CN103596513A - 用于控制消融治疗的方法和装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了用于控制消融治疗的装置和方法。在一个实施例中,本发明提供了一种消融装置,所述消融装置包括细长本体,所述细长本体具有近端和远端、以及延伸通过其中的内部管腔。所述内部管腔可被构造以便在其中接收流体并将流体输送至所述细长本体的所述远端。所述装置还可包括消融元件,所述消融元件被定位在所述细长本体的远端处,所述消融元件被构造以便对周围组织进行加热,和被设置在所述内部管腔内与所述细长本体的远端相邻的位置处的加热器元件,所述加热器元件被构造以便对流动通过所述内部管腔的流体进行加热。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求于2011年4月12日申请的序号为61/474,574、题目为“消融导管的改进”的美国临时专利申请的优先权。本申请还分别与题目为“用于在流体增强型消融治疗中进行远程温度监控的装置和方法”的美国申请No. 13/445,034、“用于在流体增强型消融治疗中对流体进行加热的方法和装置”的美国申请No. 13/445,036、“用于对流体增强型消融装置使用除气流体的方法和装置No. 13/445,040”的美国申请、和“用于在流体增强型消融中塑造治疗的装置和方法”的美国申请No. 13/445,365相关,这些申请与本申请是同时申请的。这些申请中每个申请的整体披露内容被引用于此。
技术领域
本申请主要涉及消融(ablation)治疗的控制。更特别地,本申请涉及用于控制消融治疗的改进型装置和方法。
背景技术
用热能毁坏身体组织的方法可被应用于多种治疗过程中,这包括处理心律失常如房颤等。在这种治疗过程中,热能可通过多种能量形式被施加到致心律失常性心肌上,例如射频电能、微波或光波电磁能、或超声振动能。例如可通过将导管放置在心脏内并将被设置在该导管上的发射电极压靠在心壁上且使其位于导致产生心律失常的心肌区域附近的位置处的方式实现射频(RF)消融。高频电流可在彼此间隔紧密的发射电极之间流动或在发射电极与远离要被加热的组织的更大的共用电极之间流动进入组织内。所述能量可使心肌温度升高并导致出现坏死(例如温度高于约50℃)。
图1示出了现有技术的消融导管的一个实施例。导管100包括被设置在其上的多个感测电极,所述感测电极用于检测心脏中的电活性。可利用电活性的测量来检测致心律失常性组织并引导导管的放置。该导管还包括被设置在其远端上的较大电极或其他消融元件104,所述电极或消融元件有效地将射频电能传送进入心肌106内。在使用过程中,位于导管100的远端顶端上的电极104被置靠在心肌106的表面上的所需位置处,且电极随后被启动以便对组织进行加热。
现有技术中的消融导管存在一些缺点。例如,上述技术使得通常会在导管电极104与组织106之间的界面处或界面附近出现最大加热。例如,在射频消融中,最大加热会出现在紧邻着发射电极的组织中。此外,由于这些技术被越来越多地应用于具有更厚组织壁部的区域中,因此必须提高射频功率水平以便在组织内更深的深度处实现加热。这会导致在电极与组织之间的界面处出现甚至更高的加热水平。正如下文更详细地描述地那样,这些较高的加热水平会降低组织的导电率,进而防止能量被进一步传送进入组织内。此外,一定程度的加热水平会给病人带来危险的医学复杂性,这例如包括由于周围血液过热而产生血块凝结。
因此,仍需要用于控制消融治疗的改进型装置和方法。
发明内容
本发明主要提供了用于控制消融治疗的装置和方法。特别地,本文所述的装置和方法使得可对用于将消融能量发射进入组织内的消融元件的温度进行调节。通过控制所述消融元件的温度,可避免出现与组织过热相关联的不希望的效应。这进一步使得利用较少的消融能量就能对较大量的组织进行处理,由此减少给组织带来不希望的损伤的风险。
在一个方面中,本发明提供了一种消融装置,所述消融装置包括细长本体,所述细长本体具有近端和远端、以及延伸通过其中的内部管腔。所述装置进一步包括被定位在所述细长本体的远端处的消融元件,所述消融元件被构造以便对周围的组织进行加热。所述细长本体的所述内部管腔被构造以便在其中接收流体,从而使得所述流体流至所述细长本体的所述远端。所述装置进一步包括被设置在内部管腔内与其远端相邻的位置处的加热器元件。所述加热器元件可被构造以便对流动通过所述内部管腔的流体进行加热。
