CN103477045A - 内燃机的排气净化装置 - Google Patents
内燃机的排气净化装置 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明的内燃机的排气净化装置,具备配置于内燃机的排气路径,吸藏或还原排气中的NOx的NOx吸藏还原催化剂(161、162)。NOx吸藏还原催化剂(161、162)具备形成于排气流通的小室的内壁面,具有作为催化剂的功能的涂层。涂层被形成为,排气气流的上游侧的NOx吸藏还原催化剂(161)的涂层的厚度比下游侧的NOx吸藏还原催化剂(162)的涂层的厚度薄。通过该构成,NOx吸藏还原催化剂(161、162)的硫中毒得到抑制,能维持高的NOx净化率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及内燃机的排气净化装置,特别地涉及具备NOx吸藏还原催化剂和NOx选择还原催化剂的内燃机的排气净化装置。
背景技术
例如,专利文献1公开了一种NOx还原除去用的催化装置。专利文献1的催化装置,是以燃料中的HC为还原剂来还原除去NOx的。该催化装置在内部具有小室(cell)尺寸不同的2个催化剂。2个催化剂,使小室尺寸大的催化剂处于上游侧而串联(直列)地相邻配置。
另外,以往已知:三元催化剂(TWC)、NOx吸藏还原催化剂(NSR催化剂)、以及NOx选择还原催化剂(SCR催化剂)从内燃机的排气通路的上游侧按该顺序配置的排气净化系统。通过执行气缸列控制(bankcontrol)或燃料过量供给(rich spike),在三元催化剂以及NSR催化剂中生成氨(NH3),所生成的氨(NH3)被向SCR催化剂供给。在SCR催化剂中,使用所供给的氨(NH3),选择性地还原流入的NOx。这样的系统以通过将没有被三元催化剂以及NSR催化剂除去而残留的NOx进一步由SCR催化剂除去,来提高对NOx的净化性能为目的。
在先技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开平10-205325号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2001-079405号公报
专利文献3:日本特开2010-265802号公报
专利文献4:日本特开2003-245523号公报
发明内容
可是,NSR催化剂,存在容易发生由于燃料中所含的硫分而使其催化性能降低的所谓的硫中毒的倾向。当NSR催化剂的NOx净化性能降低时,会引起不能将排出到下游侧的NOx在SCR催化剂中彻底净化的状态。因此,在使用NSR催化剂和SCR催化剂的净化系统中,也希望抑制NSR催化剂的硫中毒。
在该点上,上述以往技术的催化装置,以通过使上游侧的小室尺寸为大的尺寸,确保向HC-SCR催化剂整体的排气(废气)流,提高净化性能为目的。因此,上述以往技术丝毫无助于抑制NSR催化剂的硫中毒。
本发明是为了解决上述的课题而作的,其目的是提供进行了改良使得能够抑制NSR催化剂的硫中毒、并且维持高的NOx净化率的排气净化装置。
本发明为了达到上述目的,提供一种内燃机的排气净化装置,其具备:配置于内燃机的排气路径,吸藏或还原排气中的NOx的NOx吸藏还原催化剂。NOx吸藏还原催化剂具备形成于排气流通的小室的内壁面,具有作为催化剂的功能的涂层。排气气流的上游侧的涂层的厚度比下游侧的涂层的厚度薄。
在本发明中,排气净化装置具备至少两个NOx吸藏还原催化剂,这些NOx吸藏还原催化剂可以设为相对于排气气流串联地连接。该情况下,使配置于上游侧的NOx吸藏还原催化剂的涂层的厚度,比下游侧的NOx吸藏还原催化剂的涂层的厚度薄。
在本发明中,NOx吸藏还原催化剂可以设为具有被分成上游侧和下游侧的相邻的至少两个区域。该情况下,使每一个区域中的涂层的厚度均匀,并且,这些区域之中的上游侧的区域的涂层的厚度比下游侧的区域的涂层的厚度薄。
在本发明中,NOx吸藏还原催化剂可以被形成为,在该NOx吸藏还原催化剂内部,涂层的厚度随着趋向下游侧而变薄。
在本发明中,涂层可以设为包含Rh或Pd的涂层,另外,也可以设为包含Al2O3的涂层。
根据本发明,将NOx吸藏还原催化剂的小室内壁面的涂层设为上游侧的涂层的厚度比下游侧的涂层的厚度薄。在此,NOx吸藏催化剂,有涂层的厚度越厚,就越容易纳入硫成分,越容易引起硫中毒的倾向,另一方面,有涂层的厚度越薄,催化剂的净化性能就越低的倾向。根据本发明,通过在容易纳入硫成分的上游侧配置涂层薄的部分,抑制了硫中毒,另一方面,通过在难以纳入硫成分的下游侧配置涂层厚的部分,确保了净化性能较高。也就是说,根据本发明的排气净化装置,能够抑制硫中毒所致的净化性能的降低,确保高的净化性能。
附图说明
图1是用于说明本发明的实施方式中的系统的总体构成的图。
图2是用于说明NSR催化剂的吸藏机理的图。
图3是用于说明正常地发挥功能的净化系统的NOx净化率的图。
图4是用于说明引起硫中毒的情况的NSR催化剂的吸附机理的图。
图5是用于说明NSR催化剂发生硫中毒的情况下的NOx净化率的图。
图6是用于说明本发明的实施方式的净化系统中的其他的NSR催化剂的例子的模式图。
具体实施方式
以下基于附图对本发明的实施方式进行说明。另外,在各图中共同的要素附带相同的标记,省略重复的说明。另外,本发明并不被以下的实施方式限定。
实施方式1.
