CN103890052B - 塑料饮料容器中的可回收着色剂 - Google Patents
塑料饮料容器中的可回收着色剂 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
热塑性制品包括一种或多种回收友好的合成着色颜料。所述颜料具有高于基础聚合物约20-50℃的熔融温度。这使得所述颜料能够在注塑成型过程中保持基本不变(例如未熔融)并在所述预成型件和所得吹塑容器中充当着色剂。当该容器在随后的加工过程中重新熔融时,颜料熔融并酯交换到基础聚合物中。由此,在此类进一步处理时,颜料有效地被纳入基础聚合物中,不会影响所述基础聚合物的基本特性和性能。
Description
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请要求2011年9月16日提交的美国申请号13/234,909的优先权,其公开内容经此引用全文并入本文。
发明背景
目前的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)容器通常是透明的或用最少量的颜色(彩色颜料、效应颜料或染料)均匀产生阴影。遇到的一个问题在于,在制造PET饮料瓶中使用的着色颜料和染料通常并不是回收友好的,例如,在高价值透明回收流中包含此类着色颜料和染料是不可能的。结果,回收站通常需要单独收集有色容器并以低得多的价格出售。
已经开发了一些技术用于从PET中除去颜料和其它污染物以便于回收。例如,West的美国专利US5,504,421公开了通过以下工艺净化PET的方法,对该材料施进行酯交换反应以形成脆化的PET,将混合物粉碎并分离含有PET的未粉碎材料,接着将该材料酯化以形成短链PET聚合物。此类方法令回收过程太过复杂和昂贵,在经济上不可行。
理想的是制造具有改善的视觉特性的容器,如PET饮料容器,尤其是随后可以在现有回收流中回收而不具有或仅具有最少额外处理步骤的此类容器。
发明概述
在一方面,用于制备热塑性容器的预成型件具有一种或多种包含合成有机材料的回收友好的颜料。所述预成型件包含基础聚合物和至少一种熔融温度高于所述基础聚合物的熔融温度约20-50℃的颜料。在注射成型过程中,所述颜料保持不变(例如未熔化),由此充当用于所述预成型件以及随后由所述预成型件吹塑的容器的着色剂。当该容器在随后的加工过程(例如消费者后循环)中重新熔化时,所述颜料熔化并酯交换到基础聚合物中。由此,在此类进一步加工时,所述颜料被有效地纳入基础聚合物中,且不会影响所述基础聚合物的基本特点和性能。
所述颜料在聚合物加工方面以及在随后回收该模制容器的过程中与所述基础聚合物相容。所述颜料还应当能够研磨至小于约150微米的粒度以提供在基础基聚合物中的良好分散和实现所需视觉效应的能力。在一些实例中,所述颜料在化学上类似于所述基础聚合物或形成所述基础聚合物的单体,例如高熔点PET细粒、PET共聚单体和/或PET聚合的反应物或副产物。
附图概述
通过考虑附图参照下列详述可以获得对本发明及其某些优点的更完整理解,其中:
图1是光透过透明热塑性基底的示意图。
图2是根据本发明的某些方面在具有分散于其中的颜料粒子的热塑性基底中光吸收的示意图。
图3显示了以2%、5%和7.5%(w/w)的载量含有PEN的无模充气PET气球。
图4是PEN细粒的差示扫描量热法(DSC)图。
图5显示了以0%、0.5%、1%、2%和5%(w/w)的载量含有TPA的PET预成型件。
图6显示了以0%、0.5%和1%(w/w)的载量含有TPA的无模充气PET气球。
图7显示了以0%和15%(w/w)的载量含有PET细粒的无模充气PET气球。
图8是未处理的PET细粒的DSC图。
图9是用氮气吹扫流热处理过的PET细粒的DSC图。
图10是在真空炉中热处理过的PET细粒的DSC图。
发明详述