本文所述的装置和方法可具有多种变型和附加特征,所有这些都被 处于本发明的范围内。例如,在一些实施例中,所述细长本体和所述消融元件可以是非多孔的,从而防止流体流动通过其中。所述内部管腔可包括输送管腔以及返回管腔,从而使得流体可沿远端方向流动通过输送管腔到达所述远端,且随后沿近端方向流动通过所述返回管腔到达所述细长本体的所述近端。在其他实施例中,所述细长本体可包括穿过其侧壁且与其远端相邻地成形的一个或多个出口端口,所述出口端口被构造以便允许流体从所述内部管腔流出并流入周围的组织内。
在某些实施例中,所述装置可进一步包括温度传感器,所述温度传感器被设置在所述消融元件的远端上以便对消融元件与组织壁部之间的界面处的温度进行采样。在某些实施例中,所述温度传感器可凹进地位于消融元件内,从而使得其不会从其远端突出。在另外的实施例中,所述温度传感器可被设置在所述细长本体的所述内部管腔内并与所述消融元件接触。
在一些实施例中,所述装置可包括与所述内部管腔的所述远端相邻地被定位在所述加热器元件远端方向的位置处的不同温度传感器,以便对受到所述加热器元件加热的流体的温度进行取样。更进一步地,在一些实施例中,所述装置可包括被定位在所述内部管腔内位于所述加热器元件近端方向的位置处的温度传感器,以便对流动通过所述内部管腔的流体的温度进行取样。
所述加热器元件可具有多种形式。在一些实施例中,所述加热器元件可包括至少一根金属丝,所述金属丝延伸通过所述内部管腔且被构造以使射频(RF)电能穿过流动通过所述内部管腔的流体。在其他实施例中,所述加热器元件可以是被设置在所述内部管腔内的电阻元件。
在一些实施例中,所述消融元件可形成所述细长本体的钝的远端顶端,所述钝的远端顶端被构造以便与组织接触,但不会刺穿该组织。然而,在其他实施例中,所述消融元件可具有多种其他形状。
在另一方面中,提供了一种对组织进行消融的方法,所述方法包括对细长本体的钝的远端部分进行定位以使其与组织接触,并且通过消融元件将消融能量输送至该组织,同时在通过被设置在所述细长本体的远端部分中的加热器元件对所述流体进行加热的情况下将流体输送通过该细长本体。所述流体可被加热以便对所述消融元件提供给所述组织的消融治疗过程进行控制。
在一些实施例中,所述细长本体的所述钝的远端部分在被定位而与所述组织接触时并不刺穿该组织,而是接靠在所述组织的表面上。在其他实施例中,所述消融元件被定位在所述细长本体的该远端处,从而使得所述细长本体的所述远端被定位而与组织接触。
在其他实施例中,将流体输送通过所述细长本体的过程可包括使流体受力穿过被设置在所述细长本体内的内部管腔。在某些实施例中,所述加热器元件可被设置在所述内部管腔内。在又一些实施例中,所述方法可进一步包括接收在所述细长本体的近端处被输送通过所述细长本体的流体,从而例如使得所述流体循环通过所述细长本体而不会在所述细长本体的所述远端处流出。然而,在一些实施例中,被输送通过所述细长本体的所述流体可流动通过形成于所述消融元件中的一个或多个出口端口进入周围的组织或流体内。
在某些实施例中,所述方法可进一步包括利用被设置在所述细长本体的远端上的温度传感器检测与所述细长本体的所述钝的远端部分接触的所述组织的温度。然而,在其他实施例中,所述方法可包括利用被设置在所述加热器元件远端方向的温度传感器检测被输送通过所述细长本体的所述流体的温度。
附图说明
通过以下详细描述并结合附图将易于更充分地理解本发明的各个方面和实施例,其中:
图1是现有技术的消融装置的一个实施例的示图;
图2是曲线图,图中示出了图1所示现有技术的消融装置在组织中形成的温度曲线;
图3是曲线图,图中示出了在通过未被加热的流体进行冷却的情况下,现有技术的消融装置在组织中形成的温度曲线;
图4是曲线图,图中示出了在提高消融能量水平之后由图3所示装置在组织中形成的温度曲线;
图5是曲线图,图中示出了本发明的消融装置的一个实施例在组织中形成的温度曲线;
图6是具有闭路流型的消融元件的一个实施例的侧视图;和