[实施方式1的系统的总体构成]
图1是用于说明本发明的实施方式的系统的总体构成的图。如图1所示,本实施方式的系统具备内燃机10。内燃机10的各气缸连通着排气通路12。排气通路12中配置有作为三元催化剂的起始催化剂(start catalyst)(以下称为「SC」)14。
在排气通路12的、SC14下游,配置有NOx吸藏还原催化剂(以下也称为「NSR催化剂」)16。NSR催化剂16由2个NSR催化剂161、162构成,两NSR催化剂161、162串联地连结着。在NSR催化剂16下游配置有NOx选择还原催化剂(以下也称为「SCR催化剂」)18。
在此,在NSR催化剂161、162中,排气通过的多个小室的内壁面由作为催化剂发挥功能的涂层被覆着。各NSR催化剂161、162的涂层,是包含铂(Pt)的Pt层、包含铑(Rh)和钯(Pd)的Rh-Pd层、和下层的包含氧化铝(Al2O3)的Al2O3层从表面按顺序层叠而构成。构成两NSR催化剂161、162的各层中含有作为碱基的Ba、Li、K,它们作为吸藏材料发挥功能。
上游的NSR催化剂161的涂层的厚度为240g/L。另一方面,下游的NSR催化剂162的涂层的厚度为270g/L。即,上游侧的NSR催化剂161的涂层比NSR催化剂162的涂层薄。
[各催化剂的功能]
在该系统中,内燃机10,在空燃比为浓的情况下容易排出HC以及CO。另外,在空燃比为稀的情况下容易排出NOx。SC14在稀气氛下吸附氧(O2)并且将NOx还原(净化成N2)。另一方面,在浓气氛下放出氧并且将HC以及CO氧化(净化成H2O、CO2)。另外,在浓气氛下,由于排气中所含的氮和氢、或者HC和NOx进行反应而生成氨(NH3)。
NSR催化剂16,在稀气氛下吸藏排气中所含的NOx。另外,NSR催化剂16,在浓气氛下放出所吸藏的NOx。在浓气氛下放出的NOx,被HC、CO还原。此时,与SC14的情况同样地,在NSR催化剂16中也生成NH3。
SCR催化剂18,作为Cu系沸石催化剂而构成,SC14以及NSR催化剂16具有下述功能:在浓气氛下吸藏所生成的NH3,在稀气氛下以NH3为还原剂,选择性地还原排气中的NOx。通过SCR催化剂18能够有效阻止吹排到NSR催化剂16的下游的NH3以及NOx向大气中放出的事态。
[关于NSR催化剂的硫中毒]
可是,以往的NSR催化剂,容易因燃料中所含的硫成分而中毒(以下称为「硫中毒」),其结果,有容易引起净化性能降低的倾向。图2是用于说明NSR催化剂正常地发挥功能的情况的、稀气氛下的NSR催化剂的吸藏机理的模式图。图3是用于说明具有NSR催化剂和SCR催化剂的净化系统正常地发挥功能的情况的净化率的图。在图3中,横轴表示负荷,纵轴表示NOx净化率(%)。另外,在图3中,(a)线表示从NSR催化剂排出的排气的净化率,(b)线表示其后流入SCR催化剂并从SCR催化剂排出的排气的NOx净化率。
如图2所示,在NSR催化剂正常地发挥功能的状态下,氧和NO被纳入到铂催化剂中,NO3被吸藏材料吸藏。这样,在NSR催化剂正常地发挥功能的情况下,排气以比较高的NOx净化率被净化(参照图3的(a)线)。该排气向SCR催化剂流入,并在SCR催化剂中以高的净化率被净化(参照图3的(b)线)。从图3确认到,在正常地发挥功能的情况下,该净化系统能够确保针对NOx的非常高的净化精度。
图4是用于说明NSR催化剂发生硫中毒的情况的、稀气氛下的NSR催化剂的吸藏机理的模式图。图5是用于说明NSR催化剂发生硫中毒的情况的、具有NSR催化剂和SCR催化剂的净化系统的净化率的图。在图5中,横轴表示负荷,纵轴表示NOx净化率(%)。另外,在图5中,(c)线表示从NSR催化剂排出的排气的净化率,(d)线表示其后流入SCR催化剂并从SCR催化剂排出的排气的净化率。
在NSR催化剂中,作为排气中的硫成分的SO2,比NOx容易反应。因此,如图4所示,SO2更多地与O2反应变为SO4,并被吸藏材料吸藏。由此,NSR催化剂成为已硫中毒的状态。在该状态下,NOx难以被吸藏,NSR催化剂的净化性能降低(参照图5的(c)线)。其结果,大量的NOx被排出到下游的SCR催化剂中。在NOx的排出量多的情况下,只凭下游的SCR催化剂并不能捕集该NOx,排气中会残留NOx。从图5可知,在NSR催化剂的NOx净化性能降低了的情况下,即使作为净化系统整体也不能确保高的净化性能。