将主要参照制备注塑预成型件来描述本发明,将所述预成型件吹塑成饮料容器。但是要认识到,本文中描述的技术可用于制备其它类型的容器,如用于盛放食物或液体的罐、盆、盘或瓶。多种热塑性材料可用作所述基础聚合物,单独或与其它热塑性材料共混。基础聚合物的非限制性实例包括热塑性聚酯,如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚2,6-和1,5-萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)、PETG、聚四亚甲基1,2-二氧苯甲酸酯、对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和间苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的共聚物。其中,PET是最常用的。所述聚合物材料可以整体或部分包括原始聚酯、回收聚酯和/或共聚酯,含有或不含有常规添加剂如脱模剂等等。
通常,通过将聚合物熔体流注塑成型为预定形状来制造制品。用于容器的预成型件典型地由聚合物熔体流注塑成型为类似于试管的形状。随后可以使用公知技术将所述预成型件拉伸和吹塑以形成容器,其细节不构成本发明的一部分。
所述热塑性材料含有基础聚合物和至少一种分散在其中以提供均匀或非均匀(例如图案化)颜色的颜料。在一些实施方案中,制备单层预成型件和容器,而在其它实施方案中还可以存在一个或多个附加层,如用于着色和/或审美目的的附加聚合物层和/或功能层,例如气体阻隔层等等。所述颜料可以在熔融加工之前与所述基础聚合物干混,或者可以在注塑成型过程中引入到聚合物熔体中。
本文中所述热塑性饮料容器包括一种或多种回收友好的合成颜料,使得该容器可以在现有回收流如机械PET回收流中加工。合适的颜料的非限制性实例包括但不限于高熔点PET细粒、PET共聚单体、PET聚合的反应物或副产物、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)、对苯二甲酸(TPA或PTA)、双(羟乙基)对苯二甲酸酯(BHET)、对苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMT)、2,6-萘二甲酸二甲酯(NDC)和间苯二甲酸(IPA)。
根据多种考虑因素选择颜料。首先,该材料应具有比基础聚合物的熔融温度高约20-50℃、通常约25-45℃或约30至35℃的熔融温度。这样,颜料在基础聚合物经受注塑成型时保持基本完好(未熔融)。这使得该材料能充当颜料以便向预成型件和所得模制容器中引入颜色、阴影和/或其它视觉效应。
所述颜料还应当与基础聚合物回收流相容。在回收过程中,通常将容器研磨和粉碎成“薄片”。在某些情况下,该薄片可以重新挤出为丸粒,以与原始聚合物一起共混并模制成制品。由于在该操作过程中遭遇的更长的熔体停留时间和高温剪切速率,这些随后的熔融阶段将最终熔融残留的更高熔点的颜料颗粒,以使得该聚合材料被消色。所述颜料还应该不会不利地影响需要回收的材料的其它性能,如劣化干燥性能、形成浑浊、显著降低特性粘度(I.V.)或显著改变基础聚合物的自然拉伸性能。染料/颜料的回收友好性可以通过对含有染料/颜料的聚合物施以一系列工业标准试验来证实,所述工业标准试验设计为通过对回收的PET施以一系列附加熔体热历程的方法来评价添加剂的回收友好性。这将评价染料/颜料对所得回收的PET的颜色、固态化时IV累积的速率、模制时IV的损失的影响,当吹制瓶时对拉伸性能的影响,以及评价多种其它物理性能属性。这些可回收性试验可用于确定特定染料或颜料是否可指定为对PET回收流是回收友好的。
作为对熔融所述颜料的替代,在回收过程中可以通过使用其它公知技术如萃取等分离所述颜料来使该容器消色。
应该选择所述颜料以使得将粒子研磨至小于约150微米、尤其约100微米或更小的粒度。例如,颜料典型的平均粒度为约1-140微米、约1-120微米、约1-90微米、约5-75微米或约10-60微米。此类粒度使得颜料能够在配混或干混过程中容易地分散在基础聚合物中,并可以选择该粒度以实现如下文中更充分讨论的所需视觉效应。
在一些实施方案中,所述颜料均匀地分散在所述基础聚合物中以产生均匀颜色或阴影。在其它实施方案中,所述颜料可以不均匀地分散在基础聚合物中以便在所述预成型件和容器中产生几何或非几何图案,例如条纹、漩涡等等。所用颜料的量可以根据诸如颜料的性能和所需着色/阴影程度的因素在宽范围内变化。例如但非限制,总颜料浓度可以为聚合物组合物总重量的约0.0001-5重量%、约0.001-3重量%、约0.005-2重量%或约0.01-1重量%。