图7是具有开路流型的消融元件的一个实施例的侧视图。
具体实施方式
现在将对特定的典型实施例进行描述,以使得所属领域技术人员能够整体理解本文披露的装置和方法的原则。附图示出了这些实施例的一个或多个实例。所属领域技术人员应该理解:本文特定描述和附图所示的装置和方法是非限制性典型实施例,且本发明的范围仅由权利要求书限定。与一个典型实施例相结合地图示或描述的特征可与其他实施例的特征相结合。这种变型和变化旨在被包括在本发明的范围内。
术语“a”和“an”可互换地使用,且与本申请中使用的术语“一个或多个(one or more)”是等效的。除非另有说明,否则术语“包括(comprising)”、“具有(having)”、“包括(including)”和“包含(containing)”应该被解释为开放性术语(即意味着“包括,但不限于(including, but not limited to)”)。任何数值或数值范围所使用的术语“约(about)”和“大约(approximately)”表示该数值或数值范围具有适当的大小容限,该容限使得元件的组成、部件或集合仍可发挥功能以实现本文所述的预期目的。这些术语通常表示围绕中心值存在±10%的变化范围。本文所述被联接的部件可被直接联接,或所述部件可经由一个或多个中间部件被间接联接。除非本文另有说明,否则本文所述数值的任何范围仅旨在用作单独描述了落入该范围内的每个独立的值的速记方法,且每个独立的值都以像被单独描述一样的方式被包括在本说明书中。除非本文另有说明或以其他方式与上下文的内容明显抵触,否则本文所述的所有方法都可以任何适当的次序实施。除非另有权利主张,否则本文提供的任何和所有实例或典型性描述(例如“例如(such as)”)仅旨在更好地说明本发明且并未限制本发明的范围。说明书中的任何语言都不应被解释为表示对于实施本发明来说很关键的任何未主张权利的元素。进一步地,除非明确指出,否则在本文的任何实施例结合使用术语“盐水”时,这种实施例并不限于仅使用“盐水”而不使用另一种流体。其他流体也可以相似的方式被典型性地使用。
如上文所述,使用与图1所示消融导管100相似的装置的常规消融技术会导致在消融元件如电极104与组织如心肌106的界面处出现组织的最大加热。使用这种装置可产生图2所示的温度曲线200,该曲线示出了温度(摄氏度)与距离组织表面的深度(mm)的函数关系。如图所示,消融导管100可在1mm深的组织中形成经过治疗性处理的病变。即,被加热至高于50℃的温度所达到的组织深度为1mm。50℃的温度在本文被用作典型阈值以便确定组织的特定体积空间何时实现了治疗性处理,即已经达到组织导致组织内产生坏死的热剂量(参见Nath, S. and Haines, D. E., Prog. Card. Dis. 37(4): 185-205 (1995) (Nath et al.))。但该温度值仅是示例性的,这是因为文献中有多种不同的方法来确定提供的热剂量,任何所述方法都可为本发明的方法和装置所用。
返回参见图2,现有技术的消融导管100所产生的较浅的处理深度通常仅对于浅层致心律失常性组织是有效的,或者例如在心壁非常薄(例如较薄的心房壁)的心脏区域中是有效的。由于消融技术越来越多地用于房颤和其他心脏状况的处理过程中,因此消融治疗已被用于组织壁厚得多的区域中。用于增加消融导管所能够加热的深度的一种方法是对消融元件如电极104的表面进行冷却。为此可沿消融导管向下泵送流体以便与被设置而与导管的远端相邻的消融元件接触。在一些情况下,该流体可与消融元件的后表面接触并沿导管本体向上返回。然而,在其他情况下,流体可通过形成于消融元件本身中的一个或多个端口或孔隙流出消融导管。
在任一种情况下,流体(如盐水)可在室温下被引入消融导管内且通常随着流体朝向导管的远端移动通过本体而被周围的血液加热至接近体温的温度。所述流动的体温流体可对消融元件进行冷却并将所述消融元件的温度限制在大约体温的温度,或37℃。