[关于本实施方式中的NSR催化剂的用于抑制硫中毒的构成]
在本实施方式的净化系统中,NSR催化剂16被构成为,抑制如上所述的NSR催化剂的硫中毒。如上所述,NSR催化剂16由上游的NSR催化剂161和下游的NSR催化剂162构成,且被构成为上游的NSR催化剂161和下游的NSR催化剂162的小室表面的涂层的厚度不同。
在此,硫成分有在催化剂的涂层厚的情况下容易附着,当变薄时变得难以附着的倾向。另外,对于已附着的硫成分,在涂层厚的情况下有难以脱离的倾向,但当涂层变薄时有容易脱离的倾向。也就是说,可以认为,NSR催化剂在涂层厚的情况下容易发生硫中毒,在涂层薄时难以发生硫中毒。
另一方面,可以认为,当涂层变薄时,NSR催化剂的NOx的净化性能降低。也就是说,为了维持NSR催化剂的净化性能较高,需要某种程度的涂层的厚度。另外,进而有硫成分从上游侧附着,难以到达下游侧的倾向。
综上所述,在本实施方式中,将上游的NSR催化剂161的涂层设为较薄,将下游的NSR催化剂162的涂层设为较厚。也就是说,在本实施方式的净化系统中,在容易发生硫中毒的上游侧,配置硫成分难以附着、并且容易将所附着的硫成分脱离的薄的涂层的NSR催化剂161。另一方面,在难以发生硫中毒的下游侧,相反地,配置具有催化剂净化性能高的厚的涂层的NSR催化剂162。由此,作为NSR催化剂16整体,能够抑制由硫中毒所致的净化性能的降低,能够维持净化系统整体的净化性能较高。
再者,在本实施方式中,对于涂层是Pt层、Rh-Pd层、作为下层的预涂层的Al2O3层按顺序层叠而构成的情况进行了说明。但是,在本发明中,涂层并不限于该构成。例如涂层可以是不包含Al2O3层,只由Pt层和Rh-Pd层形成的涂层、使用含有Ti的层的涂层。不论是使用哪个涂层的情况,通过将上游侧的NSR催化剂的涂层设为较薄,将下游侧的NSR催化剂的涂层设为较厚,都能够抑制由硫中毒所致的影响,确保高的净化性能。
另外,在本实施方式中,对于将上游的NSR催化剂161的涂层设为240g/L、下游的NSR催化剂162的涂层设为270g/L的情况进行了说明。但是,在本发明中,涂层的厚度并不限于此,是根据所要求的净化率等来适当设定的。
另外,在本实施方式中,对于作为NSR催化剂16,在上游、下游串联地配置2个NSR催化剂161、162的情况进行了说明。但是,在本发明中,NSR催化剂并不限于此。例如,也可以配置涂层的厚度不同的3个以上的NSR催化剂。即使NSR催化剂的数量变多,通过在更上游侧设置涂层更薄的NSR催化剂,也能够抑制硫中毒并且确保高的净化性能。
另外,本发明不限于配置多个NSR催化剂,也可以将NSR催化剂设为1个,且在1个NSR催化剂内部使涂层的厚度变化。图6是表示作为本发明的实施方式的净化系统使用的其他的NSR催化剂的例子的模式图。图6的NSR催化剂26,是替代图1的净化系统中的2个NSR催化剂161、162而以单体使用的催化剂。
在该例中,NSR催化剂26,被分成在其内部涂层的厚度不同的2个区域261、262而构成。具体而言,NSR催化剂26的小室表面的涂层,在上游侧的区域261较薄,在下游侧的区域262较厚。但是,在各区域261、262的每一个中,涂层以大致均匀的厚度形成。这样,即使是在单一的NSR催化剂的内部,涂层的厚度不同的NSR催化剂,也能够得到与配置多个NSR催化剂的情况同样的效果。
对于在图6中被分成2个区域261、262的情况进行了说明。但是,在本发明中,NSR催化剂也可以设为具有3个以上的区域。该情况下也同样地,只要从更上游侧的区域朝向下游侧的区域,涂层的厚度阶段性地变厚即可。
另外,在本发明中,NSR催化剂并不限于将内部分成多个区域,使涂层的厚度阶段性地增加的NSR催化剂。本发明的NSR催化剂,也可以是在其内部,随着从上游侧趋向下游侧,涂层的厚度逐渐地变厚的构成的NSR催化剂。