可以适当地选择颜料粒度、粒子形状和浓度以实现所需颜色、阴影和/或其它视觉效应。颜料的视觉效应可以表示为折射率。具有更高折射率的物质阻碍光的速度(或给予光更大的阻力),并因此反射更大比例的光。图1示意性描述了穿过透明PET基底(1)的光透射。图2示意性描述了在具有分散于其中的颜料粒子(20)的PET基底(1)中的光吸收。取决于所选择的颜料,在含颜料基底(图2)的情况下反射的光的量小于透明PET基底(图1)。反射的光的波长决定了肉眼看到的颜色。
折射量是物质给予光束的阻碍的量度。被折射的光的量取决于多种因素,如基底的温度和光的波长。空气中的光速与在另一物质中的光速的比被称为折光指数或折射率,并可以通过光线弯曲的角度来测量。通过测量入射角(“i”,即进入物质的光线和垂直于其表面的直线之间的角度)和折射角(“r”,即折射的光线和垂直于表面之间的角度)来确定折射率。折射率N表示为:N=sini/sinr。
本文中所述的颜料的折射率可以根据诸如颜料类型、颜色等等的因素在宽范围内变化。例如但非限制,颜料的折射率可以为约1.4-2.5、约1.5-2.3或约1.7-2.0。
颜料粒子的折射率不必在所有方向上均相同。颜料通常是具有确定形状的晶体形式,且可以分类为不同晶系。在立方晶体中,例如,光在晶体中在所有方向上以相同的速度行进,这被称为各向同性。其中光并非在所有方向上以相同速度行进的其它类型的晶体被表征为各向异性的。各向异性物质可以是单轴的,具有两个折射率(四方和六方),或双轴的,具有三个折射率(三斜晶系、单斜晶系和正交晶系的)。下表I列举了根据所用基础聚合物的组成和性能可以使用的几种合成有机颜料的性能。
表I
颜料 | 平均粒度(μm) | 粒子形状 | 熔融温度(℃) |
PET细粒 | 25-75 | 三斜晶系 | ~275 |
对苯二甲酸 | 40-80 | 三斜晶系 | ~300 |
对苯二甲酸二甲酯 | 30-65 | 长斜方晶系 | ~142 |
间苯二甲酸 | 40-75 | 单斜晶系 | ~340 |
所述颜料材料通常应当在聚合物加工方面以及在该模制容器的随后的回收或其它后处理过程中与所述基础聚合物相容。在一些情况下,所述颜料可经受一定程度的酯交换到所述基础聚合物中(例如间苯二甲酸可以部分酯交换到PET中),这可以导致略微降低分子量。此类效果应保持为最小以避免基础聚合物的过度降解。当容器意在与食物接触时,所述颜料还应满足对塑料包装添加剂的现有监管食品接触准则。
所述颜料通常具有比基础聚合物高约20-50℃、通常约25-30℃的熔融温度。可以根据诸如基础聚合物的注塑温度(该温度通常略高于基础聚合物的熔融温度以确保完全熔融)的因素选择所述颜料的特定熔融温度。例如,在基础聚合物的注塑温度下加工时所述颜料不应熔融或降解。在某些情况下,需要熔融温度方面稍大的差值(>20℃),以例如适应高于正常的注塑温度。
在本发明的某些方面,选择所述颜料以便在化学上类似于所述基础聚合物和/或形成该聚合物的单体,以便在该容器随后的回收或其它加工过程中,颜料能够与基础聚合物以基本形成均匀的无颜料材料而无需引入附加提取步骤以除去着色剂的方式结合。例如,当基础聚合物是PET时,所述颜料可以选择为高熔融温度PET细粒或PET共聚单体,如对苯二甲酸。当容器在高于基础聚合物和颜料这二者的熔融温度的温度下加热时,颜料分子可酯交换到PET中或以其它方式与基础聚合物化学结合以形成均匀的聚合物。
实施例
提供下列实施例用于说明目的,而不应视为限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
该实施例例示了向聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)基础聚合物中引入聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(PEN)细粒。PEN均聚物用液氮冷冻,随后用0.5毫米筛网研磨,施加0.5-1lb./hr。在真空烘箱中在120℃下干燥该材料整夜,接着在干燥剂床中干燥6小时。所得PEN粗粉末具有细沙的稠度。
