CN103609310A - Crop rotation method and tobacco planting method - Google Patents
Crop rotation method and tobacco planting method Download PDFInfo
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- CN103609310A CN103609310A CN201310626121.2A CN201310626121A CN103609310A CN 103609310 A CN103609310 A CN 103609310A CN 201310626121 A CN201310626121 A CN 201310626121A CN 103609310 A CN103609310 A CN 103609310A
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of planting of tobaccos, and relates to a crop rotation method and a tobacco planting method, in particular to a crop rotation method and a fertilizing method which can improve the quality of tobacco leaves especially organic tobacco leaves. The crop rotation method comprises the step of planting alfalfa and purple sweet potatoes in turns. The crop rotation method and the tobacco planting method can effectively improve physical and chemical properties of tobacco-planted soil, improve the organic matter content of the soil, largely lower the eutrophication degree of water, and achieve the purpose of improving the quality of the organic tobacco leaves.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to tobacco planting field, relate to a kind of alternating method and a kind of tobacco planting method.Particularly, the present invention relates to a kind of quality of tobacco particularly alternating method and fertilizing method of organic quality of tobacco of improving.
Background technology
Organic products is indicating the arriving of a new Consumption Age, take exactly harm reduction, safety, the pursuit high-quality to product as prerequisite such as pollution-free.
Organic tobacco leaf, as the higher a kind of raw tobacco material of safety, in leaf tobacco production process, has higher requirement to home environment condition, Fertilizer application, the extermination of disease and insect pest, culture technique standard etc.
Crop rotation can improve utilization rate of fertilizer, prevents that soil nutrient runs off.Crop rotation is exactly to utilize the difference that absorbs nutrient between Different Crop, the reasonable arrangement shifting cultivation cycle, and reach land used and combine with increasing soil fertility, improve various crop yields, quality, increase economic efficiency.Tobacco is carried out rotation system, can effectively improve soil physical and chemical property, equilibrium utilizes soil nutrient, thereby produce superior growing environment and the condition brought to tobacco, to improving fertilization effect, keep, recover and increase soil fertility, the noxious material effect of eliminating in soil is remarkable, and yield of tobacco obviously improves, and quality must be in obvious improvement.
Vega crop rotation can improve tobacco growth environment, and the improvement of the raising of the improvement of flue-cured tobacco soil structure, soil fertility and tobacco growth subenvironment is had to very large effect.Crop rotation can reduce damage by disease and insect, and sick worm primary source of infection has been cut off in crop rotation, reduces the harm of disease worm.
In addition, many experimental results shows, joining in right amount of fertilizer executed improving soil physical and chemical property, increases soil fertility, and making cigarette strain normal growth and improving quality of tobacco aspect has good facilitation.
In addition, the phenomenons such as land pollution at present, the hardening soil, body eutrophication are comparatively general, unfavorable to the plantation of crops.
But still needing to develop is applicable to for example tobacco implantation methods of organic tobacco particularly of crop, comprises alternating method and fertilizing method.
Summary of the invention
The inventor, through deep research and performing creative labour, has obtained particularly a kind of particularly alternating method of organic tobacco planting of tobacco that is suitable for of a kind of alternating method.The inventor is surprised to find, and the plantation of taking turns of clover and purple potato, can improve soil effectively, and culture fertility, improves soil production capacity.The inventor has also further found the fertilizing method of tobacco, and has obtained the implantation methods of tobacco.Following invention is provided thus:
One aspect of the present invention relates to a kind of alternating method, before being included in each plantation target crop, and the step of take turns Planting Medicago sativa and purple potato, the plantation number of times of wherein said clover and purple potato is for once or repeatedly.
Be not limited to theoretical restriction, the kind of described clover and purple potato is not particularly limited, preferably clover or the purple potato of local plantation or often plantation.
Alternating method according to the present invention described in any one, described step of taking turns Planting Medicago sativa and purple potato is followed successively by Planting Medicago sativa, plants purple potato.
Alternating method according to the present invention described in any one, described step of taking turns Planting Medicago sativa and purple potato is followed successively by Planting Medicago sativa, plants purple potato and then Planting Medicago sativa.