另外,在本发明中,也可以将如上述那样的在1个NSR催化剂内部涂层的厚度不同的NSR催化剂串联地配置多个。该情况下,通过构成为随着从上游侧的NSR催化剂的上游侧趋向下游侧的NSR催化剂的下游侧,涂层阶段性地、或者逐渐地变厚,也能够抑制硫中毒并且确保净化性能。
再者,在以上的实施方式中,除了对各要素的个数、数量、量、范围等的数言及了的情况、特别地明示了的情况、和在原理上明显地其数被特定的情况之外,本发明并不被其言及的数限定。另外,在该实施方式中说明的结构等,除了特别地明示的情况、明显地在原理上对其特定的情况之外,在本发明中不一定是必须的。
附图标记说明
10 内燃机(发动机)
12 排气通路
14 起始催化剂(SC)
16、26、161、162 NOx吸藏还原催化剂(NSR催化剂)
18 NOx选择还原催化剂(SCR催化剂)
Claims (6)
1.一种内燃机的排气净化装置,其特征在于,
具备NOx吸藏还原催化剂,其配置于内燃机的排气路径,吸藏或还原排气中的NOx,
所述NOx吸藏还原催化剂具备涂层,所述涂层形成于排气流通的小室的内壁面,具有作为催化剂的功能,
排气气流的上游侧的所述涂层的厚度比下游侧的所述涂层的厚度薄。
2.根据权利要求1所述的内燃机的排气净化装置,其特征在于,
具备至少两个所述NOx吸藏还原催化剂,
所述NOx吸藏还原催化剂相对于排气气流串联地连接,
所述NOx吸藏还原催化剂之中,配置于上游侧的NOx吸藏还原催化剂的涂层,比配置于下游侧的NOx吸藏还原催化剂的涂层薄。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的内燃机的排气净化装置,其特征在于,
所述NOx吸藏还原催化剂具有被分成上游侧和下游侧的相邻的至少两个区域,
每一个所述区域中的所述涂层的厚度均匀,并且,所述区域之中的上游侧的区域的所述涂层的厚度比下游侧的区域的所述涂层的厚度薄。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的内燃机的排气净化装置,其特征在于,所述NOx吸藏还原催化剂的所述涂层的厚度被形成为,随着趋向下游侧而变薄。
5.根据权利要求1~4的任一项所述的内燃机的排气净化装置,其特征在于,所述涂层包含Rh或Pd。
6.根据权利要求1~5的任一项所述的内燃机的排气净化装置,其特征在于,所述涂层包含Al2O3。
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CN107206371A (zh) * | 2015-01-22 | 2017-09-26 | 株式会社科特拉 | 排气净化用催化剂 |
CN107956556A (zh) * | 2016-10-14 | 2018-04-24 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 内燃机的排气净化装置 |
CN114072223A (zh) * | 2019-03-11 | 2022-02-18 | 印度商宜诺摩托克普有限公司 | 用于处理机动车排气的催化剂系统及其制造方法 |
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JP6565184B2 (ja) * | 2014-12-26 | 2019-08-28 | 日産自動車株式会社 | ハニカム型モノリス触媒およびその製造方法 |
JP6287996B2 (ja) * | 2015-08-06 | 2018-03-07 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 |
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US9255509B2 (en) | 2016-02-09 |
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