将该PEN粉末与载量为1%、2%和5%(w/w)的Invista1101PET共混。该PEN粉末还与载量为2%、5%和7.5%(w/w)的WellmanHP807PET共混。将标准重量瓶预成型件在268℃(Invista1101)和255℃(WellmanHP807)的注塑温度下注塑成型。随后在60-65psi和约95-100℃的条件下无模充气气球。
图3显示了由含有载量为2%、5%和7.5%(w/w)的PEN的组合物无模充气的气球。从图3中可见,在各载量下,PEN向模制容器中有效地引入白色。图4显示了PEN细粒的DSC图。当用上面确定的两种PET聚合物处理时,该PEN细粒熔融超过预期并表现出相容性问题。
实施例2
该实施例例示了向PET聚合物中引入对苯二甲酸(TPA)粉末。在真空烘箱中在100℃下真空干燥TPA细粉末(Sigma-Aldrich)整夜。将该TPA粉末随后与载量为0.5%、1%、2%和5%(w/w)的WellmanHP807PET共混。该TPA粉末具有降低PET树脂的特性粘度的效果,如下表II中所总结的。
表II
TPA(重量%) | IV(dL/g) |
0 | 0.67 |
0.5 | 0.5 |
1 | 0.46 |
5 | 0.36 |
将标准重量瓶预成型件在262℃的注塑温度下注塑成型。预成型件与对照预成型件一起显示在图5中,其中对照预成型件由未添加TPA的PET树脂制备。通常,发现TPA会造成PET聚合物的降解(注意上面的IV降低)并还充当成核剂,从而在注塑成形过程中造成结晶,这通过图5中白色外观可见。
通过在35-55psi和约95℃的条件下无模充气所述预成型件来制备气球。图6显示了由含有载量为0%、0.5%和1%(w/w)的TPA的组合物无模充气的气球。如图6中所示,在1%和更高的载量下,气球在这些条件下爆裂。
实施例3
该实施例例示了向PET混合物中引入高熔点PET细粒。将平均粒度为约350-500微米的原始PET(Invista1101)研磨为约100微米的平均粒度。该材料具有237℃和245℃的熔融温度。未处理的PET细粒的DSC显示在图8中。
一部分PET细粒通过在反应容器中用氮气吹扫流加热来退火,在410℉下开始并经三天提高至435℉,并在435℉下保持两周。氮气处理的PET细粒的DSC描述在图9中。氮气处理的PET细粒具有248℃的熔融温度,并严重泛黄(丢弃)。
另一部分PET细粒通过在真空炉中在410℉下加热两周来退火。真空炉处理的PET细粒的DSC显示在图10中。真空炉处理的PET细粒具有254℃的熔融温度,并且为白色,仅略微变色。
将真空处理的PET细粒与载量为0%(对照)和15%(w/w)的WellmanHP807PET共混。将标准重量瓶预成型件在262℃的注塑温度下注塑成型。通过在55psi和约95℃的条件下无模充气所述预成型件来制备气球。图7显示了由含有载量为0%(对照物)和15%(w/w)的PET细粒的组合物无模充气的气球。
该PET细粒与该PET基础聚合物相容,所得吹塑成型容器具有非常类似于对照PET容器的外观(图7)。用于该试验的PET细粒的熔融温度太低以至于在注塑成型过程中不能保持未熔融,因此该PET细粒并未获得色素沉着效果。
讨论
根据完成的试验,可以看出,最有效用作PET基础聚合物用颜料的有机材料应具有约280℃至300℃的熔融温度,应与PET相容,应能够研磨至小于约150微米的粒度。
前面的描述应视为说明性的而非限制性的。应当承认,可以在不离开本文中所述和所要求保护的本发明的精神或范围的情况下进行各种修改。
Claims (16)
1.一种由热塑性材料制备的饮料容器预成型件,所述热塑性材料包含:
具有第一熔融温度的基础聚合物,其包括聚酯;和