Alternating method according to the present invention described in any one, wherein, described clover turns over and is embedded in soil after cutting.
Alternating method according to the present invention described in any one, wherein, described target crop is solanaceous crops, is preferably tobacco or flue-cured tobacco.
Alternating method according to the present invention described in any one, wherein, described target crop is turned over and is embedded in soil after at least 10 days, after at least 20 days or plantation afterwards at least 30 days after clover is cut.
Be not limited to theoretical restriction, this is conducive to wait for that clover stalk rots for fertilizer.
Another aspect of the present invention relates to a kind of fertilizing method, its after above-mentioned clover is cut, turn over and be embedded in soil in after, before target crop plantation, apply fertilizer and/or ridging; And preferred applying fertilizer for 3-14 days before target crop plantation; Preferred 5-10 days, for example 5,6,7,8,9 or 10 days; More preferably 7 days.
Fertilizing method according to the present invention described in any one, wherein, the position of described fertilising is field center line; Particularly, at field center line, slot; Particularly, slot dark 5 centimeters, wide 10 centimeters.
In one embodiment of the invention, the width of field is 1 meter of left and right, is highly 30-45 centimetre or 30-35 centimetre, is preferably 40-45 centimetre.
The root of tobacco belongs to circular cone root system, main root, lateral root and adventive root three parts, consists of.
Be not limited to theoretical restriction, during due to transplanting, main root is cut off, and just at main root and rhizome, more branch roots partly occurs later, and lateral root can produce again secondary lateral root and three grades of lateral roots etc.On tobacco stem, can produce adventive root.Therefore, tobacco main root is not obvious, and lateral root and adventive root are the chief components of root system.Tobacco plant height leaf is large, and larger Transpiration Intensity needs the more moisture of Root Absorption, thus in plow layer the degree of depth of Root Distribution and width all larger, with going deep into soil layer, reduce gradually, be conical and distribute.The intensive scope of root system is more much smaller than distribution, and the intensive degree of depth of root system is following 40cm about earth's surface, and intensive width, apart from stem week 40cm scope, has root elongation below 40cm or beyond 40cm after pinching.The root of hair of tobacco is very capable, adopts the method for ridging (ridging) can make to grow a lot of adventive root on stem stalk, plays the effect that native nutrition is shown in abundant absorption.
Be not limited to theoretical restriction, if too early fertilising is rained, can wash away ridge body, not water conservation; The too late time can be narrower.
Fertilizing method according to the present invention described in any one, wherein, described fertilizer is military rattan formula biological organic fertilizer, the amount of using is 100-150 kg/acre; Be preferably 120 kg/mu; Preferably, for disposable employed.
Of the present inventionly relate in one aspect to again a kind of crop-planting method, comprise the alternating method described in any one in the present invention, and/or the fertilizing method described in any one in power the present invention; Particularly, described crop is solanaceous crops; More specifically, described crop is tobacco or flue-cured tobacco.
Of the present inventionly relate in one aspect to again a kind of method of improving soil property, comprise the alternating method described in any one in the present invention, and/or the fertilizing method described in any one in the present invention.
Preferably, the plantation of described tobacco or flue-cured tobacco realizes according to the operation requirements of organic leaf tobacco production.
In one embodiment of the invention to cigarette ground Planting Medicago sativa; Second Year is planted purple potato, then continues Planting Medicago sativa; Last ridging on vega is executed military rattan formula biological organic fertilizer, is then planted cigarette on ridge; So repeatedly carry out:
After planting tobacco leaf--→ clover-purple potato → clover → use appropriate military rattan formula biological organic fertilizer after the appropriate military rattan formula biological organic fertilizer of clover-purple potato → clover → use, plant tobacco leaf; A samsara in 2 years is carried out, and can effectively improve the particularly cigarette quality of organic tobacco leaf of tobacco leaf.
The implantation methods of clover and purple potato (comprising density) carries out according to conventional implantation methods or farming operation.