图3示出了这种装置形成的典型温度曲线。如曲线300所示,使消融元件与体温流体接触能够有效地减轻在消融元件与组织壁之间的界面处出现的加热。然而,这种冷却还会产生这样的效应:整个加热场的温度被降低至使消融治疗的有效性受损,即仅有很少一部分组织被加热至高于50℃的所需温度。该效应也会出现在心脏(或其他器官)的这样的区域中,在这些区域中,移动经过处理位点的血液会导致血管或动脉产生有效的局部冷却。例如,在房颤中,可能有必要在冠状窦附近实施消融,且该区域中大量的血流会有效地冷却任何消融装置所形成的加热场。
为了补偿这种冷却效应,可提高用于加热组织的射频功率水平。提高射频功率水平并结合对消融元件的冷却可例如产生图4所示的温度曲线400。提高功率的正面效应在于增加了治疗性处理的深度(例如治疗性处理的深度增加至2mm),但同时也会在组织内产生更高的最大温度。此外,消融元件的冷却会导致最大温度的位置向组织内位移。由于其位置更深,因此不再能够直接观察该最大温度,这使得难以对射频加热量与流体提供的冷却量之间的平衡进行控制。在这种情况下,组织内的温度在一些位置处会超过100℃。组织在超过100℃时会脱水或变干并产生过热。这会产生炭化并导致组织的阻抗升高。随着阻抗的升高,组织中能够经过的电能的量会下降。因此,阻抗升高会有效地阻止任何进一步的消融治疗,这是因为能量不再更深地传递进入组织内。更进一步地,这种高温还可导致组织中的任何流体产生超热。在一些实例中,阻抗峰—或者超热流体向蒸汽所产生的激增性阶段变化—会出现。这些小的激增会导致在组织壁中产生损伤且可能导致产生严重的医学复杂性(例如导致在心壁中产生穿孔等)。
为了解决这些问题,本文提供的方法和装置能够控制消融元件的温度和功率水平从而由此防止出现不希望的温度尖峰,同时保持消融治疗过程中形成的处理病变的深度。图5示出了利用本文所述的方法和装置所能够实现的典型温度曲线500。在一个实施例中,加热元件可被实施在消融装置中以便以受控且所需的温度下对消融元件进行冷却。可选择流体的温度以使得消融元件被冷却至低于约100℃的温度。更优选地,流体可被冷却至介于约20℃与100℃之间的温度。更进一步优选地,流体可被冷却至介于37℃与100℃之间的温度。
例如且如图所示,消融元件可被冷却至约60℃的温度。将消融元件的温度调节至该水平不仅可防止由于加热至高于100℃的温度而导致脱水和阻抗升高,而且还使得可在更低的射频功率水平下进行更深的治疗性加热。例如,曲线500表明可将深度为5mm的组织加热至高于50℃的温度,且组织温度不会上升到高于约80℃。尽管60℃被认为是典型温度,但37℃与100℃之间的任何温度都是可选择的。例如,可选择40、50、60、70、80、或90℃的温度。所属领域技术人员可在流体温度(由于流动的流体会将消融元件冷却至大约相同的温度,因此所述流体的温度可接近消融元件温度)的选择与射频功率水平的选择之间进行协调平衡,以便在组织的任何部分都不会被加热至高于100℃的情况下形成所需深度的处理病变。
可采用多种不同的装置和方法以便将冷却流体加热至所需温度。图6示出了消融装置600的一个实施例。装置600包括细长本体,所述细长本体可以是刚性或柔性的且可由多种具有生物相容性的材料形成。例如,细长本体602可以是柔性导管本体,或者可以是被设置在导管的远端处的刚性本体以便用于将细长本体引导至处理位点。细长本体602还可包括延伸通过其中的内部管腔604,所述内部管腔可被构造以便为流动通过细长本体的流体提供通路。进一步地,细长本体的特定尺寸可取决于多种因素,这包括要被处理的组织的类型和位置等。以下描述仅是示例性的:在一个实施例中,可使用非常小的细长本体进出病人的心脏。在这种实施例中,具有适当尺寸的细长本体可例如为直径为约8Fr(French)(“French”是导管工业领域用来描述导管尺寸的度量单位,是单位为mm的导管直径的三倍)的导管。细长本体可由传导材料形成,从而使得该细长本体可沿其长度将电能传导至被设置在其上的消融元件。另一种可选方式是,细长本体可由绝缘材料形成或涂覆有绝缘材料且可通过沿细长本体或在细长本体内行进的电连接装置在被联接至所述细长本体的任何部件之间实现任何电连通。