至少一种颜料,所述颜料包含与所述基础聚合物相容并具有高于所述基础聚合物20-50℃的熔融温度的单体或聚合材料;其中所述颜料均匀分散在基础聚合物中,以产生均匀的颜色或阴影且能在随后的加工过程中发生酯交换到所述基础聚合物中;其中在基础聚合物的注塑温度下加工时所述颜料不熔融或降解;和其中所述颜料选自聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯细粒、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯共聚单体、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚合的反应物或副产物、聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯、对苯二甲酸、双(2-羟基乙基)对苯二甲酸酯、对苯二甲酸二甲酯、2,6-萘二甲酸二甲酯、间苯二甲酸、及其组合,和其中颜料的量为所述热塑性材料总重量的0.0001-5重量%。
2.权利要求1的预成型件,其中所述基础聚合物选自聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚2,6-和1,5-萘二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚四亚甲基1,2-二氧苯甲酸酯、对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和间苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的共聚物、及其组合。
3.权利要求2的预成型件,其中所述基础聚合物包括聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。
4.权利要求1的预成型件,其中颜料具有小于100微米的平均粒度。
5.权利要求4的预成型件,其中颜料的平均粒度为1-90微米。
6.权利要求5的预成型件,其中颜料的平均粒度为5-75微米。
7.权利要求6的预成型件,其中颜料的平均粒度为10-60微米。
8.权利要求1的预成型件,其中所述颜料具有高于基础聚合物25-45℃的熔融温度。
9.权利要求1的预成型件,其中颜料的量为所述热塑性材料总重量的0.001-3重量%。
10.权利要求1的预成型件,其中所述颜料具有1.4-2.5的折射率。
11.权利要求10的预成型件,其中所述颜料具有1.5-2.3的折射率。
12.权利要求11的预成型件,其中所述颜料具有1.7-2.0的折射率。
13.权利要求1的预成型件,其中所述颜料具有各向异性晶体结构。
14.权利要求13的预成型件,其中所述颜料具有三斜晶结构。
15.权利要求13的预成型件,其中所述颜料具有单斜晶结构。
16.通过吹塑成形权利要求1的预成型件制造的容器。
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- 2012-09-14 CN CN201280052468.4A patent/CN103890052B/zh active Active
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US8722163B2 (en) | 2014-05-13 |
JP2014527117A (ja) | 2014-10-09 |
ES2618462T3 (es) | 2017-06-21 |
EP2756030A1 (en) | 2014-07-23 |
CN103890052A (zh) | 2014-06-25 |
EP2756030B1 (en) | 2016-12-14 |
JP5986208B2 (ja) | 2016-09-06 |
US20130071592A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
PL2756030T3 (pl) | 2017-07-31 |
EP3168020A1 (en) | 2017-05-17 |
WO2013040304A1 (en) | 2013-03-21 |
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