In the present invention, term " military rattan formula biological organic fertilizer ”Shi Japanese government Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Ministry agrotechnique expert---military rattan passes the too complex biological fertilizer of Lang Kaifa, and its main composition is N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and beneficial bacterium is more than 500 kinds.Domestic can be purchased from Kunming Rui Fengyi development in science and technology Co., Ltd.
Organic tobacco leaf, refer to the material such as agricultural chemicals, chemical fertilizer, weed killer herbicide, growth regulator that does not use chemosynthesis in leaf tobacco production process, and genetically engineered biological and product, but follow the course of nature and ecological principle, take the agrotechnique of a series of sustainable developments, coordinate kind of a cultivation balance, maintain agricultural ecosystem stable, and through Organic certification mechanism, authenticate, and issue the tobacco leaf of organic products certificate of certification.At present, organic tobacco leaf does not also have unified country or industry standard in China, generally according to the standard of organic farming, authenticates.
In the present invention, the operation requirements of organic leaf tobacco production is as follows:
(1) organic mode is grown seedlings and is transplanted: nutriment and the extermination of disease and insect pest product used using of growing seedlings is must be through Organic certification.Adopt the production model of single ridge single file.
(2) fertilizer and the use of topdressing: forbid to use any type of chemical fertilizer.
(3) field management and the extermination of disease and insect pest: transplant latter about 40 days, carry out cultivation and banking and artificial weeding, waste tobacco leaf and diseased plant will be taken in time vega out of and be destroyed, and irrigate in time and control flood and drain flooded fields.
(4) mode that the extermination of disease and insect pest adopts biology, physics, manually combines.The pre-pest controls of mode such as trapping lamp, yellow plate, gyplure and artificial capture method can be placed in field; Also available biogenic pesticide pest control; With the bacillary and fungal disease of biological method prevention.
(5) pinch and smear wooden fork and maturation is gathered: according to cigarette strain growing way appearance, pinch.Stay the number of sheets to can be 17-18 sheet, after pinching, manually smear in time wooden fork.Maturity is in accordance with the principle of " bottom leaf proper mature (ripe) is gathered, and middle leaf, the abundant maturation of upper leaf are gathered ".
In addition alternatively, also comprise science baking and professional classification: by three section type baking technology, toast, cured tobacco leaf carries out classification by classification requirement, and organic tobacco leaf singles dullness is alone.
Flue-cured tobacco is the tobacco leaf of drying in ad hoc barn, and color is yellow, and elasticity is larger, is the primary raw material of cigarette.In the present invention, described flue-cured tobacco if not otherwise specified, refers to the tobacco leaf of manufacturing flue-cured tobacco.Tobacco leaf, annual herb, Solanaceae.Plant is by glandular hairs, high 1 meter of left and right.Petiole is not obvious or become aliform handle.With hand, touch up leaf stickness.Panicle top is raw.Calyx tubular, corolla funnel-form, likeness in form bugle, end pink.Capsule, seed yellowish-brown.Originate in South America, have cultivation all over the world.
In the present invention, body eutrophication (eutrophication) refers under the impact of mankind's activity, the nutriments such as biological required nitrogen, phosphorus enter the unhurried current water bodys such as lake, river mouth, bay in a large number, cause that algae and other planktons breed rapidly, Dissolved Oxygen in Water amount declines, water quality deterioration, the phenomenon of fish and other biological mortality.The general index adopting is at present: Water content surpasses 0.2-0.3ppm, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is greater than 10ppm, phosphorus content is greater than 0.01-0.02ppm, and in the fresh water of pH value 7-9, every milliliter of total number of bacteria surpasses 100,000, and the chlorophyll-a content that characterizes amount of algae is greater than 10 μ mg/L.
In the present invention, soil plough horizon refers to be applicable to the arable land topsoil of crop growth.Soil structure refers to the permutations and combinations form of soil particle (comprising aggregate).While differentiating in field, be often referred to those different shapes and size, and the structure that can be separated from each other.
