, and north-south is spacing in the rows, and East and West direction is line-spacing;
(3) trunk of tree is cultivated into high light efficiency " Y " font tree type, two large trunks will extend to line-spacing direction, and Y-shaped spreading angle is 70o; The cultural method of described high light efficiency " Y " font tree type is, surely the shoot sending on major branch after doing when planting grows to the long pinching of 22-25cm, the branch growing again after pinching grows to 22-25cm and continues pinching, the tree that growing way is good will carry out three pinching, every like this strain tree can reach 30-40 fruit bearing shoot then, every branch is on average tied 1-2 fruit, reserves two major branches that extend to line-spacing direction both sides on trunk, and opening angle regulates as the unreasonable method for drawing branches that adopts; In south, spacing in the rows ground, stay an auxiliary support branch bar then, after result, cut again, when the tree body branch amount that grows fine reaches 30 branches when above, when pinching for the second time, will cut auxiliary support branch bar;
(4) strengthen fertilizer irrigation standardized management, the little tree of planting then, the branch newly growing after fixed doing topdresses while growing to 20-35cm, executes urea 8-10 kilogram for every mu; Start from mid-June, every fertilising in 15 days once, totally 3 times, each mu is executed N, P
2o
5, K
2o content is 15 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 15:15:15, after fertilising, will irrigate in time; Early August sprays 45 kilograms of foliage fertilizer potassium dihydrogen phosphates by every mu of 300 times of liquid; Mid-August, peach entered into flower bud differentiation and vegetative storage phase, used 4-5 cube of fertilizer for every mu, after fertilising, poured water in time, after pouring water five days, will carry out plastic mulching; Late November starts to heat up, and 8-10 days after heating up, topdresses before blooming, and every mu of little tree is executed N, P then
2o
5, K
2o content is 75 kilograms, 45 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 15 ︰ 15 ︰ 15 or soaked cake fertilizer; Entering young fruit period mid-March next year, to execute the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer be N ︰ P
20
5︰ K
220 kilograms of the composite fertilizers of 0=1 ︰ 0.5 ︰ 0.5; Late March enters fruit expanding period, and every mu of ratio of executing nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer is N ︰ P
20
5︰ K
20=1 ︰ 0.5 ︰ 1.5 25 kilograms of composite fertilizers; Early April fruit enter expand, the painted maturing stage, by 500 times of liquid mus execute N, P, K, Ca content be 16 ︰ 3 ︰ 24 ︰ 15 rush 20 kilograms of fertilisings;
(5) by peach breeding time and time cycle, carry out temperature and humidity management, at the beginning of the greenhouse by solar heat peach button canopy time is late October to 11 month, first detain tight teleblem, do not detain tight pin film, with covering straw screen or mat on caudacoria, open rear wall vent, initial several days, be beneficial to logical cold wind, before sunrise in morning, close forward foot in a step curtain tight, with cold insulation temperature; When nocturnal temperature is too low or meet snow while not opening straw screen or mat a day daytime, adopt the measure of heating; When isothermal chamber temperature reaches 0 ℃, cover tightly forward foot in a step curtain and straw screen or mat, close air vent; When 0-7.2 ℃ of temperature reaches 600 hours effective chilling requirements in greenhouse, complete and force dormancy, can heat up; Late November starts to heat up, and at temperature maintenance in daytime late November of budding period 17-20 ℃, night, temperature maintained 5-8 ℃; The canopy temperature in interior daytime in December of budding period is stabilized in 20-26 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 7-10 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at 60%-80%; Early January next year enters the florescence, and temperature control in daytime at florescence is at 18-22 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 10-12 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at 50%-60%, until the florescence finishes; Early March is young fruit period, enters fruit expanding period mid-March, until early April expanding stage finish, temperature control in daytime is between 24-26 ℃ in canopy, night, temperature maintained 10-15 ℃, relative moisture is controlled at below 60%; Mid or late April enters into fruit maturation picking time, and in canopy, temperature control in daytime is between 25-28 ℃, and night, temperature maintained 10-15 ℃, and relative moisture is controlled at below 60%; When the very night, temperature was stablized by 10 ℃, remove straw screen or mat, when night, temperature was stablized by 15 ℃, remove without a film;
(6) by peach breeding time and time cycle, prune, comprise while heating up and pruning and pruning in postpartum, during intensification, prune and refer to that peach reaches certain resting stage, the once pruning of carrying out while starting to heat, enter result and contain the tree of phase, stay 100-120 fruit bearing shoot, fruit bearing shoot spread length distance is 9-10 centimetre, after pruning, branch length is 10-15 centimetre, will note cutting at honeysuckle bud place and cut during pruning; Prune postpartum and refer to the pruning of after fruit harvesting, tree body being carried out, be to the result branch cutting back that bounces back, the length after retraction is 4-5 centimetre, be thinning out overstocked branch and water sprout, pruning rate require branch with between distance be 10-12 centimetre;
(7) pollinate in good time, comprise honeybee pollination or artificial pollination, while adopting honeybee pollination, a beehive for 300 honeybees is put in the greenhouse of 0.07 hectare, puts the honeybee time to open one to two when colored in every strain tree; While adopting artificial pollination, with water-wet finger, with finger, touch gently flower pesticide and column cap, with hand, do not remove directly to strike the post head, prevent column cap to fracture, every other day carry out an artificial pollination, in the time of pollination, with the pin trunk of playing gently, vibrate, promote the spatial movement of pollen;
(8) carry out damage by disease and insect Comprehensive Preventing keyholed back plate reason in good time, comprise annual intensification initial stage late November, after pruning, cleaning field, sprays lime sulfur, sterilization double pest control; Mid-December, bud revealed the green phase, sprayed 1000 times of liquid of 4000 times of liquid+70% thiophanate methyl wetting powders of 2000～3000 times of liquid+2% abamectin emulsifiable concentrates of 10% imidacloprid wettable powder, anti-eliminated aphis, mite pest and disease; Late Febuary next year young fruit period, note preventing and treating in time the leaf diseases such as gray mold, brown rot, shothole disease; In other periods, according to concrete damage by disease and insect situation, suit the medicine to the illness and prevent and treat in time: shothole disease occurrent time, in mid or late Febuary, sprays control with 500 times of liquid of 65% Zineb wettable powder; Gray mold onset peak, in mid-February, sprays control with 1000 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder; Aphid occurs in the budding period of tree, with 2000 times of liquid of 5% Imidacloprid missible oil, sprays control; Two spotted spider mite occurs in early March, with 2000 times of liquid of 20% azocyclotin dispersant, sprays control; Apple leaf miner occurs in early March, with the 25% 1000 times of liquid of No. 3 suspending agents of young urea that go out, sprays control.
2. High-cold regions according to claim 1 greenhouse by solar heat peach cultivation method, is characterized in that, described middle oily No. 4 Shi You Zhengzhou Fruit-tree Inst., Chinese Agriculture Science Academy are bred as; The precocious peach new varieties of described spring snow Shi You U.S. seed selection.
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| CN104542137A (en) * | 2015-02-09 | 2015-04-29 | 镇远县醉美果业有限公司 | Method for controlling diseases and pests of peach trees |
| CN104885853A (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2015-09-09 | 湖南新丰阳光现代农业发展有限公司 | Updating method of bearing branches of peach trees |
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