细长本体602还可包括沿其长度被设置在与其远端相邻的位置处的消融元件606,如图所示,在一些实施例中,消融元件606可被定位在细长本体602的远端处。消融元件606可由适于传导电流的多种材料形成。可使用任何金属或金属盐。除了不锈钢以外,典型的金属包括铂、金或银,且典型的金属盐包括银/氯化银。在一个实施例中,电极可由银/氯化银形成。正如所属领域技术人员已公知地那样,金属电极呈现出不同于周围组织和/或液体的电压电位。通过该电压差施加电流会导致在电极/组织的界面处出现能量消耗,这会加重电极周围组织的过热情况。使用金属盐如银/氯化银的一个优点在于:其具有较高的交换电流密度。因此,仅仅较小的电压降就会使大量电流通过这种电极进入组织内,由此将该界面处的能量消耗降至最低限度。因此,由金属盐如银/氯化银形成的电极会减轻在组织界面处产生过量能量的情况并由此产生更希望的治疗温度曲线,即使电极周围没有液体流时也是如此。
在一些实施例中,消融元件606可被设置在细长本体602的远端处。消融元件606可具有多种形状,但在一些实施例中,所述消融元件可被成形以便形成装置600的钝的远端顶端。因而,消融元件606可被构造以便压靠在组织壁上或被定位在与所述组织壁相邻的位置处,而并不刺入所述组织壁内。此外,消融元件606可由非多孔材料形成,或者在一些实施例中,消融元件606可具有在其上形成的一个或多个出口端口或孔隙,以便在内部管腔与组织和/或消融元件周围的流体之间提供流体连通。
在一些实施例中,细长本体602的内部管腔可包括输送管腔608,所述输送管腔被构造以便为流体流提供从近端流至远端的通路,且所述内部管腔可包括返回管腔,所述返回管腔由介于输送管腔608与内部管腔604的内壁之间的环形空间形成。返回管腔可被构造以便在其远端处接收流体并将流体输送回细长本体602的近端。这使得流体可循环通过细长本体,而无需将流体释放至周围的组织。与细长本体602相似地,输送管腔608可由多种材料形成,所述材料是刚性的、柔性的、聚合物、金属、传导性的或绝缘性的。进一步地,输送管腔608可被定位在细长本体602的内部管腔604内,从而使得输送管腔不会相对于细长本体移动,或可允许在细长本体602内自由地漂浮。在一些实施例中,输送管腔608可以是被设置在细长本体的内部管腔内的中空管道。此外,在某些实施例中,返回管腔可以是被设置在细长本体的内部管腔604内的独立的中空管道。
在一些实施例中,输送管腔608可罩住加热组件或加热器元件612,所述加热组件或加热器元件被设置在与输送管腔的远端相邻的位置处且被构造以便对流动通过输送管腔的流体进行加热。加热组件612可被连接至供电装置和控制器,所述供电装置和控制器被联接至细长本体602的近端。可使用多个加热组件以便对流动通过输送管腔608的流体进行加热,这包括授权给Curley等的美国专利No. 6,328,725和与本申请同时申请的题目为“用于在流体增强型消融治疗过程中加热流体的方法和装置”的美国专利申请No. 13/445,036中描述的那些加热组件。这些参考文献中的每个参考文献的整体披露内容在此作为参考被引用。例如,加热器元件612可以是被设置在输送管腔608内的电阻线圈。然而,在其他实施例中,由一根或多根金属丝形成的加热组件612悬挂在输送管腔608中,所述金属丝可用于使射频电能通过该流动通过输送管腔的流体,由此在流体的固有电阻率的作用下对所述流体进行加热。
在某些实施例中,输送管腔608还可罩住温度传感器,所述温度传感器被构造以便在流动通过输送管腔608的流体受到加热组件612的加热之后检测所述流体的温度。为此原因,在一些实施例中,温度传感器614可被定位在加热组件612的远端,且可与加热组件分开足够的距离以便允许流体在通过加热组件之后进行混合(所述距离例如为约1mm)。温度传感器614可具有多种形式,且在一些实施例中,可以是细金属丝热电偶。温度传感器614可被连接至控制器,所述控制器可利用所检测到的流体温度对加热组件612进行调节。