The beneficial effect of the invention
The invention has the advantages that: this method can effectively be improved tobacco-growing soil physicochemical character, and soil loosening is not hardened; Strengthen soil property fertility, improve soil organic matter content, make topsoil darker; Greatly reduce the degree of body eutrophication, reach and improve the particularly object of organic quality of tobacco of tobacco leaf.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1: vega ridge internal recessing schematic diagram.Wherein, 1,2,3 is field, and straight line A, B, C all represent ridge center line.Fluting is positioned at ridge center line.Cigarette seed is implanted on the center line of ridge, and cigarette seedling spacing is 0.6 meter of left and right.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, embodiment of the present invention are described in detail, but it will be understood to those of skill in the art that the following example is only for the present invention is described, and should not be considered as limiting scope of the present invention.Unreceipted actual conditions person in embodiment, carries out according to the condition of normal condition or manufacturer's suggestion.The unreceipted person of production firm of agents useful for same or instrument, being can be by the conventional products of commercial acquisition.
In the following examples 1-3, the kind of the cigarette seedling of use is identical, and plot used belongs to the same area, and its soil property and structure are similar.The baking method of tobacco leaf is also identical.Described operation, if not otherwise specified, can carry out with reference to conventional farming operation.
embodiment 1: the plantation of the organic tobacco leaf of crop rotation
(1) October of First Year local vega is carried out to the large cleaning of health, remove weeds in field and plant residue, reduce damage by disease and insect primary source of infection, then winter planting clover then;
(2) Second Year turns over plough to soil April, does not gather in the crops clover, cuts rear as fertilizer sources and buries.Then plant purple potato (purple potato will be gathered in the crops), continue Planting Medicago sativa ensuing winter;
Turn over plough to soil in January, (3) the 3rd, and clover crop is cut to rear directly turning over be embedded in soil;
(4) approximately after 1 month, first about the 7 days ridgings of earthing up (plant purple potato has field before, smooth again during Planting Medicago sativa) of cigarette transplantation of seedlings, make base manure by military rattan formula biological organic fertilizer and use, evenly apply (field width is 1 meter of left and right, height 40-45 centimetre) in cultivation field;
(5) field is slotted dark 5 centimeters, and wide 10 centimeters (for example A, B, C place in Fig. 1), the military rattan formula of disposable employed 120 kg/mu biological organic fertilizer, fills out lid with soil after fertilising;
(6) plantation cigarette seedling.
Above step can be carried out repeatedly:
The rotation in 2 years of clover → purple potato → clover → organic tobacco leaf---→ clover → purple potato → clover → organic tobacco leaf is planted.
The implantation methods of clover above-mentioned, purple potato, density, concrete plantation month etc., by general farming method of operating.Clover, purple potato are undertaken by not applying fertilizer.Wherein the cultivated ginseng of cigarette seedling carries out according to the plantation of the common organic tobacco leaf in the following examples 2.
Tobacco leaf carries out three section type baking.
embodiment 2: the plantation of common organic tobacco leaf
The implantation methods of common organic tobacco leaf:
(1) organic mode is grown seedlings and is transplanted: nutriment and the extermination of disease and insect pest product used using of growing seedlings is must be through Organic certification.Adopt the production model of single ridge single file.
(2) fertilizer and the use of topdressing: forbid to use any type of chemical fertilizer.
(3) field management and the extermination of disease and insect pest: transplant latter about 40 days, carry out cultivation and banking and artificial weeding, waste tobacco leaf and diseased plant will be taken in time vega out of and be destroyed, and irrigate in time and control flood and drain flooded fields.
(4) mode that the extermination of disease and insect pest adopts biology, physics, manually combines: the pre-pest controls of mode such as trapping lamp, yellow plate, gyplure and artificial capture method can be placed in field; Also available biogenic pesticide pest control; With the bacillary and fungal disease of biological method prevention.
(5) pinch and smear wooden fork and maturation is gathered: according to cigarette strain growing way appearance, pinch.Stay the number of sheets to can be 17-18 sheet, after pinching, manually smear in time wooden fork.Maturity is in accordance with the principle of " bottom leaf proper mature (ripe) is gathered, and middle leaf, the abundant maturation of upper leaf are gathered ".
(6) science baking and professional classification.By three section type baking technology, toast, cured tobacco leaf carries out classification by classification requirement, and organic tobacco leaf singles dullness is alone.
embodiment 3: conventional method is planted common tobacco leaf
The implantation methods of common tobacco leaf, carries out according to general farming, wherein:
(1) select and kind identical in embodiment 1 and 2
(2) cultivate tobacco leaf strong sprout: pay attention to seedbed and select; Ground, seedbed arranges; Nursery bed disinfection.
(3) select with embodiment 1 and 2 in the similar plot of soil property.
(4) apply fertilizers scientifically.General mu is executed special fertilizer 40-50kg, phosphate fertilizer 30-40kg, potash fertilizer 10kg.70% of total fertilizing amount is made base manure, and 30% topdresses.
(5) transplant in good time.
(6) topdress in time and water.
(7) carry out integrated pest prevention and control.
(8) optimum period, pinches and smears wooden fork.
(9) ripe harvesting.
(10) three section type baking.
the comparison of ingredients of the tobacco leaf of 4: three kinds of implantation methods of embodiment
1. detect sample
1 kind of organic tobacco leaf of the crop rotation of planting of sample 1: embodiment;
2 kinds of common organic tobacco leaves of planting of sample 2: embodiment;
The common tobacco leaf of sample 3: embodiment 3 general plantings.
Below get respectively the tobacco leaf of upper, middle and lower.
2. detection method
The detection method of each chemical composition content is carried out (State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau's issue) according to following standard method:
The preparation of YC/T31-1996 tobacco and tobacco product sample and determination of moisture Oven Method;
The mensuration continuous flow method of YC/T160-2002 tobacco and tobacco product total alkaloid;
The mensuration continuous flow method of YC/T159-2002 tobacco and tobacco product water-soluble sugar (mensuration of water-soluble sugar comprises the mensuration of total reducing sugar and reducing sugar, and total reducing sugar is to measure by the assay method of reducing sugar after being hydrolyzed into monose in fact);
The mensuration continuous flow method of YC/T162-2011 tobacco and tobacco product chlorine;
The mensuration continuous flow method of YC/T217-2007 tobacco and tobacco product potassium.
3. testing result
As shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1: the comparison of the routine chemical components content of organic three kinds of tobacco samples
Conventionally this area thinks that the content of total reducing sugar and reducing sugar is high a bit relatively good;
Whether suitable standard is to judge nicotine content: bottom leaf 1.5%-2.0%, middle leaf 2.0%-2.8%, upper leaf 3.0%-3.5%.
As can be seen from Table 1:
1) tobacco leaf higher than common organic grow with the Water-soluble Total Sugar of organic tobacco leaf of this crop rotation plantation and content of reducing sugar, the farther common tobacco leaf higher than conventional method plantation;
2) the nicotine content optimum of organic tobacco leaf of planting with this crop rotation, organic nicotine content of tobacco leaves of common plantation is more suitable, and the common tobacco leaf nicotine of conventional method plantation is higher;
3) the common tobacco leaf difference of potassium and chlorinity and general planting is little.
In a word, the chemical composition content optimum of organic tobacco leaf of planting with this rotation method, harmony is best; The organic tobacco study on chemical compositions of leaves content of common plantation is more suitable, and harmony is better; The tobacco leaf chemical composition content of conventional method plantation is not suitable for, and harmony is general.
embodiment 5: the soil property comparison before and after crop rotation
1. detection method
Soil organic matter content: with quantitative potassium bichromate-sulfuric acid solution, under electrical heating condition, make the Organic oxidation in soil, ferrous sulfate standard liquid titration for remaining potassium bichromate, and take silica as actual blank demarcation of additive work, according to oxidation front and back oxidant quality difference, calculate organic carbon amount, be multiplied by again coefficient 1.724, be soil organic matter content.
The bulk density of soil: utilize the cutting ring of a constant volume to cut the not soil sample of the nature of stirring, soil sample is full of wherein, the oven-dried soil weight of unit of account volume after weighing.This law is applicable to general soil, inapplicable to hard and frangible soil.