在使用过程中,流体(如盐水)可从输送管腔608的近端被泵送通过所述输送管腔而到达被定位在与消融元件606相邻的位置处的远端。流体可经过该加热组件612并被加热至所需温度,例如低于100℃的任何温度,或者介于约40℃与约90℃之间、或介于约50℃与约80℃之间、或介于约60℃与约70℃之间的任何温度。在一些实施例中,附加的温度传感器(未示出)可被定位在输送管腔608中位于加热组件612的近端方向的位置处,以便确定流动通过输送管腔608的流体的初始温度(且由此确定加热组件612所需的功率输出)。在被加热组件612加热之后,流体可进行混合并在与消融元件相邻的细长本体602的远端附近离开该输送管腔608。如流向箭头616所示,流体可与消融元件的内表面接触并随后朝向细长本体602的近端被引导回来而穿过返回管腔。流体的移动可通过对流的方式使热量远离消融元件606,由此调节其温度。在流速足够大的情况下,消融元件606可被调节至与离开输送管腔608的流体相同的温度。
为了证实温度调节的有效性,装置600还可包括被设置在装置600的远端上的外部温度传感器618。在一些实施例中,温度传感器618可凹进在消融元件606内,从而使得其不会从其远端突出。在消融元件606由金属或其他导热材料形成的其他实施例中,温度传感器618可被定位在内部管腔604内部而与消融元件606的近端表面接触。无论位于哪个位置处,温度传感器618都可被构造以便检测消融元件606与组织表面620之间的界面处的温度。检测该位置处的温度可证实消融元件606被冷却至从输送管腔608流动出来的流体的温度。
图7示出了消融元件的另一实施例,所述装置具有开路流型,这与图6A所示的闭路流型是相反的。如图所示,装置700可包括与图6所示装置相同的多个部件。例如,装置700可包括细长本体602,所述细长本体具有内部管腔604、输送管腔608,所述输送管腔被设置在内部管腔604内且具有其自己的内部管腔610、加热组件612和被罩在内部管腔610内的温度传感器614,且在一些实施例中,所述细长本体还具有一个或多个附加的温度传感器618。
装置700与装置600的不同之处在于其包括消融元件702,所述消融元件具有形成于其中的多个出口端口或孔隙,所述出口端口或孔隙在消融元件的内表面与外表面之间连通。结果是,当流体被引入与消融元件702相邻的内部管腔604内时,该流体可流动通过消融元件702并进入装置700周围的体腔内。由此产生的开路流型如流向箭头704所示。作为开路流型的结果,在一些实施例中,装置700可移除独立的输送管腔608并简单地将流体沿单个方向泵送通过细长本体602的内部管腔604。在这种实施例中,加热组件和任何温度传感器可被设置在细长本体602的内部管腔604内。
图6和图7所示的装置可都用于实施消融治疗,且防止了组织的过热,同时与以前所可能实现的深度相比,所述装置能够在更深的深度处产生治疗性处理。然而,在一些实施例中,可优选使用闭路装置600而不是开路装置700。例如,在从输送管腔608被引入的流体的温度足够高的实施例中,可能不希望使流体可流入下游或消融装置周围的组织,这是因为该温度在一些情况下会损伤组织或导致形成血液凝块。因此,可希望在装置的近端处收集经过加热的流体,而不是将该流体引入病人身体内。然而,这也会根据处理位点的位置和特定解剖学特征而产生改变。例如,具有较高血流的区域就能够消散高温流体带来的热量,而不会带来医学上的复杂性。
上述装置可用于需要对身体内的组织进行消融的多种过程中。例如,本文披露的装置和方法可特别适用于心脏消融术中。用于处理房颤和房扑的手术过程,如Maze手术,通常需要在组织壁部具有可变厚度的位置处对大量心脏解剖学特征进行消融。本发明的方法和装置使得手术者能够在最小的射频功率水平下对多种几何形状的组织进行消融,而不会在任何深度处产生过热。例如,在对心肌的更厚的壁部进行消融的过程中,与装置600相似的装置可构造以便经由穿过该组织的一个或多个层所形成的出入用端口或其他开口或者经由自然孔口(即经由内窥镜)被引入病人内。该装置可随后被直接输送至身体内的任何处理位点,或利用身体内的现有通路被输送(例如使装置通过病人的血管进入心脏内)。一旦位于所需处理位点附近,则可在感测电极或其他定位仪器的辅助作用下对装置的消融元件进行定位,且消融元件的远端顶端可被压靠在组织上的特定位置处。进一步地,在许多实施例中,细长本体和/或消融元件可具有钝的远端,从而使得细长本体和/或消融元件可被压靠在组织壁部上,而并不穿透该组织。在进行了定位之后,射频能量可被输送进入组织壁部内,同时流体被输送通过细长本体,例如通过输送管腔。所述流体可由被定位在细长本体的远端部分中,例如被定位在输送管腔的远端部分内,的加热组件加热。流体可与消融元件接触且流动通过形成于消融元件中的端口或者回流至细长构件的近端以便通过对流方式使热量远离消融元件。输送经过加热的流体可有效地调节消融元件的温度以便与所述经过加热的流体的温度相匹配。受到控制且升高的运行温度使得可利用高效的射频功率水平实施消融治疗,且可避免将组织加热至超过阈值水平如100℃的温度。
上述典型实施例描述了对心脏组织的处理。尽管这是一种预期用途,但本发明的方法和装置同样适用于病人身体的其他区域中。因而,本文所述的装置可被成形为多种尺寸且可由适用于病人身体的多个区域中的材料形成。
此外,所属领域技术人员应该意识到:导致在目标组织内产生足以摧毁该组织的过热的加热机理还包括其他形式的能量。超声振动能量已知地会被组织吸收并转化成热量,正如微波和光波电磁能那样。其他实施例会采用超声换能器、微波天线或光波扩散器作为被设置在细长本体远端中的发射器。光波电磁能会落入横跨可见光、近红外光、红外光和远红外光的光谱范围内,且可由灯丝、弧光灯、多种形式的激光器(例如二极管、半导体或泵)或由其他手段产生。相似地,细长本体的远端可适于包括加热机构,如电阻性金属丝以便通过传导对组织进行加热。无论使用哪种消融元件,将经过加热的液体注入组织内邻近这些消融元件中的任何消融元件的位置处都将改善每个装置对较大体积的组织进行加热的能力。因此,本文披露的加热组件可适用于使用这些其他可选消融能量源中的任何消融能量源的装置。所属领域技术人员还认识到:输送装置可以是任何标准的医疗输送装置,这取决于要被处理的组织。其他可选的实施例可包括金属或非金属针、鞘套或引导器。
本文披露的装置可被设计以便在一次性使用之后即被丢弃,或者其可被设计成多次使用。然而,在任一种情况下,该装置可被重新调节以便在至少一次使用之后再次使用。重新调节可包括以下步骤的任意组合:拆开该装置、随后清洗或更换特定零部件、并随后再次组装。特别是,该装置可被拆开,且该装置的特定零部件或零件中的任意多种的零部件或零件可以任何组合方式被选择性地更换或移除。在清洗和/或更换特定零部件时,可在重新调节设施中或者由外科手术团队在就要进行外科手术过程之前对该装置进行重新组装以便随后使用。所属领域技术人员应该意识到:可利用多种用于拆卸、清洗/更换和重新组装的技术对装置进行重新调节。利用这种技术和由此经过重新调节的装置都处在本发明的范围内。
例如,本文披露的装置可被部分地或完全地拆开。特别是,图6所示医疗装置600的细长本体602可从任何控制柄部或其他连接部件上被拆下,或该细长本体602可与消融元件和/或延伸通过其中的任何输送管腔分开。相似地,加热组件或元件612和温度传感器614可与输送管腔608和/或细长本体602分开以便进行清洗和/或更换。这些仅仅是典型的拆卸步骤,装置的任何部件都可被构造以便与装置分开从而进行清洗和/或更换。
优选地,本文披露的装置将在手术之前被处理。首先,新的或使用过的仪器可被设置并被清洗(如果需要的话)。随后可对该仪器进行杀菌。在一种杀菌技术中,该仪器被放置在封闭且密封的容器中,如塑料或特卫强(TYVEK)袋中。容器及其容纳物可随后被放置在辐射场中,所述辐射场可穿透该容器,例如为γ辐射、x射线或高能电子。该辐射可杀灭仪器上和容器中的细菌。经过杀菌的仪器随后可被贮存在无菌容器中。该密封的容器可保持仪器的无菌状态直至其在医疗设施中被打开。
在多个实施例中,该装置优选是经过杀菌的。这可通过所属领域技术人员已公知的任意多种方式实施,这包括β辐射或γ辐射、环氧乙烷、蒸汽和液体浴(例如冷浸)。在某些实施例中,例如细长本体等的部件所选用的材料可能无法承受某些形式的灭菌,如γ辐射。在这种情况下,可使用其他可选的适当灭菌形式,如环氧乙烷。
本文所引用的所有出版物和参考文献的整体内容在此作为参考被明确地引用。基于上述实施例,所属领域技术人员应该意识到本发明进一步的特征和优点。因此,除了所附权利要求书以外,本发明并不受到特定图示和描述的内容的限制。
Claims (18)
1. 一种消融装置,所述消融装置包括:
细长本体,所述细长本体具有近端和远端、以及延伸通过其中的内部管腔,所述内部管腔被构造以便在其中接收流体并将流体输送至所述细长本体的所述远端;