Soil porosity: claim again cell size, mean the shared percentage in unit volume soil mesopore.General coarse texture soil porosity is lower, but coarse porosity is more, and fine textured suil is contrary.Reunite good soil and loose soil (unit weight is lower) porosity is higher, and the ratio in the former thickness hole is applicable to the growth of crop.The soil of grogs dispersion and consolidation, porosity is low and pinhole is more.Soil porosity is not generally directly measured, and can be calculated and be tried to achieve by soil particle density and unit weight.
2. testing result
As shown in table 2 below.
Table 2: the changes of soil properties before and after crop rotation
The content of organic matter increases by 73.8% before compared with crop rotation, and topsoil unit weight reduces by 11.3% before compared with crop rotation, and soil porosity increases by 8.9% before compared with crop rotation, and topsoil depth increases by 15.63% before compared with crop rotation.
Visible, method of the present invention has effectively improved soil water retention ventilation capacity and fertilizer-preserving ability, activates and increases soil fertility, and has improved soil physical and chemical property, promotes the movable and breeding of edaphon, and difficultly soluble nutrient in soil is fully transformed.
Although the specific embodiment of the present invention has obtained detailed description, it will be understood to those of skill in the art that.According to disclosed all instructions, can carry out various modifications and replacement to those details, these change all within protection scope of the present invention.Four corner of the present invention is provided by claims and any equivalent thereof.
Claims (11)
1. an alternating method, before being included in each plantation target crop, the step of take turns Planting Medicago sativa and purple potato, the plantation number of times of wherein said clover and purple potato is for once or repeatedly.
2. alternating method according to claim 1, described step of taking turns Planting Medicago sativa and purple potato is followed successively by Planting Medicago sativa, plants purple potato.
3. alternating method according to claim 1, described step of taking turns Planting Medicago sativa and purple potato is followed successively by Planting Medicago sativa, plants purple potato and then Planting Medicago sativa.
4. according to the alternating method described in any one in claims 1 to 3, wherein, described clover turns over and is embedded in soil after cutting.
5. according to the alternating method described in any one in claims 1 to 3, wherein, described target crop is solanaceous crops, is preferably tobacco or flue-cured tobacco.
6. alternating method according to claim 4, wherein, described target crop is turned over and is embedded in soil after at least 10 days, after at least 20 days or plantation afterwards at least 30 days after clover is cut.
7. a fertilizing method, its after clover claimed in claim 4 is cut, turn over and be embedded in soil in after, before target crop plantation, apply fertilizer; And preferred applying fertilizer for 3-14 days before target crop plantation; Preferred 5-10 days; More preferably 7 days.
8. fertilizing method according to claim 7, wherein, the position of described fertilising is field center line; Particularly, at field center line, slot; Particularly, slot dark 5 centimeters, wide 10 centimeters.
9. according to the fertilizing method described in claim 7 or 8, wherein, described fertilizer is military rattan formula biological organic fertilizer, and the amount of using is 100-150 kg/acre; Be preferably 120 kg/mu; Preferably, for disposable employed.
10. a crop-planting method, comprises the alternating method described in any one in claim 1 to 6, and/or the fertilizing method described in any one in claim 7 to 9; Particularly, described crop is solanaceous crops; More specifically, described crop is tobacco or flue-cured tobacco.
11. 1 kinds of methods of improving soil soil property, comprise the alternating method described in any one in claim 1 to 6, and/or the fertilizing method described in any one in claim 7 to 9.
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| CN104067796A (en) * | 2014-06-09 | 2014-10-01 | 山东临沂烟草有限公司沂水分公司 | Intercropping method for tobacco and sweet potatoes |
| CN104041277A (en) * | 2014-06-16 | 2014-09-17 | 云南省烟草公司曲靖市公司 | Crop rotation and no-tillage method for reducing chlorine ion content of tobacco leaves in field tobacco planting area |
| CN104926566A (en) * | 2015-06-13 | 2015-09-23 | 常州大学 | Method improving utilization rate of chemical fertilizers in soil to be adapted to growth of multiple crops |
| EP3827657A1 (en) * | 2019-11-27 | 2021-06-02 | Arie Nicolaas van den Berg | Method for prevention and/or reduction of pathogen borne infections, in particular by the tobrf virus, and for advancing and increasing fruit production in crop plants |
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