消融元件,所述消融元件被定位在所述细长本体的所述远端处,所述消融元件被构造以便对周围组织进行加热;和
被设置在所述内部管腔内与所述细长本体的所述远端相邻的位置处的加热器元件,所述加热器元件被构造以便对流动通过所述内部管腔的流体进行加热。
2. 根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述内部管腔包括输送管腔和返回管腔,所述输送管腔被构造以便将流体从所述细长本体的所述近端输送至所述远端,所述返回管腔被构造以便接收被输送至所述细长本体的所述远端的流体且使所述流体返回所述细长本体的所述近端。
3. 根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述细长本体包括穿过其侧壁且与其远端相邻地成形的一个或多个出口端口,所述出口端口被构造以便允许流体从所述内部管腔流出并流入周围的组织内。
4. 根据权利要求1所述的装置,进一步包括温度传感器,所述温度传感器被设置在所述消融元件的远端上。
5. 根据权利要求1所述的装置,进一步包括温度传感器,所述温度传感器被设置在所述细长本体的所述内部管腔内并与所述消融元件接触。
6. 根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述加热器元件包括至少一根金属丝,所述至少一根金属丝延伸通过所述内部管腔且被构造以使射频电能穿过流动通过所述内部管腔的流体。
7. 根据权利要求1所述的装置,其中所述消融元件形成所述细长本体的钝的远端顶端,所述钝的远端顶端被构造以便与组织接触,但不会刺穿该组织。
8. 根据权利要求1所述的装置,进一步包括温度传感器,所述温度传感器与所述内部管腔的所述远端相邻地被定位在所述加热器元件远端方向的位置处。
9. 一种对组织进行消融的方法,所述方法包括:
对细长本体的钝的远端部分进行定位以使其与组织接触;
通过位于所述细长本体的所述钝的远端部分上的消融元件将消融能量输送至该组织,同时在通过被设置在所述细长本体的远端部分中的加热器元件对所述流体进行加热的情况下将流体输送通过该细长本体。
10. 根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述流体被加热至高于至少约20℃的温度。
11. 根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述细长本体的所述钝的远端部分并不刺穿所述组织。
12. 根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述消融元件被定位在所述细长本体的所述远端处且与所述组织相邻。
13. 根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中将流体输送通过所述细长本体的步骤包括将流体输送通过被设置在所述细长本体内的内部管腔的步骤。
14. 根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中所述加热器元件被设置在所述内部管腔内以便对所述流体进行加热。
15. 根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述流体循环通过所述细长本体且在所述细长本体的近端处被接收返回。
16. 根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中被输送通过所述细长本体的所述流体流动通过形成于所述消融元件中的一个或多个出口端口。
17. 根据权利要求9所述的方法,进一步包括利用被设置在所述细长本体的远端上的温度传感器检测与所述细长本体的所述钝的远端部分接触的所述组织的温度。
18. 根据权利要求9所述的方法,进一步包括利用被设置在所述加热器元件远端方向的温度传感器检测被输送通过所述细长本体的所述流体的温度。
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